Elkhart County, Indiana - Biographical sketches, 1881 (part 1 of 2)

Biographical sketches

Arthur St. Clair was born in Scotland in 1734, a grandson of the Earl of Rosslyn; educated at the University of Edinburgh; studied medicine under John Hunter; inherited a large fortune on the death of his mother; entered the British army as an ensign, May 13, 1757, and the next year he came to America; became distinguished under General Wolfe at Quebec; married at Boston, May 14, 1760, Miss Phoebe Bayard, half-sister of Gov. James Bowdoin; resigned his commission in 1762; settled in Pennsylvania, in 1764, erecting a fine residence and several mills; held many offices, civil and military, and during the Revolutionary war was eminent in his services; was a member of the Continental Congress 17S5-'S7; became the first Governor of the ISTorth western Territory February 1, 1788 ; made the treaty of Fort Harmar with the Indian tribes in 17S9; fixed the seat of the Supreme Court for the Territory, January, 1790, at a point which he named Cincinnati, after the society of which he was an officer; became Commanderin-Chief of the U. S. army, March 4, 1791, which position he resigned, May 5, 1793; made an unsuccessful expedition against the Indians of the Miami and the Wabash, but was vindicated from all blame by a Congressional committee of investigation; was removed from the post of Governor, by Jefferson, ITov.' 22, 1802, when hesettledin aloghouseon the summit of Chestnut Ridge, near Greensburg, Pa., where he passed his remaining years in poverty and fruitless efforts to efi^ect a settlement of claims against the U. S. Government, but receiving small pensions, both from tlie National and State Governments. He died near Greensburg, Aug. 31, 1818. In 1812 he published a "Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign against the Indians in 1791 was conducted."

William Henry Harrison was born at Berkeley, Virginia, in 1773. In 1801 he was appointed Governor of the Territory of Indiana, which position he held more than ten years. In 1811, in the hardfought battle of Tippecanoe, he defeated the Indians under the commandof the " Prophet." In 1S12. was made Brigadier General; and in March, 1813 was made Major-General. In lS24r he was elected to United States Senate from Ohio. In 1836 was defeated by Yan Buren for President. He a^ain became the nominee of the "Whig party in 1840, and was chosen President by an overwhelming majority. He was inaugurated March 4, 1841, but died jnst one month afterward, and his remains now lie near the old homestead at jSTorth Bend, Ind.

Thomas Posey was born in Virginia, July 9, 1750; received an ordinary common-school education; removed to Western Virginia in 1769; participated in expeditions against the Ohio Indians, and in many battles of the Revolution, after which he resided for a number of years in Spotsylvania county, Va. ; was appointed Brigadier-General, Feb. 14, 1793; moved soon afterward to Kentucky, where he became Lieut. -Governor and Major-General in 1809; was U. S. Senator from Louisiana, 1812 -'3; succeeded Harrison as Governor of Indiana, in 1813, and became Agent for Indian aiFairs in 1816. He died at Shawneetown, 111., March, 19, 1S18.

Jonathan Jennings, first Governor of the State of Indiana, 1816- '22, was born in Hunterdon county, IST. J., and died near Charlestown, Clark Co., Indiana. July 26, 1834; he was amember of Congress, 1809-'16 and 1822-'31, and in 1818 he was appointed Indian Commissioner by President Monroe.

William Hendricks, the second Governor of the State of Indiana, was born in "Westmoreland county. Pa., in 17S3, and settled in Madison, Indiana, in 1814, where he died May 16, 1850. Besides that of State Executive, he filled many important offices. He was Secretary of the Convention which formed the present Constitution of Indiana, was a Representative in Congress, 1816-'22, and U. S. Senator, 1825-'37.

Noah Nohle, Governor, 1831-'7, was born in Virginia, Jan. 15, 1794, and died at Indianapolis in February, 1844. During his term as Governor occurred the Black Hawk war, the inauguration of the great " internal improvements " of so much notoriety, the hard times of 1837, the last exodus of Indians from the State, etc.

David "(Fa^/flce was born in Philadelphia, Pa, April 4, 1799; graduated at "West Point in 1821 as Lieutenant of Artillery, which position he resigned June 1, 1822; removed with his father's family in 1817 to Brookville, Ind.; studied law and acquired an extensive practice in Franklin county; was several times a member of the Legislature, once a member of the State Constitutional Convention, Lieutenant-Governor, lS37-'40, member of Cons^ress, 18-il-'3, and Judge of Marion county, 1856-'9. He died Sept. 4, 1859.

