Daviess County, Indiana - Chapter 1: Related State History, 1915

Chapter 1: Related State History

The first white men to set foot upon the Northwest Territory were French traders and missionaries under the leadership of La Salle. This was about the year 1670 and subsequent discoveries and explorations in this region by the Frencli gave that nation practically undisputed possession of all the territory organized in 1787 as the Northwest Territory. It is true that tlie luiglish colonies of Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts claimed that their charters extended their grants westward to the Mississippi ri\er. However, France claimed this territory ant! successfully maintained possession of it until the close of the French and Lidian War in 1763. At that time the treaty of Paris transferred all of the French claims east of the Mississippi river to England, as well as all claims of France to territory on the mainland of North America. For the next twenty years the Northwest Territory was under the undis]nited control of England, but became a part of the United States by the treaty which terminated the Revolutionary War in 1783. Thus the flags of three nations have floated over the territory now comprehended within tlie ]M"escnt state of Indiana - the tri-color of France, the union jack of England and the stars and stripes of the United States.

History will record llie fact that there was another nation, iiowever, which claimed possession of this territory and, while the Indians can hardly be called a >iation, yet they made a gallant fight to retain their hunting grounds. The real owners of this territory struggled against heavy odds to maintain their supremacy and it was not until the battle of Tipjiecanoe, in the fall of iSri, that the Indians gave up the unequal struggle. Tecumseh, the Washington of his race, fouglit fiercely to save this territory for his people, but the white man finally overwhelmed him, and "Lo, the poor Indian" waif pushed westward across the Mississippi. The historv of the Northwest (3)

Territory is full o\ tlie bitter figlits wliich the Indians waged in trying to drive tlie white man out and tlie defeat wliicli the Indians inflicted on general St. Clair on Xo\eniber 4, 1792, will go down in the annals of American history as the worst defeat which an American army ever suffered at the hands of the Indians. The greatest battle -which has ever been fought in the United States against the Indians occurred in the state of Ohio. This was the Ijattle of Fallen Timbers and occin"red August 20, 1794, the scene of the battle being within the present county of Defiance. After the close of the Revolutinnary W'ar the Indians, urged on bv the Ilritish, caused the settlers in the Northwest Territory continued trouble and defeated every detachment sent against them previous to their defeat by Gen. .Anthonv Wavne at the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Although there was some trouble with the Indians after this time, they never offered serious resistance after this memorable defeat until the fall of 181 1, when Gen. William Henry Harrison completely routed them at the battle of Tipi)ecanoe.

Ohio was the first state created out of the old Northwest Territory, although Indiana had been previously organized as a territory. When the land comprehended within the Northwest Territory was discovered by the French under La Salle about 1670, it was a battle ground of various Indian tribes, although the Fries, who were located along the shores of Lake Erie, were the only ones with a more or less definite territory. From 1670 to 1763, the close of the French and Indian War, the French were in possession of this territory and established their claims in a positive manner by extensive exploration and scattered settlements. The chief centers of French settlement were at l!)etroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Fort Crevecour and at several missionary stations around the shores of the great lakes. The French did not succeed in doing this without incurring the hostility of the Iroquois Indians, a hitter enmity which was brought about chiefly because the French helped the_Shawnees, Wyandots and Miamis to drive the Iroquois out of the territory west of the Muskingum river in Ohio.

It must not be forgotten that the Fnglish also laid claim to the Northwest Territory, basing their claim on the discoveries of the Caliots and the subsequent charters of Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut. These charters e^'tended the limits of these three colonies westward to the Pacific ocean, although, as a matter of fact, none of the three colonies made a settlement west of the Alleghanies until after the Revolutionary War. New York sought to Strengthen Iier claim to territory west of the Alleghanies in 1701, by getting from the lro(|uois, tlie bitter enemies of the French, a grant to the territory from which the bVeucli and llieir Indian aUies had previously expelled them. Although this grant was renewed in 1726 and again confirmed in 1744, it gave New York only a nominal claim and one which was never recognized by the French in any way.

English traders from Pennsylvania and Virginia began in 1730 to pay more attention to the claims of their country west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river. When their activities reached the ears of the h'rench the governur of hVench Canada sent Celeron de P.ienville up and down the Ohio and the rivers and streams running into it from the north and took formal possession of the territory by planting lead plates at the mouth of every river and stream of any importance. This peculiar method of the French in seeking to establish their claims occurred in the year 1749 and opened the eyes of England to the necessity of taking some inmiediate action. George II, the king of England at the time, at once granted a charter for the first Ohio Comj)any (there were two others by the same name later organized), composed of Lrjndon merchants and enterprising Virginians, and the company at once proceeded to furnuilate plans to secure possession of the territory north of the Ohio and west of the Mississippi. Christopher Gist was sent down the Ohio river in 1750 to explore the country as far west as the mouth of the Scioto river, and made several treaties with the Indians. Things were now rapidly approaching a crisis and it was soon evident that there would be a struggle of arms between England and France for the disputed region. In 1754 the English started to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the site of the present city of Pittsburgh, but before the fort was completed the French appeared on the scene, firovc the English away and finished tlie fort which had been begun.

The crisis had finally come. The struggle which followed between the two nations ultmiately resulted in the expulsion of the French from the mainland of America as well as from the immediate territory in dispute. The war is known in America as the French and Indian War and in the history of the world as the Seven 'S'ears' \\'ar, the latter designation being due tQ the fact that it lasted that lengdi of time. The struggle developed into a world-wide conflict and the two nations fought over three continents, America, Europe and Asia. It it not within the province of this resume of the history of Indiana to go into the details of this memorable struggle. It is suftkient for the purpose at hand to state that the treaty of Paris, which terminated the war in 1763, left France without any of her former possessions on the mainland of America.

With the English in control of America east of the Mississippi river and the French regime forever ended, the Indians next command the attention of the historian who deals with the Northwest Territory. The French were undoubtedly responsible for stirring up their former Indian allies and Pontiac's conspiracy must be credited to the influence of that nation. This formidable uprising was successfully overthrown by Henry Bouquet, who led an expedition in 1764 into the present state of Ohio and compelled the Wyandots, Delawares and .Shawnees to sue for peace.

Northwest Territory And Quebec Act

From 1764 to 1774, no events of particular importance occurred within the territory north of the Ohio river, but in the latter year (June 22, 1774), England, then at the breaking point with the colonies, passed the Quebec act, which attached this territory to the province of Oueijec for administrative purposes. This intensified the feeling of resentment which the colonies bore against their mother country and is given specific mention in their list of grievances which they enumerated in their Declaration of Independence. The Revolutionary War came on at once and this act, of course, was never put into execution.

