Carroll County, Indiana - Railroads, 1882 (part 2 of 2)

I military experiences of all countries are component ele- -*- ments of their current history. Civilization has rarely, or never, been established in any portion of the world except tlirough the agency of military power and by force of arms. It has so nearly become a maxim that war is the great forerunner of civilization by preparing the way for its advent, that for ages the cannon has been recognized as an emblem indicating that the reign of barbarism had been supplanted by the introduction of a higher order of government. In the coimtries of the Old World, and in the New as well, cannon and the sword have opened the way for the car of progress. Hence it is that the military features in the history of the nations of the world forms the distinguishing characteristic of modern and ancient history. Virgil, the great Roman jwet, introduces his recital of the exploits of jEneas, his hero, with "Arma viriunque cano " - I sing of arms and men - of vEneas and those who accompanied him, armed as the advance guard of civilization-- the first event to which history refers as the founding of Rome by the Trojans. So with the founding of most cities and governments of antiquity - their individuality was first established by the show of military power. Indeed, it is scarcely possible to peruse what is written of any period in the history of the ancients without encountering, in a lai-ge measure, recitals of the warlike exploits of the people of whom the historian has written. Wars and changes in the forms of governments and their rulers constitute the leading themes discussed in their pages. As it was with the ancients in this regard, so it has been and is with modern historians. If, also, the fact is applicable to the methods prescribed for national and State histories, it is equally so to county histories, except, perhaps, in the last instance, the military review should be a little less conspicuous - occupying simply a distinct division appropriated especially to the discussion of all matters appertaining to that department. For such a separate division of our history Carroll County can fiu'nish abimdant material.

Of the Indian wars, whose effects have in the past been made manifest in this portion of the Northwest, sufficient has already been related in the " Period of Indian Wars," to which reference is made for the information sought.

Those Indian wars, however, extended into and became important factors, in the struggle for independence, on the part of the colonies against Great Britain, and as such wrought an influence on the future of those colonies and of the territory subsequently under their jurisdiction, the result of which, we, as the lineal descendants of those colonists enjoy to-day. That some of the patriots who participated in the memorable conflicts which were instrumental in transmitting to their posterity the rich inheritance thus inuring to their descendants, became in their latter days residents of Carroll County and enjoyed the privileges of pioneer life in our midst, is true, but the whole number of them and their names are now scarcely attainable. Of those whose names have been placed upon the pension roll for services performed in the war of the Revolution, and who were designated as the residents of Carroll County, the following were found thereon in 1834, to wit: James Shaw, a private soldier of the Virginia line, whose name was so placed on the pension roll on the 14th of June, 1820, but whose pension began to run on the 24th of August, 1819, when the pensioner was seventy-seven years old. Prior to his residence in Carroll County, he was a citizen of Gallatin County, Ky., and transferred thence to this county. His annual allowance was $96, and the aggregate sum received prior to 1834 was $1,395.09. His age at the latter date was ninety-one years, and his name was placed on the pension list pm-suant to the provisions of an act of Congress passed and approved March 18, 1818. In what part of the coimty he lived during his sojourn here, and the date of his death we have not been able to learn, I nor who his descendants were. The name of Willibe Nichols, j who was a private of the Virginia Militia, and whose name was ! placed on the pension roll October 3, 1833, bat commenced to draw his pension March 4, 1831, at which time he was eightyfive years old, and a resident of this county. His annual allowance was 138.33, and in 1834 he had drawn $114.99. Fiu-ther information concerning the personal history of Mr. Nichols, just where he resided here and when he died, we have now no means of ascertaining. Among others who served their country during the period of the Revolution, the name of Jacob Olinger appears. He came from the State of Tennessee and settled in Carroll County at an early day. The service he performed entitles him also to recognition as one of the heroes of 1776. and accordingly his name is placed upon the roll, to the credit of this county. These three veterans, and without doubt others, whose names and histories we have been imable to trace, belong now to the military record of Carroll County. That the widows of some of the heroes who hazarded their lives in the struggle for independence subsequently became residents here, is also certain. Among these we note the name of Mrs. Abigail Huston, widow -of James Huston, formerly of Mifflin County, Penn., and a soldier of the Revolution. This lady was the mother of Mi-s. Gen. Samuel Milroy, an early resident of this county, and the grandmother of Gen. Robert Huston Mih-oy, whose name is as familial- as a household word in the military history of the coimtry. She died in this county, at the residence of her son-in-law, on the 6th of September, 1837. She was born about the year 1750, in Lancaster County, Penn., near the ancient village of Columbia. Before the commencement of the Revolutionary period, however, she, with her father, moved to Mifflin County, in that State, where she long resided, and became a wife, and the mother of a numerous family. Her husband died there, also, in 1789. After his death, " her children emigi'ating to the West, she accompanied them to Kentucky, where she resided many years, from whence she came to Indiana for the pm-pose of being with her children, who had, most of them, left the former State." At the time of her death, she was aged eighty-seven years and eight months. '" In the period of her life, she had witnessed this country rising from the condition of feeble colonies, struggling against Indian depredations (the mangled victims of whose numerous battles it was her fate often to behold before she arrived at woman's years), until the country became a mighty nation; and, although her earthly existence has terminated eight hundred miles west of the place of her nativity (at that time the frontier), population and civilization now extend fai' beyond." With these names we close the Revolutionacy branch of our military history.

