Delaware County, Indiana - Military Annals, 1924 (part 1 of 2)

Military Annals

Among the pioneers of Delaware county there were at least ten soldiers of the Revolution. A series of newspaper articles written in 1910 by Asbury L. Kerwood and published in the Muncie Star under the head of "Builders of a Nation, or Delaware County in the American Revolution," carries the stories of the lives and careers of a number of Delaware county men who served their country as soldiers in the patriot army during the War of the Revolution. These include sketches relating to Sewell Gilbert, William Whicker, William Williams, William Daugherty, Benjamin Wallace, John McConnell, Robert Watkins, John Quinn, William Poland and William Blount.

Sewell Gilbert, whose remains lie in Beech Grove cemetery, died at the home of his half-brother, William Gilbert, at Muncietown on November 7, 1843, this home then being situated on the site of the present county jail. William Gilbert, a soldier of the War of 1812, was sheriff of Delaware county from 1834 to 1838. Sewell Gilbert was born, according to the Kerwood narrative, December 9, 1765, and when fifteen years of age, in 1780, enlisted his services in behalf of the patriot forces, as a private soldier, for the term of nine months, and was accredited to the state of Vermont. In 1781, he re-enlisted for a like period at Cavendish, Windsor county, Vermont, in the company of Captain Green, and on September 28, 1832, while living at Springwater, Livingston county, New York, he made application for a pension, which was allowed. In 1838 Sewell Gilbert became a resident of Licking county, Ohio, and about 1840 came over here into Indiana, his last days being spent with his half-brother at Muncie. The formal funeral notice card, after the manner of the period, read as follows: "Funeral - yYourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of Mr. Suel (sic) Gilbert, from the residence of Mr. William Gilbert, today at half past 9 o'clock, a.m. The funeral sermon will be preached at the court house at 11 o'clock by the Rev. Robert Irvin. The deceased will be buried with military honors."

This card, which is dated '""Muncietown, November 9, 1843," is now preserved in the Muncie public library, to which it was presented by Mrs. Julia Williamson. The Delaware County Democrat of November 11, 1848, in commenting on this funeral said that "and to the great credit of the citizens of Muncietown be it told, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, there was no lack on their part of showing that feeling which still burns in the breast of every American toward those who fought for their oppressed country. Although the day was unpleasant and cold, the ladies came out enmasse to show the respect due to one of the defenders of their country. After a very appropriate and elaborate discourse by the Rev. Robert Irvin the procession moved on toward the graveyard under the solemn sound of martial music. The scene was affecting - twelve armed musketeers, commanded by Captain Liston, marched solemnly along to pay their last tribute at his grave. . . . As the old warrior lived, so he died, always in good faith with his neighbors, truly honest and a good citizen."

William Whicker was born near Richmond, Va., August 27, 1760, and when a child moved with the family to Granville county, North Carolina, where at the age of fourteen he became enrolled among the Minute Men of that section. In the fall of 1777 he enlisted in General Taylor's command and in the next year was transferred to General Caswell's command. He later served in Davidson's command and was a sergeant when on February 1, 1781, General Davidson was killed and his command scattered at the battle of McCowan's Ford on the Catawby river. It is written that "Sergeant Whicker was detailed to carry the news of General Davidson's death and the defeat of the 300 men to General Butler. He rode all day in a steady hard rain, eatching his drinking water in the rim of his hat, and reaching General Butler late in the evening." Whicker was promoted for meritorious service. He was in the battles of McCowan's Ford, Guilford Court House, Cowpens and Rugsleys Mills and in the last named engagement lost a thumb, for which he received a pension. After the war was over he married and was for years engaged as a tavern keeper and distiller in Guilford county (South Carolina). About 1820 he moved to Lebanon, Ohio. Later he moved to Fayette county (Ohio), whence in 1835 he came with his sons, Asa and Luke, and his daughter, Susan Fisher, to this county, he then being totally blind from cataract. The family settled in the Albany neighborhood and there this blind old patriot died on November 2, 1851, he then being past ninety-one years of age, and was buried in the Strong cemetery.

another boy soldier of the Revolution, having enlisted in 1777 at the " age of fifteen as a private from the Laurens district, going out with the command of Col. Benjamin Kilgore. His pension application, dated in 1841, cites wounds received in several skirmishes. William Williams settled in what is now Liberty township, this county, at a time when the territory now comprised within Delaware county was still within the civil bounds of Randolph county, and it is said that the first election held within the present bounds of Delaware county (in 1824) was held in the cabin of this pioneer, about twenty votes being cast. The post carrier also made this cabin his station for that district, the Williams home thus probably having been the first postoffice established in what is now Delaware county. William Williams also served for some time as a justice of the peace. He died about 1842 and was buried in the vicinity of his home.

William Daugherty was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1754, and was thus past his majority when the War of the Revolution broke out. In August, 1777, in Westmoreland county, he enlisted his services as a soldier and was enrolled in the command of Col. Thomas Gaddis. In 1778 he was with the command that erected Ft. McIntosh and Ft. Laurens. Some time after the close of the war Daugherty moved to Bourbon county, Kentucky. Twelve years later he became a resident of what is now Clinton county, Ohio, where he lived for fifteen years, at the end of which time he moved over into Indiana and settled at Whitewater, whence, in 1829, he came to Delaware county and presently entered lands in sections 14 and 15 of Mt. Pleasant township, where he died, a pensioner of the government, September 1, 1841, and was buried on the bank of White river below Yorktown.

Benjamin Wallace, a pensioner of the government on account of his service as a soldier of the Revolution, was born in Caswell county, North Carolina, January 12, 1758. He enlisted in 1780 in Colonel Nall's regiment and by subsequent re-enlistment served for fourteen months. He later became a resident of Tennessee. His last days were spent at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Newhouse, on what afterward was known as the Conner farm, in this county, where he died in the late '30s and was buried in the Miller graveyard in Harrison township.

According to the Kerwood narrative, the claim for John McConnell's service as a soldier of the Revolution rests upon family tradition, but this seems so circumstantial as to admit of little doubt. McConnell's service is said to have been that of a wagoner in the patriot army. It is narrated that at one time the wagon train to which he was attached was attacked by the British and McConnell made such a vigorous dash that he and his team alone escaped the enemy, though he received a shot in the thigh. McConnell made several entries of land in this county in the '30s and died here on January 6, 1847, he then being eighty-three years of age. He was buried in ground now covered by Forest Park but many years later his body was moved with others to Beech Grove cemetery.

Robert Watkins was born in Maryland in 1754 and later became a resident of South Carolina. In August, 1780, he was captured by Tories and delivered to the British at Gilbert Town. Just before the battle of Kings Mountain he was released on parole and later joined the command of Capt. Thomas Brandon. In the following spring he was detailed by Captain Brandon as a dispatch bearer and received his verbal discharge in 1782. Upon leaving South Carolina he became a resident of Kentucky, later moving to Ohio and thence to Indiana, settling in Delaware county about 1830, where his last days were spent.

John Quinn was born in Scotland in 1759. In the census of pensioners taken by the government in 1840 the name of John Quinn appears as that of a resident of Delaware county. It was in November, 1832, that John Quinn entered his lands in this county, in section 2 of Delaware townshp. He died at Yorktown in 1840, in the eightyfirst year of his age, and was buried in the cemetery there.

William Poland was born in New Jersey about 1762 and was a good-sized boy when he moved with his parents to Berkeley county, Virginia, where, when he was one month under sixteen years of age, he enlisted in the patriot army and went out with the command of Col. John Mercer, which proceeded on out into the wilderness and erected Ft. McIntosh, named in honor of the general commanding the brigade, and then went on and put up Ft. Laurens. William Poland later was present at the siege of Yorktown and after the surrender of Cornwallis assisted in stacking the relinquished arms of the British. Poland became a resident of Delaware county not long after its erection and on application made here became a pensioner of the government, receiving $25.33 a year until his death on February 19, 1837. He was buried in the Rees cemetery on the Muncie and Burlington turnpike.

William Blount (or Blunt) was among the first to enter land in what is now Delaware county in 1820 (in Perry township). Some years later he became owner of 100 acres just east of the then village - of Muncietown, lands afterward owned by Thomas Kirby and long since built over in the expansion of the city. The records of the pension department, according to the Kerwood narrative, reveal names of numerous William Blunts or Blounts as those of persons who rendered service as soldiers of the Revolution, but certain internal evidence based on comparisons of records leads that narrative to the conclusion that the Delaware county William Blunt was a Virginian who served in Colonel Parker's command of the Virginia line. He died in this county early in 1838.

Soldiers Of The War Of 1812

Mr. Kerwood's review (1908) of the pioneers of Delaware county who had served as soldiers of the War of 1812 reveals the names of more than sixty who thus had rendered service in this country's second war for independence. This list includes the names of James Abbott, Edmund Alldredge, John Applegate, Stephen H. Baker, John Barton, David Bell, David M. Bell, Martin Bobo, Stephen Berry, Isaac Branson, Henry Brown, Patrick Carmichael, John Carroll, Francis Ciscus, Henry Clouse, Robert Sanders, William H. Daugherty, Samuel Darter, Martin Depoy, Jacob Dickover, William Dunkin, John L. Elliott, John Ethell, William Finley, Thomas Fires, Silas Fleming, Enoch Garner, William Gilbert, William H. Green, John Hall, George M. Harter, Lawrence Heffner, John Holmes, Clement Hurtt, Sewell Hutchins, Thomas Jackson, Gilbert Jones, Samuel Kyle, Isaac Maitlan, Isaac Martin, James Mansfield, James Manson, Elias Matthews, Isaac McClanahan, William B. Pace, Archibald Reasoner, Archibald Parker, Jacob Peyton, William Peyton, Alexander Price, Robert Sanders, George Saunders, William Scott, Jacob Secrist, Joseph Shannon, Isaac Shellenberger, Henry Shults, Daniel Simmons, George M. Smith, James Stewart, David Thompson, Ephraim Thompson, Asaiel Thornburg, Cornelius Vanarsdoll, Matthew Whicker, Samuel P. Wilson, Lloyd Wilcoxon, Philip Wingate and Hugh Wingate. Some of these were men who became widely known in the community and Mr. Kerwood's review makes interesting and informative biographical mention of most of them.