During the War for Independence (i 775-1 7S3), the various states with claims to western lands agreed with the Continental Congress to surrender their claims to the national government. In fact, the Articles of Confederation were not signed until all of the states had agreed to do this and Maryland withheld her assent to the articles until March i, 1780, on this account. In accordance with this agreement New York ceded her claim to the United States in 1780, Virginia in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785 and Connecticut in 1786, althoivgh the latter state excepted a one-hundred-and-twenty-mile strip of three million five hundred thousand acres bordering on Lake Erie. This strip ^vas formally relinquished in 1800, with the understanding that the United States would guarantee the titles already issued by that stale. Virginia was also allowed a reservation, kmnvn as the Virginia Military Distriet, which lay between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers, the same being for distribution among her Revolutionary veterans. There is one other fact which shiiuld Ijc menlioned in cnnnection with the territory north of the Ohio in the Revululiiniary pericxl. This was the memorable con(|uest of the / territory l)y Gen. (ieorge Rogers Clark. During the years 177S and 1779, this red(jul)talile leader captured Kaskaskia, Cahnkia and Vincennes and thereb)' flro\^e the F.uglish out o\ the Northwest Territory. It is prol.iable that this notable campaign secured this territory for the Americans and that witlmut it we would not have had it included in our possessions in the treaty which closed the Revolutionary War.

Capture Of Vincennes

One of the most interesting pages of Tndiruia history is concerned with the captuiX' (jI \'incennes by (Jen. (lenrge Rogers ("lark in the spring of 1779. Tlie e.xpediliDii of this intrepid leader with its successful results marked him as a man of more tlian usual ability. I'rnm])led by a desire to secure the territory northwest ol the Ohio river for the Americans, be sought and obtained permission from the go\erni)r of A'irginia the right to raise a body of troops for this purpose. Karly in the spring of 177X Clark began collecting bis men fi.'r the proposed c\|iedition. Within a short time he collected about one bnndreil and Hit) men at k'ort Pitt and lloaled down the Ohio to the falls near JelTi'rsonville. lie picked up a few recruits at this place and in June floated on down the ri\er to the mouth of tlie Tennessee ri\er. His (original intention wa'^ to nial;e a ile-ceut on \''incemie-^ first, but, lia\ ing recei\ed II loiitiiUs repoils a,-, lo ibe .sireugth of the garri.'-ou lualed there, he decitled to commence active opn-ations at Kask'askia. After landing bis troops near the monlh of ibc 'I'ennessee in the laltc'r part of |une, i^/"/'^. be marcbeii tliem across southern Illinois to K'askaskia, arri\-ing there on the e\'ening of July .\. The inbabilanls were terror stricken at fn-st, but u])on being assNU'ed l.)\' ( iiiieral Cl.ai-k tb.at they were in no danger and that all he wanted was for tliern to giw their sn|)piirt to the Ameiacan cause, their fears were soon f|m'eled. 1 Icing so far from the scene of the war. the I'^rench along the Mississi])pi knew liitle or nothing about its ]irogress. One of\the most important factors in estalilisbing a friendly relation lietween the .Vinericans and the French inhabitants was the hearty willingness of Fatlier Cibault, the Catholic priest stationed at Kaskaskia, in making his people see that their best interests would be served b\' aligning themselves with the Americans. Father Gibault not only was of in\alnal)lc assi^lauce to General Clark at Kaskaskia, but he also offered to make the overland trip to Vincennes and win o\-er the l'"rench in that i)lace to the American side. This he successfully ditl and returned to Kaskaskia in August with the welcome news that the inhabitants of Vincennes were willing to gi\e their allegiance to the , Americans.

Plowever, before Clark got his troops together for the trip to Vincennes, General Hamilton, the lieutenant-governor of Detroit, descended the Wabash and captured Vincennes (December 15, 1778). At that time Clark had only two men stationed there, Leonard Helm, who was in command of the fort, and a private l:>y the name of Henry. As soon as Clark heard that the British had capturei.l \'incennes, he began to make plans for retaking it. The terms of enlistment of many of his men had expired and he had dilliculty in getting enciugh of them to re-enlist to make a body large enough to make a successful attack. ;\ numljer of young Frenchmen joined his command and finally, in January, 1779. Clark set out from Kaskaskia for Vincennes with one hundred and seventv men. This trip of one hundred sixty miles was made at a time when traveling overland was at its worst. 'J'lic ])rairies were wet, the streams were swollen and the rivers overflowing their lirniks. Xolwithslanding the difliculties wdiich c<in fronted him and his men, Clark ad\-anced rapidly as possible and by Feljruary 23, 1779, he was in front of \'incennes. Two days later, after considerable parleying and after the fort had suffered from a murderous fire from the Americans, Genera! Idamilton agreed to surrender. This marked the end of British dominion in Indiana and ever since that dav the territory now comiirehended in the state has Ijeen American soil.

Historians have never agreed as to the date of the founding of Vincennes. The local historians of that city have always claimed that the settlement of the town dates from 1702, although those who have examined all the facts and documents have come to the conclusion that 1732 comes nearer to being the correct date. It was in the latter year that George Washington was born, a fact which impresses upon the reader something of the age of the city. Vincennes was an old town and had seen several generations pass away wdien the Declaration of Independence was signed. It was in Vincennes and vicinitv that the best blood of the Northwest Territory was found at the time of the Revolutiuiiary War. It was made the seat of justice of Knox county when it was organized in 1790 and consequently it is by many years the oldest county seat in the state. It became the first capital of Indiana Territory in 1800 and saw it removed to Corydon in 1813 for the reason, so the Legislature said, that it was too near the outskirts of civilization. In this oklest city of the Mississippi valley still stands the house into which Go\ernor Harrison moved in 1804, and the house in which the Terri- \ torial Legislature held its sessions in 1805 is still in an excellent state of preservation.

Today \'incennes is a thriving city of fifteen thousand, with paved streets, street cars, fine public Ixiildings and public utility plants equal to any in the state. It is the seat of a university which dates back more than a century. "

First Suuvkys And F.Arly Settlkks

The next period in tlie history of the territory north of the Ohio begins with the i>assage of a congressional act (i\lay 20, 17S5), which provided for the present system of land surveys into townships six miles sciuarc. As soon as this was put into operation, settlers - and mostly Revolutionary soldiers - began to pcjur into the newly sur\eyed territory. A second Ohio Company was organized m the spring of ijSi'i, made up chiefly of Revolutionary officers and soldiers from New luigland, and this company proposed to establish a state somewhere between Lake Erie and the Ohio river. At this juncture Congress realized that definite steps should lie made at once for some kind of government over this extensive territory, a territory which now includes the present slates of ( )hio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and about a third of Mimiesota. \''arious jilans were proposed in Congress and most of the sessions of 1786 and the first half of 1787 were consumed in living to formulate a suitable form of government for the extensive territorv. 'fbe result of all these deliberations resulted in the famous Ordinance of 1787, which was finally jtassed on July 13. 1787.

Ordinance Ok 1 787

There have been many volumes written about this instrument of government and to this day there is a difference of opinion as to who was its author. The jtreseut article can i\o no more than merely sketch its outline and set forth tiie main provisions. It was intended to provide only a teinjiorary government and to serve until such a time as the population of the territory would warrant the creation of states with the same rights and I3rivileges which the thirteen original states enjoyed. It stipulated that not less than three nor more than five states should ever be created out of the whole territory and the maximum numljer was iinally organized, although it was not until 1848 that the last state, Wisconsin, was admitted to the Union. The third article, "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged," has given these five states the basis for their excellent system of public schools, state normals, colleges and universities. Probably the most widely discussed article was the si.xlh, wliicii provided that slavery and involunlary servitude should never be permitted within the territory and by the use of the word "forever" made the territory free for all lime. It is interesting to note in this connection that both Indiana and Illinois before their admission to tiie Um'on sought to have this provision set aside, but every petition from the two states was refused by Congress in accordance with the provision of the Ordinance.