The Wab Of 1812

The period of military strife known as the war of 1812, prior to the gigantic rebellion of 1861 to 1865, called the "Last War" had its origin, probably, in the almost continued warfare with the various hostile Indian tribes of the Northwest, which succeeded, or rather, was in existence, during the progress of the Eevolutionary struggle - in which the British soldiery were aiders and abettors.

True, the war of 1812, as a distinct period of hostilities between this country and Great Britain, commenced with the declaratioa of wai' by the Congress of the United States, on the 18th of June, 1812, the prelude to which, however, was an embargo laid by the President of the United States on the recommendation of Congress, on the 3d of April preceding, upon all vessels within the jurisdiction of this Government It will be remembered that for many years anterior, during and subsequent to the war of the Revolution, the Governments of Great Britain and France, extending to their dependencies in North America, were engaged in almost continuous acts of hostility. These acts of hostility were, in a measure, stimulated by the opposite Indian policies of the two countries, the methods of which, as we have seen, effected the relations of the Indian tribes of this country with our peoj^le, inducing them to take sides with one or the other of these nations, with whom they claimed alliance, respectively.

During the major part of this period, the French were in alliance with the people of the United States, which gave semblance to the idea, on the part of the British nation, that this Government was privately giving aid and assistance to their enemies - the French. As the outgrowth of that idea, " the British Government, in January, 1807, issued an order in council, forljidding all the coasting trade with France, on penalty of condemnation." Inasmuch as it was difficult to distinguish between the English and Americans, on board vessels suspected of being engaged in this Contraband trade with France, the British claimed the right to capture and impress into their service all persons supposed to be so engaged, and proceeded to execute the orders aforesaid, and, among others, impressed a number of our citizens. This proceeding was the occasion of the embargo laid upon British vessels, and the proclamation of the President ordering all armed British vessels to leave the waters of the United States, and not to again enter them until proper satisfaction was given for the result. This proper satisfaction not having been accorded by the British Government, hostilities were declared by the United' States against Great Britain, on the 18th of June, 1813, which was officially terminated by the treaty of Ghent, on

Of course, so fai' as this county is concerned, the war itself was passed long before this region was occupied by white settlera Still, in this locality and in the vicinity adjacent, the war, during its continuance, was a fearful calamity and a source of danger and terror to the not very distant settlements on the Lower Wabash, and farther away to the southward and eastward. These forests, like those of older pioneer districts, were the habitations of hostile bands of desperate savages, whose towns and villages, large and small, stood within, or, at most, but a few miles beyond the limits of what is now Carroll County, and their trails traversed this territory, leading to and from those places of rendezvous not very remote. Incidents of this period are yet within the recollection of a scanty few who were participants in them. The number of those who took jjart in the transactions referred to is necessarily small in this county, as in every other county of the great Northwest. That some yet remain and more have passed to the life beyond at some time in its history were residents of Carroll County. Touching the individual history of any who took part in that second war for independence, only isolated sketches can at this late day be obtained.