The tension that was manifest throughout the country in the middle of the '50s and which culminated in the nation's call to arms in 1861 found expression in Delaware county in the organization of volunteer militia companies made up of men who recognized the need of knowing at least something of the rudiments of soldierly drill and the manual of arms should the dreaded and yet confidently expected call to arms come. The country was drifting inevitably into war and all thoughtful men recognized that fact, official cognizance of which was taken in this county in the summer of 1856.

In the journal of the board of county commissioners for the June term, 1856, under date of June 7, it is noted that ""Whereas, volunteer military companies are organized and being organized in the county of Delaware, and it being necessary, in order to sustain such organizations, that they be furnished with armes;

"It is therefore ordered by the board that His Excellency, the Governor of the state, be requested to cause to be sent to the county of Delaware her quota of the publick armes; and that George W. Edgerlee be appointed to superintend the procuring, selecting and delivering of said armes; and that the auditor request the sheriff to set apart one of the rooms on the west side of the court house, upstairs, as a place of deposit for said armes." It is apparent that Delaware county's motto in the face of the impending struggle was. "Preparedness," and the vigor of the county's response when the call to arms finally did come was proof that she wholeheartedly was ready for the conflict.

After the war was over it is apparent that there no longer was recognized a need for ''publick armes" here. In the minutes of the commissioners court for the May term, 1867, there is recorded a memorandum from the quartermaster general's department of Indiana Volunteers, Indianapolis, dated May 5 and signed by A. S. Stone, quartermaster general for Indiana, as follows: "Received of Capt. I. R. Nation, commanding the Noble Guards, Delaware county - Ninety-nine French rifles and 98 bayonets (one barrel burst and one stock broken), 98 cartridge boxes and 97 plates, 98 cartridge-box belts and 59 plates, 96 waist belts and plates, 97 bayonet scabbards and frogs, 97 cap pouches, 96 gun slings, 19 screw drivers, 18 wipers, 2 tumblers and wire pouches, 1 ball screw, 200 rounds fixed ammunition and 6 army chests." Accompanying this was a list of articles "short and damaged," with a bill for same against the county totaling $33.46.

Something of the local feeling regarding the Southern rebellion of 1861-65 may be gathered from the following item of news in the Muncie Free Press of August 27, 1863: "William Craw, of Company A, 8th Indiana, died at the hospital at Cairo, of typhoid' fever, on the 18th. His brother, George, it will be remembered, fell in the memorable assault on Vicksburg. Thus have two brothers and brave soldiers given up their lives on the altar of their country. It was said by the sorrowing father to a friend: 'It is a great sacrifice and a heavy debt, but I expect the country needs it.' There is a world of patriotism in those words of grief. Oh, for the heights and depths of an illimitable power in the hearts of the patriots of our country to hate the ungodly rebellion which has extorted such sacrifices from a once happy and peaceful people! Foul instigators of this accursed rebellion, may your cup of bitterness overflow and your woes be unutterable!"

It is recalled that there were quite a number of Southern sympathizers in Delaware county during the time of the Civil war, some of these even being avowed "Knights of the Golden Circle" who openly wore their copper badges of membership in that organization, and not infrequently neighborhood trouble arose over these manifestations of sympathy for a cause against which the North was at war. A Methodist preacher, pastor of a rural church north of Yorktown, was given twenty-four hours in which to leave the county. He never came back. Old soldiers recall that guns and ammunition were found concealed beneath his church. A rural school house in the same neighborhood was used for midnight meetings of disloyalists until the meetings were discovered and those in attendance routed with a volley of stones amid the rattle of gun fire when the young men in the community who could not countenance these exhibitions of disloyalty descended upon the place one night and "got the numbers" of those who were there planning resistance to the lawful authority of the state. A wayfarer dropped into Muncie one day and began to make a speech in which he defended the course then being pursued by Clement L. Vallandigham, the Ohio congressman who was banished by the government in 1863 for his seditious attitude toward the prose- - eution of the war. A group of soldiers home on leave had their attention called to the street orator and they escorted him out of town. Sedition in Delaware county simply was not tolerated then, any more

Another incident of a similar character was briefly detailed by the Free-Press (August 27, 1863) as follows: "A fight occurred at the August meeting last Sabbath between a Butternut who cheered for Vallandigham and a Union cavalryman, in which the former got a sound drubbing." Again, September 10, of the same year: "Some fellow from Ohio, on last Monday, under the influence of rot-gut and treason, shouted for Vallandigham on our streets. <A lot of soldiers trotted him out of town."

In the fall of 1862 there was an outbreak of sedition in the neighboring county of Blackford that created considerable of a local sensation. The Muncie Free Press for October 9 of that year said: "Treason has long been talked of in Indiana, but until recently it had not displayed itself in open resistance to the Government. To the dishonor of the state - and with shame we must confess the truth - citizens of Blackford county, long suspected of disloyalty, at last allowed their treasonable sentiments to culminate in open resistance to the draft.'"' The story that then follows in relation to this incident has it that "on the day for drafting, the enrolling commissioner for Blackford county, at the court house in Hartford, commenced preparations to draft. A mob of secession sympathizers gathered around the box, seized it and the enrollment papers of one of the townships and destroyed them. The commissioner suspended operations, as the mob threatened him with violence if he attempted to proceed. There were some twenty-three or twenty-four engaged in the transaction, including the sheriff of the county." Continuing, the story has it that a detachment of the 63d Indiana was sent to Hartford from Indianapolis and placed the city of Hartford (that was before it became known as Hartford City) under martial law, and the draft went on. "Several of the parties were arrested," says the Free Press, "and we learn that all engaged in the matter have promised to surrender themselves and accept the penalty for their crime, which is to serve in the -army during the war. The troops will stay there until all the guilty parties are arrested. We rather suppose that they begin to think that 'the way of the transgressor is hard.' We understand that the number who have concluded to enlist on the above terms is about forty. We rather expect that these 'butternut' gentlemen didn't ex-

Disloyal Family Publicly Recants

In the public records of the county there is hidden away in the rarely turned pages of some of the old books many a good "human interest" story. A novelist might well here turn up a plot that would exceed in intensity of interest many of the plots evolved in the imagination of the fictionists. Persons now living here whose memories encompass the period of the Civil war recall that this community, like all too many communities in Indiana, contained quite a number of families whose sympathies during that time of stress went out much more wholeheartedly toward the South than toward the North in which they lived. At least one of these families must have been taken pretty seriously to task by their neighbors, for there is on record in the office of the county recorder an abject acknowledgment of a wrong then being done to the Union cause and a pledge to alter the habits of thought in that connection that perhaps has not an equal in the public records of any county in the state. The neighbors evidently brought this family "to time' in a no uncertain manner.

On page 189 of Miscellaneous Record A there is carried the following entry, recorded on July 1, 1865, at 9 o'clock a. m., by Theoph E. Burt, then recorder of Delaware county: " - - - - , et al. - Pledge. Bell Creek, Delaware county, Indiana, April 18, 1865. We and all of us agree that we have done and said things against the government and the administration of Abraham Lincoln, and we are sorry that we did it, and we ask forgiveness of our Union friends. We also acknowledge that we have said too much about our Union neighbors, and we take it all back and agree and pledge ourselves to sustain the administration and the government of the United States against all of its enemies; and we furthermore pledge ourselves that we will take or read no paper that is not considered loyal, and especially the Cincinnati Enquirer and Chicago Times. We also pledge ourselves to act with the Union party and that we will vote for no man for office unless he is perfectly loyal; and we furthermore pledge our sacred honor to live up to all of the above pledges, and sign our names" - and then follow the names of four members of this offending family.

A Little Sidelight On Soldier Relief

Whether due to "war weariness' or to growing indifference or to gradual relaxation from the strain under which the people had been laboring for three years, or to whatever cause, there is evidence that toward the close of the war calls upon the people for continued support of the soldiers in the field were meeting with a less ready response. Under the significant head "A Failure," the Delaware County Free Press of March 9, 1865, just a month before the war came to a close, said:

"There was a meeting to be held at Walling's hall last Saturday evening for the purpose of rejoicing over our recent victories and to raise means for the relief of the families of soldiers. There were but few in attendance and, if we are to judge of the patriotism of the people by the display on that evening, we should be compelled to set it down at a low estimate. We are not prepared to account for the slim attendance, and the apparent lack of sympathy for the families of those whose breasts are bared for the defense of our homes, our liberties, our security and our country. Is it possible that our people are willing to turn a deaf ear to the cry of help which comes up from almost every soldier's home in our city? We hope not - we believe not.

"To almost every demand made of our people, whether for men or for money to carry on the war and sustain the Government in its struggle against the rebellion, our people have responded nobly. May they not weary in well doing. In the main, the families of soldiers have been prevented from actual suffering, but they have, nevertheless, not been free from the pinchings of want. Money has been subscribed, time and again, and again the cry for help comes up to us. The fund placed in the hands of the agents appointed to look after the necessities of soldiers' families has been exhausted and more must be raised, or these wives and children of those who are fighting for our imperilled country must suffer for the very necessities of life." On the 22d of March following "a grand concert" was given at Walling's hall for soldiers' relief, which netted $232.80.