The ordinance contemplated two grades of territorial government. Diu'ing the operation of the first grade oi go\ernment the governor, his secretary and the three judges [irmided liy the ordinance were tw be appointed Liy Congress aiul the go\'erncir in turn -was to ap|.)oint "such magistrates and oilier civil oflicers in each county and town^liip .as he shall deem necessary lor the [jreservation of tiie peace and .Ljood will of (lie same." j\fter the federal government was organized a statutory provisi'm look- the appointment of these officers out of the iiands of Congress and [ihiced it in the bands of the President of the United .'states. All executi\'e ruitborilv was given lo the L;o\ei-nor. all jiicbci.d aulbority lo the lliree judge.--, while the go\-ernor and judge-;, in joint session, constituled ihe le,L;islal i\e body. This means tliat during the first stage of territorial government the peo])le Iiad absolutely no voice in the .affairs of government and this state of ali'airs lasted until 1700, a ])eriod of twelve years.

Second St.Vok Of Government Under The Ordinance

The second sl:i,L;e of gmernmenl in the territory was to begin wbeiie\'er the governor was s.ati.sfied th.at there were at least fwc thousaiul free male inhaliitants of the age of twentv-one and a!jo\'e. 1"lie main difference be- twecn iliL- lirst and seccnid statues of territorial grj\crninent lay in the fact that the k-C'islati\e functions were taken frcmi the governor and judges and gixen to a "general assembly ur legislature." The ortllnance provided for the election of one rcpresentatiNe for each five lunidi'ed free male inhabitants, the tenure of the ull'ice t') be Iwo )-ears. \\ hik- the memljers of the lower house were to be ek'cted b}' the qualirie<l voters of tlie territory, the upper house, to consist of live meml)ers, were to be appointed by Congress in a somewhat c<;iinplicaled manner. Tlie house of reiiresentatives was to select ten men and these ten names were to be sent to Cnngress and nni of this ninnber fu'e were to be selected b_\' Congress. This provision, lik"c the appointment of the g(j\X'rnor, \vas later changed so as to make the upper house the app'iinlees of the I'resident ni" the Uniteil States. The fue men so selected were called councilfirs and ludd nfhce foi' li\'e vears.

The period fri.im 17S7 t^ I .'^o,:; in the Xwrthwest 'I'erritory was marked by several bitter conllicts with the Imlians. juM as at the close of the French and Indian War li:id the k'reucb stirred up the Indians against the Americans, so at the cl'ise ni the l\e\ ohuinnary War did the bjiglish do the same. In fact the War of iXij was undoubtedly hastened by the depredations of the Indians, wlio were urged to make forays upon the frontier settlements in the Northwest Territory liy the liritish. The various uprisings of the Indian.-^ during this critical period greatU' retarded the inllu.K of settlers in the new territor\ , and ^vere a constant menace to those liardv jjioneers wIki did venture to establisli liomes north of the Cjbio river. Three distinct campaigns were w.aged against the savages before tlie\' were hually sulxlued. '1 Ik; first camiiaign was under the command of (ieii. Josiah llaianar (i/')o) and re- .vidted in a decisive defeat for the whiter. I'be --ecoii,] e\]iedition was under the leailer>bip of ( ieu. ,\rtbui- St. t'lair ( 170I ), the governor of the Territory, and was m.arked bv one of the wijrst defeats ever suffei-ed liy an American army ;it the bands of the Indians. .A lack of knowledge of Indian methods of warfare, combined with n-ckless mismanagement, -nl'liciently aceounls for both disasters. It remained for (ien. Anthouv Wayne, the ".Mad Anthony" / of Ivevolutiouarv fame, to bring the Indians to terms. The battle nf kalleii Timliers, which closed his cam]);iign against the Indians, was fought .August 20, 170 1. on the Mauinee ri\-er within the present county of Defiance county, Ohio. This crushing defeat of the Indians, a rout in which tlicy lost twelve out of tin'rteen chiefs, was so Complete that the Indians were glad to sue for

])(.-ace. Oil June in. 1705, delegate's from the various Jndiau tribes, lieaded Li\' tlieir respecti\'e chiels, met at Llreen\'ille, Ohio, to formulate a treaty. A treaty was liually eonsuuimated on August 3, and was signed by General \\'a)-ne on behalf of the L'uiteil States and by" ninety ehiefs and delegates of twebe interested trilies. This treaty was faithfully kept by the Indians and \ e\'er afterwards Utile Tin-tie, the real leader of the Indians at that time, was a true friend (jf the whites. While Uiere were se\'eral sporadic forays iin the part of the Indians up to 181 1, there wasyio battle of any im[iortance them until the battle of Tippecanoe in the fall of iSii.

The first governor of the newly organized territory was Gen. Artliuri St. Clair, a gallant soldier of the Rexolution, who was appointed on October \ 5, 1787, and ordered to report for dut_\- on the first of the folluwing February. He held the office until November 22, 1802, when he was dismissed by President JetYerson "for the disorganizing spirit, and tendency of every example, violating the rules of cnnduct enjoined by his public station, as displayed in his address to the conxeiitiijii." The go\ernor's duties were performed by his secretary, Charles W. jiyrd, until ]\Iarch i, 1803, when the state oll'icials took their office. The first judges appointed were Samuel Jbjldeii ['arsons, James i\Iitcliell X'arnuin and John ArmstriJiig. IJefore the time came for the judges tu (pia!if\-, Arm>tr(jng resigned and John Ckwes Synimes was appointed in his place. 1'lie first secretary \vas Winlhrop Sargent, who held the position until he was appointed governor of INlississipjii Territory by the ] 'resident on May 2, 1798. Sargent was succeeded by William Henry Harrison, who was appcjinted by the President on June 26, 1798, and confined by the Senate two days later. Harrison was later elected as the first delegate (if the organized Northwest Territory to Congress and the President ilien aiipoinietl Charles Willing I'yrd as secretary oi the 'ferritory, R^-rd's a^jpoiiilineiit being conhrmed by the Senate on iJecember 31, 1799.

The Northwest Territory remained under the government of the first stage until September i6, 1799, when it formally advanced to the second or representative stage. In the summer of 1798 Governor St. Clair had ascertained that the territory had a population of at least five thousand free male inhabitants anil, in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787, was ready to make (he chaiiL;e in its form uf g(.)veniinent. On October _'g, 1798, the g(.ivenior issued a prcjclaniation to the (lualilled voters of the territory directing thvni to ch(jose nienil)ers for the lower house of the territorial Legislature at an election to he held. on the third Monday of the following December. The twenty-two nieniliers so elected met on January lO, 1799, and, pursuant to the provisions of the ordinance, selected the ten men from whom the President of the United States later chose live for the Legislative Council. They then adjourned to meet on September 16, 1799, but since there was not a (juorum on that day tney held adjourned sessions until the 23rd, at which time a (|uorum was present.

