Rockford Township (part 8 of 11)

Potter had a brother, Herman B. Potter, a farmer, and a man highly esteemed. His dwelling stood on ground now occupied by the First Congregational church. He also had another brother, Joel B. Potter, a farmer, who resided two miles from the village. He was formerly a Presbyterian clergyman. His health had failed, but he was still an active and valuable man in the church. I first knew him as Sunday-school superintendent in the Congregational church. The second story of the Potter store was occupied by Jason Marsh and James M. Wight, the principal law firm in the town. They were public-spirited citizens. Mr. Marsh was a bold, daring man, a fluent speaker, ready for any emergency, and well adapted to a new country. He was very active in securing the arrest and conviction of noted burglars and horse-thieves in connection with the Mulford robbery. Some of these had been the more dangerous because they were well-known citizens. Their duplicity was shown in their apparent anxiety to ferret out horse-thieves, while at the same time they were keeping them fully advised of all proceedings. Mr. Wight did not make a specialty of pleading at the bar; but he was a thorough lawyer, and highly appreciated as a counselor. The descent from the Potter store to the river was quite steep. The surface of the river was four feet lower before the dam was built. Teamsters with heavy loads called it the hardest hill, from the river bank to Madison street, between Chicago and Rockford. The road was quite sandy, and frequently the teams were doubled in order to make the ascent. On the south side of State, Mrs. Preston, since Mrs. Selden M. Church, had a dwelling, and was married there. The crossing of the river was by ferry- boat, which would carry two teams at a time. John Fisher was ferryman, and he was assisted by Asher Miller. Rock river was a clear, beautiful stream at its ordinary stage. So small a portion of the prairies was under cultivation that the soil did not wash into the stream. Its banks sloped gently from the ford, as far up as one could see. There was a small island near the present water-works, and another farther north. Both were nearly submerged by the effect of the dam. A large number of teams crossed the river at the ford. In ordinary stage of water it was from two to two and a half feet deep, all rock bottom. It was quite an attractive sight when several teams followed in succession. In this way they saved the ferriage fee. Many teams were employed in transporting merchandise from Chicago to Galena and points up the Mississippi. On their return trips they often bought wheat and sold it in Chicago. At times, when the ice in the river had not become strong enough, and about the season it was breaking up, neither ford, ferry nor rowboats were available, however important one's business might be. Sometimes this condition continued several days. The bridge, when completed after much delay and discouragement, formed a bond of union between the two sides ; but it must not be supposed that perfect harmony existed among the leading men in the management of their respective sides. William E. Dunbar, E. H. Potter, Willard Wheeler and Dr. Searle were on the East side; and Charles I. Horsman, G. A. Sanford, John A. Holland, S. M. Church and T. D. Robertson were citizens of the West side. They were representative men, loyal to the interests of Rockford, but much more loyal to their respective sides. Sharp conflicts were frequent.

On the West side, between the river and Main street, there was one building, a dwelling, on the north side of State. There was none on the south side until reaching the corner of State and Main. A two-story brick building, nearly new, was occupied by G. A. Sanford as a general store. He kept the largest and best stock of goods on the West side. He had about eleven hundred dollars invested, and enjoyed a very good trade. He was a leading man in all new enterprises for village improvement on the West side ; he was thoroughly interested in whatever contributed to the religious, educational or business prosperity of the village. Mr. Sanford was a man of great energy, and had just completed a term as sheriff of the county. He had many desperate characters to deal with ; and nothing but his determined bravery enabled him to succeed. Mr. Sanford was acquainted with every resident in the county, and was held in high esteem. He took in a partner, then twenty-four years of age. The manner of doing business was quite different from the present, and some particulars may be of interest.

The money was in great variety, gold and silver as well as paper. There were no banks, and funds were exchanged as far as possible by such as could buy New York exchange in Chicago. Gold, for purchasing goods, was carried in money-belts to New York. Hiram R. Maynard was about to go into business. He entrusted his money and gave full authority to the junior partner to purchase a general stock. In the aggregate it was quite a sum of money, for the time, to take along. He would have been a good subject for the thieves that infested the country if they had known his treasure. The partner started for New York on Thursday, February 20, 1845. He had a fine, large buffalo-robe to protect him from the weather. The ice in the river was breaking up ; but two strong men in a row-boat crossed among floating cakes of ice, and took a mud wagon stage on the East side. The roads were bad, but two nights and a part of three days brought him safely to Chicago on Saturday. The partner stopped at the American Temperance House, well kept by Brown & Tuttle. This was a newer and better building than theTremont or Mansion. The Sherman was the only brick hotel in the city, located on its present ground. The partner attended the First Presbyterian church on Sunday. This was a one-story, frame structure. There were nothing but frame churches in Chicago at that time. On Monday he took the stage by way of Michigan City to Detroit ; stage again from Detroit through Canada to Buffalo, traveling night and da}7 ; railroad from there to Albany; flat rail; and two days from there to his old home in the Catskill mountains. As the goods could not be shipped until the opening of the Hudson river and the Erie canal, he delayed purchasing until that time. The canal boats were loaded in New York, and towed to Albany. It was considered very good time if goods came from New York to Rockford in three weeks. The partner returned by way of the lakes, and arrived in Rockford May 1st, and most of the goods were received during the month. Mr. Maynard's stock also came in good time, and he expressed himself well satisfied with his selection.

The sign of W. A. Dickerman & Co. was seen on the brick store, corner of State and Main. It was about twenty by fifty deep ; counter on one side, and the east end was now filled with a well selected stock of dry goods, groceries, crockery, hardware, and some drugs. Such a stock was kept as found ready purchasers from all parts of the county. The partners were never happier in a business way than then. Before harvesting, grain was all cut with hand cradles, and raked and bound by hand, which required additional help and greater supplies. I took our team and went to Galena, which then had a large wholesale grocery trade, mainly in the mining region. Steamers brought their supplies from New Orleans and St. Louis, and shipped away their lead. I purchased a supply of goods and returned within a week. This purchase gave us a complete stock until fall purchases could be made in New York.

West State Street

On the Ashton corner was a two-story brick hotel, called the Winnebago House. Thence west there were no buildings on either side of State, until we arrive at the court house, which was the pride of the whole county. The new building was well adapted to the needs of the community. The main building was a court room, with two rooms in rear for jury, and awing on each side, occupied respectively by the county clerk, recorder, sheriff, circuit clerk, and probate justice of the peace. The last office was held by Selden M. Church, who occupied the west wing. The court room served a good purpose for lectures and public gatherings. It was then the only public hall in town. A brick jail in the rear, near the present location, was really the best in the country, and considered very secure. Samuel C. Fuller, the jailer, was a man well fitted for the time; he was ready for any emergency, and perfectly fearless. He had the Mulford robbers and several desperate horse-thieves in charge at one time. A special guard was kept at night for a time during their confinement awaiting trial ; also to convey them across the country to the penitentiary after their conviction.

On the McPherson corner, north of the courthouse, was the residence of Dr. Alden Thomas. He was a natural gentleman, reliable, and active in church and society work. He had nearly retired from medical practice. On the Horsman estate, which retains its trees and natural appearance more than any other place in the city, resided Abiram and Mrs. Morgan. Though rather a small house, their good cheer made it abound in hospitality. Their daughter and her husband, Charles I. Horsman, were very genial, and made their home attractive. They were fond of society. Parties were frequent, and guests from Belvidere and Freeport were usually in attendance. No party was considered complete without the presence of Mrs. Morgan. Their church home was the First Baptist, where they were generous contributors.

West on State street, this side of Kent's creek, which was then quite a large, beautiful stream, was a cemetery, near Mrs. Richings' residence. But another retired place had been selected in the woods, which it was supposed would not be disturbed for many years ; and most of the bodies had been removed there. When the Galena & Chicago Union railroad was built, the company wanted the grounds. The proceeds of that sale purchased the beautiful West side cemetery, and furnished a fund for its improvement. The bodies were again removed,

The first house west of the city limits was occupied by a Scotch shepherd. His sheep often came down and fed in the woods. In hot weather they found a comfortable place under the Congregational church, which was built on a block foundation, about two feet off the ground. Nearly every family kept their own cows, as there was a large range for them in which to run. It was sometimes difficult to find them if they did not come home at night. To remedy this perplexity, many put bells on them. Each owner aimed to get one that he could recognize at a distance. It was quite pleasant music when several cows came home together. There were but few enclosed farms between Rockford and Twelve-Mile Grove.

Before going down on Main street we hear the stage-driver's horn. Frink, Walker & Co.'s tri-weekly mail stage is coming in from Galena. See that skilled driver cracking his long whip over his horses ! How beautifully he drives down State street ! He is the admiration of all the boys, as he reins up his prancing horses at the Winnebago House. In fact, he attracts everybody. It equaled a special train at this time, for he brings distinguished company: Judge Thomas C. Brown, M. D. Johnson, Thomas Drummond and E. B. Washburne, of Galena; Thomas J. Turner and Martin P. Sweet, of Freeport. They made a specially quick run, less than eighteen hours from Galena. They came to attend circuit court. It was expected then to see several lawyers from other counties attending courts. The best horses and most gorgeous coaches started and came in from the two ends of the line, to and fnom Rockford. They crossed the river on the ferry-boat to the stage house on the East side, and then to the stage barn, where a fresh relay of horses and another driver were provided ; and soon the passengers are moving rapidly toward Chicago. About the same time the stage rushes in from Chicago, and brings the United States mail. Then comes the rush for letters by all who have twenty-five cents to pay the letter postage. In this sta,gecome the lawyers, Allen C. Fuller, James M. Loop and Stephen A. Hurlbut, of Belvidere. The excitement of the arrival and departure of the stages for two days is now over, and we will go down Main street.