Of the many present and former residents of this ooimty who took part in the defense of their country against the British and Indians, either in the expeditions against the Indians especially, or the combined forces of both, we have been able to ascertain the names of the following, with something of their personal history and the service performed; Col. Ziba Holt, James Blake, Samuel Milroy, Kichard Chabert, Lewis Johnson, William Hughes, Andrew Wood, George T. Wallace, Reuben Thayer, Sr., Richard Sibbitt, George Malcom, Moses Colton, in addition to many others, whose services, as well as their names, are not now readily obtainable.

Col. Holt was born on the 25th of August, 1769, in the town of Hampton, Windham Co., Conn. At the age of twenty-one years, he, with some othere, started on an expedition to Kentucky, making the journey in sleighs. Subsequently, he purchased a tract of 100 acres of land on the hill opposite to Madison, Ind. made a deadening on it and set up a blacksmith-shop. In the fall of 1814, he left Kentuckj' as Captain of a volunteer company, to take part in the defense of New Orleans. The troops of his command took passage on a flat-boat for the place of their destination, reaching that point on the 4th of January, 1815, a few days before the battle. On the night preceding the engagement, the Kentucky troops wert* ordered to cross the river to prevent the British from landing. Soon after reaching the point to which they had been sent, they saw the enemy approaching, and. in consequence of the superior numbers of troops of the British, he, with his command, was compelled to fall back and make a stand at some old saw-mijls in the vicinity. Having done this and maintained their ground for a time, further retreat became necessary, when, on the 9th, they re-crossed the river. Dui'ing the action on the right bank of the river, Capt. Holt never got sight of his superior officer, Gen. Morgan, from which and other circumstances he was impressed with the belief that the General played the jiart of a cowai'd. The Kentucky troops remained on the battle-iiold until the 18th of March, when they were ordered to Camp Washington, seven miles back of Natchez, where Capt. Holt was directed to take charge of the sick. When that service had been performed, he returned home, landing there in July. Upon his return, the Governor of Kentucky appointed him a

Major in the State militia. Afterward he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel, then Colonel, and finally. Brigadier General; this last commission, however, he refused to accept. He commanded the Fifty-lirst Regiment of Kentucky militia for many years and for more than thirty years, he was an officer of the militia in that State. He became a resident citizen of Carroll County in August, 1829, and continued to reside here diu-ing the remainder of his life, which terminated on the 6th of May, 1860, at the advanced age of nearly ninety-one years.

James Blake, at one time a temporary resident of Carroll County, was born in York County, Penn., March 3, 1791. Early in life he came Westward, driving a six-horse team from Philadelphia to Pittsbui'gh. Thus engaged, he passed several years, from 1812 to 1818. While the war was going on and the British army was threatening Balti more, he volunteered inCapt. Bishler's company, and took part in the defense of that city, remaining there until the dauger had passed at that point - a period of about three months, when the troops were disbanded. Afterward, he went to the city of Washington with his team, and hauled one of the pieces of heavy artillery from that place to Perth Amboy, N. J., consuming about three weeks in the journey.

In the latter part of July, 1821, he settled at Indianapolis, ; Ind., and afterward made .that place his home. In after years he ' was actively engaged in the ginseng business, and, for a time, was a resident of Carroll County. He died a few years since, honored and respected by all who knew him. '