At the time the change in the form of government went into effect there were onlv nine counties in the whole territory. These counties had been organized either by the governor or his secretary. The following tabic gives the nine counties organized before 1799 with the dates of their organrzation and the number of legislators proportioned to each by the governor:

The twenty-two representatives and five councilors were the first representative body to meet in the Northwest Territory and they represented a constituency scattered over a territory of more than two hundred and sixtyfive thousand square miles, an area greater than Germany or France, or even Austria-IIungarv. It would be interesting to tell something of the deliberations of these twcntv-seven sterling pioneers, but the limit of the present article forliids. It is necessary, however, to make mention of one important thing which they did in view of the fact that it throws much light on the sul)sequent history of the Northwest Territory.

Division Of Isoo

Tlie Legislcilure was authorized to elect a delegate to Congress and two candidates tor tiie honor presented their names to the Legislature, William IJenry Harrison and Arthur St. Clair, Jr., the son of the governor. The Legislature, Iiy a joint ballot on October 3, 1799, elected Ilarrison by a vote of eleven to ten. The defeat of his son undoubtedly had considerable to do with the subsequent estrangement which arose between the governor and his legislature and incidentally hastened the division of the Northwest Terri- U'vy. Within two years from the time the territory had advanced to the second stage of goxerniuent the division had'taken jjlace. On ]\lay 7, iSod, Congress jiassed an act ilividing the Northwest Territory by a line drawn from the niuuth (jf the Kentucky river to I'^ort Recovery, in Mercer county)v Ohio, and thence due uurth to the boundary line between the United States and Canada. Governor St. Clair favored the division because he thought it would delay the organizalirjn of a slate and thus give him a longer lease on his positiiiii, but he did not favor the division as finally determined. He was Constantly grow iu,i^ in disfavor with the people on account of his overbearing manner and lie felt that he would get rid of some of his bitterest enemies if the western inhabitants were set off into a new territorw However, the most of the credit for the division must be given to Harrison, who, as a delegate to Congress, was in a position to have the most inlluence. .Harrison also was satisfied that in case a new territnry should be formed he would be appointed its first go\'ernor and he was not disappointed. The territorv west of the line above mentioned was immediately organized and designated as Indiana Territory, while the eastern ])ortion retained the existing government mmI the old name - Norlhwe'>t Territory. It is frequently o\'erlook-ed that ihe Xorthwest 'i'erriiory exi-ied in I'.ict and in name up until .March i, iSo;.

'I'he divisii'ii of i Son left the NorUiwest 'l\rritory with onl)- about onethird (jf ils original are.a. The census of llie terrilory taken liv the United States go\enunenl in I Soo showed it (o b.ave a total population of fort\>--tl\e thousand three hundred and slxty-fiw, which fell short liy about fifteen (liousand of being snificient foi- tlie creation of a state as provided by the Ordinance of 17<'^7, wliich i'lxed the mininuim popul.ition at si.xty-thousand. The counties lei'l in the Norlbwest Territor)', wuli their respective population.

The alxive table show* in rlctail the character and <liiitri\)ulifm of the p'^pulalion of the .N'orthwest 'J'erritory after the rli vision of tH4)f>, Jt is at this i>oint that the hhUfty of Indiana pr^^jerly lx;gius and it i» |x;rlinent to set forth with as much detail as j^'/ssiblc tijc \tt>\in\ni\on of Indiana Territory at that tijne. The jx^^ulation of 5,641 was grou|>«l alK/ut a rl/>/,efi or r»v>rc gettlcmcnts .scatterc/1 at wi'Ie int<-rvals through'/ut the territory. The following table gives the *c-ttletncnts in fndiana Territory in i8x^j with their rcsjiectivc number of inhabitants:^

Of this total population ni nearly six thousand, it was about equally di\'ided between what is unw Indiana and Illinois. There were one hundred and sixty-three free ne.gmes reported, while there were one Inmdred and thirty-h\'e sla\'es of color. Undoubtedly, this census of 1800 failed to give all of the slave po|)ulation, and it is interesting to note that there were efforts to enslave the Indian as well as the negro.

All of these settlements with the exception of the one in Clark's Grant were largely French. The settlement at Jeffersonville was made in large part by soldiers of the Revolutionary War and was the only real American settlement in the Indiana Territory when it was organized in 1800.

The govermneul of Indiana Territory was formally organized July 4, 1800, and in a large book kept in the secretary of state's office at Indianapolis, there appears in the large legible hand of John Gibson the account of the first meeting of the officials of the Territory. It reads as follows :

"St. Vincennes, July 4, 1800. This day the government of the Indiana Territory commenced, William Flenry Harrison having been appointed governor, John Gibson, secretary, William Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh & John Griffin Judges in and over said l^rritory."

Until Governor Harrison appeared at Vincennes. his secretary, John Gibson, acted as governor. The first territorial court met March 3, 1801, tlie first meeting uf the governor ami jiulges liaving begun cm the I2th of llie prece<hng January. The gm'ernor and judges, in accordanee with the i)rovisions of the Ordinance of 17N7, cuntinued to ])erforni all legislative and judicial functicins of the terrilury until it was ad\'anced to the representative stage of government in iSOt. The governor had sole executive power and appiiinted all oflieials, territnrial and count)'.

Muring this jierind from iSiui tu 1803, the territory of Indiana was considerahly augmented as result of the organization of the state of Ohio in 1803. At that date Ohio was gi\en its present territorial limits, and all of the rest i:)f the Northwest Territory was included within Indiana Territory from this date until 1S05. During this interim Loui^iana was divided and the ncjrthern part was attached to Indiana Territory for pm-pose.s of ci\il and criminal jurisdiction. This was, howexer, only a temporary arrangement, which lasted only about a }'ear after the purchase of Louisiana from France. The next change in the limits of Indiana Territor\' occurred in 1805, in which year the territory of Michigan was set off. The southern line of JNiichigan was made tangent to the soiuhern extreme of Lake jMichigan, and it so remained until Indiana was admitted to the Union in 1.S16. From 1S05 to 1S09 Indiana included all of the present states of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and about one-third of Minnesota. In the latter year Illinois was set olT as a territory and Indiana was left with its present limits with the exception of a ten-mile strip along the northern boundary. This strip was detached from Michigan and this subsecpiently led to friction between the two states, which was not settled until the United States government gave Michigan a large tract of land west of Lake Michigan. Thus it is seen how Indiana has received its present bouiidarv limits as the result ol the successive changes in 1N03, 1N03, 1809 and 1816.