Samuel Bigger was born in "Warren county, Ohio, about 1800, graduated at Athens University; studied law at Lebanon and commenced practice in Indiana, attaining eminence in the profession; was a Representative in the State Legislature, 1834-'5, and afterward Judge of the Circuit Court. He was elected Governor of Indiana in 1840, on the Whig ticket, and served his term acceptably. By his recommodation the Indiana Hospital for the Insane was established. He died in 1845 at Fort Wayne.

James Whitcomh was born in Stockbridge, Vt., Dec. 1, 1791, educated at Transylvania University; Jan. 1, 1834 he established himself in the practice of law at Bloomington, Ind.; in 1826 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for his district; was State Senator, 1830-'5, and a leader of the Democratic party; in 1836 he was appointed Superintendent of the Land Office; resumed practice at Terre Haute in 1841; was Governor, 1843-'8, when he was elected to the U. S. Senate. He died in New York, October 4, 1852.

Joseph A. Wright was born in Pennsylvania, April 17, 1810 educational advantages limited; early in life he settled in Indiana admitted to the Bar in 1829, and rose to eminence as a practitioner member of the Legislature in 1833, and State Senator in 1840 member of Congress, lS43-'5; Governor of Indiana, 1849-'57; Minister to Prussia, 1857-'61; U.S. Senator, 1861-'2; U.S. Commissioner to the Hamburg Exhibition in 1863, and Minister to Prussia again, from 1865 until his death, at Berlin, May 11, 1867.

Ashbel P. Willard was born in Oneida county, New York, the son of Erastus Willard, sheriff of that county, 1832-'5; graduated at Hamilton College in 1842; was Governor of Indiana, 1853-'8; died at St. Paul in October, 1860.

Henry 8. Lane, brother of Gen. James H. Lane, was born in Montgomery county, Ky., Feb., 24, 1811 ; received a good commonschool education and some knowledge of the classics, studied law, moved to Indiana and was admitted to the Bar; elected to the Legislature in 1837; to Congress in 1841; was Lieutenant-Colonel of TOlunteers in the Mexican war, 1846-'7; elected U. S. Senator, 1859, but denied the seat; elected Governor of Indiana in 1S61, but in a

Histoet Of Indiana

Oliver P. Morton was born in Wayne county, Indiana, Aug. 4, 1S23; was apprenticed to a hatter at the age of 15, and worked at the trade four years, spending his leisure in study; graduated at the Miami University in 1S43; studied law with John S. Newman, admitted to the Bar in 1847, and commenced practice at Centreville, this State; elected Circuit Judge in 1852; was defeated as the Republican nominee for Governor in 1856; was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1860, with the understanding that Gen. Henry S. Lane, who was placed at the head of the ticket, was to be elected to the U. S. Senate in the event of Republican success, which plan was carried out, and he became Governor of Indiana; was elected Governor in 1864, and United States Senator, as a Union-Republican, to succeed Henry S. Lane, same politics, and was re-elected, serving all together from March 4, 1867, until his death, Nov. 1, 1877, at Indianapolis. In the autumn of 1865 he was stricken with partial paralysis, from which he never recovered. He was compelled to do his work by secretaries, to be carried in and out of the Senate Chamber, and to address the Senate seated. As he was the noted " war Gov^nor " of this glorious State, see section on the war with the Rebellion, pages 205 to 249, for further particulars of this illustrious man's life.

Conrad Baker first served as acting Governor during the exciting times over the 15th amendment described on pages 197, supra,oi this volume. He was elected by the Republicans Lieutenant Governor of the State, on the same ticket with Oliver P. Morton for Governor, with the understanding that Mr. Morton should be sent to the United States Senate and resign the government of this State to Mr. Baker. The programme was carried out, and Mr. Baker served his place so well that at the end of the term he was elected by the people Governor, and he served the second term, - making in all six years. Governor Baker was a faithful Executive, in sympathy with all the institutions of Republicanism and the interests of his State. He had a work compiled on " Indiana and her Resources," which is well calculated to draw men of capital to this fine commonwealth and enable her to compete with all her sister States in the Union.