Gen. Samuel Milroy, a sketch of whose life appears elsewhere ' in this volume, was born on the 14th of August, 1780, in Mifflin ' County, Penn. In 1809, he settled in Nelson County, Ky., and remained there several years, during which time, in the month of September, 1812, the Indians attacked and destroyed a settlement in Scott County, Indiana Territory, killing twenty-fom- persons, including men, women and children. The effect of this news was | to create throughout Kentucky intense excitement. Companies j of mounted volunteei's were raised hastily and sent forward to the scene of disaster. One of those companies was raised by Mr. Milroy, in his own county, and, pushing their way into the enemy's country, they reached the scene of the massacre in about four- days after its occm'rence, the distance being near one hun- ' di-ed miles. His, with the other volunteer companies from his ' State, swelled the number to about 350 men. In addition to these, several companies formed in the sm-rounding counties, constituted a very respectable army of about 500 men. The ruins j were still smoking and the mangled bodies of the slaughtered victims scattered in ghastly array near the ruins or partially consumed in their midst. Revenge was strongly marked on every countenance and a tixed determination, to terribly chastise the ; perpetrators of the inhiunan outrage. Although a council of war was held, it failed in adopting any specific measiu-es for the relief of the beleaguered settlers, and many of the companies disbanded. In this contingency, Capt. Milroy, with what volunteers he could induce to accompany him, determined to follow the mm'derous 1 gang, and, if possible, overtake and punish them. The attempt, \ however, was abortive, and he was compelled to give up the pm-- snit.

In 1810, he was commissioned as Major by Gov. Posey; a Colonel by Gov. Jennings, in 1817, and subsequently, by the same officer, a Brigadier General, iu 1819.

Richard Chabei-t, of French parentage, a native of Vincennes, i while comparatively young, was frequently engaged in short ' expeditions against the vicinity of the Old Post. His militaiy career, however, was brief, though he was more or less fi'equeutly a participant in the transactions with the Indians. From this county he removed to Logansjiort, where he died about the yeai- 1834.

Lewis Johnson, a native of Kentucky, and a near relative of Hon. Richard M. Johnson, of Tecumseh notoriety, did service in the numerous expeditions against the British and Indians sent forth by the State of Kentucky in defense of the frontier settlements of Indiana and adjacent Territories. He came to Indiana Territoiy at a very early day, and resided for many years in Fayette County, in this State, removing thence to Can-oil County, in 1830, remaining here fi'om that time forward until his final removal to Cass Coimty, some twenty-five years since, where he died not long after at an advanced age.

AVilliam Hughes, one among the early settlers of this county, was born in Winchester, Va., on the 2Sth of April, 1790. At a very early age he removed thence, with his father, to Clark County, Ky. ; afterward, to Clark County, Ohio, and from thence, a few years later, he returned to Kentucky, and siibsequently, he went to A'-lams County, Ohio. In 1814, during the existence of the war with Great Britain, he entered the military service and was on duty for a period of six mouths. While thias engaged, he was stationed, a portion of the time, at Upper Sandusky, and was there when the battle of Lower Sandusky was fought, when Col. George Croghan achieved such a signal victory against a force so vastly superior in point of numbers and experience to his own,

He moved to Madison County, Ind., in a portion of the Ten-itory then recently pm-ohased from the Delaware Indians, about the year 1820. Having moved to and i-emained temporarily at several different points in this State and elsewhere, he finally settled in Carroll County, in February, 1827, and has since been a resident here, enjoying a ripe old age surrounded with all the essential comforts of life.

Capt. Anch-ew Wood came to this county in 1828, with Col. Holt, fi-om Kentucky. His military service was much the same as that in which most of the people of Kentucky were engaged dirring the period of his residence there. The particular duty performed by him, however, and the length of time he was engaged therein, and the arm of the military service with which he was connected, we have not learned.

George T. Wallace, who died in this county some thirty years since, was, in early life, connected with the naval service of the United States off Baltimore Harbor, and subsequently was in the military service during the siege of Baltimore maintained by the British. He was on duty in both arms of the service about fifteen months, and was, at one time, taken prisoner. Being quite young, his service was performed under an assumed name, to avoid the interference of his guardian. He came West when he was approaching middle life and settled in this county, at Pittsbm'g, about the year 1850, at which place he died a few years later.

Reuben Thayer, a native of New York, and father of the late Reuben Thayer, Jr., Daniel V. and Joshua G. Thayer - all residents of this county - was a member of one of the New York regiments during the continuance of the war, and was in active sei-vioe about one year, for which service he afterward received a land warrant from the Government of the United States. Touching the facts as to the extent and character of that service, we have not now the information in detail at hand. He died many years ago.

war of 1812, having perforniRd such service as a volunteer from one of the frontier States, and, as a partial reward for the service rendered, he received a bounty at the hands of the Government he had assisted in defending.