The Mourning

And then came the tragedy of the assassination of President Lincoln. The Muncie Free Press dressed its issue following (April 20) in mourning border (turned column rules) and gave details of the tragedy, with a touchingly sympathetic editorial on the subject, concluding the same with the declaration that the martyred Presi- dent's "blood will cry out from the earth which drank it, 'Death, death, death to traitors'!"' In the news columns of the paper, under the simple head ''The Mourning," it was stated that '"'on the reception of the sad news of the death of the President last Saturday morning, the mayor [John Brady] issued his proclamation, requesting the suspension of all business in token of respect to our lamented chief magistrate. The request was universally complied with. On Wednes- ' day business was suspended during the entire day, in accordance with the proclamation of the Governor. The public buildings, nearly all the business houses, and many private residences were draped in mourning, in token of respect to him whose body was on that day deposited in the tomb at the national capital [sic]. At 12 o'clock appropriate religious ceremonies took place at the Methodist and Presbyterian churches, which were attended by a large number of citizens."

The Jollification

The local celebration of the Fourth of July following the close of the war in 1865 was designed to eclipse all previous efforts along that line as a sort of jollification over the end of the struggle between the states. Judge Joseph S. Buckles was made the marshal of the day "with power to appoint assistants," and the general committee in charge was made up of W. G. Ethell, F. E. Putnam, George Darracott Jr., J. L. Little, T. E. Burt, J. A. Maddy, C. E. Shipley, Captain Stephens, N. F. Ethell and J. F. Duckwall. In Duckwall's newspaper, the Free Press, for the 6th is carried the following account of the day's observance, which is interesting as descriptive of a probably typical gathering of the sort in that period:

"The celebration of the Fourth was a 'big thing.' There were between 6,000 and 8,000 persons in attendance. Most of the townships were represented by delegations, escorted by martial music. Liberty made a fine turn out. In a wagon drawn by six horses were thirty-six young ladies representing the states. Another wagon, containing about thirty young ladies, dressed in white and heads decorated with red, white and blue ribbons, came in from Monroe, escorted by martial music. A large number of wagons filled with men, women and children followed. Niles had a fine delegation of cavalry and vehicles. Harrison came in with a fine display of ladies and gentlemen on horseback. There were other delegations whose locality we did not learn, and thousands more came in on horseback, in vehicles and on foot. The crowd was so large that it was impossible

"It was the intention to have a military parade, but it was found impossible to get enough soldiers together to get up a respectable display. The boys who have been soldiering for the last four years wanted a free and easy time, and could not be induced to 'fall in.' Reaching the fair ground, the ceremonies commenced. The Declaration of Independence and the emancipation proclamation were read, with music intervening, when Mr. Thomas A. Stilwell was introduced, who, we are informed, delivered a very good oration. Owing to the heat and the pressure of the crowd, we did not hear the speaking. He was followed by Dr. Kirby in a short address, when the exercises closed for dinner. It was the intention to have toasts and speeches during the afternoon, but the committee on toasts failed to come to time. There was nothing done in the afternoon and the people took a free and easy time, strolling about the grounds and lying upon the grass in the shade. We fancy that they enjoyed themselves quite as well as though they had been compelled to listen to empty speeches and toasts full of frothy patriotism. In the evening the grand display of fireworks took place on the public square. The display was not as good as it promised to be. Some of the best pieces had become damp in transporting them and had warped, so that they would not revolve, which destroyed the effect. Taking it altogether, it was a very nice affair and pleased those who witnessed it."

Neighborly Spirit Of Helpfulness

An an instance of the fine spirit of helpfulness manifested toward the families of soldiers in the field during the progress of the war, an item in the Free Press from Eaton, bearing date of November 30, 1863, stated that ''our people in this vicinity are awake to the responsibility of taking care of the wives and families of soldiers - those brave defenders of our liberties are to know that their wives and families, their dear ones left behind, are to be properly cared for and taken care of in their absence. For the last two weeks the farmers of this vicinity have been busy getting up wood for them for winter. They turned out unanimously - all parties, with wagons, axes, etc., and when one family was supplied they went immediately to another, until now there is none in this vicinity that is needy." willing as the Eaton neighborhood to do their respective bits. A story in the Free Press of December 1, 1864, detailed the experiences of business and professional men of Muncie while spending the Thanksgiving holiday in the woods cutting and hauling wood for the families of soldiers. There were three bands of volunteer woodsmen - one at Walling's woods, one at Anthony's and one at Petty's, and about twenty teams on hand to haul in the wood. "At Walling's woods, where we were present," said Editor Duckwall's account of the day's activities, "there were about one hundred men present and, we are informed, there were nearly as many at the other places. We never saw men work with more energy or better grace. . . . Our citizens propose to devote another day in this way during the holidays."

A review of this local relief work carried in Asbury L. Kerwood's "Military History of Delaware County" (1908) says that "full soon the families of the volunteers began to need aid, and the ladies at home took the business in hand and set on foot measures to raise money for the relief of the needy. In the early part of the war, before organization was fully developed, everything depended upon private voluntary action, and right nobly did the citizens, male and female, take hold of the work. Supplies of food and clothing and money were raised and distributed. A Ladies Aid Society was formed and its operations were continued through most of the war. By 'socials' and sewing circles and fairs, by private collections, and by every other method which sharp-witted ladies could 'invent, the hearts and the pockets of the people, citizens and strangers as well, were attacked, and right splendidly did they respond to the earnest appeals thus persistently made. . . . Supplies of all sorts, of necessities and delicacies were gathered from the citizens of the town and from the county at large and sent forward to the state commission or otherwise. The people seemed never to grow weary in this course of well-doing, but continued even to the end of the war in this grand work of mercy and love."

Some Figures On Bounty And Relief

Mr. Kerwood's review also has it that "relief was given in a generous and liberal spirit both by the county and by townships, citizens and towns, in addition to that supplied by the people at large. The amounts, as far as can be obtained, both for bounty and relief, are as follows: Bounty paid by county, $181,900; relief paid by county, $129,768.75; relief paid by townships, $51,137; aggregate

$362,805.75 - a princely sum, showing, while citizens offered themselves willingly in the struggle to maintain the integrity of the nation, how nobly the authorities at home, and the people at large, assumed burdens and contributed money, etc., for relief and support to the families of those who were absent in the service of the country, or who had died in her defense. It may be proper to state that up to 1869 the total amount expended throughout the state for bounty and relief is computed to have been $20,250,640.68. That sum has probably been largely increased since that date. Delaware county, for instance, has expended about $80,000 for bounty since 1872, under the action for equalization."

"In the general movement for bounty and relief the people of Delaware county, by the commissioners, township trustees, city councils, etc., took a full and abundant share," continues the Kerwood review. "In 1861 no bounties were needed. In 1862, $25 was given to each volunteer then enlisting for three years, or during the war. In 1863 and 1864, $100 was paid to each person so enlisting. In 1872 the commissioners provided for an equalization of bounty to all three-year men. Thus, under this action, every three-years man from Delaware county has received, or is entitled to receive, from the county as bounty, a sum qual to $100. Under the provisions made in 1872 the men enlisted in 1862 received $75 and the men volunteering in 1861 got $100, and so they all got equal bounty of $100 each." Concerning the local operation of the draft during the Civil War, Mr. Kerwood's review has it that "no draft was ever called for in Delaware county, except that in 1862 four townships seemed to have a deficiency of twenty-four men. . . . The people of Muncie, supposing their township was liable to the draft, raised by voluntary subscriptions $8,000 or more, which was expended in hiring persons to enlist so as to avoid the draft. Perhaps twenty-five persons were thus hired to enlist. More careful examination showed that no quota was lacking from Muncie, even before these men had been hired. By this action, and the subsequent volunteers, no further draft was needed."

The county auditor's statement as of April 15, 1865, relating to the apportionment of the county military debt, as shown in the settlement sheet for that year, carries some interesting items along the line of soldiers' relief. The total amount as per duplicate of 1864 was $62,516.59, covering the following items: County military, $34,731.44; county relief, $20,838.88 ; poor house, $6,946.27. From this total there were certain technical deductions, leaving a total of $57,269.09, to which were added railroad taxes and delinquent collections, making the amount due by the treasurer $59,177, of which the county military fund was credited with $32,916; county relief, $19,671.82, and poor house, $6,588.72.

A Day-By-Day Record Of The War

As has been noted, one of the most illuminating sources of information regarding pioneer conditions hereabout is that contained in the diary of Frederick E. Putnam, covering the period in which Mr. Putnam was engaged in business in Muncie (1842-81), almost forty years of intimate observation of events, in many instances carrying more of the personal news of the day than was touched on by the newspapers. A few excerpts from that diary, covering the Civil war period, will be of particular interest in this connection. |

For instance, beginning in 1860 - May 18 - Report of nomination of Lincoln and Hamlin gives general satisfaction. June 25 - Report of the nomination of Douglas by the "rump" convention confirmed also of Breckenridge and Lane by the National Democracy. Douglas faces long, no excitement or enthusiasm and the Douglas Democrats don't have much to say. November 6 - Election day for the President of the United States, the largest vote ever given in the town was given today, 634. Everything passed off quietly. | 1861 - April 13 - Bombardment of Fort Sumter said to have commenced yesterday morning. April 15 - Great prospects for war, a fight appearing inevitable. Meeting at court house this evening; Judge Brady, Walter March, Tom Brady, Newcomb and others spoke. April 16 - Volunteer company made up and Tom Brady captain; drum, fife and music all day. April 17 - -War excitement and enlisting the order of the day. April 18 - Volunteers left for Indianapolis this morning, escorted by band; large crowd at depot. April 22 - The star spangled banner flung to the breeze on court house square by order of Judge Buckles; flags going up all over town. July 2 - Volunteers from this place, Capt. Luther Willson; and Selma, Captain Williams, left for Indianapolis today. July 4 - The greatest number of people that ever visited Muncie here today; the military were out in force, Scott Rifles, Ellsworth Rifles, horse companies, etc. July 5 - The 14th Indiana regiment passed through here today on their way to Virginia; basket dinner prepared for them and they were pleased. August 20 - Captain Brady and his company left for Indianapolis this morning. August 21 - Capt. Alfred Kilgore's company left for Richmond this morning. September 21 - E. C. Anthony's company left for Indianapolis. September 26 - Fast day by act of Congress and proclamation of President and Governor, and very universally kept, and especially in Muncie; business suspended.