The Ordinance of 1787 provide<l that whenever the population of the territory reached five thousand free male inhabitants it should pass upon the question of advancing to the second or representative stage. Governor Harrison issued a proclamation August 4, 1804, directing an election to be held in the various counties of Indiana territory on the iith of the following month. In the entire territory, then comprehending six counties, there were

It will Ijc noticed that there is no vote returned from Wayne and this is accounted fur b)' the fact that the proclamation notifying the sheriff was not received in time to give it the proper advertisement. Wayne county at that lime included practically ;dl of the ]iresent state of Michigan and is not to be confused with the Wayne cnunly later f(_)rmed wnthin the present limits of Indiana. As result of this electinn and its majority of one bmulreil and twenty-nine in fa\'or of achancing Id the second stage of go\'ernment, the guvernor issued a pruclamation calling fur an election nn January 3, 1805, of nine representati\es, the ^-anie being propurtioned to the counties as follows: \\':i\'ne, three; l\no.\, two; Dearlxirn, triarl';, Raiiddlph and St. Clair, one each. The members of the lirst territorial legislature ni Indiana convened at Vincennes on July 21), 1805. The members of the Imuse were as follows: Dr. Ceorge l''isher, of Randolph; William Biggs and Shadrach Bond, of St. t'lair; llenjamin ] 'arke and John Johnson, of Knox; l.)a\'ih Floyd, of Clark, and Jesse M. Thomas, of Dearborn. This gives, however, ciulv seven representatives, \\\'i\ue eoimu b:i\ ing been sel off a^ the ferri(or\' of Michigan in tile .--piing of ibis s,-uiie year. A re-apportionment was made l)_v the governor in order to bring the quota of representatix'es up to the required number.

The Legislative Council consisted of five men as ]n-ovided by the Oriliuance of 17S7, namely: Benjamin Chambers, of Dearborn; Samuel Gwathmey, of Clark; John Rice Jones, of Knox; Pierre Afenard, of Randolph, and John Hay, of St. iTiir. It is not ]iossible in this connection to give a detailed history of the territory of Indiana from 7S05 until its admission to the l^nion in iSiTi. Iveiiders who wish to make a study of our st.ate's history can find voliunes which will treat the hislor\' of the state in a much better manner tlian is possilile in a xolunic ol' ihis character. It may be noted that there were five general^;i^.seniljhes uf the Territorial LcLjislature during this period of eleven years. Each one of the five general asseuiljlies was divided into two sessions, which, with the dates, are given in the appended talile :

Indiana Territory was allowed a delegate in Congress from 1805 until the close of the territorial ijcridd. The lirst three delegates were elected by the Territorial Legislature, while the last four were elected by the Ciualified voters of the territory. The llr^t delegate was iJenjamin Parke, who was elected to succeed himself in 1807 over John Rice Jones, Waller Ta3'Ior and Shadracli liond. Parke resigned March i, 1808, to accept a seat on the supreme judiciary of Indiana Territory, and remained on the supreme bench of Jndian;i after it was admitted to the Unirm, holding the position until his death at Salem, Indiana, July 12, 1835. Jesse Pj. Thomas was elected Octolier 22, 180N, to succeed J'arke as delegate to Congress. Tt is this same Thomas who came to P.rook\ille in 180S with Amos Putlcr. lie was a trick)', shift \', and, so his enemies said, an unscru[)uIous politician. .He was later elected tn Congress in Illinois and became the author of the Missouri Compromise. Jn the spring of 1809 the inhabitants of the territory were permitted to cast their lirst vote for the delegate to Congress. Three candidates presented themselves for the considei'ation of thcPvoters, Jonathan Jennings, I'homas l\andoI[)h rmd John Johnson. There were only four counties in the state at this time, Kno.x, Harrison, Clark and Dearborn. Two counties, St. Clair and Randolph, were a part of the new territory of Illinois, which was cut off from Indiana in tjie spring of 1809. The one newspaper of the territory waged a losing light against Jennings, the latter appealing for (4) support on the ground of his anti-slavery views. The result of the election was as follows: Jenniiigs, 428; Randolph, 402; Johnson, Si. Jonathan Jennings may be said to he the first successful politician produced in Indiana. His congressional career began in 1S09 and he was elected to Congress four successive terms before 1816. He was presitJent of the constitution convention of 1816, first governor of the state and was elected a second time, but resigned to go to Congress, where he was sent for four more terms by the voters of his district.

Efforts To Establish Slavery In Indiana

The Ordinance of 1787 specifically provided that neillier slavery nor any voluntary servitude should ever exist in the Northwest Territory. Notwithstanding this prohibition, slavery actually did exist, not only in the North- / west Territory, but in the sixteen years while Indiana was a territor_\' as well. The constitution of Indiana in 1S16 expressly forbade slavery and yet the census of 1S20 reported one hundred and ninety slaves in Indiana, which was only forty-seven less than there was in 1810. Most of these slaves were held in the southwestern counties of the state, there being one hundred and eighteen in Knox, thirty in Gibson, eleven in Posey, ten in Vanderburg and the remainder widely scattered throughout the state. As late as 1817 Franklin county scheduled slaves for taxation, listing them at three dollars each. The tax schedule for 181 3 says that the property tax on "horses, town lots, servants of color and free males of color shall be the same as in 1814." Franklin county did not return slaves at tlie census of 1810 or 1820, but the above extract from the commissioners' record of Franklin county proved conclusively that slave.? were held there. Congress was petitioned on more than one occasion during the territorial period to .set aside the prohibition against slavery, but on each occasion refu.sed to assent to the ap]ieal of the slavery atlvocates. \Vhile the constitutiim convention of 1816 was in session, there was an attempt made to introduce slavery, but it failed to accomplish anything.

The United States government bought from the Indians all of the land within the present state of Indiana with the exception of a small tract around Vincennes, which was given by the Indians to the inhabitants of the town about the middle of the eighteenth century. The first purchase of lanrl was made in 1795, at which time a triangular strip in the southeastern part of the

State was secured by the treaty of Grceiu'ille. \'>y tlio time Indiana was adiiiitteil to the Union in iSi'^i, the following tracts had been purchased: Vincennes tract, J-dne 7, 1S03; Vincenncs treaty tract, August iS and 27, 1804; Grouseland tract, August 21, 1S05; Harrison's purcliase, September 30, 1S09; Twelve-mile purchase, September 30, 1809.

No more purchases were ninde from the Indians until the fall of 1S18, at which time a large tract of land in the central part of tUe slate was purchased from the hulians. This tract included all of the land north of the Inflian Ixmndary lines of 1805 and 1809, and south of the Wabash ri\-er with the exception (jf what was known as the ]\liami reservation. This treaty,' known as St. Mar\''s, was finally signed on (October 6, 1818, and the next Legislature proceeded to divide it into two counties, Wabash and Delaware.

Organization Of Counties

As fast as the population would warrant, new counties were established in this New Turchase and Hamilton county \vas tlie tenth to Ije so organized. This county was created by the legislali\'e act of January 8, 1823, and began its formal career as an independent comity on the 7th of the following April. For purposes of reference, a list of the counties organized up until 1823, when Hamilton county was establislied, is here appended. The dates given represent the time when the orgrmization of the count}' became effective, since in many instances it was from a few months to as much as seven years after the act establishing the county Avas passed before it became effective.