In addition to the names of the surviving soldiers of the war of 1812 and the military expeditions incidental thereto, given in the preceding statement, there are, or have been, in Carroll County, many others who are entitled to equal recognition, whose names and services cannot well be brought to mind. Some there are, however, who have been classed among soldiers of that war, whose particular service, the time when and the place where the same was performed, we have thus far been unable to glean. Of the latter class, the names of Moses Colton, father of Cullen W. Colton, George Malcom, Nathaniel Tucker. Bayless G. Butcher, Cornelius Williams, Robert D. Koyster and Daniel Baker should be added to complete the list. The few who now remain of those men who shouldered their muskets to defend their country and their homes against the common foe in the days of trial interven ing between the struggle for independence and the close of the war with the Indians within the borders of Indiana, day by day are passing from om- midst, and not many years hence the last of the soldiers of 1812 will have passed to the life beyond, and their names engi-aved on memory if not on history's page.

The War With Mexico

inOR several years prior to the year 1845, Texas having declared herself independent of and in no way subject to the Government of Mexico, a state of civil war existed between those two countries - the former to maintain her independence, and the latter to assert her control over the territory in question. Sometimes the current of events seemed to indicate a successful issue of the conflict in favor of one party, and again in favor of the other - in the end the preponderance being in favor of Texan independence. In this crisis, the question of annexing Texas to the United States became a topic of very general speculation in political circles. By one of the political parties of this country it was warmly espoused, while by the other it was opposed with great bitterness. It seemed, indeed, as if there were more political capital involved in the issue than any real benefit likely to attend the decision for or against either of the belligerent powers. However, by a joint resolution of the two Houses of Congress, approved by the President of the United States on the 2d of March, 1845, it was declared " That Congi'ess doth consent that the tt-rritory properly included within and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas, may be erected .into a new State, to be called the State of Texas, with a republican form of government, to be adopted by the people of, said republic, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of the existing Government, in order that the same may be admitted as one of the States of this Union."

Appended to this resolution were certain conditions, which were necessary to be accepted and complied on the part of the people of Texas before said resolution would be of force. One of the important considerations involved in the resolution itself was the determination of boundai-y lines between the territory of the United States and Mexico, as assumed by Texas, which was originally carved out of Mexican territory.

" Texas, through her State Convention, accepted the terms of annexation proffered by this Government, on the 4th of July, 1845." In the meantime, the Mexican Government established a military post on the east side of the Rio Grande River, as a means of maintaining their right to the territory. Subsequently, Gen. Taylor, commanding in the Department of the South, was ordered to report for duty in the immediate vicinity of the post occupied by the Mexican forces, on the opposite side of the river, with instructions to avoid all aggressive measures toward Mexico, while he was expected to occupy, protect and defend the territory of Texas to the extent that it has been occupied by the people of Texas. It is not diflficult to understand that, under the circiunstances, pacific relations could not long exist. They did not. Trespasses were committed, and then, in a very brief period, conflicts with arms ensued, and the Mexicans being declared the aggressors, and the President of the United States, by proclamation dated May 11, 1846, announced that a state of war existed between this country and Mexico. Immediately, Congress authorized the reception of 50,0(10 volunteers, one-half to be mustered into service at once, and the other to be used as a reserve. Upon the strength of this authority, the President issued his call accordingly, the instrument bearing date May 13, 1846. The Governors of the several States responded promptly to the call, James Whitcomb, Governor of Indiana, issuing his proclamation to that effect May 23.