Fever And Ague

one-story building, a shoe-shop, in which he worked. George Tullock worked for him. They were young men. This shop was a popular resort in the evening to discuss the news of the day. In the autumn, on bright sunny days, fever and ague subjects found the front a pleasant lounging-place. They sat on boxes and joked each other about his pale, sallow face. Their recitals about jarring the house, and shaking themselves out of their boots, either amusing or frightening their families, were quite ridiculous. Fortunately, most of the houses were only one story at that time. Here comes Uncle Stone, an old veteran, who lives near the cemetery, on the bank of Kent's creek, by the mill-dam, which is a regular breeder of ague. He has had a hard tussle with it for two or three years. "How about the chills this year, Uncle? " "I had an awful time yesterday; thought I would shake my teeth out; folks all sick; but I'm goin' ter wear the ager out this year or quit. It comes only once a week now." "Well, you don't look much like conquering such a powerfurenemy ; it is more likely that you will be laid away in the cemetery." As a parting salute to Fever and Ague, I say that I never heard a good word spoken for you ; though you mingled in good society, you always commenced the fight when we were convalescing from bilious or typhoid fever ; and however polite our solicitations, you never left until driven away by good health.

Very near Mr. Dow's shoe-shop was G. A. Sanford's residence, with many additions. This was my home about two years. A part of it may now be seen on the lot south of Keyt's livery stable, near the centre bridge. A house on this lot was the first one occupied as a store by John Platt and G. A. Sanford, and as a dwelling by them and 1). D. Ailing and their wives. On the Chick House corner was a dwelling house occupied by Albert Sanford and Hiram R. Maynard. Both were recently married ; they were men of strict integrity, and were highly esteemed for generous, kindly acts in daily life. Albert was one of those genial, social neighbors who could brighten the dark places of many sick and discouraged ones, and always ready to lend a helping hand. On the east side of Main street, near Loomis' store, was a dwelling occupied by H. W. Loomis, his father and mother. On the Winnebago Bank corner was a dwelling occupied by H. L. Rood, an active man, but not then engaged in business. He was gentlemanly and affable ; looked after the strangers, and was ever ready to show them the village, for which he always predicted a bright future. H. R. Maynard built a one-story store on the Masonic Tern pie corner, which he occupied a short time. Itwasthen used by C. A. Huntington as an academy. The Second Congregational church was organized in this building in 1849. It is now used as a blacksmith's shop near Mrs. Brett's block. Near the south corner, now the site of the Brown Building, was a small cabinet-shop. Boston rockers, Windsor chairs, wooden seats, other articles of furniture, and coffins were manufactured here. I do not recollect any other buildings on this side of the street until arriving at Ephraim Wyman's bakery. This was located near the ford. It was convenient for emigrants and teamsters to get their supplies, as many camped out, and slept in their wagons at night. This was cash trade, and valuable, as the village patronage was small. Kent's creek was forded somewhat east of Main street. Wyman's bakery was the place where the young men could indulge in the luxury of his home-made beer and ginger-bread, and enjoy his good cheer. We remember him as a generous, whole-souled man. His business naturally attracted the hungry and destitute; and if worthy they were never turned away. His daily life was exemplary, and his counsel good. The records of Winnebago county show that very important trusts were committed to him ; and he never proved false to the confidence reposed in him. Opportunities were not lacking for him to secure a competence, but he preferred the consciousness of doing right at all times. Like many of the early business men, he came to the close of his life in limited circumstances, and left the inheritance of a good name. After the bridge was built he came up on State street, and started a boarding house.

The log and frame dwelling, supposed to be the first building on the west side of the river, was occupied by Germanicus Kent. When Main street was opened it was removed across the creek. Mr. Kent was associated with Mr. Brinckerhoff. They nominally owned several tracts of land south and west of the village, which have since become very valuable. They were unsuccessful in their enterprises. Mr. Briuckerhoff left town before I came, and Mr. Kent's family removed the year that I arrived. I had but little personal acquaintance with them; but I always heard them spoken of in the highest terms. There was a dwelling where the Emerson stone warehouse now stands, south of the Northwestern railroad track, occupied by Derastus Harper, the bridge contractor. On the northeast corner of the same block, was a dwelling owned and occupied by Nathaniel Wilder, a good blacksmith, from Keene, New Hampshire. He was a genuine New England Yankee. Block seventeen, next north, was covered with a fine growth of oak, with no buildings. On the corner north of the postoffice was a dwelling built by Mr. Brinckerhoff. It was the first house for a great many new-comers until they could build. Sometimes three families were thus accommodated at the same time. The building still stands on the same ground. The prettiest building on the street was called "The Cottage," and was occupied by John W. Taylor, who came here with his young wife from Albany, New York. They were genteel, excellent people. For a time Mr. Taylor sold goods in a store on the corner of Main and Chestnut; but it was closed when I came. David D. Alling's carpenter's shop, a little north of it, still stands. His dwelling was near it. Mr. Ailing was fond of hunting, and very successful. He usually had some dried venison hams hanging in his shop. Mr. Ailing built the house for W. A. Dickerman, on North Main street, before that street was opened. The house was one of the best, and almost the first that was covered with pine lumber. This house is now owned by William F. Woodruff. A house where the Blaisdell block now stands completed the buildings on South Main street, which was the most thickly settled of any part of the West side.

We have very pleasant recollections of the Congregational church, a building forty feet square, on the corner of Church and Green streets, which was then attended by all the Congregationalists and Presbyterians on both sides of the river, as well as by many Unitarians. The New York friends of Kent and Brinckerhoff, who principally furnished the funds for the erection of the little church, knew but little of its power for good in laying the foundations of a prosperous Christian community. The attendance there embraced all the church-goers except the Baptists and Methodists. Let us go down to the ferry-boat Sunday morning, and see who come across the river. Among our acquaintances who attend this church are : Charles Works and family, James Works, Peter B. Johnson and James B. Johnson and their families, Gabriel Dunning and family, Deacon Ira Baker and family, Alfred P. Mather, Horace Foote, William E. Dunbar, Jason Marsh, Volney A. Marsh, James M. Wight, Charles H. Spafford, John Spafford, B. H. Potter, Herman Potter, Joel B. Potter, Asa Crosby, B. G. Wheeler, Dr. A.

M. Catlin, and their families; theHerrick family, Lewis Gregory, Judge Bela Shaw, William P. Dennis, Anson Barnum, Henry Silsby, Mr. Tinker, and H. Burrows and family The statement was made some time ago that the first church bell used in Rockford was placed on the Presbyterian church. I do not know of any such bell; but I do know that Rev. Mr. Norton, who preceded Rev. William Curtis in the Congregational church, brought a bell and had it placed and used in that church. When he left, the church did not purchase it, and he took it away. I also know of a Meneely bell, weighing six hundred and forty pounds, which I purchased in New York. This was for the brick Congregational church on the corner of First and Walnut streets.

OQ North Main street a brick blacksmith's shop stood on the site of Louck's restaurant, occupied by Stephen Skinner, a good blacksmith, a man of strict integrity, and a deacon in the Congregational church. His residence was just north of the shop. On the west side of Main street, at the north end of the Winnebago House, Cyrus F. and Anson S. Miller had a law office. They were good lawyers. Alison S. was quite prominent as a politician. Adjoining their office, in the same building, Isaac Andrus had a small store. He was quite an active man in the First Baptist church. Where the Presbyterian church now stands, Michael Burns, a tailor, resided. He was always posted in the news of the town, attended closely to his business, and was active in church work. Near by was Austin Colton's residence, which may now be seen just north of the Presbyterian church. He was editor and proprietor of the Rockford Forum, a good weekly paper for the time, creditable to himself and to the village. On the north side of North street was John Beattie's residence, where his family still resides. Main street ended at William A. Talcott's residence. A road ran east about a block, then north, following about that distance from the river, to the entrance of Dr. Haskell's residence, fronting the river, now occupied by George Forbes. He selected the highest partof thisground, which slopes to the west, south and east. There were no buildings to obstruct, and it was a beautiful view, surrounded with an orchard of thrifty fruit trees. Apples were in great variety, early and late, and pears, peaches and plums just coming into bearing. I think it extended to Court street, and north to Fisher avenue. The Doctor was closely identified with the interests of the town. He had a fair medical practice, from which he was retiring. It was the custom to be very generous in doses of medicine. His hand-made pills assured his patients that he had not called simply for a visit. As there were no dentists, the only remedy for aching, decayed teeth was to extract them, and that with turnkeys. All physicians were experts in this line of torture. The memory of experience in that line is not at all effaced by years. I made a friendly call at the house, and found Mrs. Haskell and her daughter preparing and knitting silk stockings for themselves. Silk worms had been fed from mulberry leaves grown on their own trees, and the silk wound and twisted from their cocoons. The daughter is the mother of Dr. F. H. and Willis Kimball. The family were genuine New Englanders, industrious and economical. There had been quite an excitement over growing mulberry trees, for ornamental, shade and fruit trees, and silk culture. They made a quick growth, but did not prove a profitable investment.