Thomas A. Hendricks was bora in Muskingum county, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1819; removed with his father in 1822 to Shelby county, Ind.; graduated in 1841 at South Hanover College; admitted to the Bar in 1843. "Was an active member of State Constitutional Convention of 1850, member of Congress 1851-'5 from the Indianapolis district; Commissioner of the General Land OfBce of the United States 1855-'9; United States Senator, Democratic, lS63-'9, and lastly Governor of Indiana 1872-'6. In the latter year he was candidate for Vice President of the United States.

James D. Williams was born in Pickaway coiinty, O., Jan. 16, 1808; removed to Knox county, Ind., in ISIS; was educated in the log school -house of the country; is by occupation a farmer; was a member of the State House of Pepresentatives in 1S43, 1847, 1S51, 1S56 and 1S58; was elected to the State Senate in ISoS, 1862 and 1S70; was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore in 1873; was the Democratic nominee for United States Senator in 1873 against O. P. Morton; was elected a Representative from Indiana in the 44th Congress, lS75-'7, receiving 17,393 votes against 9,545 for Levi Ferguson, and Dec. 1, 1876, he resigned this office, on account of having been elected Governor. His term will expire Jan. 3, ISSl.

United States Senators

James Nohle was born at Battletown, Va., went to the frontier when a youth, located in Kentucky, and afterward in Indiana; served as United States Senator from Dec. 12, 1S16, to Feb. 26, 1831, when he died, in "Washington, D. C.

Waller Taylor was a Major and Aide to Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, United States Senator lS16-'25, and a man of much literary culture. He was breveted General, and died at Lunenburg, Va., August 26, 1826.

Rohert Hanna was born in Laurens District, S. C, April 6, 1786; removed with his parents to Indiana and subsequently settled in Brookville in 1802; was Sheriff of the Eastern District of Indiana in 1809, and held the position until the organization of the State Government; was appointed Register of the Land Office, and removed to Indianapolis in 1825; was appointed United States Senator as a Whig, in place of James Noble, deceased, serving from Dec. 5, 1831, to Jan. 3, 1S32, wlien his successor took his seat; was elected a State Senator, but was defeated when a candidate for re-election; was killed by a railroad train while walking on the track at Indianapolis, Nov. 19, 1859.

Histoey Of Indiana

John Tipton was born in Sevier county, Tenn., in August, 1785; liis father having been killed by the Indians in 1793, he did not even enjoy the advantages of a public-school education, having to support a mother, two sisters and a half brother; in 1807 he removed with them to Indiana, where he purchased 50 acres of land, paying for it by splitting rails at 50 cents a hundred; was elected Ensign of that noted frontier company, the " Yellow- Jackets," in 1811, and served with them in the Tippecanoe campaign; was chosen Sheriff of Harrison county, Ind., in 1815; was elected Master of Pisgah Lodge of Freemasons in 1S19, and was Grand Master of Masons in Indiana in 1819 and 1829; was elected a Representative in the State Legislature in 1821; was U S. Indian Agent with the Miami and Pottawatomie tribes from lS2i to 1831, when he was elected U. S. Senator, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of James Noble; was re-elected for a full term, and served from Jan. 3 IS32, until his death, April 5, 1839, by pulmonary apoplexy, at Logansport, Ind.

Olivev H. Smith was born in Trenton, jST. J., Oct. 23, 1794, emigrated to Indiana in 1S17, practiced law, and in 1824 was Prosecuting Attorney for tlie 3d District of Indiana; was a member of Legislature in 1822, of Congress 1827-'9, and of the U. S. Senate lS37-'-43. He published " Recollections of Congressional Life." and '' Early Indiana Trials, Sketches and Reminiscences." He died at Indianapolis, March 19, 1S59.

Albert S. White was born at Blooming Grove, jST. Y., Oct. 24, 18'.^3; received a classical education, graduating at Union College in 1822; studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1S''5, and commenced practice at Lafayette, Ind.; was for five years Clerk of the Indiana House of Representatives; was elected Representative in Congress as a Whig in 1837, receiving 10,737 votes against ' 3,369 votes for IST. Jackson, Democrat, serving from Sept. 4, 1837, to March 3, 1839; was president of several railroads; was elected TI. S. Senator from Indiana, serving from Dec. 2, 1839, to March 3,1845; declined a re-election; was again elected Representative in Congress in 1861, as a Republican, receiving 13,310 votes against 11,489 votes for Wilson, Democrat, serving from July 4, 1861, to March 3,1863; was a commissioner to adjust claims against the Sioux Indians; was appointed by President Lincoln in 1864, U. S. Judge for Indiana; died at Stockwell, Ind., September 4, 1864.

in Indiana. He was several times a member of the Legislature, and was a member of Congress 1833-'7, U. S. Senator lS43-'9, Minister to Prussia, 1849-'53. While partially drunk, in 1852, he killed his brother-in-law, Capt. Duncan.