Upon the receipt of the news at Delphi, Robert H. Milroy, with the promptness characteristic of him, proceeded to the formation of a company of volunteers to participate in the war to be waged against Mexico, pursuant to the declaration of Congress. It required but a day or two to complete the roll, for the citizens of Carroll County were, as they have always been, ready on short notice to obey the call of their country for soldiers to defend her. The roll being complete, the services of the company were tendered to the Governor and accepted. On the Uth of June, 1846, the company left Delphi, and, in due time, arrived at the capital, where they were inspected and formally accepted, according to the i-egul ations. After remaining in camp for a few days, they were transported thence to Edinburg - the point to which the Madison & Indianapolis Railroad was then completed - by wagons, and from that point by rail to Madison, and from there to New Albany by steamboat, where the regiments were formed and officers elected. The company fi-om this county was numbered C, and placed in the First Regiment. It was enrolled June 19, and mustered into service June 20, by Col. Churchill, of the United States Army. The principal regimental officers were;

The movements of the co uj an ftei t h 1 1 ee m ste ed ut e vce anl ass g ed ts j os t on n the le^ neut weie n un bon ^eneially w th those of the leg ment tself The whole f ice lema ued at New All any aboit t vo week when t to k tran&po tat on on b aid steameis foi New Oi leans eveial of the companies tak ng p ssage on the teamei C no nnati t \ on the r ai vdl at fhdt I lace the i eg ment went uto camj on the OH Battle Giomd wheie Gen Jackson on the bth of Janua y 181^ defeatel the B t sh the tmal engagement n host le atti tude between the bell gei ent j owe s Thiee days late they shipped on board a schooner for passage across the gulf, landing, after a rough voyage of four days, on the Brazos Santiago, a low, sandy and barren island, where there was no vegetation of any kind, and nothing better to di'ink than brackish water. Remaining on that desert place for a short time, the regiment moved its quarters to the month of the Rio Grande, at which place it was stationed for several months, ready to be called into active service upon short notice.

" Through the indisposition of officers," says' a member of the regiment, " the regiment was ordered to the front at Monterey and Saltillo; but, owing to some misunderstanding about the matter, after passing through Camargo, Mier and Ciralvo, traveling nearly one hundred miles, over a rough, mountainous country, we were met, at a place called the ' Biu-nt Ranche,' with orders fi-om Gen. Taylor, directing us back to Matamoras and the mouth of the Rio Grande, and retraced our steps accordingly, but with heavy hearts.

" When less than four months of our term of enlistment remained, we were once more ordered to Monterey, going by steamboat to Camargo, and thence by laud to Mier, Ciralvo, Burnt Ranche (where we were turned back before), thence to Rama, Marine and Walnut Springs, within live miles of Monterey, where we met Gen. Taylor and his command. We remained here until om' time had almost expired, and were then ordered home,

" During our stay at this place, we enjoyed some opi>ortunity for hasty inspection of the siuTouiiding country. The place itself is beautiful, with large springs, and, in the immediate vicin- ity, groves of line trees, chief among wliicli were the English walnut and the live-oak. In sight of our camp, also, was the ' Camanche Saddle,' as it was called, being a mountain nearly two and a half miles high, the space between the two principal spurs of which, in the distance, resembling a saddle.

" Leaving this place, we took up our line of march for Ca- margo, where we took steamboat to the mouth of the river, marching thence, overland, to Brazos Island, where we took shipping in the Desdemonia for the mouth of the Mississii^pi and New Orleans, at which latter place we were mustered out of service on the 16th day of June, 1847. From New Orleans, we took passage, by singular coincidence, on the steamer Cincinnati - the same that originally brought us here - on om- return trip to the Queen City of the West. From Cincinnati we were transported by canal " to Delphi, having been absent a little more than one year. The reception given upon the return of these soldiers - the first offering by Carroll County on the altar of sacrifice for the maintenance of her country's honor - was a most joyous one - not, however, unmingled with sorrow for the loved and lost who came not - whose ashes reposed in a distant land.