Following the river road from the Beattie grounds north, near the river bank, was a beautiful boulevard, of which we would be proud today. The next house was nearT. D. Robertson's residence. Continuing north on Main street, was a house occupied by James Taylor, an industrious farmer. He did express work about town occasionally, with his oxen and cart. Farther north, on the line of Harlem avenue, near Auburn street, was a large two-story building, erected for a hotel by Charles Reed, who was so confident that the State road from Chicago to Galena would cross the river at this point, that he not only put up the hotel, but had a full section of land laid off into blocks and lots, and called his village Winnebago. In his opinion, it was a very unwise thing when the state road was laid across the river at Rockford. About the 20th of October we had a heavy snowstorm. We fitted up a lumber wagon box on a sleigh, took in a jolly company of young ladies and gentlemen, and had a genuine enjoyable sociable, or "sewing society," as it was then called, at the Reed house.

Chapter Xlviii The Social Life Of Rockford In The Early Forties

THE aristocracy of a community is always founded upon what its people believe to be the chief good. Whenever the emphasis is placed upon noble family descent, the aristocracy is founded upon blood. If intellectual culture is the summum bonum, -the charmed circle will be composed of artists, poets and literati. When money is considered the first object of pursuit, wealth will be the basis of aristocracy. In the social life of ancient Rome, the patricians were the descendants of the first settlers. From that day to this aristocracy has rested in a measure upon good birth. The fact that a man is well born is accepted as a letter of credit the wide world over.

The "open sesame" to good society in the early days of Rockford was not noble blood, nor culture, nor wealth. If any aristocracy had developed, it rested upon common respectability. The society of Rockford from fifty to sixty years ago was of the highest class. It was characterized by a delightful Arcadian simplicity. The settlers were not burdened with the care of large houses, and costly furniture, and expensive wardrobes. The axiom that one might as well be out of the world as out of fashion was the invention of a later date. It was not considered good form for a lady to make a formal afternoon call when she might suppose that the lady of the house would be absent, and leave her card with the maid, with solemn protestations of regret that the lady of the house was not at home. In fact, there were no domestics; hence the servant girl problem did not threaten domestic tranquility and the general welfare. Instead of a large number of calls in an afternoon, friends would make an afternoon and evening visit. Gentlemen were allowed at these functions. Meetings for benevolent purposes were held at private houses, and substantial refreshments were served which the guests could eat. Societies were then founded which still have an existence. Hospitality was of the true and genuine sort. A walk of two or three miles did not require much effort, although there were no sidewalks nor street lamps. A hand lantern, brilliantly illuminated with a candle or oil lamp, and cheerful company, would dispel the most dense Egyptian darkness. Sometimes a little company would go in lumber wagons three to five miles into the country for a rehearsal of church music with a friend. The music and the social converse were alike enjoyable. Literary entertainments were occasionally given at the court house.

Weddings were not of very frequent occurrence ; but they were the large social gatherings, and the invitations were quite general. The marriage of M. H. Regan and Miss Louisa Dewey occurred in 1845. He invited the young people to a wedding supper at the American House in Belvidere. They made quite an attractive appearance, writes Mr. Dicker man, as they started in their private conveyance. There were no top buggies or carriages in Rockford at that time.

The wedding of Charles H. Spafford and Miss Abby Warren was solemnized March 8, 1842, at the residence of Jason Marsh. The Rockford Pilot says the party was large and brilliant. The bride had come to Rockford in the autumn of 1841, to keep house for her brother, Edward Warren, the second postmaster of the village. Mr. Warren had built the upright part of the present residence of Dr. Lichty, on the corner of Third and Walnut streets. It was built of brick, and entirely finished in black walnut. Mrs. Spafford's father, Joseph Warren, was a son of Dr. John Warren, who was surgeon-general in Washiagton's army, and a brother of General Joseph Warren, who was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. Mrs. Spafford's father received his education at Cambridge. His death occurred when his daughter was five years of age. Mrs. Spafford was also descended from Governor John Collins, the last colonial governor of Rhode Island. She was educated in the east and upon her settlement in Rockford she became prominent in the social life of the village. Her religious sympathies have always been with the Unitarian church.

May 20, 1845, Selden M. Church and Mrs. Mary Preston were united in marriage. Mr. Thurston gives this incident in his Reminiscences: "At one p. m. sharp that day, I drove up to the front of the Rockford House with 'Black Lucy, 'the handsomest horse in the town, hitched in the shafts of an open buggy with wood axles, basswood dash, seat upholstered with a buffalorobe, and clean harness - the best in town - from the livery of

Tyler & Thurston, which equipage I had in charge for the occasion, and handed the reins to the Judge. He was followed as he drove off by the benedictions of the assembly. We had no shoes to throw after them, as they were required for personal use, and rice had not yet come into vogue; but God-bless-yous and our best wishes did follow in the wake of the disappearing vehicle."

Isaiah Lyon and Mary Hitchcock were married March 31, 1841. The bride's father was Jonathan Hitchcock. He had recently built the brick hou8^ at 111 North First street, now occupied by E. S. Tebbetts as a residence and dental rooms. The bridal party were given a charivari. This is of French origin, and is said to have been introduced into the west by the settlers of that nationality at Kaskaskia.

There was considerable social intercourse between Rockford and the neighboring towns. The settlers of Belvidere and Rockford were of the same general class. Prof. Whitman, who was a stated supply at one timein one of the local pulpits, was widely known as a Baptist clergyman and educator. Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. R. S. Molony, a,lso of Belvidere, were nieces of Miss Matilda Hoffman, the young lady to whom Washington Irving was engaged. She died in April, 1809, at the age of eighteen. By way of a digression it may be said that Irving slept with her Bible and prayer-book under his pillow, and they were his inseparable companions. His devotion to her memory caused him to remain a bachelor. In his private note-book he wroto: "She died in the beauty of her youth, and in my memory she will ever be young and beautiful." In St. Mark's Eve, in Bracebridge Hall, he plaintively says: "There are departed beings whom I have loved as I never again shall love in this world - who have loved me as I never again shall be loved!" Miss Hoffman died in the arms of Rebecca Gratz, a beautiful Jewess of Philadelphia. Irving visited Sir Walter Scott in 1817 ; and upon the strength of his vivid description of this lady, Sir Walter made her the heroine of Ivanhoe, Rebecca, the most romantic creation of female character that the author ever conceived.

Dr. Molony represented his district in congress from 1851 to 1853, as a Democrat. Chicago was then included in that district. Senator and Mrs. Stephen A. Douglas were occasional guests at the Molony home, which was a social centre in the neighboring village.

Society Leaders

Mr. and Mrs. Abiram Morgan were leaders in social circles. Mrs. Morgan was one whom everybody esteemed. Her kindness, ready sympathy, genuine hospitality and superior housekeeping made her log-house as a palace-home, where all loved to visit; and the genius of the place remained to the third generation. Their grandchildren are Mrs. Underwood and Mrs. Ogden, daughters of Mr. and Mrs. Horsman. A third daughter died when a child, and was buried in a corner of the homestead grove, where her grave could be seen for many years. The remains were finally removed to the West side cemetery. A grandson of Mr. Ilorsman has developed literary talent, and he has written articles for the magazines, which have been published during the past year.

Mrs. Spafford says that among her first acquaintances were Mr. and Mrs. John W. Taylor. In their home was the essence of hospitality. Mr. Taylor was always the courtly and attentive host, and Mrs. Taylor lent a charm to whatever place she occupied by the sweetness and grace of her manner. Mr. Taylor is now residing in New York City. His sister was the first Mrs. T. D. Robertson.

James Mitchell was one of nature's noblemen. There were Francis Burnap, the ancient bachelor and astute lawyer, with his wig, which never quite covered the natural hair; JudgeShaw, an old-school gentleman ; and David Penfield, whom many remember with respect. The three Potter brothers and their families left their impress upon the community until this day. The kindly nature and ready sympathy of Mrs. Alden Thomas endeared her to all her friends. Volney Marsh, with his tuningfork and an old-fashioned singing-book, with which he kept time, was a familiar figure in the singing-gallery. "Brad" McKenney was quite a prominent character in those days. It has been said he was heard more in public than any other man in the community. He was known far and wide for his kindness of heart, and he would leave his business to nurse the sick whenever his services were needed.

The Sanford brothers, Albert, Robert, and Goodyear Asa, were representative society men. Robert died November 22, 1871, at Virginia City, Montana, aged fifty years. Mrs. A. C. Spafford, the first Mrs. John Spafford and Mrs. I. N. Cunningham were sisters. Mrs. W. P. Dennis was a fine housekeperand a lady of refinement. Shepherd Leach was popular in social circles. Rev. William S. Curtis, pastor of the First Congrega- tioiial church, was highly esteemed. His wife was Miss Martha Leach, a sisterof Shepherd Leach. Jason Marsh was the "Beau" Brummell of his day. Rev. Lansing Porter had a wide personal acquaintance.

There was a scarcity of young society, and young ladies were at a premium. A well known young man of the village went quite a distance into the country to call upon some young ladies. The old gentleman, their father, arose from his chair at nine o'clock and announced that he was the last person up in the house, and that it was his time to retire.

Whatever may have been the differences between the East and West sides in business affairs, in the social life of the community there were no two sides of the river. A common feeling of sympathy made them one people. H. H. Waldo comments in this wise upon Rockford society in the forties and fifties : "Society was free from artificial distinctions. The pioneer days were the red-letter days of my life. I would like to live them over again. There was a more fraternal feeling among men in the same line of business. Competition was not so strong. The popular amusements were instructive as well as entertaining."