1862 - July 16 - A large company of our town boys left for Indianapolis for service to the government for thirty days, making everything look dull. July 19 - Indiana invaded by the rebels [Morgan's raid] last night. August 4 - -Good deal of excitement on account of volunteering by T. S. Walterhouse's company, speeches by Judge W. A. Bickle and Judge Joseph S. Buckles. August 8 - T.S. Walterhouse elected captain and David Nation first lieutenant of company just formed. August 11 - Great excitement on account of grand procession from the Mississinewa river in wagons with volunteers for Capt. John H. Ellis and Taylor. August 22 - -Volunteering for Dr. Henry Kirby's and Kilgore's companies.

1863 - April 30 - All business houses closed for the day and fast day was strictly observed. August 21 - Fifty-fifth Massachusetts regiment went through and were fed here today. October 8 - Very large crowd in town caused by Union meeting; the Home Guards were out in large numbers. October 29 - Some little secession fuss in Monroe township at a religious meeting.

1864 - April 19 - Twentieth Indiana passed through on their way to Washington. April 20 - Eighth Indiana veterans returned this evening looking fine. April 25 - The government calls for 30,000 One-Hundred Day men; great excitement among the boys, volunteering fast. Besides these brief excerpts there were jotted down in this diary many more items relating to local conditions during the war, such as news of army movements from day to day, frequent mention of soldiers' bodies being brought home for burial, soldiers' relief movements and the like, and then on April 10, 1865 - "Glorious news from General Grant. General Lee surrendered with his North Virginia army. Great rejoicing, firing of cannon, guns, crackers, burning boxes, etc., marching in all shapes, people drunk and happy."

The Honor Roll Of Civil War Service

In the nature of things this brief review cannot purport to be a complete history of the Civil war period in Delaware county, the limitations of this work prohibiting. A volume in itself could be written on the activities of that period. Regimental histories and the records of the adjutant general's office cover the story of field service. The story of home service never has been, perhaps never can be adequately told. That is a tale written on the hearts of those who had to participate, and inspired indeed would be the pen that could present in all its poignancy of detail the heartbreaking strain of those days of stress. From the best available sources below is given a roster of the soldiers from this county who participated in the cause

The Spanish-American War

In the spring of 1898 came on the war with Spain, that brief but eventful war which aroused in the American mind a new conception of world obligation and placed this nation in a new position in the forefront of world affairs. When the call to arms came Delaware county had no organized company of the National Guard to go forward into action, but a company was quickly formed under the captaincy of John K. Ritter and for nearly three months drilled in hopes of getting into service. Captain Ritter and his friends visited Indianapolis many times to try to get the company into service, but the best that could be secured was the promise that if another call was issued the company would be accepted. The war came to an end before this was done. Realizing the probability that their local unit never would be called as a body, quite a number of the members of the company joined the Newcastle company of the National Guard and thus got into service. In September, 1899, the war then being over, Captain Ritter's company was mustered into state service and was assigned to the 2d regiment as Company B. The first company of the Indiana National Guard which Muncie supported was organized in 1891 and was known as the Fencibles, Arthur F. Rowley captain and Thomas K. Heinsohn first lieutenant. On November 6, 1891, it was assigned to the 4th regiment as Company G, but after serving one term was disbanded. A camp of the United Spanish War Veterans is maintained in Delaware county, with headquarters at Muncie.

The War Of 1917 Or World War

And then in the spring of 1917, nearly twenty years after the Spanish-American war, came America's participation in the World War, or as the historical branch of the United States War Department calls it, the War of 1917, and in this war Delaware county did its part, even as it had rendered full service in the preceding wars in which the nation had become engaged. The story of that war is too recent a thing to require extended review here. Many histories of the war have been and are being written and the story is still unfolding.

Since the summer of 1914 the chief nations of Europe had been in armed conflict, beginning with the declaration of war by the Central powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) against Serbia on July 28 of that year. This was the flame that ignited the powder magazine. In the first week of August the Central powers declared war also against Russia, France and Belgium, and with the invasion of the latter country by Germany, Britain on August 4 declared war against the Central powers and entered the conflict. In that same month Montenegro and Japan took a hand in what by that time was coming to be a world war; in the next spring (1915) Italy entered the conflict against the Central powers, San Marino followed a month later and then Portugal, Roumania and Greece, the latter coming in in November, 1916. Meanwhile American interests were becoming involved in the general world conflagration and on April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany and entered the conflict in association with the other powers that were in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Before the end of 1917 Panama, Cuba, Siam, Liberia, China and Brazil also had declared war against the Central powers and in 1918 Guatemala, Nicarauga, Hayti and Honduras had taken similar action, so that by the time the war came to an end with the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, no fewer than twenty-three nations were associated or allied in the war against the Central powers, twenty-five nations thus having been involved in dreadful conflict, the duration of which from the beginning of active hostilities in August, 1914, to Armistice day in 1918, was four years, three months and seven days. The duration of the American participation in the war was one year, seven months and five days, during which time no fewer than forty-two divisions of troops had been sent abroad and the country's fighting force had been raised to 4,764,071, of which number Indiana furnished 130,670. American army casualties in the war totaled 302,612, with deaths numbering 77,118. Indiana's share in these casualties amounted to 5,766, with deaths numbering 1,510, to which latter number Delaware county contributed fifty-three to the "gold star' roster, as follows: this list being based on the report in Indiana's official "Gold Star" book:

ANTHONY ALBINO, born at Brooklyn, N. Y., September 22, 1890; enlisted at Muncie November 7, 1917; overseas with 7th U. S. Infantry; served as dispatch bearer; killed in action July 15, 1918, Chateau Thierry.

FRED BAKER, Jr., born at Findlay, Ohio, June 24, 1895; enlisted at Muncie, April 7, 1917, Company G, Indiana National Guard, federalized at Camp Shelby; died of influenza at Camp Taylor, October 8, 1918.

CLARENCE BACH BARKDULL, born at Daleville, this county, November 25, 1896; enlisted May 1, 1917; assigned to 64th Coast Artillery; overseas in July, 1918; died of pneumonia in France, September 30, 1918.

FRED EDWARD BICKNELL, born at Newcastle, Ind., October 6, 1892; entered service at Muncie September 21, 1917; overseas in May, 1918, Company K, 130th Infantry; killed in action at Consenvoye, France, October 11, 1918.

JOHN P. BOBO, born at Hartford City, Ind., November 24, 1872; entered service at Muncie September 17, 1917; died from operation at Camp Oglethorpe, Ga., March 3, 1918.

FREDERICK CHARLES BREEN, born at Muncie, December 18, 1898; enlisted in aviation section March 18, 1918; died of pneumonia at Arcadia Aviation School, Cal., October 30, 1918.

HOMER BROCK, born in Wells county, Indiana, October 8, 1892; enlisted United States army, at Muncie, January 27, 1917; overseas in June, 1918, 18th Machine Gun Battalion; accidental death, September 30, 1918.

GEORGE LEWIS CARMICHAEL, born in Delaware county August 29, 1893; enlisted early in 1917, served a short term and discharged on account of physical disability; called in selective service April 26, 1918; assigned to 134th Training Battalion; overseas in June, 1918; killed in accident December 30, 1918.

OREN CLARK, born in the Eaton neighborhood in this county, December 20, 1894; enlisted in regular army September 15, 1917; overseas in April, 1918, 60th Infantry, 5th Division; killed in action at Cunel, France, October 14, 1918.

CLARENCE RAYMOND CLOUSEH, born near Eaton, December 12, 1894; enlisted in regular army July 14, 1917; 307th Field Signal Battalion; overseas in May, 1918; killed in action, Meuse-Argonne, October 8, 1918.

ERNEST CONNER, born in Jefferson county, Indiana, February 10, 1897; entered service at Muncie, December 10, 1917; 623d Aero Squadron; overseas in July, 1918; died of influenza at Amesbury, England, October 10, 1918.

IVAN C. DAVIS, born in Delaware county September 21, 1888; entered service June 7, 1918; died from effects of operation at Camp Custer, June 14, 1918.

HARRY DEEMS, born at Kendallville, Ind., May 7, 1894; family moved to Muncie in 1897; entered service June 15, 1918; motor mechanic 1st Casual Detachment, Camp Sheridan, Ala.; drowned at Montgomery, Ala., September 24, 1918.

MELVIN THOMAS DEWITT, born at Chicago, December 18, 1895; became advertising manager Muncie Star; entered service November 14, 1917; assigned to duty as radio operator; drowned December 6, 1918, off Tangier, Morocco.

FRANK DILLON, born in Lawrence county, Ohio, July 6, 1889; Delaware county (Albany), 1916; entered service September 20, 1917; overseas in May, 1918; Company K, 130th Infantry; died of pneumonia at Commercy, France, December 8, 1918.

EDWARD WILLIAM ELLIOTT, born at Wapakoneta, Ohio, September 9, 1895; enlisted May 15, 1917, O. T. C., Ft. Benjamin Harrison ; commissioned first lieutenant and assigned to 27th Aero Squadron; overseas in March, 1918; killed in air battle, Chateau-Thierry, July 2, 1918.

JOSEPH REILLY FEELY, born at Daleville, this county, May 28, 1882; enlisted in Canadian army December 12, 1917; Company C, 20th Canadian Expeditionary Forces; overseas in March, 1918; killed in action on the Scheldt, October 10, 1918.