The Southern Rebef.Lion

I IKE all other convulsive efforts that have culminated in a -^ settlement by the arbitrament of arms, the Southern rebellion, so called, was brought about by the influence of politicians whose aspiratious for public recognition have not been realized according to the measm'e prescribed bytheir ambitious desires. The primary causes for revolution have never originated with the masses of the people who have been drawn into its vortex, but with self-constituted leaders, whose efforts to mold public opinion into the adoption of a policy which, while it is the legitimate outgrowth of their own inadequate conceptions of what would best accord with the purposes sought to be accomplished, is detrimental to the best interests of society and subversive of the rights which a thoroughly developed civilization will always prescribe for the enjoyment of its subjects - equality in the common exercise of all the privileges to which an equal inheritance entitles them. The causes, therefore, are not so much the result of the enforcement, as the conception and inaugui-ation of a bad policy. The enforcement necessarily depends upon the consent of the people against whom the bad policy operates. If they tacitly submit, or are induced to do so through the agency of policy manipulators, the ill-conceived designs of such leaders, become, for the time being, the accepted authority of the community effected; but, in the end, like the poisonous virus that ramifies the human system, deteriorating its very life blood, imperceptibly at first, but finally breaks forth into a putrid sore which requires all the powers of vitality to overcome. If, on the other hand, the people successfully resist the enforcement of an unwholesome policy,

This doctrine is believed to be applicable to the causes that culminated in the passage at arms between the Southern people and the Government to which they owed allegiance. Vei-y early in the history of this country, when the people had declared themselves to be free and independent of the authority and jm-isdiction of Great Britain, an element began to be developed representing the doctrine that individuals, or individual communitie.s, did not owe and should not acknowledge allegiance to any general legislative or administrative power in the nature of a government exercising a common jurisdiction over a whole people of which they were constituent parts ; but, on the contrary, that there was no supreme authority outside the individual members of society - in short, that there was no such thing as a common interest, possessed by all equally, in the conduct of affairs for the whole people. This doctrine was distinctly manifested in the oonfed eration of States, the people of those States acknowledging allegiance to their States only, notwithstanding it was an accepted proposition that, in some measure at least, all the States and the individuals thereof, had a common interest of sufficient strength to hold the compact together. The experience under this confederation was that such a government was insufficient and did not meet the wants uor the anticipations of the people at large. This insufficiency was acknowledged in the call by the people, through their representatives, for a general convention of delegates to be by them elected to form a more perfect government. Delegates were aocoi'dinglj- chosen, such a convention met and deliberated upon the solution of the problem submitted for their consideration, and, in due time, produced the written instrument since known as the "Constitution of the United States of America," to which they prefixed the following: "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insm-e domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfai'e and secui'e the blessings of liberty to ourselves and om- posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United Stales of America." In their address to the people after that document had been prepared, the convention made the following statement: "In all our deliberations on this subject, we kept steadily in om- view that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American - the consolidation of oiu- Union - in which is involved oui- prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps our National existence."

Notwithstanding the nature of this instrument and the fundamental principle upon which it was constructed, the ancient gei-m of individual or State sovereignty, possessed vitality still, and whenever opportunity offered continued to exhibit itself in multifarious forms, but most strongly among the Southern people, in their refusal to obey certain laws enacted by the legislative authority of the United States, which they claimed were deti-imental to their local interests. These laws, therefore, were, as they alleged, null and void as to them, and hence, should be nullified or disregarded, and the act has since been designated by the term "Nullification," and the aiders and abnttoi's therein. "Nullifiers." But the centralized power of the nation was brought to bear upon the issue and the provisions of the laws assumed to be repugnant were literally enforced.

Through the instrumentality of a few interested leaders more in love with their desire for notoriety and supremacj- than with the permanent good of their constituents, undertook, in a different form, to educate their people more thoroughly in the doctrine of

"State Rigfhts"" and the maintenance of their "peculiar institutions " - efi'orts were made to seciu'e the supremacy of their pet theories by the enactment and enforcement of laws " firiendly " to that issue. Failing in this to the extent desired, they attempted the difficult task of testing the practicability of their State rights doctrine, by seceding from the Union, or compact," as it was termed by them. Having withth-awn their allegiance, as claimed, they set up for themselves and undertook to exercise the rights of " independent States," in contravention of the authority of the constitution.