The first tiiirteen counties in the above Hst were all that were organized when the territory of Indiana petitioned Congress for an enabling act in 1815. Tiiey \\ere in the southern part of the state and had a total population of sixty-three thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven. At that time the total state tax was (mly aljont live thdusand dollars, while the assessment of the whole stale in r8j6 anionnted to only six ihuusand forty-three dollars and tliirt_\--six cents.

Changes In The Con.Stitution Of Indiana

The Constitution of 1816 was framed by fort\'-three delegates who met at Corydon from June 10 to June 29 of that year. It was provided in the Constitution of I(8j6 that a vote might be taken every twelve years on the ijuestion of amending, revising or wriling a wholly new instrument of government. Although several efl'orts were made to hold constitution conventions between 1816 and 1850, the vote failed each time until 1S48'. Elections were held iii 1823, 1828, 1840 and 1846, but each time there was returned an ad\'erse \'Ote against the calling of a constitutional convention. There were 110 aiueiulmcnts lo llic 181(1 Coiisliiui ion. allhongh the re\ision of 1824, by I'lenjannii I'arke and others was sei thorough that it was said that the revision committee had done as much as a constitution convention could have done.

It was not until 1848 that a successful vote on the question of calling a constitution convention was carried. 'Idierc were many reasons__\vhich induced the people of the state to favor a con\'ention. Among these may be mentioned the following: The old Constitution provided that all the state (illicers except the governor and licutenant-go\-ernor should be elected by the legislature. Many of the county and township officers were appointed by the county commissioners. Again, the old Constitution attempted to handle too many matters of local concern. All divorces from 1816 to 1851 were granted by the ].cgislatiire. Special laws were passed wdiich would apply to particular counties and e\en to particular townsln'iis in the county. If Noblesville wanted an alley vacated or a street closed, it had to appeal to the Legislature for periiHS'sion to do so. I i a man wantctl to ferry people across a stream in Posey county, his representative presented a bill to the Legislature asking that the proiiosed fen-\'inan be gi\en permission to ferry people across the stream. The agitation for free schools attracted the support of the edueatetl people of the slate, and most (.)f the newspapers were outspoken in their ach'ocacy of better educational privileges. 'Jdie desire for better schools, for freer representation in the selection of officials, for less interference by the Legislattu'e in Icical affairs, led to a desire on the part of majority of the people of the state for a new Constitution.

The second constitutional convention of Indiana met at Indianapolis, Octiiber 7, i8'50, ami continued in session fi3r loiu" niijntlis. The one hundred and fifty ilelegates labored faithfully to give the state a Constitution full}' al>reast of the times and in accordance with the best ideas of the day. Alore [lower was gi\en the people by all(:)\ving them to select not only all of the state oliicials, but also their county ollicers as well. The convention of 1850 took a decided stand against the negro and proposed a referendiun on the question of prohibiting the further emigration of negroes into the state of Indiana. The subsequent vc.te un this question showed that the people were not disposed to tolerate the colored race. As a matter of fact no negro or mulatto could legally come into Indiana from 1S52 until 18S1, when the restriction was reiiKJved by an amendment of the Constitution. Another important feature of the new Constitution was the provision for free schools. What we now know as a public school supported at the expense of the state, was unknown imder the 1816 Constitution. The new Constitution estabtisbe<l a system of free public schodls, and sul)sef[uent statutory legislation ^trcuL^llKneil ihr cou->tltulioMal so thai ibe stale now r.anks among the leaders ni educaliniial matters throughout the nation. The people of the state had voted on the question of free sclmols in 1848 and had decided that they should be established, but there was such a strong majority oi)])osed to free schools that milbing was done. Orange county gave^only an eight per cent vote in favor of free schools, while Putnam and Monroe, containing DePauw and Indiana Universities, resjiectively, voted adversely by large majorities. Put, with tiie backing of the Constitution, the advocates of free schools began to ])ush the fight for their establishment, and as a result of the legislative acts of 1S55, ^^S7 '^"'1 iS'V- t'^"^ public schools were placed upon a sound basis.

Such in brief were the most important features of the 1852 Constitution. It h:« remained substantially to this day as it was written sixty-five years ago. It IS true there have been some amendments, but the changes of 1878 and iSSi did not alter the Constitution in any important particular. There was no concerted effort toward calling a constitutional convention until the Legislature of 1913 provided for a referendum on the question at the polls, November 4, 1914. Despite the fact that all the political parites had declared in favor of a constitutional convention in their platforms, the question was voted down by a large majority. An effort was made to have the question submitted by the Legislature of 1915, but the Legislature refused to submit the question to the voters of the state.

Capitals Of Northwest Tekritory And Indiana

The present state of Indiana was comprehended within the Northwest Territory from 1787 to iSoo, and during that time the capital was located within the present slate of Ohio. When the Ordinance of 17S7 was put in operation on July 17, 17S8, the capital was established at Alarietta, the name being chosen by the directors of the Ohio Company on July _>, of the same year. The name jMarietta was selected in honor of the French Queen, Marie Antoinette, compounded by curious combination of the first and last syllables of her name.

When Indiana was set off by the act of May 7, iSoo, the same act located the capital at Vincennes where it remained for nearly thirteen years. The old building in which the Territorial Assembly first met in 1805 is still standing in Vincennes. Jn the spring of 1813 the capital of the territory ',vas removed to Corydon and it was in that quaint little village that Indiana began its career as a state. It remained there until November, 1824, when Siiinnel ^Merrill loaded up all of the state's effects in three large wagons and hauled iheui o\'erlani.l to the new capital - Indianapolis. Iniliana])olis had been chosen as the seat of government by a committee of ten men, appointed in 1820 by the Legislature. It was not until 1824, however, that a building was erected in the new capital which would accommodate the state oflicials and the General Assembly. The first court house in Marion county was built on the site of the present building, and was erected with a view of utilizing it as a state hou.se until a suitable capitol building could be erected. The state continued to use the Marion county court house until 1835, by which time an imposing state house had been erected. This building was in use until 1877, when it was razed to make way for the present beautiful building.

Military History

Indiana has had some of its citizens in four wars in which United States has engaged since iS'oo: The War of 1S12, tlie Mexican War, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War. One of the most important engagements ever fought against the Indians in the United States was that of the battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 181 1. For the two or three years preceding, Tecuniseli and his brotlier, the I'rophet, had been getting the Indians ready for an insurrection. Tecumseh made a long trip throughout the western and southern part of the United States for the purpose of getting the Indians all over the country to rise up and drive out tlie white man. While he was still in the South, Governor Harrison descended upon the Indians at Tippecanoe and dealt them a blow from which they never recovered. The British had l.ieen urging tlie Indians to rise up against the settlers along the frontier, and the rej)eated depredations of the savages but increased the hostility of the United States toward England. General Harrison had about se\-en hundred lighting men, while the Indians numbered over a thousand. The .Americans ln^-t thirty-seven bv death on the battlefield, twenty-fn'e morlallv \\'ounded and one hundred and twenty-six more or less seriously wounded. The savaL;es carrieil most of their dead away, hut it is known that about fortv were actually killed in the battle and a proportionately large number wounded. In addition to the men who fought at Tipiiecanoe, the ])ioneers of the territory sent their fpiola to the front during the War of 1812. Unfortunately, records are not available to show the enlistments by counties.