The larger number of social distinctions are natural rather than artificial. Friendships are formed upon the basis of social affinity, which is as truly a natural law as chemical affinity. The public ball was one of the popular amusements among a class of residents of the olden time. These balls were usually held at the Rockford House, the Washington House, or the Winuebago House. Christmas and New Year's were usually chosen for these events. Guests came from considerable distance. At a "union" ball held at the Winnebago House, January 22, 1845, managers were elected from Rockford, Whig Hill, Beloit, Roscoe, Belvidere, Cleveland, Byron, Grand Detour, Oregon, Dixon, and Charleston. The sporting element has been admirably portrayed by Mr. Thurston, in his Reminiscences. They have the genuine flavor of an interesting phase of life in a new community. Hunting and fishing were favorite pastimes. Barnraisings were seasons of social interest as well as of mutual helpfulness. Occasionally a marriage would be followed by a charivari, which, happily, has become obsolete in civilized communities.

Chapter Xlix

P^-MERSON observes that an institution is the lengthened L- shadow of one man ; as, the Reformation of Luther ; Methodism, of Wesley ; and that all history resolves itself into the biography of a few stout and earnest persons. Thus, he says, "events grow on the same stem with persons; are sub-persons." The larger number of the early settlers of Rockford came from New England. Some emigrated from New York and other states, but the New England element predominated. These pioneers impressed their personality upon this community, and it has remained until this day. The New Englanders, in their native home, were a homogeneous race; even the Chinese were scarcely more so. With the exception of a few Huguenot families, who came from the old world at the close of the seventeenth century, and who, from religious sympathy and other causes, were easily grafted on the primeval vine, they were all descendants of English stock.

Industry, thrift, and a high sense of personal honor are prominent traits in the typical son of New England. Soil and climate determine in some measure the character of a people. The rocky soil of New England required the husbandman to practice the virtue of industry. In a speech given at a dinner of the Pilgrim Society in Plymouth, in 1855, Wendell Phillips gave this unique characterization of the Puritans: "How true it is that the Puritans originated no new truth ! How true it is, also, Mr. President, that it is not truth which agitates the world. Plato in the groves of the Academy sounded on and on to the utmost depth of philosophy, but Athens was quiet. Calling around him the choicest minds of Greece, he pointed out the worthlessness of their altars and the sham of public life, but Athena was quiet, - it was all speculation. When Socrates walked the streets of Athens, and, questioning every-day life, struck the altar till the faith of the passer-by faltered, it came close to ACTION, and immediately they gave him hemlock, for the city was turned upside down. I might find a better illustra- tion in the streets of Jerusalem. What the Puritans gave the world was not thought, but ACTION. Europe had ideas, but she was letting '/ dare not wait upon / would,' like the cat in the adage. The Puritans, with native pluck, launched out into the deep sea. Men, who called themselves thinkers, had been creeping along the Mediterranean, from headland to headland, in their timidity; the Pilgrims launched boldty out into the Atlantic, and trusted God. That is the claim they have upon posterity. It was ACTION that made them what they were."

That which is purchased at the greatest cost is usually the most highly treasured ; and thus the industrious farmer and artisan became frugal. It was a point of honor with a true New Englander to maintain his family and pay his debts. This he could not do except by a persevering industry, and a methodical and prudent management of his affairs. He must be economical if he would be generous, or even just; for extravagance sooner or later weakens the sense of moral obligation. These traits of industry and thrift were pleasantly satirized many years ago by a southern writer, in the following paragraph : "We of the south are mistaken in the character of these people, when we think of them only as peddlers in horn flints and bark nutmegs. Their energy and enterprise are directed to all objects, great and small, within their reach. At the fall of a scanty rivulet, they set up their little manufactory of wooden buttons or combs ; they plant a barren hillside with broomcorn, and make it into brooms at the bottom, - and on its top they erect a windmill. Thus, at a single spot, you may set the air, the earth and the water all working for them. But, at the same time, the ocean is whitened to its extremities with the sails of their ships, and the land is covered with their works of art and usefulness."

The early New Englanders have been charged with coldness and severity of manner. For an austere people, however, they have been easily enkindled with noble enthusiasms. There are certain traits prominent in their type of character, such as their love of order and the habit of self-control, which hasty observers have mistaken for tokens of a want of earnestness. But seldom, if ever, has there been a more sublime rage than was shown near Boston, in April, 1775, and for eight years thereafter. The accusation most frequently repeated against those stalwart people is that of religious intolerance. Christian charity, however, has been a slow and painful evolution through the centu- ries; and the New Englander was but a sharer in the world-wide spirit of intolerance. Perhaps they held their spinal columns too rigidly erect, and carried their heads too high to view with tender sympathy the weak and sinful world about them. Nevertheless, they bore aloft the standard of righteousness before a lawless generation, and planted in the new world the seeds of patient, practical and self-denying morality. Their posterity have sold their birthright for the pottage of license and disregard of the moral law. Whatever of justice there may be in the strictures upon those ancient worthies, it maybe observed that no Chauning, nor Sumner, nor Garfield has ever been nurtured in the atmosphere of a Sunday beer-garden.

When Judah was in exile in Babylon, her prophet Ezekiel had a vision of a brighter day. "Afterward he brought me again unto the door of the house; and behold, waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward ; for the forefront of the house stood toward the east, and the waters came down from under, from the right side of the house, at the south side of the altar." This river was primarily a symbol of the transformation that should be wrought in Canaan to make it a fit dwelling-place for the ransomed of the Lord who should return to Zion. A feature of Messianic prophecy is the promise of the renewal of nature and the reconstruction of society. In th'e prophet's vision, the stream of blessing proceeded from the temple of Jehovah ; and the virtue of its waters was received as they, flowed by the altar of sacrifice. In the mind of the devout Hebrew, Jehovah was always to be found in his visible sanctuary. The Lord was in his holy temple. So the institutions of an enlightened civilization have proceeded from the Christian church, through the sacrifice of the noble men and women of the past, who have served her with a lover's devotion. The early colleges of this land, with very few exceptions, were the offspring of the church, and consecrated by its prayers.

It could not be said that every settler of Rockford belonged to the highest class ; but the determining force in the community came from those high ideals of culture and religion, and those habits of economy, industry, integrity and temperance which have made the true Englander a representative of the best elements in our civilization. It was ordained in the beginning that seed should bring forth fruit after its kind. It is none the less true in social and moral life. The moral status of a city or country as truly indicates the character of its pioneers, as

Hon. R. R. Hitt, in an address delivered in August, 1899, before the old settlers of Seward in this county, said the statement that the early settlers builded wiser than they knew, was a reflection upon their intelligence. He insisted that the pioneers knew what they were doing, and had some conception of the outcome. Certain it is that whatever Winnebago county is today, is directly traceable to their agency. They have been the architects of her institutions. They laid broad and deep the foundations of her industrial, educational, moral and religious interests, and from time to time they have superintended the superstructure. The large majority of this vanguard have ceased from their labors, and their works do follow them. As the few who remain behold the institutions of learning that have been reared in every town, and the resources provided for the humblest as well as for the strongest ; as they look over the prairies reclaimed from barrenness and barbarism through their toil and privations; as they consider the various religious influences that are quietly softening and humanizing the moral nature, they have the satisfaction of knowing that they have not lived in vain.

There is a tendency in this age to remove the ancient landmarks which the fathers have set. The sabbath has lost much of its former sanctity. Parental authority has become a lost art, or a lost virtue ; and there has been a widespread insubordination to constituted authority; and the mad chase for wealth has established false standards of worth, and weakened the moral fibre of the people. These are not the reflections of a pessimist, but the conclusions of the casual observer. If this republic is to endure, there must be a speedy return to the homely virtues and the high ideals of the fathers. "For wheresoever the carcass is, there will the eagles be gathered together." In the Old Testament the eagle, or the bird of prey, represents a foreign army summoned by Jehovah to execute his chastisement upon a corrupt nation. The interpretation is this : Wherever there is corruption, there will be inflicted the judgments of him who rules in righteousness.

PRIOR to 1846 Chicago was a port of delivery only, and belonged to the district of Detroit. The former city was made a port of entry by act of congress in 1846. Some improvements had been made in the harbor previous to 1839, when the work was discontinued for want of funds. A bar had formed, which extended across the entrance of the channel, so that vessels could enter only in fair weather, and even then with considerable difficulty. It was only in response to the unremitting efforts of citizens, by memorials and personal influence, during the yearsl 839-41, that congress, in 1843, appropriated twentyfive thousand dollars to continue the improvements. The next year thirty thousand dollars additional were appropriated for the same purpose. Up to this time two hundred and forty-seven thousand dollars had been expended ; yet the harbor was still incomplete, if not positively dangerous. John Wentworth, Chicago's able representative in congress, had secured fche incorporation of another appropriation in the river and harbor bill of 1846, by a decisive majority; but President Polk interposed his veto.

The president and the minority in congress were thus committed against the policy of river and harbor improvement. This course provoked general criticism, and especially in the west ; and resulted in the call for the famous river and harbor convention, which met in July, 1847. It was one of the most notable events of the period. Preliminary conferences had been held in Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, and New York, and such encouragement had been received that a meeting was held in Chicago, November 13, 1846, to complete the arrangements for the convention. William Moseley Hall, who took the initiative in calling the convention, was from 1845 to 1848, agent at St. Louis of the Lake Steamship Association, connecting by Frink, Walker & Company's stage lines, and later by Illinois and Michigan canal packets, with Illinois river steamers to St. Louis.