HERBERT DAVID FORTNER, born near Lexington, Ky., July 27, 1891; reared at Muncie; entered service July 23, 1918; assigned to 299th Aero Squadron; died of influenza at Pittsburg, Pa., October 18, 1918.

MANSON HARRINGTON, born in Delaware county March 20, 1896; entered service December 7, 1917; mechanic aviation section; died at Camp Hancock, Ga., April 26, 1918.

KENNETH CLIFFORD HAWK, born at Muncie, December 31, 1891; enlisted in regular army, Ft. Benjamin Harrison, July 31, 1917; transferred to C. O. T. S., Camp Gordon, Ga., where he died on August 5, 1918, from injuries received in bayonet practice.

OVA D. A. HAZELBAKER, born in Delaware county July 7, 1889; entered service September 21, 1917; overseas in May, 1918, Company L, 130th Infantry, 33d Division; killed in action, Dannevoux Wood, Cote d'Mais, France, October 1, 1918.

CARL CONRAD HERDERING, born at Celina, Ohio, January 9, 1888; Muncie, 1900; entered service August 30, 1918; overseas in. December, 1918, Company K, 316th Infantry; died in France of pneumonia, February 9, 1919.

CLEO CLIFFORD HEUCHAN, born at Muncie, August 27, 1888; entered service March 29, 1918; overseas in May, 1918; Company F, A7th Infantry, 83d Division, later with Army of Occupation and died from effects of being gassed in action, April 14, 1919; buried in American cemetery, Coblenz.

RALPH HIATT, born at Gaston, this county, January 20, 1895; enlisted in regular army May 11, 1917; assigned to Company A, 5th Machine Gun Battalion and went overseas; killed in action November 5, 1918.

FRANK B. HUKILL, born at St. Louis, Mo., June 2, 1894; Muncie in 1895; entered service December 10, 1917; assigned to 219th Aero Squadron; died of pneumonia at San Antonio, Tex., October 23, 1918.

OMER ALBERT HUNTZINGER, born at Anderson, Ind., September 7, 1894; Delaware county in 1917; entered service December 7, 1917; assigned to 15th Company, 2d regiment, Signal Corps; overseas in March, 1918; died from tumor on brain in U. S. Hospital No. 4, in France, July 17, 1918.

WILLIAM B. KENT, born at Eaton, this county, January 138, 1897; enlisted in regular army in June, 1916; overseas in April, 1918, with 5th Division; killed in the battle of St. Mihiel, September 16, 1918.

VERNON MONROE KIDD, born at Waco, Mo., December 6, 1896; moved with parents to Yorktown, this county, in 1902; following rejection by U. S. recruiting officers he enlisted in Canadian Flying Corps in September, 1917; overseas early in 1918 and promoted to first lieutenant; killed in airplane accident August 30, 1918.

PAUL THOMAS LEATHERMAN, born at Muncie, November 26, 1893 ; entered service February 8, 1918; assigned to the depot brigade at Camp Taylor, Ky., and died there on August 23, 1918.

WILLIAM PAUL LEWIS, born in Madison county, Indiana, February 2, 1895, but moved with parents to Delaware county; entered service December 6, 1917, and assigned to 611th Aero Squadron; died of pneumonia at Kelly Field, Tex., January 20, 1918.

MARCUS WARD MINOR, born at Muncie, February 2, 1900; enlisted in Indiana National Guard, April 26, 1917; federalized at Camp Shelby, Miss., and sent overseas with Company H, 104th Infan-

NEWTON MOPPIN, born in Owen county, Kentucky, November 17, 1881; Muncie in 1903; entered service March 4, 1918, and attached to Coast Artillery Corps; died of pneumonia at Ft. Moultrie, S. C., March 19, 1918.

HARRY H. MUTCH, born at Muncie, September 28, 1896; enlisted in Indiana National Guard, March 31, 1917; federalized at Ft. Benjamin Harrison; overseas in November, 1917, Battery E, 150th Field Artillery, 42d Division; killed in action near Fleville, France, October 28, 1918.

JOHN PATTERSON NEWELL, Jr., born at Cincinnati, Ohio, August 15, 1893; family moved to Muncie in 1900; entered service September 5, 1917, sent to C. O. T. S., Camp Lee, Va.; died of influenza, October 11,1918. -

FRANCIS IRL O'CONNELL, born at Wheeling, this county, February 15, 1897; entered service November 7, 1917; 251st Aero Squadron, Ft. Sill, Ark.; died from accidental causes April 5, 1918.

HORACE MANN PICKERILL, born in Brown county, Ohio, January 22, 1888; Muncie, 1915; enlisted in Medical Reserve Corps, September, 1917; assigned to service in 8. A. T. 8., Indiana University School of Medicine; died of pneumonia at Indianapolis, December 17, 1918.

BEARL V. PITTENGER, born at Muncie, February 138, 1894; enlisted in regular army May 1, 1917; overseas with 119th Field Artillery; killed in action at Fismes, France, August 4, 1918.

WILLIAM OLEARA QUIRK, born at Milton, Ind., December 3, 1892; Delaware county, 1894; entered service September 21, 1917; overseas in May, 1918, Company M, 130th Infantry, 33d Division; died from wounds received in battle, October 6, 1918. The American Legion post at Eaton is named in his honor.

CHARLES FREDERICK RANDALL, born in Huntington county, Indiana, January 24, 1900; Muncie, 1911; entered service December 14, 1917; assigned to Aviation Patrol duty, Garden City, N. Y.; died of influenza March 14, 1919.

GEORGE FRANKLIN REED, born at Summitville, Ind., June 5, 1891; Delaware county in boyhood; entered service February 14, 1918; assigned to the 28th Company, 7th Training Battalion, Camp Taylor, Ky.; died of tuberculosis while enroute home, June 5, 1918.

JOHN ERSKINE REYNOLDS, born near Dayton, Ohio, January 29, 1889; Muncie, 1903; entered service April 3, 1918; overseas in July, 1918, Battery E, 70th Field Artillery; died of pneumonia in France, March 1, 1919.

GLEN SHIPLEY, born in Fayette county, Indiana, June 13, 1888; Muncie in 1915; entered service March 4, 1918; overseas in May, 1918; killed in action in the second battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918.

HOWARD IVAL SMITH, born at Redkey, Ind., May 8, 1900; Muncie in 1907; enlisted in regular army April 25, 1917; assigned to 1st Company, Coast Artillery; died of pneumonia at Ft. Monroe, Va., March 13, 1918.

EARL CRANSTON SPENCER, born at Shideler, this county, July 28, 1892; enlisted in regular army February 4, 1915; served three years in Philippines; returned to America in June, 1918, and transferred to Battery B, 67th Company, Coast Artillery; died of pneumonia at Camp Mills, N. Y., October 16, 1918.

WILLIAM H. TAYLOR, born at Muncie, February 8, 1894; enlisted in regular army June 14, 1917; overseas from Camp Mills in May, 1918, and assigned to Headquarters Company, 307th Field Signal Battalion; died on August 11, 1918, from wounds received in action.

ALONZO TERRY (colored), born at Gladys, Va., June 25, 1895; Muncie, 1914; enlisted in regular army August 25, 1917; assigned to Company H, 809th Pioneers; embarked for France on September 23, 1918, and died aboard transport, October 4, 1918, of influenza.

WILLIAM ROBERT THOMAS, born in Springfield, Ohio, March 29, 1890; Muncie in 1907; entered service in September, 1917; overseas with Company B of the 334th Infantry in April, 1918; died at Brest, France, from ulcer of stomach, April 24, 1918.

AUSTIN CLYDE WILSON, born at Muncie, June 22, 1896; enlisted in U. S. Navy in 1914; served three years and honorably discharged; re-enlisted on September 6, 1917; first class gunner on the "Westover," on which he lost his life when the vessel was torpedoed, July 11, 1918.

FRANK E. WORRKEL, born in Madison county, Indiana, January 1, 1886; Muncie, 1904; enlisted in regular army in 1906 and was in continuous service until his death on June 26, 1918, from injuries received by horse falling on him at Ft. Riley.

JOHN H. WORRHEL, brother of above, born on September 25, 1897 ; entered service September 5, 1917; overseas in September, 1918, Company C. 11th Infantry, 2d Division; killed in action at Montfaucon, France, October 14, 1918.

ISAAC CLYDE WYCKOFF, born at Chillicothe, Ohio, May 20, 1888; Muncie, 1915; entered service June 26, 1918; overseas in September, 1918, Company C. 334th Infantry; died of pneumonia in camp hospital No..26, Noyers, France, October 28, 1918.

How News Of War Was Received At Muncie

Following the declaration of war on Friday, April 6, the men of affairs of Muncie, acting through the Commercial Club, called for a mass meeting, a "Patriots' Rally Day," for April 17, and the following heads of committees were named to lay the plans for the formulation of a systematic effort to impress upon the community something of the solemn obligations of the hour: Chairman, A. Earl Boyce; secretary, Frank J. Claypool; committeemen - factories, Harry L. Kitselman; fraternal, Charles Bowden; schools, Milton Retherford; business men, Earl Fouts; women, Mrs. M. A. Doran; rural, Dr. O. L. Boor; publicity, Herbert S. Maddy; veterans, Commander Hannan; decorations, Charles Galliher; music, Leonard E. Paris; speakers, Fred McClellan; military, Sergeant Finney of the United States army, and Lieutenant Hagerty of the 2d regiment, Indiana National Guard; public officials, Frank D. Haimbaugh; parade, Charles O. Preutzman; permanent organization, George Koons, and churches, Doctor Mason.

The next step was the organization, under the direction of Frank J. Claypool, president of the Delaware County Farmers Institute, of the farmers of the county in a band for the promotion of more effective measures for the production of a better food supply under the operation of plans to be worked out by representatives of each township in the county. A prior organization in Muncie, the Municipal Garden Association, formed for the purpose of cultivating back yards and vacant lots, also pledged support to the movement looking to the planting of a greater acreage and a more intensive cultivation of the farms.