Jesse D. Bright was born in Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y., Dec. 18, 1812; moving to Indiana, he received an academic education, and studied and practiced law; was Circuit Judge, State Senator, U. S. Marshall, Lieut. Governor of the State, and President of the TJ. S. Senate during several sessions. In 1857 the Democratic members of the State Legislature re-elected him to the U. S. Senate in a manner which was denounced as fraudulent and unconstitutional by his Pepublican opponents, and his seat was contested. He continued a Senator until February, 1862, when he was expelled for disloyalty by a vote of 32 to 14. The principal proof of his crime was recommending to Jeff. Davis, in March, 1861, a person desirous of furnishing arms.

CJiarles W. Cathcart was born on the island of Madeira in 1809, received a good English education, followed the sea in his boyhood, located at LaPorte, Ind., in 1831, and engaged in farming; was U. S. Land Surveyor several years, a Representative in the State Legislature, a Democratic Elector in 1815, Kepresentative in Congress 1815-'7, re-elected to serve 1847-'9, appointed D. S. Senator in place of James Whitcomb, deceased, and served from Dec. 6, 1852, to March 3, 1853; then returned to farming.

John Pettit was born at Sackett's Harbor, JST. T., July 24, 1807; received an academical education, studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1838, commencing practice at Lafayette, Ind. ; was a member of the State House of Representatives two terms, U. S. District Attorney, representative in Congress 1843-'5, as a Democrat, re-elected to the next Congress, serving all together from Dec. 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849; was a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1850; was a Democratic Elector in 1852; was U. S. Senator from Jan. 18, 1853, to March 3, 1855, in place of James Whitcomb, deceased; was appointed by President Buchanan, Chief Justice of the U. S. Courts in Kansas; in 1870, was elected Supreme Judge of Indiana. He was renominated for this position -in 1876, but owing to scandals in connection with the Court, which excited popular indignation, he was forced off the ticket, and the name of Judge Perkins substituted; he died at Lafayette, Ind., June 17, 1877.

Graham R . Fitch was born at LeE.oy, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1810; reueived a classical education, studied medicine and practiced at Logansport, Ind. ; was professor in Rush Medical College, Chicago, ISil-'iO; was an Indiana Presidential Elector in IS-ii, 184S and 1S.56, a member of the State Legislature in 1836 and 1839; was a Eepresentative in Congress from Dec. 3, 1849, to March 3, 1S53, being elected the last time over Schuj-ler Colfax, "Whig; was U. S. Senator from Indiana from Feb. 9, 1857, to March 3, 1861; was a Delegate to the National Democratic Convention at New Tork City in 1868.

David Tur_pie was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, July 8, 1829, graduated at Kenyon College in 18-48, studied law, admitted to the Bar in 1849, and commenced practice at Logansport, Ind. : was a member of the State House of Representatives in 1S52; was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1854, and of the Circuit Court in 1856, both of which positions he resigned; was again a member of the Legislature in 1858; was U. S. Senator, as a Democrat, in place of Jesse D. Bright, expelled, from Jan. 22, 1863, to March 3, same year.

Daniel D. Pratt was born at Palermo, Me., Oct. 26, 1813, and was taken to New York State by his parents when a lad; graduated at Hamilton College in 1831; removed to Indiana in 1832 where he taught school; went to Indianapolis in 1834, where he wrote in the Secretary of State's office and studied law; commenced practice at Logansport in 1836; was elected to the Legislature in 1851 and 1853; was elected to the 4ist Congress in 1868, by a majority of 2,287, and, before taking his seat, was elected H. S Senator as a Republican, to succeed Tlios. A. Hendricks, Democrat and served from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1875; was appointed by President Grant Commissioner of Internal Revenue, serving from May 15, 1875, to August 1, 1876; he died at Logansport, very suddenly, of heart disease, June 17, 1877.