The convention assembled in Chicago July 5, 1847. Delegates were present from eighteen out of the twenty-nine states of the union. New York sent over three hundred ; and still larger numbers came from Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana and Illinois. The total attendance was estimated to be from six to ten thousand. Many of the leading men of the nation were present. Among them were Thomas Corwin, William Bebb, Stanley Matthews, Schuyler Coif ax, David Dudley Field, Thurlow Weed, and Horace Greeley. Thirty-five counties in Illinois sent delegates. Abraham Lincoln was one of the number. Mr. Lincoln was the only Whig representative in congress from the state. He at this time made his first visit to its commercial metropolis. Chicago was then a city of fifteen thousand population.

The delegates assembled in a spacious pavilion. Edward Bates, of Missouri, presided, with vice-presidents from seven teen states. The vice-president from Illinois was Charles S. Hempstead. The convention continued in session three days. In his report of the proceedings, Thurlow Weed pronounced it "a larger deliberative body than had ever been assembled in this country." Letters generally favorable to the avowed objects of the convention were read from Daniel Webster, Thomas H. Benton, Henry Clay, Martin VanBuren, and others.

Both of the leading parties sought to make political capital out of the event. It was only with the utmost adroitness that partisan dissensions were prevented. This feat was difficult, because the occasion of the convention was a political act by a partisan president. Tuesday, David Dudley Field, a Democrat, addressed the convention ; and in the afternoon of the same day Jason Marsh, of Rockford, introduced the following resolution: ''Resolved, That the delegates to this convention are pained at the expression of ill-feeling evinced this morning during the time that David Dudley Field, of New York, occupied (by invitation) the stand ; and in future pledge themselves to regard the rights of all members of the convention, who confine themselves to the rules prescribed and passed by this convention."

Another resolution, introduced by S. Treat, of Missouri, provided /'that no proposition or remarks, not directly connected with recognized river and harbor improvements of a national'character, shall be entertained by this convention."

was the right and duty of the general government to facilitate commerce by improving harbors, and clearing out navigable rivers; and that theretofore appropriations made for the improvement of inter-oceanic rivers and lakes had not been in fair proportion to those made for the benefit of the Atlantic coast. A resolution in favor of a railroad from the states to the Pacific, introduced by William Moseley Hall, was also adopted. The closing speech was delivered by the president, Edward Bates, which tradition has pronounced "a masterpiece of American oratory theretofore unexcelled." No report of this great oration has been preserved.

Winnebago county was represented at this convention by thirty delegates, as follows : Daniel S. Haight, Anson S. Miller, S. G. Armor, Thomas D. Robertson, William Hulin, Spencer Post, Charles H. Spafford, 0. Jewett, J. A. Wilson, Jason Marsh, Newton Crawford, Cyrus F. Miller, Goodyear A. Sanford, W. A. Dickerman, R. R. Comstock, Jesse Blinn, J. B. Peterson, Austin Colton, Shepherd Leach, C. A. Huntington, J.M.Wight, J. B. Johnson, Samuel Cunningham, Horace Miller, E.M. Miller, W. P. Dennis, H. Barross,D. Corey, M. H.Regan, Dr. Carpenter.

The most complete report of this historic convention is published in Fergus' Historical Series, Number Eighteen, which devotes about two hundred pages to the subject. Several numbers of this work, which have now become rare and valuable, may be found in the Rockford public library.

Chapter Li

UNDER the first constitution of Illinois, the justices of the supreme court and the judges of the inferior courts were elected by the joint ballot of the legislature. This system made the courts in a sense the creatures of the legislature, rather than a co-ordinate branch of the government. The legislature is always governed more or less by partisan expediency ; and the reflex action upon the judiciary compromised its independence. Two celebrated instances may be briefly noted.

When Thomas Carlin became governor, as a Democrat, in 1838, he claimed the power of appointing a new secretary of state, without a vacancy existing in that office. Alexander P. Field, a Whig, had served in that capacity during the two preceding administrations. Governor Carlin based his right of appointment upon the doctrine that a secretary of state under the first constitution was a confidential adviser of thegovernor, and ought therefore to be of the same political faith. The Governor accordingly nominated John A. McClernand. The senate, although Democratic, passed a resolution to the effect that the governor did not possess the power to nominate a secretary, except in case of a vacancy. After adjournment the Governor again appointed Mr. McClernand, secretary of state, who thereupon demanded possession of the office from Secretary Field. The latter refused. Mr. McClernand then filed an information in the nature of a quo warranto, before Judge Breese, in the circuit court of Fayette county, who decided in favor of the complainant. Secretary Field took an appeal to the supreme court, where the cause was reversed. There were then four justices of the supreme court. Justice Smith was a Democrat, and Chief-Justice Wilson and Justices Lockwood and Brown were Whigs. Three opinions were written. Justices Wilson and Lockwood concurred; Justice Smith dissented; and Justice Brown declined to sit in the cause, because he was a relative of Mr. McClernand. Chief- Justice Wilson rendered the decision of the court, which held that the Governor could not remove the secretary of state at pleasure ; that when an appointment had been made, the appointing power was suspended until a vacancy occurred. The decision was the cause of a partisan outcry against the so-called "Whig court," because it prevented a Democrat from holding one of the principal offices of the government. This opinion was contrary to the principle generally accepted at this day, that the appointing power, when exercised by a single person, or by a body of men who can conveniently act, necessarily possesses the power of removal from office.

The second and far more important instance was the celebrated Galena alien case. The alien vote of the state was about ten thousand; and it was estimated that nine-tenths of this vote was Democratic; and if they were excluded from the polls in 1840, it would determine the presidential election in favor of the Whigs. The constitution of 1818 provided that "in all elections, all white male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the state six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy the right of an elector." The Whigs bad long contended that this provision did not authorize any but citizens to vote ; while the practice, ever since the constitution was adopted, had uniformly been to allow all residents, whether citizens or aliens, to vote, who had resided in the state six months. In order to test the right of aliens to vote, without naturalization, an agreed case was instituted at Galena, where there was a large alien vote in the mining district, between two Whigs, to recover the penalty of one hundred dollars, under the election law of 1829, because the defendant, who had acted as judge at the August election of 1838, had received the vote of an alien. Judge Dan. Stone, before whom the case was tried, decided that an alien was not entitled to the elective franchise, and therefore imposed the fine prescribed by the statute. The decision had great political significance, because it was believed by both parties that the alien vote of the state held the balance of power.

An appeal was taken to the supreme court, where it was argued at the December term, 1839, and then continued to the June term, 1840, when the exciting presidential campaign was in progress. If the case were decided adversely to the aliens, the state might be lost to the Democracy, and there was a general apprehension that such would be the decision. Judge Smith, the only Democratic justice then on the supreme bench, discovered a clerical error in the record. A motion to dismiss was thereupon founded, because it appeared by the record that the case argued was alleged to have occurred at a time when no general election could be held, namely, August, 6, 1839. The year 1838 was meant. For the purpose of correcting the record, a continuance was granted to the December term, which was subsequent to the presidential election, which was held in November. The achievement of discovering the flaw in the record was considered a remarkable stroke of legal acumen. When the case was called for final decision, the constitutional question of the right of an alien to vote was evaded, and it was decided that inasmuch as the alien, whose vote was in question, by admission of both parties, possessed all the qualifications required by the law of 1829, the court erred in imposing the penalty. In the meantime, the November election in 1840 was held. Both houses of the legislature were largely Democratic, and Stephen A. Douglas was made secretary of state.

During the progress of these proceedings, a bill had been introduced for the reorganization of the judiciary. Two great political questions had been brought before the supreme court : one had already been decided against the wishes of the Democratic party, and it was thought the other, still pending, would be decided in the same way. The Democrats proceeded to radical measures of redress. Mr. Douglas, who had been one of the counsel for the aliens, boldly charged in a speech before the lobby, that the main question had been purposely evaded by the court, in order to conciliate the Democrats, and defeat the bill. By an act of February 10, 1841, the general assembly legislated out of office the nine circuit judges, and increased the number of supreme court justices from four to nine. In addition to their duties as a supreme court, and their function as a council of revision, the law imposed upon them all the circuit court business of the state. Since 1835 the supreme justices had been relieved of circuit duty, and acted solely as a court of appeals, errors and revision. The change was an extreme partisan measure, and characterized by Governor Ford as "confessedly violent, and somewhat revolutionary." Before its approval the bill was presented to the council of revision, which returned it with its objections. The bill, however, was repassed, notwithstanding the objections of the council, in the senate by a large majority, and in the house by a majority of one. A protest was signed by a minority, among whom was Abraham Lincoln. The five additional supreme court justices elected by the legislature under this law were Sidney Breeze, Walder B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat, Stephen A. Douglas, and Thomas Ford, who had been judge of the circuit which included Rockford. All these justices were Democrats. Thereafter all Democratic apprehensions were allayed concerning the party vote, nor did the majority of that court question the right of the executive to appoint his own secretary of state.