In the meantime a recruiting station had been opened at Muncie and before the 10th of April nearly one hundred men had enlisted for service. On the 11th the first detachment of thirty recruits were sent to Ft. Thomas. These were Archie F. Fudge, Neely Holt, George Bradbury, Estel Hopper, Leo Wise, Clinton Swingler, Joseph Douglas,

Edward McCoy, Francis Mahoney, Aaron Barker, Thomas Fontaine, Dewey Merrill, Charles F. Reel, Charles L. Hoyt, Howard Bell, Archie Clements, Clarence Clements, Ray Moore, Orin Franklin, Ethan Mumaw, Robert McAdams, Edward Schwer, George Buedefelt, John T. Covert, Robert Murray, Harry Hoot, John Brown, Carl D. Lucas, James R. Coovert and George Murray. "There were many pathetic scenes at the interurban station when the young man, bound for army service, left," said the Star. "Mothers clung to their departing sons to the very last moment and sisters and sweethearts were on hand to say a last farewell." And there were many such scenes enacted before the last detachment left, as the days of the war unfolded.

The people of the city and county promptly responded to the call for renewed expressions of patriotism and formal flag raisings were "held" at all schools, important factories and leading commercial houses, this form of patriotic expression culminating in a general public or municipal flag raising at the Broadway entrance to McCulloch park on the afternoon of the 15th, with Frank D. Haimbaugh presiding, an address by Dr. E. G. Mason and the raising of the flag by veterans of the Civil war. For the general "patriotic day" celebration on the 17th, Mayor Rollin H. Bunch declared a holiday for the afternoon and the whole community joined in a demonstration which was convincing, as the Star put it, that "Muncie, at the very least, offers as much as any city on the map of these United States when it comes to displaying the devotion and loyalty of a freedom-loving people to the call of a nation that has stood for humanity and justice since its birth." Delaware county was at war and this general outpouring of the people gathered in the county seat on that afternoon left no doubt of the feeling with which all its obligations toward the common cause were carried out in full to the end.

When the operations of the draft board came on, under the effective provisions of the selective-service law, whereby successive detachments of men were sent into service, the county was divided into two districts, Center township and the city of Muncie as district No. 1 and the remainder of the county as No. 2. And the continuing calls were responded to and the boys continued to go until with the announcement of the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, conscription ceased. And all Delaware county celebrated on that Monday, November 11, the scenes at the county seat being such as to lead the Star to remark that "the city reached its apogee of enthusiasm, and never in its history before, and probably never in history to come, will such a demonstration of enthusiasm again be duplicated." And all of Delaware county's towns and villages responded in likewise in proportion to population and quantity of noise-making devices. "The day will be recorded on history's pages centuries and centuries to come," said the Star. "It is a stupendous thing to conceive, and we of Delaware county took part in the making of this history."

Organization Of Local Forces For War

In the nature of Indiana's plan of organization for effective and systematic war work, the local headquarters of the numerous activities set on foot in this county for the furtherance of the nation's aims in war was the office of the County Council of Defense. Governor James P. Goodrich had appointed a State Council of Defense and the plan adopted provided for the appointment of county councils of defense in each county of the state. William A. Thompson, then judge of the Delaware circuit court, appointed as members of this body in this county the following representative citizens: George B. Lockwood, Mrs. Gladys Rose, Howard A. Brown, Michael T. Hanley and Will F. White, of Muncie; Samuel D. Morris, of Eaton, and Lee N. Way, of Albany. In the following October Mrs. Rose, who had been serving as secretary of the council, resigned her post and was succeeded by Genevieve H. Hanna. In December George B. Lockwood, chairman of the council, resigned; Will F. White became chairman, and Judge Thompson appointed Harry L. Kitselman to fill the vacancy in the council. Kitselman presently entered service and J. Lloyd Kimbrough was appointed to succeed him. As the labors of the council grew the county was divided into three sections for local work and Clarence Retherford was appointed leader in the eastern tier of townships, Jesse White in the center and Harrold Hobbs in the west. In each township local committees also rendered assistance in this behalf, all sections of the county thus being kept in constant and responsive contact with the central council, which assumed a certain supervisional] charge over all subsidiary activities that gradually developed out of the needs of the situation as the months of stress passed. That Delaware county was thoroughly organized for war will be realized when it is recalled that in the various campaigns for raising money for war purposes more than $11,500,000 was subscribed by the people of this county and that, on the average, the county's quota in these various campaigns was oversubscribed by as much as 100 per cent.

As is pointed out in Lannes McPhetridge's admirable blue book, "Delaware County in the World War" (1919), "it was the fixed war policy of the defense organization to obtain and maintain active and definite working relations with all sorts of organizations, patriotic, civic, religious, fraternal, military, social, commercial, educational and business. Political party organizations were merged and energized by a common loyalty for a common purpose. Leaders were enlisted and new leaders were developed from all walks of life. Workers were drafted and enthused and set at all manner of unwonted {asks - all for the Flag and for the cause of righteousness. This was done through the defense council."

One of the active agencies directed by this council was a speakers' bureau, under the supervision of State Senator Arthur D. McKinley, which rendered effective service in stimulating local enthusiasm. "Four minute" speakers for local incidental meetings were organized under the direction of the Muncie Advertising Club, led by D. O. Skillen, and this club also rendered valuable service in directing the essential publicity movements, in co-operation with the newspapers. The labor section which had in hand the consideration of the local labor supply and labor distribution problem, and to help enforce the famous "work or fight" order, also was effectively organized and did its part toward helping Delaware county supply its quota and more to meet any labor emergency arising out of the country's war needs. Other sections - educational, the enlistment of the schools in a broad Americanism program; medical, which stimulated the enlistment of physicians and nurses for war service and furthered public health movements; public welfare, organized to preserve a high local morale and to avert such demoralizing influences as might ordinarily be expected to grow out of a state of war; protection, organized to discomfit "slackers" and to nullify seditious propaganda; conservation, movements set on foot to insure the economic distribution and use of food' and fuel supplies; the boys' working reserve, an organization which did much to stimulate the enthusiastic patriotism of the youth - all these, and others of the activities of the County Council of Defense, kept the county thoroughly "keyed up" to the needs of the time.

No less active was the Woman's County Council of Defense, which was organized in September, 1917, it early having become apparent that in the progress of this war women were taking a part never before contemplated of the "female of the species" in the prosecution of war. Not only did the women from the start take a hand in all sorts of war activities, but in many of these they took the lead; and it was through the efficient agency of this local woman's council, oper- ating in conjunction with similar state and Federal councils, that the women of Delaware county literally were organized down to the very household unit in the work of pushing the war to an early and successful conclusion. The central committee of this effective woman's organization was composed as follows: Chairman, Genevieve H. Hanna, of Muncie; vice-chairman, Mrs. Harry E. Snyder; secretary, Mrs. C. G. Williams; treasurer, Mrs. J. Carl O'Harra, and Mrs. A. T. Applegate, Mrs. M. T. Hanley and Mrs. E. W. Barrett. The thoroughness of this organization of women may be realized when it is recalled that as "block workers" they made a house-to-house canvass of the county, reaching every home, business house, office and industry. There were more than 1,100 of these active "block workers," including women from the churches and clubs of the county and they organized the county compactly, by precincts, there being no fewer than fifty of these units of immediate local service, responsive to and acting under the direction of the woman's council. It was really a very wonderful service thus rendered, these devoted women doing more than they realized at the time toward quickening the patriotic impulses of the entire community.

Acting through subcommittees, this local council of women took a part in practically all local war activities. One of their most effective bits of service was in the enrollment of all the women in the county for possible war service and in making out a card index of each individual and classifying these for special emergency work as the need might arise, should it be found that the war was long to continue. The women of the county were thus classified for possible service under the various heads of agriculture, clerical, domestic, industrial, professional, public service, social service, relief work and the like, and more than 16,000 women were thus enrolled and classified, a task of no small magnitude. When as the months passed it became apparent that a rigid conservation of the food and fuel supplies of the country would have to be maintained, another house-to-house canvass was made with a view to distributing food cards, pledging householders to a conscientious observance of the restrictions which necessarily were placed upon the use of the vital necessities of life. Canning and preserving demonstrations also were carried on and a thorough survey of economic conditions throughout the county was made, all with a view to simplifying methods of living and conserving basic necessities. The continuing effects of this admirable practical home economics survey, it is needless to say, are still felt and will long be felt as fixed benefits to the community.

In each of the precincts under the direction of the woman's council there were food clubs organized, in these organizations being enrolled hundreds of women who were pledged to the production of food stuffs in home gardens and to further efforts in preserving foods for winter use. Gardening was stimulated as never before and many useful lessons along this line were taught. In the health and recreation section and along the lines of child welfare much good work also was accomplished and the baby clinics held in various parts of the county did much to stimulate the "better babies" movement. Children in need were located and taken care of by the local associated charities. The Americanization section of this work among the women rendered service in giving special attention to the women of foreign birth in the factory districts. Social service agencies received much attention on the part of these women workers, who also carried on an extensive educational campaign, one angle of which was the aid they rendered in bringing about the suspension of the teaching of German in the public schools. The publicity section of this council, under the direction of Mrs. Mary Carmichael, who carried on a department ""Women in War" in the local newspapers, was aided by the formation of a squad of ''fourteen minute" women, under the leadership of Mrs. Frank J. Claypool, and of "four minute'? women, under the direction of Mrs. Harriet Johnston, who went about making speeches where and when they would be appropriate, these being aided by volunteer singers on occasion. In the money raising campaigns, Liberty Loan "drives," thrift stamp sales and the like, these "block workers" also rendered effective service in encouraging subscriptions.