Joseph E. McDorudd was born in Butler county, Ohio, Aug. 29 1819, taken to Indiana in 1826, and at Lafayette was apprenticed to the saddler's trade; was two years in college, but did not graduate; studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1843, and commenced practice; was Prosecuting Attorney in 1843-'7; was elected a Representative in Congress as a Democrat in 1849, receivino; 7,432 votes against 7,098 for Lane, "Whig, and served from December 3, 1849, to March 3, 1851; in 1856 he was elected Attorney General of Indiana, and in 1858 re-elected; in 1859 removed to Indianapolis; in 1864 was the unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Indiana, but in 1875 he was elected U. S. Senator, aa a Democrat, to succeed D. D. Pratt, Republican.

Daniel TT. Voorhees was born in Fountain county, Ind., Sept. 26, 182S; graduated at the Asbnry University in 1849; studied law, admitted to the Bar in 1851, when he commenced practice at Crawfordsville; was defeated as a candidate for Congress in 1857, by on\j 230 votes in a total of 22,374, James "Wilson being his opponent. "Was appointed by President Buchanan, U. S. Attorney for Indiana, lS58-'60; in 1859 he went to Yirginia as counsel for John E. Cook, one of John Brown's raiders; was elected a Representative to Congress from Indiana in 1S61, receiving 12,535 votes against 11,516 votes for T. H. Nelson, Republican; was re-elected in 1863, receiving 12,457 votes against 9,976 for H. D. Scott, Republican; was again elected in 1865, by 12,880 against 12,296 for "Washburn, but the latter in 1866 successfully contested his seat; was again re-elected twice, serving from March 4, 1869, to Marcli 3, 1873; was appointed U. S. Senator November 12, 1877, to serve in place of O. P. Morton; and in 1879 was elected for a full term.

The Supremacies

Indiana belonged to the '-Territory of Louisiana" till 1721; was then included in Illinois as a "District" of said Territory until 1774; then included in the " Province of Quebec " until 17S8; then was a part of the Territory Northwest of the Ohio river" until ISOO; then " Indiana Territory " until 1S16, since which time it has been a " State." French to 1774; British, 1774 to 178S; U. S. Government, 1788 to the present time.

States Of The Union

THEIK SETTLEMENT, ORIGIN OF NAME AND MEANING, COGiSrOMEN, MOTTOES, ADJIISSION INTO THE UNION, PtiPULATION, AKEA, NUMBEK OF SOLDIERS FURNISHED DURING THE REBELLION, NUMBER OF REPRESENTATITES IN CONGRESS, PRESENT GOVERNORS, ETC., ETC., ETC.

Alahaiiia. - This State was iirst explored by LaSalle in 1684, and settled by the French at Mobile in 1711. and admitted as a State in 1817. Its name is Indian, and means " Plere we rest." Has no motto. Population in 1860,964,201; in 1870,996,992. Furnished 2,570 soldiers for the Union army. Area 50,722 square miles. Montgomery is the capital. Has 8 Representatives and 10 Presidential electors. Rufus W. Cobb is Governor; salary, $3,000; politics, Democratic. Length of term, 2 years.

Arkansas - Became a State in 1836. Population in 1860, 435,- 450; in 1370, 484,471. Area 52,198 square miles. Little Rock, capital. Its motto is Regnant Popull - "The people rule." It iias the Indian name of its principal river. Is called the " Bear State." Furnished 8,289 soldiers. She is entitled to 4 members in Congress) and 6 electoral votes. Governor, W. R.Miller, Democrat; salary, $3,500; term, 2 years.

navigator, Sir Francis Drake, in 1578. In 1S46 Fremont took possession of it, defeating tlie Mexicans, in the name of the United States, and it was admitted as a State in 1850. Its gold mines from 1868 to 1S7S produced over §800,000,000. Area 188,982 square miles. Population in 1860, 379,994. In 1870, 560,21-7. She gave to defend the Union 15,225 soldiers. Sacramento is the capital. Has 4 Representatives in Congress. Is entitled to S Presidential electors. Present Governor is William Irwin, a Democrat; term, 4 years; salary, $6,000.

Colorado - Contains 106.475 square miles, and had a population in 1860 of 34,277, and in 1870, 39,864. She furnished 4,903 soldiers. "Was admitted as a State in 1870. It has a Latin motto, J^il sine N'ujnlne, vih'ich means, "Nothing can be done withont divine aid." It was named from its river. Denver is the capital. Has 1 member in Congress, and 3 electors. T. W. Pitkin is Governor; salary, §3,000; term, 2 years; politics, Hepabliean.