During the administration of Governor Whitcomb (1S46-49) the United States was engageil in a war with Mexico. Indiana contributed five regiments to the government during this struggle, and her troops performed with a si)irit of singular promptness and patriotism during all the time they were al llie front.

\o Northern slate had a ni()re |)atriotic go\'ernor during the Civil War than Indiana, and had every governor in the North done his duty as con.scientiously as did Governor Morton that terrible struggle would undoubtedly have been materially shortened. When President Lincoln issued his call on April 15, 1801, for 75,000 volunteers, Indiana was asked to furnish 4,683 men as its c|uota. A week later there were no less than 12,000 volunteers at Camp Morton at Indianapolis. This loyal uprising was a tribute to the patriotism of the people, and accounts for the fact that Indiana sent more than 200,000 men to the front during the war. Indiana furnished practically seventy-five per cent of its total poi)ulation capable of bearing arms.

and on this basis Delaware was tlie only state in the Union which exceeded Indiana. Of the troops sent fruni Indiana, 7,243 were killed or mortally wonnded, and 19,429 died from other canses, making a total death loss of over thirteen per cent for all the troops furnished.

During the summer of 1863 Indiana was thrown into a frenzy of excitement when it was learned that General Morgan had crossed the Ohio with 2,000 cavalrymen under his command. Prohably Indiana never experienced a more exciting month than July of that year. Morgan entered the state in Harrison county and advanced northward through Corydon to Salem in Washington county. As his men wen.t along they rohlied orchards, looted farm houses, stole all the horses wiiich they could find and burned considerable property, h'rom Salem, Morgan turned with his men to the east, having been deterred from his threatened advance on Indianapolis l)y the knowledge that the local militia of the state would soon be too strong for him. He hurried with his men toward the Ohio line, stopping at Versailles long enough to loot the county treasury. Morgan passed through Dearborn county over into Ohio, near Harrison, and a few days later, Abjrgan and m(jst of his band were captured.

During the latter part of the war there was considerable opjiosition to its prosecution on the i)art of the Democrats of this state. An organization known as the Knights of the Golden Circle at first, and later as the Sons of Liberty, was instrumental in stirring up nuich trouble throughout the state. Probably historians will never be able to agree as to the degree of their culpability in thwarting the government authorities in the conduct of the war. That they did many overt acts cannot be questioned and that they collected fire arms for traitorous designs cainiot be denied. Governor Morton and General Carrington, by a system of close espionage, were able to know at all times just what was transpiring in the councils of these orflers. In the cam- ]iaigii of iS(i.| there was an open dciiunclalion ihi-ough the Republican press of the Sons of Jjhert\'. ( ")u October S of that )'ear the Republican newspai)ers carried these startling iicadlines : "\'ou can rebuke this treason. The traitors intend to 1)ring war to your home. Meet them at the ballot l)ox while Grant and Sherman meet them on the battle field." A number of the lea<lers were arrested, convicted in a military court and sentenced to lie shot. However, they were later pardoned.

The Spanish-American War of i8()8 has been the last one in which troops from Indiana have borne a |iart. When l^residcnt McKinlcy issued his call for 75,000 volunteers on April 25, 1S98, Indiana was called upon to furnish three regiments. War was ofticially declared April 25, and formally

^.'ame in an cii<l hy llie sij^niii,^ uf a prDtijcnl on .\iii;usl u tjf the same year, 'i'lie mail] enL;a,i;einents of iinpurlance were the sea liattles of Manila ami Santiago and the land eiii^at^enieiits of I'^.l C'aney and San Juan Hill. .According;- to the treaty of Paris, sii;ned Deceniher u, iS(j8, Spain relini|nished her sijx-ereie.nty o\er Cuha, ceded to the United States Porto Rico .and her other West India Iskuid possessions, as well as the island of Guam in the Pacific. Spain also transferred her rii^hts in the Philippines for the sum of twenty million dollars paid to her fur ])uhlic work and impro\'emeiUs constructed liy the S[)anish government.

It is not ]>ossilile to trace in detail the ])olitical history of Indiana for the past century and in this connection an atteni])t is made only tci surve\' briefly the jjolitical histor)' of the state. l'"or more than half a century .Indiana has been known as a pi\'otal state in i)olitics. In iSiTi there was only one political party and Jennings, Xoble, Taylor, llendiacks and all of the i)oliticians of that (lay were groU])ed into this one - the Democratic p.arty. Whatever dillerences in \ie\\s tliev might ha\'e had were due to local issues and not to any (piestions of nation;d portent. (Juestious concerning the imiiroxcments of rivers, the Iniilding of canals, the removal of cciurt houses and similar cpiestions of state im|)ortance only tlivided tiie ])oIiticians in the earh* history of Indiana into groups. There was one group known as the White Water faction, another called the Vincennes crowd, and still another designated as the White ri\er delegation. hVom iSi6 imtil as late as 1832, Indiana was the scene of personal politics, and during the years .\dam< Clay and Jackson were candidates for the presidency on the same ticket, men were known politicalK' ;is .\dams men, ('la\' men or Jackson men. The election returns in the twriilies and thirties disclose no ticki'ts labeled Democrat. Whig or K'epuhlicau, iiut the words ".Xdams," '"('laY," or Jackson."

The ipiestion of internal impro\ements which arose in the Legislature of 1836 was a k'lrge contributing factor in the <li\'ision of the politicians of the stale. The \\ big party may be dated from 183-', although it was not until four \-ears later that it came into national pronn'nence. The Democrats elected the state olTicials, including the governor, <lown to 183 1, but in that vear the o])position party, later called the Whigs, elected Xoah Noble governor, b'or the next twelve _\'ears the Whigs, with their cry of internal inil)rc»venients, controlled the state. The Whigs went out of power with Samuel P>i,g,ger in 1N43, and when they came into ])ower again they apjieared uiider tlic name of Rc-pul)licans in 1861. Since the Civil War tlie two parties have practicall}' (hvided the leadership between them, there having been seven Republicans and six Democrats elected governor of the state. The following table gives a list of the governors of the Northwest Territory, Indiana Territory and the state of Indiana. The Federalists were in control up to 1800 and Harrison and his followers may be classed as Democratic-Republicans. The politics of the governors of the state are indicated in the table.

Governors Of Intdiana A Century Of Growth

Indiana was the first territory created out of the old Northwest Territory and the second state to be formed. It is now on the eve of its one hundredth anniversary, and it becomes the ]3urpose of the hibtorian in this connection to give a brief survey of what these one hundred years liave done for the state. There has been no change in territory limits, Ijut (he original territory has been subdivided into C(.>uiUies year by year, as the population warrantefl, until from thirteen C(nuuies in iS'i6 the state grew to ninety-two counties by 1S59. From 1816 to 1840 new counties were organized every year with the exception of one year. Starting in with a population of 5, ''141 in iSoo, Indiana has increased by leaps and bounds until it now has a population of two million seven hundred thousand eight hundred and seventy-si.\. The appended table is interesting in showing the growth of population by decades since 1800:

Stalisfits arc usually \cry dry and iiiiinU'rcstiii^', Imt tlicro are a few ligures whicli are at least instructi\e if not interesting. l'~or instance, in 1910, 1,143,835 people of Indiana li\ed in towns and cities of more than 2,500. There were 822,434 voters, and 580,557 men between the ages of eighteen and forty-four were eligible iov military ser\'ice. An interesting book of statistics frnni which these figures are lal<en covering e\ery phase of the growth of the stale is found in the biennial report of the state statistician.