Among the most effective amelioration agencies growing out of the war was the society of War Mothers, organized by the women who had sons in service and who banded themselves together for mutual comfort and encouragement in this time of stress and to be helpful among the families of soldiers. In February, 1918, Mrs. Frank D. Haimbaugh was appointed by the Indiana division of the War Mothers to be the official "war mother" of Delaware county and commissioned to effect an organization in this county. In response to her call a meeting was held in the Red Cross rooms at Muncie, a goodly representation of women who had sons in the service responding. At this meeting organization was effected by electing Mrs. C. G. Williams as vice-chairman, Mrs. William Overmire as secretary and Mrs. George Hammond as treasurer, Mrs. Daniel Davis later being elected corresponding secretary. The Commercial Club tendered the use of the club rooms as a meeting place for the War Mothers and effective monthly meetings were held. The Delaware county chapter of the American War Mothers became one of the most active and efficient in the state, and many agencies were brought into being to contribute to the comfort and morale of the soldiers in camp and in field, all feeling it a privilege to contribute to the financing of this beautifully worthy movement. The deep expression of the mother heart was an appeal that all could understand and all felt honored in responding to it. In the Delaware county war blue book above referred to there is a full page picture, reproduction of a photograph, of a band of Delaware county war mothers carrying through the streets a great flag on Labor Day, 1918, this flag being so held as conveniently to catch the money contributions cast into it along the line of parade. Coin and currency to the amount of more than $300 was cast into this flag. Money also was raised in other ways and hundreds of comfort kits and Christmas boxes were sent overseas by the War Mothers. This society was helpful in all the war "campaigns" and when the United War Work campaign came on headed the list of givers with a contribution of $500. After the war the War Mothers became a continuing organization and is a growing agency for good along the lines to which it is devoted.

Other agencies through which the women worked during the time of the war were the Federated Club of Clubs, the Young Woman's Christian Association and the Patriotic League, the latter of which was an organization of about fifty young women employed in Muncie stores and offices, who banded themselves together in February, 1918, and under the direction of Mrs. Finney, wife of Sergeant Joseph Finney, local recruiting officer for the United States army, became established on a military basis and were drilled by Sergeant Finney. The first captain of this Patriotic League was Mrs. R. T. Bundy, who in the second year was succeeded by Anna Connell. Coats and skirts of khaki, with leggins, constituted the uniform of the league, which rendered aid in various kinds of war work and whose natty uniform always was conspicuous in public celebrations. The Young Woman's Christian Association served as a real social service station all through the period of the war, with special reference to the service it rendered in behalf of the young women and girls who came to town to take employment in the local munition factories and other war work plants in Muncie. The association took an active part in all the money raising campaigns and never failed in making up its quota when called on.

when the time for service arrived, for here were to be found the women who had had training in social expression, and the influence of this federated club was exerted in all good ways throughout the period of stress. Early in 1918 Mrs. M. A. Doran, then the president of the federated club, became engaged in special Red Cross Work in Washington and local direction of the club's activities thereafter devolved upon Mrs. E. W. Barrett, first vice-president. Almost without exception the leaders in the various woman's service activities in this county during the war were members of this local federation of clubs and its record of service is one of which it well may be proud. No less effective was the work done by the local chapter (Paul Revere) of the Daughters of the American Revolution, which even before this country had taken a hand in the war, had been gathering clothing and money to be sent to the war sufferers in Belgium and France. In later and local service its activities were well directed and its energies usefully employed. Even before the Red Cross had begun local work the Daughters of the American Revolution had opened a workshop in a down town office building and its members were devoting two days a week there to sewing for overseas war victims.

Conservation Movements And Food Production

Food and fuel conservation and other economic measures which were developed as the war progressed found Delaware county compactly organized and cheerfully responsive to whatever exactions alone this line might be demanded. Upon the recommendations of the County Council of Defense and of the Muncie Commercial Club, Frank D. Haimbaugh, Muncie postmaster, was appointed fuel administrator | for Delaware county by the state fuel administrator and served in that capacity until the service was discontinued in February, 1919. Subject to his call there was a general local committee consisting of Court L. VanArsdol, Harold Hobbs and Alvin D. Lowery and the following local administrators: George M. Hiatt, of Albany; Earl S. Goodin, of Yorktown, and D. S. Fisher, of Eaton, the latter of whom presently resigned and was succeeded by Clyde Emdee. It has been written that this local fuel administration "proved of great value in meeting the many emergencies that arose during the tragic winter of 1917-18, when fuel was at a premium and the weather was several points below zero."' It will be recalled that one of the conservation measures adopted by the national fuel administration was the appointment of certain times to be observed in the nonessential industries as "heatless" days and "lightless" nights throughout the country, and it was the duty of the local fuel administration to see that these regulations were observed in this county, and it is of record that "with very rare exceptions there was a ready and hearty compliance on the part of the public with the requirements of the administration." The equitable apportionment of coal to cover local demands was one of the tasks which fell to this administration. Another was the promotion and encouragement of the movement to utilize the otherwise waste timber in the county as fuel, a movement which resulted in the saving of much coal. The manufacturers co-operated heartily in the fuel conservation campaign and effected the organization of a Fuel Savers League at Muncie, employed expert combustion engineers to make a proper survey of the local situation and in this way effected a permanent saving in coal consumption. As was pointed out at the time, "the general public discovered that it was burning more fuel than conditions at any time warranted and that there was such a thing as practical conservation that would prevent future lean years for the coal bin."

A similar stimulus was given the subject of food production and conservation in this county. The day after war was declared hundreds of representative Delaware county farmers gathered at the court house to discuss the most practical plan for the increase of the food products of the county and there and then was initiated a movement which before the war was ended placed Delaware county in the front rank in this country as among those counties which displayed particular activity in the development of "war gardens" and in the preservation of fruits and vegetables to be used as substitutes for the staples that were demanded for army use. At this initial meeting of the farmers a temporary organization was effected and at a meeting held in the following week and which was attended by more than five hundred farmers, the emergency work of the food production organization was placed under the direction of a committee of five, consisting of Frank J. Claypool, Edward Tuhey, Enoch Drumm, Clarence Retherford and J. F. Treasure, county agent. Through the farm bureau townships were organized and the task of increasing the acreage of staple crops and the general increase and conservation of food stuffs was entered upon systematically and effectively. By co-operative methods hardly dreamed of before agriculture in this county was speeded up along all lines and very definite results were accomplished under the common stimulus of patriotic endeavor, all working together under the general direction of the Federal Food Administration, the National War Garden Commission and similar agencies.

In this connection a review of some official figures for that period may be interesting for future comparative purposes. In 1917 Indiana farmers planted 5,600,000 acres in corn, or 600,000 acres in excess of the 1916 crop. The total yield in 1917 exceeded the yield of any prewar year by 28,000,000 bushels. In 1917 the wheat crop in Indiana amounted to 33,392,000 bushels and in 1918 it amounted to 54,999,000, representing an increase of 65 per cent. Indiana farmers were requested by the Federal government to increase the wheat acreage 17 per cent in 1918, but the records show that they responded with an increase of 630,000 acres, which represented a 23 per cent increase. The United States Food Administration requested Indiana to increase its pork production 20 per cent in 1918. Reports submitted for that year show that the request was complied with and that the increase amounted to slightly more than 20 per cent.

None who passed through that period will forget the discouragements which faced the farmers due to adverse weather conditions. The 1916 crop of wheat in this county had been practically destroyed by winter freezing, and in the fall of that year instead of the 14,000 acres planted to wheat the year before there were but 8,000 acres planted. Under the stimulus of war needs the acreage in the fall of 1917 was 16,000, which yielded a good crop. In the spring of 1917 no less than 70,000 acres were planted to corn, but due to faulty maturity 50 per cent of this crop was a loss. Due to frost in June, 1918, 63 per cent of the corn crop of that year was a loss. But despite these losses of the crop needed to fatten hogs in response to the food administration's appeals the county's pork production for 1918 actually was increased 10 per cent. Under the direction of the county agent and his associates pig and calf clubs, corn clubs, canning clubs and garden clubs proved stimulating factors in this movement for increased production on the farm and a definite impulse was given to these activities which has had a permanent effect on general agricultural operations in this county. The value of "get-together" and co-operative movements among the farmers was demonstrated and the present Farmers Association and the Delaware County Farm Bureau may be regarded as continuing organizations growing out of the activities originally based upon war needs. The same may be said of the permanent effect of the garden club movement inaugurated during that time for the encouragement of "war gardens." Nearly every local community had its garden club and war gardens flourished everywhere. So effective was the work along this line that the National War Garden Commission at Washington paid special tribute to the workers here. Canning clubs also took an active part in the preservation and conservation movement and township trustees provided central canning outfits for the people of their townships, these generally being operated under the direction of the domestic economics department of the central schools in the several townships, Edna M. Treasure, county supervisor of domestic science, taking the lead in special canning demonstrations. The Ball Bros. Glass Manufacturing Company of Muncie, manufacturers of glass fruit jars, contributed largely to the encouragement and promotion of this phase of food conservation.

When it became necessary in furtherance of the government's general food conservation plans to appoint food administrators in each community to see that essential food stuffs were neither wasted nor hoarded and that profiteering in food stuffs was not being engaged in, David T. Haines was appointed food administrator for Delaware county with Carl Robe White as assistant, and under this direction and supervison a strict check was kept on essential local food supplies. With a few exceptions the regulations of this administration were well observed. Another factor operating along this line was the Merchants Economy Committee, which included practically all merchants in Delaware county, co-operating with the national, state and county councils of defense to minimize useless labor in merchandising. J.C. O'Harra, of Muncie, was appointed deputy for this county in this behalf and later became state chairman of this particular department of economic conservation, in which, as has been written, "'every store became a center for the distribution of information and patriotic inspiration - a food administration school for practical patriots."