At the session of 1842-43 an effort was made to remove Judge Thomas C. Brown, on the ground of incompetency. He had been a member of the supreme court since the adoption of the constitution in 1818. Judge Brown was a genial gentleman, but he possessed no legal attainments. Upon the reorganization of the court, Judge Brown, whose home was at Shawneetown, was assigned to the remote Galena circuit, in the hope that he would resign. This plan failed; and four lawyers, Charles S. Hempstead, Thomas Drummond, Thompson Campbell and A. L. Holmes, filed specifications that he had not natural strength of intellect, and lacked the legal training requisite to a proper discharge of the duties of his high office. The senate refused to participate in the examination of these charges, and the house finally asked to be discharged from further consideration of the subject.

In 1847 another attempt was made to remove Judge Brown. A petition was numerously signed by the bar and citizens of Rockford. This petition, with all the signatures attached, has been preserved. Judge Brown, however, retained his position, and remained upon the bench until the reorganization of the supreme court under the constitution of 1848.

These two decisions of the supreme court were notable events in the evolution of an elective judiciary in Illinois. Under the present system, the entire judiciary of the state is elected by the people. More than a century ago Alexander Hamilton said in the Federalist: "The standard of good behavior for the continuance in office of the judicial magistracy, is certainly one of the most valuable of the modern improvements in the practice of government. In a monarchy, it is an excellent barrier to the despotism of the prince; in a republic, it is a no less excellent barrier to the encroachments and oppressions of the representative body. And it is the best expedient which can be devised in any government, to secure a steady, upright and impartial administration of the laws." Under the elective system, however, a precedent has been established of continuing a judge in office during "good behavior." Thus an elective judiciary is essentially consistent with the philosophy of Hamilton. Moreover, the judiciary, which in Hamilton's time was considered the weakest department of the government, has become recognized as a co-ordinate branch, deriving its powers, as do the legislative and the executive, from a popular constitution ; and has attained its present position of honor and public confidence.

In pursuance of an act of the general assembly, approved February 20, 1847, a constitutional convention assembled at Springfield, June 7th of the same year. The delegates from Winnebago county were Selden M. Church and Robert J. Cross. The delegates from the neighboring county of Boone were Dr. Daniel H. Whitney and Stephen A. Hurlbut, both of whom were well known in Rockford at an early date. The Journal of Proceedings indicate that all of these gentlemen took part in the discussions. Upon the organization of the convention, Mr. Church was appointed a member of the standing committee on the organization of departments and offices connected with the executive department ; Mr. Cross, a member of the committee on the bill of rights; Mr. Hurlbut, on the judiciary department; and Dr. Whitney, on incorporations.

Early in the session Mr. Church introduced the following resolution : "Resolved, That the committee on the bill of rights be requested to inquire into the expediency of so amending the sixth article of the present constitution that it shall provide that 'there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted. Nor shall any person be deprived of liberty on account of color.' ' June 26th Mr. Cross introduced the following resolution: "Resolved, That the committee on elections and the right of suffrage be instructed to inquire into the expediency of changing the time of holding elections from the first Monday in August to the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, and the manner of voting from vive voce to ballot." Mr, Cross also led in an effort to secure in t?he new constitution a provision for a state superintendent of schools, with a liberal salary.

The convention continued in session until August 31st, when the new constitution was adopted. It was ratified by the people March 6, 1848, and in force from April 1st next following. The adoption of this new constitution was a notable event in the transition of Illinois from a primitive, pioneer state to a great commonwealth. Many changes were made. A section, introduced by Mr. Hurlbut, of Boone, provided for township organization in the counties, whenever desired. The time of holding the general elections was changed from August to November; the method of voting changed from vive voceto ballot ; the judiciary was made elective ; and many improvements were made along other lines. This constitution remained in force until 1870. A new constitution was adopted in convention in 1862, but it was rejected by the people. The delegate from Winnebago county to this convention was Porter Sheldon, a brother of C. W. Sheldon, of Rockford.

Chapter Lii

JANUARY 16, 1836, a charter was granted to the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company, to construct a railroad with a single or double track, from Galena to Chicago. The capital stock was to be one hundred thousand dollars, with the privilege of increase to a sum not exceeding one million dollars. William Bennett, Thomas Drummond, J. C. Goodhue, Peter Semple, J. M. Turner, E. D. Taylor, and J. B. Thomas, Jr., were made commissioners for receiving subscriptions to the capital stock. At that time Galena was the leading village of this western country. This fact explains the precedence given to that name in the title of the road. The company was given three years in which to commence operations. Either animal or steam-power might be used. The charter was obtained mainly through the influence of EbenezerPeck andT. W. Smith. The Galena & Chicago Union was the first railroad chartered to be built from Chicago, upon which work was immediately begun. The road became an important factor in the great transportation system of Chicago, as well as the towns along the line.

Thirteen months after the charter was granted, the survey of the proposed route was begun by an engineer, James Seymour, and was extended from the foot of North Dearborn street as far as the DesPlaines river. Work was suspended in June, 1838, but resumed the following year, and piles were driven along the line of Madison street, and stringers placed upon them. It soon became evident, however, that Chicago's financial strength was not equal to her ambition, and the enterprise was temporarily abandoned. The suspension of operations was a source of profound regret to the citizens of the Rock River valley, who had made several attempts to obtain better connection with Chicago, first by means of the contemplated road, and later by canal. These schemes did not prove feasible, and other plans were substituted.

First Railroad Meeting

The agitation was continued in Winnebago county for several years. The first railroad meeting in Rockford was held November 28, 1845. Anson S. Miller was chosen chairman, and Selden M. Church, secretary. The meeting was addressed by Hon. Martin P. Sweet. It was resolved that those counties interested in the construction of a railroad from Galena to Chicago be recommended to send delegates to a convention to be held in Rockford, January 7, 1846, for the purpose of taking measures for the construction of the road at the earliest possible time. Jason Marsh, T. D. Robertson, and William Hulin were appointed a corresponding committee to carry out the object of the meeting. The following delegates were appointed to attend the convention from Winnebago county : Horace Miller,

December 5, 1845, a meeting was held in Chicago to select delegates to the Rockford convention. Mayor A. Garrett presided, and Isaac N. Arnold was secretary. The meeting was addressed by J. Y. Scammon, of Chicago, and William Baldwin, of Boston. The following delegates were chosed to attend the convention at Rockford : Isaac N. Arnold, J. Y. Scammon, J.

B. F. Russell, Mark Skinner, Thomas Dyer, E. W. Tracy, John Daulin, Stephen F. Gale, William H. Brown, Walter L. Newberry, William E. Jones, Bryan W. Raymond, F. C. Sherman, William Jones, Mayor A. Garrett. Meetings were held at Belvidere December 20th, and at Freeport December 25th, for the selection of delegates to the convention.

The convention was held at Rockford January 7, 1846. Delegates were present from the counties proposed to be traversed by the line. Cook county sent sixteen delegates; De Kalb, one ; McHenry, fifteen ; Rock, three ; Ogle, eighty ; Boone, forty-two; Lee, one; Kane, fifteen; Stephenson, forty; Winnebago, one hundred ; JoDaviess, six; a total of three hundred and nineteen delegates. It will be observed that Winnebago, and probably other counties, sent a larger delegation than had been authorized by the preliminary meeting. The convention was called to order at twelve o'clock, by T. D. Robertson, who nominated I. N. Arnold for temporary chairman. Mr. Robertson was chosen secretary, pro tern. The committee appointed to nominate permanent officers presented the following report: Thomas Drummond, of Jo Daviess, president; William H. Brown, of Cook ; Joel Walker, of Boone ; Spooner Ruggles, of Ogle; Elijah Wilcox, of Kane, vice-presidents; T.D.Robertson, of Winnebago; J. B. Russell, of Cook; S. P. Hyde, of McHenry, secretaries.

The president, on taking the chair, addressed the meeting on the great importance of the outcome to northern Illinois and the northwest, and expressed the hope that all their transactions might be characterized by an intelligent view of the situation. J. Y. Scammon, of Cook, offered a resolution that a committee of one from each county be appointed to report resolutions which would express the views of the convention. The chair appointed the following committee : J. Y. Scammon, of Cook; George T. Kasson, of McHenry; Charles S. Hempstead, of Jo Daviess; M. G. Dana, of Ogle; James S. Waterman, of DeKalb; William H. Gilman, of Boone. John A. Clark, of Stephenson; A. B. Wells, of Kane; S. M. Church, of Winnebago; L. G. Fisher, of Wisconsin Territory. Walter L. Newberry, of Chicago, offered the following: "Resolved, If a satisfactory arrangement can be made with the present holders of the stock of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company, that the members of this convention will use all honorable measures to obtain subscriptions to the stock of said company."

An animated debate followed ; and after a full discussion of the powers of the charter and possible benefits, the resolution was adopted by an overwhelming vote.

The following resolutions, presented by J. YoungScammon, in behalf of the committee appointed for that purpose, reported the following resolutions, which were adopted without a dissenting vote:

"Resolved, That the wants of the farmers and businessmen of northern Illinois require the immediate construction of a railroad from Chicago to Galena. That the value of farms upon the route would be doubled by the construction of the road, and the convenience of the inhabitants immeasurably profited thereby.

"Resolved, That in order to accomplish the object of this convention, it is indispensably necessary that the inhabitants and owners of property between Galena and Chicago should come forward and subscribe to the stock of the proposed railroad, to the extent of their ability; and that if each farmer upon the route shall take at least one share of the stock (one hundred dollars), the completion of the road would be placed beyond contingency."