Accordingly, on the 20th of December, 1860, a convention of delegates of the State of South Carolina having met at Charleston, passed an ordinance of secession from the National Government, and, on the 2-tth, the convention adopted a " Declaration of Independence of South Carolina." Subsequently, several other of the Southern States adopted similar declarations, and, on the 8th of February, 1861, a " Provisional Constitution " was adopted at Montgomery, Ala., pm-suant to which, on the following day, Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stevens were elected Provisional President and Vice President. March 5, 1861, Gen. Beauregard was ordered to take command of the rebels at Charleston, and, on the 7th of April, he notified Maj. Anderson that all intercourse must cease between Fort Sumter and the city of Charleston. A demand for the smTender of the fort was made on the 11th, which was declined, and, on the following day, April 12, 1861, the bombardment of Fort Sumter was commenced, by order of Gen. Beauregard, and Maj. Anderson responded on the 13th; on the 14th, evacuating the ruins, he sailed for New York.

April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers, and commanding the rebels to retm-n to peace within a period of twenty days. On the same day, the New York Legislature voted 30,000 men and $3,000,000 to put down the rebellion, the Governor of Kentucky refusing to furnish her quota. Fort Sumter having fallen, the news flew with lightning velocity athwai't the continent, on the morning of the day following the announcement. April 15, 1861, the Governor of the State of Indiana, sent by telegraph the following message:

On behalf of the State of Indiana, I tender to you, for the defense of the Nation, and to uphold the authority of the Government, ten thousand men. Oliver P. Morton, Gorernor of Indiana.

" The same day the President issued his proclamation calling forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000, in order to suppress the rebellion and cause the laws to be duly executed. The quota of Indiana was subsequently fixed by the Secretaiy of War at six regiments of infantry, or riflemen, comprising in officers and men 4,683, to serve for the period of three months, tuiless sooner discharged. On the 16th, the Governor issued a proclamation briefly reciting the acts of the rebellion which had broioght on the war, and calling upon the loyal and patriotic men of the State to the number of six regiments, to <jrganize themselves into military companies and forthwith report the same to the Adjutant General, in order that they might be speedily mustered into the service of the United States.

"In the meantime every class of community manifested the wildest enthusiasm and most intense excitement; public meetings to facilitate the formation of companies, and to give expression to the sentiments of the people touching their duty in the pending crisis, were held in every city, town and neighborhood, and an ai'dent and unquenchable military spirit was at once aroused that bid fair to embrace in its sweep every able-bodied man in the State. The day after the call was made five hundred men were in camp, and the Governor, apprehensive (as was the whole countiy at the time) that an effort would be made by the rebels to take possession of the Federal capital, proposed to send forward half a regiment, if requii-ed, although imable to fmmish the necessary arms and equipments. Receiving no reply to this offer fi-om the War Department, it was renewed on the following day and the number increased to one thousand men. By the 19th - thi'ee days after the call - there were 2,400 men in camp, and an'ivals continued by every train. So rapidly did volunteering proceed, in less than seven days more than twelve thousand men. or nearly three times the quota required, had been tendered."

Immediately upon the reception of the Governor's proclamation, the patriotic citizens of Carroll County, as by a common impulse, rushed to the standard of their country. Within two days from the time the drum beat to aims on com't house square, more than a full company had volunteered their services, organized a company and elected officers. On the 20th of April, Capt. Hannum was commissioned, and, on the 22d, his company had reported at Camp Mortou, Indianapolis, and was duly accepted imder the regulations jirescribed at headquarters, being among the very fu-st entered for duty. Three days later it was regularly mustered into service with the Ninth Regiment, Robert H. Milroy, Colonel, and, on the 20th of May, left Indianapolis for the seat of war in Western Virginia, amving at Grafton on the 1st day of June. Immediately afterward, the regiment left that point and marched toward Philippi, in the column commanded by Col. Kelly, and took part in the suii^rise of the rebel camp at that jjlace on the morning of the 3d of June, afterward retm-ning to Grafton, where it was assigned to Gen. Morris' brigade and participated in all the marches and skirmishes of that command during its brief campaign, and, in the engagemeuts at Lam-el Hill and Carrick's Ford. In the battle at Laurel Hill, on the 10th of July. Dyson Boothroyd. of Company A, from Carroll County, was wounded, and died on the 13th, the fu'st offering in sacrifice for the countiy's defense tendered by this county. In the latter part of July the regiment returned, and, after the brief campaign, was mustered out of service on the 29th of the same month. The following IS the iii'tei of ( mp nn A