As an industrial center for war work Muncie occupied a conspicuous position by reason of the location here of certain industrial plants specially adapted for the manufacture of supplies required in war work. The glass factories turned their facilities over to the manufacture of glass containers for food and insulators for war telegraph and telephone lines. The wire mills turned out vast quantities of wire for military purposes, telephone wires and entanglement wires; the gear factories were engaged in the manufacture of gears and transmissions for war automotive machines, foundries were turned over to the production of castings for motors and other engines of war, the crucible plant was kept busy supplying crucibles and fire clay for use in war material plants, the structural steel plant was devoted to the manufacture of fabrications for the ship yards, the table cutlery works was given over to the manufacture of knives, forks and spoons for army use; wheel works turned their attention to the manufacture of artillery wheels and other factories rendered such service as they could in helping to expedite the manufacture of war supplies for a nation that was forced to go to war without adequate prior preparation. A fair estimate has it that during the year 1918 no less than 90 per cent of the output of the Muncie factories was in some form of war supplies. With the gradual departure of the young men from the farms and factories to go to war, women and girls took their places in industry and thus was developed another and interesting phase of "the new freedom" of women. Many industrial lessons were learned during that period of deeply concentrated effort that have had an euduring influence upon the later development of certain industries, the factory as well as the farm having profited by the lessons forced by necessity.

The Common Interest In The Red Cross Work

"As his part is that goeth down to battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff: they shall take part alike." Here is an axiom of war as true today as in the age in which it was promulgated. In the story of home service in Delaware county during the stressful days of this country's participation in the World war no chapter is more illuminating than that relating to the participation of the people of this county in the activities of the American Red Cross. It is gratifying to record that this county's participation in these Red Cross activities attained the highest per capita percentage, based on population, of any county in Indiana. The impulse toward generous giving seems strongly developed here. In the recent (1923) state wide campaign for subscriptions to the fund for the erection of a hospital for crippled children at the state capital in memory of James Whitcomb Riley, the response of the people of this county totaled $111,580, which established a new record both as to per capita subscription and county total, with the exception of Marion county, the "campaign" here having been declared to have been "the most intensive drive in the hospital movement in the state." To the high honor of the legionaries, this "drive" was carried on here under the direction of the local posts of the American Legion, the beautiful spirit of the Red Cross thus being expressed in a new form. In the summer of 1923 when the call came for help from far away Japan for relief for earthquake sufferers the continuing chapter of the Red Cross in this county promptly responded, out of hand, to the quota call made upon it with a check for $5,500. The continuing considerable membership of active workers in the Red Cross in this county made this possible. The lessons of

The ready response this community ever has made to calls for relief was demonstrated when the neighboring county town of Newcastle was hard hit by a cyclone in 1916. The people of Muncie and of Delaware county at large were large contributors both of money and material to aid those who suffered in that memorable catastrophe. Though Muncie itself was pretty hard hit during the time of the memorable flood in the spring of 1913, as is set out elsewhere, it promptly responded to the call of distress from neighboring communities that were suffering far greater losses. The needs of the people of Peru were particularly appealing during that time of flood stress. The late Frank D. Haimbaugh at that time was president of the Muncie Commercial Club. When Peru's need became urgent he called a meeting of the Commercial Club for 10 o'clock one morning, at which meeting relief plans were worked out. At 2 o'clock of the same day a special relief train was on the way from Muncie to Peru laden with provisions and other supplies needful for relief, as well as volunteers ready to render such personal service as might be helpful to their stricken neighbors at the mouth of the Mississinewa.

Delaware county had no fewer than 20,525 members of the American Red Cross during the time of war. That 4,890 of these were enrolled in the ranks of the Junior Red Cross is deeply significant of the spirit of helpfulness thus promoted in the breasts of the youth, a spirit which now finds reflection in the continuing activities of the local chapter. The first quota laid upon the people of Detaware county for Red Cross work following this country's entrance into war in the spring of 1917 was $26,000. The response to this call was a prompt subscription of $40,097. In the summer of 1918 another call came. Delaware county's quota this time was $75,000. The subscriptions in this behalf totaled $88,289.80, a most gratifying oversubscription, even as the calls in behalf of the several government loans were oversubscribed, as told below; with the difference that in the response to the Red Cross calls the money was freely and generously given with no thought of returns, while subscription to the government loans was a very sound financial investment. There were more than 20,000 subscribers to this second Red Cross call. Contributions to the Red Cross through other mediums, social entertainments and the like, during this time totaled almost $10,000, so that in the aggregate Delaware county gave to the Red Cross movement during the period of the war more than $137,500 in cash.

But that is only part of the story. Delaware county is a very rich and prosperous community. The giving of money in such a community is easy. The giving of personal service not always is quite so easy. And it was in this element of unselfish, oftentimes self-sacrificing personal service that the people, particularly the women, of this county distinguished themselves. The full story of that service never can be written. The newspaper files of the period carry many of the details of this form of service; the blue book, "Delaware County in the World War," carries a compact story of the outward details of this service, but the story of the heart service underlying it all ever must remain unwritten. Statistics usually are poor things, without a heart throb in them. At best few persons read them, and fewer analyze them; but there are some statistics relating to the personal service of the women in the work of the Red Cross in this county during that period that do have in them the rare heart throb. As one has written: "Stripped of all pretense, the souls of these women who were 'standing by' stood revealed in all the glory of patriotic fervor. As hard and as loyally as the boys who had gone, they were fighting to help win the war - but with different tools." They were enrolled in the ranks of that great ''army behind the army," and how valiantly, how determinedly did they do their bit - the women who stayed at home and sewed!

As a mere matter of statistical information, the records of the local chapter of the American Red Cross reveal that besides the more than 170,000 surgical dressings made here there were more than 50,000 articles of comfort supplied, hospital supplies and garments, knitted stuffs, refugee garments and the like. Thousands of articles also were sent to war sufferers in France and Belgium, and thotisands of pounds of clothing. Besides this service rendered in behalf of the boys in arms and the sufferers abroad, hundreds of families here at home found prompt relief through this beneficent agency in times of temporary need. The local unit of the Red Cross Canteen Service also proved a helpful agent, a gentle ministrant of cheer to soldiers enroute through the city on troop trains or motor convoys. When the influenza epidemic broke out in the fall of 1918 the local chapter of the Red Cross was an established amelioration agency of great benefit. Local nursing service also was stimulated and encouraged. No fewer than twenty nurses from this county were enlisted in service, two of these, Bertha Hayes and Mary Morrison, wearing the insignia of the Red Cross in France. Others in service were Reba Pittinger, Fannie Cunningham, Corrine Caldwell, Margaret Conkwright, Naomi Knapp,

The people of Delaware county lost little time after the declaration of war in April, 1917, in perfecting an effective local organization to co-operate with the work of the American Red Cross. At a meeting held at the Commercial Club on April 25 a tentative organization was effected and at another meeting held two days later this organization was made permanent by the election of the following officers: Chairman, Theodore F. Rose; vice-chairman, Mrs. Frank C. Ball; secretary, Frank J. Claypool, and treasurer, Karl A. Oesterle. On May 1 following this chapter was strengthened by the election of thirtysix directors representative of all townships in the county and the selection of a compact executive committee made up of the above officers and Emma Goodin, Mrs. William H. Tobin, the Rev. Edward G. Mason, Dr. O. L. Boor, and A. E. Boyce. Supplemental chairmen of departments were named as follows: First aid to men, Dr. W. J. Molloy; first aid to women, Vera Chalfant; purchase of supplies, Mrs. Martha W. Marsh. In the following October Mrs. Harriet M. Johnston succeeded Miss Goodin as a member of the executive committee. In January, 1918, the work of the chapter had grown to such proportions that it became necessary to apportion responsibility to further department heads and the executive committee divided this work into five departments with the following heads: Finance, Karl] A. Oesterle; military and civilian relief, the Rev. E. G. Mason, assisted by Mrs. Charles VanMatre; membership, Frank J. Claypool; general propaganda, Theodore F. Rose; women's work, Mrs. Harriet M. Johnston. Since the conclusion of war work in February, 1919, this local chapter of the American Red Cross has been carried on as a continuing organization as it noted above.

Liberty Loan And Other Money Raising Campaigns

Special mention is due the service of the Muncie Advertising Club in the several ''campaigns" or "drives" attending the attainment of Delaware county's quotas in the allocation of the Government's loans for war purposes. Publicity was an essential to the prompt and successful prosecution of these "drives" and the Advertising Club was the agency through which this publicity was given proper direction. Harry H. Wolf was president of the Advertising Club when war came on. Under his direction a war activities committee of the club, with

Frank McNaughton as chairman of the same, got into action and from then until the final or Victory loan was oversubscribed, even as had been the four previous loans, this club was ''on the job," utilizing all the forces, material and psychological, at the command of modern advertising specialists. The ''Four-minute" men, a flying squadron of trained speech makers, were organized and put to work under the direction of this club, Walter McConnell and Charles F. Prutzman, being in charge of that detail. Newspaper space was systematically utilized, poster displays were intelligently used, nothing proper was left undone to keep the people fully informed upon the needs of the hour; and when the war was over and the people were eagerly seeking the most expedient course back to normal conditions of living, the efforts of this club were directed with similar intelligence in a campaign of publicity designed to point the best ways back to the old peace basis. Never had the selling power of properly conducted advertising been so convincingly demonstrated.

The Government created five bond issues to secure the "'sinews of war," four during the war's progress and one following the signing of the armistice. Delaware county's apportionment or quota in the making of these loans was $6,583,000. It subscribed $10,454,500. By the time the fourth loan came on the people had become so familiar with the procedure that there were 15,541 subscribers to that loan in this county. As the advertising men would say, they had become thoroughly "sold" on the subject of Liberty bonds. According to the census of 1920 there are 14,694 families in Delaware county. A bond for each family, and more than a thousand to spare.