The state has increased in wealth as well as ])oi)ulation and the total state tax of six thousand forty-three drdlars and tliirty-six cents of 1S16 increased in 1915 to ni(Tre than six million. In 181(1 the onlv factories in the state were grist or saw mills; all of the clothing, furniture and most of the farming tools were made l)y the pioneers themselves. At that time the farmer was his own doctor, his own blacksmith, his own lawyer, his own dentist and, if he had di\'ine services, he had lo Ije the preacher, liut now it is changed. The si)inniiig wheel hntls its resting ])lace in the attic ; a score of occupations have arisen to satisfy the manifoUl wants of the farmer. Millions of dollars are now inxested in factories, other millions arc invested in steam and electric roads, still other millions in ])ublic utility ])lants of all kinds. The go\'ernor now receives a larger salary than did all the state ofticials put together in 1861, while the county sheriff has a salary which is more than doulile the compensation first allowed the governor of the slate.

Indiana is rich in natural i-esources. It not only has millions of acres of good farming land, but it has had fine forests in the past. I-'roni the timber of its woods Iia\e been built the homes for the ])ast one hundred years and, if rightly conserved there is timber for many years yet to come. The state has beds of coal and quarries of stone which are not surpassed in any state in the I'nion. l"or many years natural gas was a boon to Indiana manufacturing, but it was used so cxtravagently that it soon liecame exhrmsted. Some of the largest factories of ibeir kind in the country .are to be found in the Hoosier stale. The steel works at (iary emplo_\'s tens of thousands of men and are constantly inci'casing in importance. At l\lwood is the largest tin ]ilate factory in the world, while lA'ansville bo.ists of the largest cigar factory in the world. At South end the Studeb;d<er and Oliver manufacturing ])Iants turn out millions of dollars worth of goods every year. When it is known that over half of the ]io])ulation of the state is now living in towns and cities, it must be readily seen that farming is no longer the .sole occupation. A system of railroads has been built wliich brings every corner of the state in close touch with Indianapolis. In fact, every county .scat but four is in railroad conni'Ction with the capital of the state. Every county has its local teleplione

Indiana prides herself on her educational system. \Vith sixteen lliousand public and parochial school teachers, with three state institutions of learning, a score of church schools of all kinds as well as private institutions of learning, Indiana stands hi,L;h in educational circles. The state maintains universities at Illoomington and Lafayette and a normal scho(.)l at Terre Haute. Many of the churches ha\e schools supported in part by their denominations. The Catholics have the largest Catholic universit_\' in the United States at Notre Dame, while St. Mary's of the Woods at I'erre IJaute is known all over the world. .Academies under Catholic supervision are maintainetl at Indianapolis, Terre Haute, Fort Wayne, .Rensselaer, Jasjjcr and Oldcnliurg. The JMethodists have institutions at l.)e]^auw, Moore's Hill and Upland. The Presbyterian schools are Wabash and H,'mo\-er Colleges. The Christian church is in control (jf lUitler and Mer(.)ni Colleges. ( oncordia at h'ort Wayne is one of the largest Lutheran schools in the Chiited Stales. The Oual^ers su])port I'larlham College, as well as the academies at I'^airmount, lilooniingdale, I'lainlield and Spiceland. The r.;tptists are in charge of l'"ranklin C ollege, while the L'nited Lrethern gi\e their allegiance to Indiana Central Uni\'ersity at Indianapolis. The Se\'enth-l)a_\'- Ad\enti.-ts ha\-e a school at Boggstown. The Dunkards at North Manchester and the Mennonites at Cioshen uKiintain schools for their resi)ective churches.

The state seek's to take care of all of its unfortunates. Its cliaritable, bene\olent and correctional institutions rank high among similar institutions in the country. Insane as\lums are located at Indianapolis, Richmcjnd, Logansport, Lvans\ille and Madi.^fin. The Slate Soldiers' Home is at I.afas'etle, while the Xational .Soldiers' Home is at Alai'iou.

The .'-Soldiers and Sailors' ( ^I'phans' Home at Knlghtstcjwn, is maintained for the care and educalion o| the ori)han children of Union soldiers and sailors. The state educates and keeps them until tliev are sixteen years of age if ihey ha\e not been giwn homes in families before they reach that age. institutions for the education of the blind and also the deaf and dumb are located at Indianapolis. The state educates all children so afllicted and teaches them some useful trade which will enable them to make their own wa\ in the world. The School for l-'eeljle Minded at h'ort Wayne has had more than one thousand childi"en in attendance annually for several years. Within the past few years an ej)ilei)tic village has lieen established at New -Castle, Indiana, for tlie care of those so afflicted. A jjrisou is located at

J\Jichigan Cit}' for the incarceration of male criminals convicted by any of the courts (jf the state of treason, nnnder in the first or second degree, and of all persons convicted of any felony who at the time of conviction are thirty years of age and over. The Reformatory at Jeffersonville takes care of male criminals Ijetwcen the ages of sixteen and thirty, who are guilty of crimes other than tliose jnst mentioned. The female criminals from the ages of fifteen upwards are kept in the women's prison at Indianapolis. A school for incorrigible boys is maintained at Plainfield. It receives boys between the ages of seven and eighteen, although no boy can be kept after he reaches the age of twenty-one. Each county provides for its own poor and practically every county in the state has a jjoor farm and many of them have homes for orphaned or indigent children. Each county in the state also maintains a correctional institution known as the jail, in which prisoners are committed while waiting f<:)r trial or as punishment for convicted crime.

Ihit Indiana is great not alone in its material prosperity, but also in those things which make for a better appreciation of life. Within the limits of our state have been born men who were destined to become known throughout the nation. Statesmen, ministers, diplomats, educators, artists and literary men of lloosier birth have given the state a reputation which is envied l)y our sister states. Indiana has furnished Presidents and Vice- Presidents, distinguished members of the cabinet and diplomats of world wide fame; her literary men have spread the fame of Indiana from coast to coast. Who has not heard of Wallace, Thompson, Nicholson, Tarkington, McCutcheon, Bolton, Ade, Major, Stratton-Porter, Riley and hundreds of others who have courted the muses?

And we would like to be living one hundred years from today and see whether as much progress will have been made in the growth of the state as in the first one hundred years of its history. In 2015 poverty and crime will be reduced to a nfininiuni. i'lior houses will be unknown, orphanages will have \anished and society will have reached the stage where happiness and contentment reign supreme. Every loyal lloosier should feel as our poetess, Sarah T. Bolton, has said :