This action enkindled enthusiasm along the entire line, bub before the necessary subscriptions had been secured, Messrs. Townsend and Mather, who owned the original charter, offered the same, together with the land and such improvements as had already been made, to the citizens of Chicago, for the sum of twenty thousand dollars. The terms contemplated the payment of the entire sum in stock of the new company ; ten thousand dollars immediately after the election and organization of the board of directors, and the remaining ten thousand dollars on the completion of the road to Rock river, or as soon as dividends of six per cent, had been earned. This proposition was accepted. The purchasers subscribed from their own means for the expense of the survey on December 6, 1846, and the following year the work was begun, under the supervision of Richard P. Morgan.

It was decided to open subscription books at Chicago and at Galena, as well as the several settlements through which the road was to pass. The task of canvassing among the farmers between the proposed termini was undertaken by William B. Ogden. J. Young Scammon solicited funds in Chicago, but the subscriptions came in slowly. Only twenty thousand dollars were obtained at the outset from all the real estate men and others who might have been supposed to have been especially interested. Certain business men in Chicago opposed the construction of the road on the ground that it might divert business from Chicago to other points along the line. Mr. Ogden met with better success in the rural districts. Even the women were willing to undergo many privations of a personal character, that they might assist in the construction of an iron highway, which they believed would prove of great benefit to the succeeding generations. The citizens of Rockford and farmers in the adjoining districts made liberal subscriptions to stock. John A. Holland and T. D. Robertson were the most active local promoters of the enterprise.

The original plan was to secure as large a local subscription to the capital stock as possible, and then apply to eastern capitalists for such advances, either in the form of subscriptions to capital stock or loans, as might be found necessary. The interest in the enterprise, however, was such that by April 1, 1848, one hundred and twenty-six subscribers had taken three hundred and fifty-one thousand and eight hundred dollars' worth of stock. It was therefore concluded that the road should be constructed and owned by residents of the territory through which it was to pass. It was determined, however, to interview friends of the project in the east, to obtain such suggestions as their experience in railroad matters might enable them to give. Eastern capitalists advised the construction of the road as far as the subscription might be available ; and later, if money were needed, it might be obtained in the east. There was another factor in the problem. Illinois was burdened with an enormous debt, and repudiation had been imminent. Eastern capitalists were therefore not prompt in response to calls for loans to be expended in internal improvements.

In September, 1847, a corps of engineers was engaged for surveys, and work was begun. Unexpected obstacles were encountered, and it was impossible for the directors to make the first contract for construction until near the close of the year. Contracts for the grading and bridging of twenty-five additional miles were made in March, 1848. Meanwhile, in February, 1847, an amended charter had been secured, under the terms of which a new board of directors was elected April 5th of the following year. Changes were subsequently made as follows: Thomas D. Robertson, of Rockford, was elected director, vice Allen Robbins, resigned, April 5, 1849; Dexter A. Knowlton, of Freeport, vice J. Y. Scammon, resigned, in 1850.

The canvass for subscriptions made along the line by Mr. Ogden was subsequently supplemented by Charles Walker, Isaac N. Arnold, John Locke Scripps and John B. Turner. In 1848 B. W. Raymond and John B. Turner visited the seaboard to enlist eastern support in the project. The journey was not as successful as they had hoped ; yet they reported to Chicago subscriptions for fifteen thousand dollars' worth of stock and the promise of a loan of seven thousand dollars additional. The financial success of the enterprise seemed to be so far assured by this time that the management purchased a limited amount of rolling-stock.

Mr. Ogden, the president of the company, and also a member of the city council of Chicago, endeavored in the latter capacity to secure the passage of an ordinance giving the com- pany the right of way into the city, with other incidental privileges. The ordinance failed to pass, but the road was granted the privilege of constructing a temporary track, in order to facilitate the hauling of necessary material through the city. The first civil engineer of the reorganized company was John Van Nortwick, and in June, 1848, his assistant, George W. Waite, drove the first grading peg, at the corner of Kinsie and Halsted streets.

In September, 1848, the directors purchased two engines from eastern companies. The first, the Pioneer, arrived in Chicago October 10th following. They were clumsy in appearance and workmanship; but they rendered efficient service. The Pioneer was unloaded from the brig Buffalo, on the Sunday following its arrival in Chicago. It proved to be a memorable purchase. At first it ran simply as a motor for hauling material for construction ; but December 15, 1848, it started from Chicago at the head of the first train which left the city over the four miles of track. In the rear of the Pioneer were six freight cars, extemporized into passenger coaches. The engineer in charge was John Ebbert. As the road developed, Mr. Ebbert was promoted until he became master mechanic of the road. His death occurred in Chicago August 21, 1899, at the age of eighty-five years. The first engineer, however, who ran the Pioneer as far west as Rockford was I. D. Johnson. In 1854 Mr. Johnson was married to Miss Delia, a daughter of Samuel Gregory. To them were born six children, three of whom survived the father. Mr. Johnson died at his home in Chicago, February 24, 1899, and was buried in Rockford. He was a man of straightforward character, and as an engineer he was careful and courageous. The Pioneer was on exhibition at the world's Columbian exposition in 1893, under the charge of its former master, Engineer Ebbert, and attracted great attention as an example of primitive ideas in locomotive construction. It is now an exhibit at the Field Columbian Museum.

The line was extended to Elgin, forty miles west, in January, 1850. Nearly one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars had been expended for construction up to that time. The rollingstock was then an object of admiration ; but it is now only of interest as a relic of the day of small things. The track was laid as far west as Belvidere in the spring of 1852. On Monday, August 2, 1852, a train on the Galena & Chicago Union railroad arrived in East Rockford. Its advent was signalized by the ringing of bells and the firing of cannon. The iron horse was greeted by the populace as the successor of the horse and wagon and oxen and driver and whip. From that day Rockford began to make rapid strides in wealth, population, and commercial importance; and the Forum took the flattering unction to its soul that Chicago and Galena might be soon "looking this way with a jealous eye lest they become eclipsed in greatness by the city of the Rock river valley."

By the year 1857 quite an extension of the line had been completed. A double track had been extended thirty miles west, as far as Turner Junction, and large additions to the rolling stock had been acquired. The expense thus incurred increased the total outlay up to that time to nine million dollars. Before the close of 1858 the company had extended its main line to Freeport, one hundred and twenty miles from Chicago. Notwithstanding the fact that there was no little enthusiasm in Galena over the extension of the line to that point, Fate decreed that Galena should be connected with Chicago by another line. The Galena & Chicago Union sold its right of way to the Illinois Central. It has been said that had the great Central system made a connection with Rockford at that early date, the population of the city would have been materially increased. At the close of 1858 the Galena & Chicago Union company was free from a floating debt ; but it had a funded indebtedness of three million seven hundred and eighty -three thousand and fifteen dollars.

The system owned and operated by the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company, as it exists at the present time, is a consolidation of not less than forty-five distinct roads. June 2, 1864, was effected a consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago & Northwestern companies, under the name of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company. The old Galena & Chicago Union had been legitimately built, and was never bonded ; and when it was purchased by the Chicago & Northwestern, the stock held by the old subscribers in the Galena road was exchanged for stock in the new company. The consolidation was effected by the late Samuel J. Tilden, one of the greatest railroad lawyers of his time. The Galena had been a profitable road ; and its consolidation was one of the first in northern Illinois.

Chapter Liii Representative Rockford Citizens I 1842-50

MARSHALL H. REGAN was born in Rochester, New York, and his early life was spent in his native state and in Canada. Mr. Regan came to Rockford in 1842. He engaged in the lumber trade, in which he spent his active business life. He was also a contractor and builder, did a large business, and accumulated a competence. Mr. Regan was the architect of the old First Congregational church, on the corner of First and Walnut streets. He was a prominent citizen in early Rockford, and a Democrat in politics. His first wife was Miss Louisa Dewey, whom he married in Rockford in 1845. They had six children. The first Mrs. Eber Carmichael and the late Mrs. 0. A. Richardson were daughters. Mr. Regan's second marriage was with Miss Adelaide Stewart, a native of Vermont. Their son, Hon. Frank S. Regan, is an attorney, and astockholder of the Rockford Abstract Company. In 1898, through a loca-1 disaffection in the Democratic party, Mr. Regan was elected a member of the legislature as a Prohibitionist. His only predecessor of the same political faith in this district was Hon. James Lamont, who is now a member of the editorial staff of the Chicago Lever. The elder Regan died in Rockford in 1875.

James B. Howell settled in Rockford November 8, 1843. His business was that of a wool-carder and cloth-dresser. When the first dam was completed, Mr. Howell operated a carding and fulling machine on the south side of State street. He erected a building in 1846, and began business in 1848, and continued therein until the dam went out in 1851. He then removed his machinery to New Milford. He returned to Rockford ; and some years later he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, M. H.Regan, in the lumber business. After Huntington &Barnes' book store was destroyed by fire, Mr. Howell engaged in the book trade. His stand was the east store in Metropolitan Hall block, which for many years was occupied by B. R. Waldo, in the same line of trade. L. A. Trowbridge began business as a clerk in this store in 1861. Mr. Howell has been treasurer of the township school fund since 1888. He was preceded by his daughter, Miss Ella, who held the office from 1882 until her marriage in 1887. Mr. Howell was a constituent member of the State Street Baptist church. For many years he has lived a retired life, and in his old age he is highly esteemed by a wide circle of friends. Comparatively few men can faithfully discharge every duty of life without occasionally making an enemy thereby. Mr. Howell has enjoyed the rare good fortune of being an exception to this rule.

Benjamin A. Rose was born in Philadelphia, in 1817. In early manhood he removed to Chemung county, New York, and in October, 1 844, he came to Rockford. His first home was next to D. D. Alling's house, on South Main street. In 1848 he bought a lot on North church street, and built a brick house. In 1855 Mr. Rose purchased the Jackson farm on Montague street, just outside the city limits, where he resided until his death in 1883. Mr. Rose was county clerk from 1847 to 1849. He was one of the clerical force in the banking house of Robertson & Holland, and remained in the bank one year after removing to the farm. Mr. and Mrs. Rose were charter members of the Second Congregational church. Mrs. Rose died in December, 1896.

Dr. Lucius Clark became a resident of Rockford in 1845. Dr. Clark was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, June 10, 1813. He was the third in a family of seven sons, five of whom became physicians. The Doctor received his education in his native city. He pursued his medical studies at Berkshire Medical College, Massachusetts, and at Geneva Medical College, in New York, and received the first diploma given by the latter institution. Mr. Clark practiced at Marion, Palmyra, and Chili, in New York, for ten years, previous to his settlement in Rockford. Dr. Clark was a member of the American Medical Association, and of the Illinois State Medical Society. During the war he was in the field a short time as president of the board of examining surgeons for the state of Illinois. He was for many years a trustee of Rockford seminary. In 1836 Dr. Clark married Julia A. Adams, of Hinsdale, Massachusetts. She died in 1861. In 1864 Dr. Clark married Charlotte M. Townsend, of this city. Dr. Clark possessed rare social qualities. His geniality dispelled all reserve, and broke down the artificial barriers of formality and exclusiveness. He had a fine presence, and he was careful to the point of fastidiousness in his dress. Dr. Clark was fond of a joke. On one occasion, after hearing a sermon by an intimate acquaintance, the Doctor complimented his friend on his sermon; but remarked that he had a book at home which contained every word of it. The clergyman, who was naturally restive under this imputation, called upon the Doctor for an explanation, when the latter produced the dictionary. Dr. Clark's home life was ideal, and his religious nature was strong and independent. He ranked high in his profession, and discharged every duty of life as a citizen and friend with strict fidelity and reverent sympathy. His death occurred November 5, 1878. Dexter Clark, M. D., followed his brother Lucius to Rockford, where he resided until his death, except the time spent in California, where he went in 1850. Dr. Dexter Clark was for many years a prominent member of the Second Congregational church, and superintendent of its Sunday-school. Many of the older residents will remember his noble Christian qualities, his ardent enthusiasm and his generous sympathies. Another brother, Dr. E. N. Clark, set tied at Beloit; and a fourth brother, Dr. Asabel Clark, resided at Detroit, Michigan. Dr. Lucius Clark had two sons who succeeded him in the practice of medicine: Dexter Selwyn, and Lucius Armor. Dr. D. Selwyn Clark died February 12, 1898. No citizen of Rockford had a higher sense of professional and personal honor, and his death was universally lamented. The death of Dr. L. A. Clark occurred July 23, 1899, in the house in which he was born fifty years before. He had a wide reputation as an expert surgeon. During his residence on the Pacific coast he was employed as a steamship surgeon for some years, and was a passenger on the first voyage of the Colema, which, after long service, foundered a few years ago. Dr. Clark was also surgeon for the Illinois Railroad Company, which position he held at the time of his death. His wife and one daughter survived him. For more than half a century the Clark family was represented in the medical profession of Rockford. In the death of Armor Clark there passed away the last of this historic family of practitioners. C. A. Huntington came to Rockford in 1845. He had left his family in July at Racine, Wisconsin, until he could find a desirable place for settlement. November 5th of that year he began his first term of school in Rockford in a building owned by H. R. Maynard, which stood on the site of the Masonic Temple. In the following year L. B. Gregory retired from teaching, and Mr. Huntington succeeded him as teacher in the old court house building on North First street, where he remained until the fall of 1848. Mr. Huntington then taught in the old Baptist church on North Main street. Among Mr. Huntington's first pupils in Rockford were Capt. E. E. Potter, Leander H. Potter, Carrol Spafford, B. Rush Catlin, E. P. Catlin, Samuel Montague, Hiram R. Enoch, Hiram H. Waldo, Sarah Preston, Adaline Potter, Selwyn Clark, and Clinton C. Helm. In the autumn of 1849 Mr. Huntington was elected school commissioner, and served eight years. In that same year he also opened the first book store in Rockford, on the site of the Third National Bank. He subsequently removed to the corner store in Laomi Peake's block, where the Manufacturers National Bank now stands. There he and Robert Barnes conducted a book store, and a book bindery on the second floor. November 27, 1857, this block was destroyed by fire. Huntington & Barnes carried a stock of eleven thousand dollars, on which there was an insurance of three thousand dollars. Mr. Huntington resided in Rockford until 1864, when he removed to California.

Hon. William Brown was born in Cumberland, in the North of England, June 1, 1819. His father's family removed to the United States in 1827, and the senior Brown purchased a farm in Oneida county, New York. William Brown began the study of law in Rome, New York, and was admitted to the bar. In 1846 he became a citizen of Rockford. During his first winter in the west he taught a district school. Judge Brown was honored with several public offices. He was chosen a justice of the peace in 1847. In 1852 he was elected state's attorney for the district comprising Stephenson, Winnebago and Jo Daviess counties, and served three years. At the expiration of that time he was elected mayor of Rockford. In 1857 Judge Brown formed a partnership with William Lathrop, which continued three years. He then became a partner with the late H. W. Taylor, with whom he was associated until 1870. In 1864 he was elected a member of the legislature as a Republican. Judge Brown was first elected judge to fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of Judge Sheldon to the supreme bench. He was subsequently elected for three full terms. His career on the bench covered twenty years. Judge Brown and Caroline H. Miller, a daughter of Hon. Horace Miller, were married September 19, 1850. Their elder son, Edward W. Brown, has been three times elected mayor of Rockford. At the conclusion of his present term he will have served six consecutive years, the longest mayoralty in our municipal history. Judge Brown's other children are Frank R. Brown and Mrs. H. W. Buckbee. Judge Brown was an able lawyer, a conscientious judge, and a Christian gentleman. By prudent management he acquired a large estate. He was a liberal supporter of the Centennial Methodist church, and was generous in the use of his money in charity and public enterprises. The Brown Building is named in his honor, and a controlling interest is owned by his family. Judge Brown died January 15, 1891.

Hiram H. Waldo was born in Elba, Genesee county, New York, November 23, 1827. He came to Kockford in 1846, when he was nineteen years of age, and completed his early education in the district schools. He studied in summer, and taught in the winter, for several years, until 1851. Mr. Waldo taught in the Redington district, in the old First Baptist church, Cherry Valley, Guilford, Harlem, in the basement of the First Methodist church as assistant to Seely Perry, and as assistant to C. A. Huntington, on First street. While at Cherry Valley he walked to Rockford, a distance of eight miles, to attend a lecture by John B. Gough. Mr. Waldo subsequently spent two years in Chicago, where he secured a clerkship in the postoffice, under Postmaster Dole, and was promoted to the superintendency of western distribution. Mr. Waldo remained a short time under Postmaster Isaac Cook. He returned to Rockford when Charles 1. Horsman became postmaster the second time. Mr. Horsman did not give his personal attention to the office, and Mr. Waldo assumed this responsibility. He paid Mr. Horsman five hundred dollars a year from the earnings of the office, and retained the balance as his compensation. Mr. Horsman, however, gave him a guarantee that he would receive an equivalent to his salary in Chicago. Mr. Waldo opened a book store in 1855, in a frame building which rested on poles, where the Grand Union tea store now stands. He remained there four years, and then removed into his present stand, in 1859, where for forty-one years he has done business without interruption. He is the only merchant now in business of all those engaged in trade when he began. Mr. Waldo, however, was not the only early book dealer on the West side. JohnM. Perry, a brother of Seely Perry, had a book store on the site now occupied by L. Moulthrop's dry goods store. Mr. Perry sold this stock to J. W. Seccomb. Mr. Waldo served as school commissioner of Winnebago county from 1857 to 1859, and again from 1863 to 1865. He took an honest pride in the teachers' institutes, which were attended by all classes of people, instead of teachers only, as at present. Mr. Waldo believes that his efforts in that direction have never been surpassed. In politics Mr. Waldo claims the unique distinction of always having voted with the minority. He was an Abolitionist when there were only seven in the county. His affiliations in later years have been generally with theDemcratic party. Upon the failure of the Second National Bank, Mr. Waldo was appointed receiver by Commissioner Eckles, and has paid eighty-five per cent, of the indebtedness. Since the organization of the Church of the Christian Union in 1870, Mr. Waldo has been an enthusiastic supporter of Dr. Kerr. It is said that in the nearly thirty years of its existence as an independent church, Mr. Waldo has never missed a service. Perhaps no man in town is as well known as H. H. Waldo. He has a ready wit, and the range of his information is broad. He is a shrewd observer of men and affairs ; and has an inexhaustible fund of reminiscence at his instant command. His knowledge of the social life of Rockford covers more than half a century, and, with one or two exceptions, surpasses that of any other citizen.