Connectiout - Qui traiistulit .sustinei, " He who broiigi;t us over sustains us," is her motto. It was named from the Indian Quonch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long Paver." It is called tiie '-Nutmeg State." Area 4,674 square miles. Population 1S60. 460,147; in 1870, 537,454. Gave to the Union army 55,755 soldiers. Hartford is the capital. Has 4 Eepresentatives in Congress, and is entitled to 0 Presidential electors. Salary of Governor $2,000; term, 2 years.

Delaware. - " Liberty and Independence," is the motto of this State. It was named after Lord De La Ware, an English statesman, and is called, ''The Blue Hen," and the '-Diamond State." It was first settled by the Swedes in 1638. It was one of the original thirteen States. Has an area of 2,120 square miles. Population in 1860, 112,216; in 1S70, 125,015. She sent to the front to deiend the Union, 12,265 soldiers. Dover is the capital. Has but 1 member in Congress; entitled to 3 Pi-esideutial electors. John W. Hall, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $2,000; term, 2 years.

Florida - Was discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1512, on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniai-ds, Pascua Florida, which, with the variety and beauty of the flowers at this early season caused him to name it Florida - which means in Spanish, flowery. Its motto is, " In God we trust." It was admitted into tlie Union in 1845. It has an area of 59,268 square miles. Population in 1860, 140,424; in

1870, 187,756. Its capital is Tallahassee. Has 2 members in Congress. Has 4 Presidential electors. George F. Drew, Democrat, Governor; term, 4 years; salary, $3,500.

Georgia - Owes its name to George II., of England, who first established a colony there in 1T32. Its motto is, " Wisdom, justice and moderation." It was one of the original States. Population in 1860, 1,057,236; 1870, 1,184,109. Capital, Atlanta. Area 58,- OuO square miles. Has 9 Piepresentatives in Congress, and 11 Presidential electors. Her Governor is A. H. Colquitt, Democrat; term, 4 years; salary, $4,000.

/ZZi?i02S - Motto, '- State Sovereignty, National Union." Name derived from the Indian word, Illini, meaning, superior men. It is called the ''Prairie State," and its inhabitants, "Suckers." Was first explored by the French in 1673, and admitted into the Union in 1818. Area 55,410 square miles. Population, in 1860, 1,711,951; in 1870, 2,539,871. She sent to the front to defend the Union, 258,162 soldiers. Capital, Springfield. Has 19 members in Couo-ress, and 21 Presidential electors. Shelby M. CuUom, Kepub. lican, is Governor; elected for 4 years; salary, $6,000.

Indiana - Is called "Hoosier State." Was explored in 1682, and admitted as a State in 1816. Its name was suggested by its numerous Indian population. Area 33,809 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,350,428; in 1870, 1,680,637. She put into the Federal army, 194,363 men. Capital, Indianapolis. Has 13 members in Congress, and 15 Presidential electors. J. D. Williams, Governor, Democrat; salary, $3,000; term, 4 year.

Iowa - Is an Indian name and means "This is the land." Its motto is, '-Our liberties we prize, our rights we will maintain." It is called the "Hawk Eye State." It was fii-st visited by Marquette and Joliet in 1673; settled by New Englanders in 1833, and admitted into the Union in 1846. Des Moines is the capitaL It has an area of 55,045, and a population in 1860 of 674,913, and in 1870 of 1,191,802. She sent to defend tlie Government, 75,793 soldiers. Has 9 members iu Congress; 11 Presidential electors. John H. Gear, Eepublican, is Governor; salary, $2,500; term, 2years.

Kansas - Was admitted into the Union in 1861, making the thirty-fourth State. Its motto is Ad astra per aspera, " To the stars through difliculties." Its name means, " Smoky water," and is derived from one of her rivers. Area 78,841 square miles. Population in 1860, 107,209; in 1870 was 302,812. She furnished 20,095 soldiers. Capital is Topeka. Has 3 Representatives in Congress, and 5 Presidential electors. John P. St. John, Governor; politics, Eepublican; salary, $3,000; terra, 2 years.

Kentucky - Is the Indian name for "At the head of the rivers." Its motto is, " United we stand, divided we fall." The sobriquet of "dark and bloody ground " is applied to this State. It was first settled in 1769, and admitted in 1793 as the fifteenth State. Area 37,680. Population in 1860, 1,155,684; in 1870, 1,321,000. She ])ut into the Federal army 75,285 soldiers. Capital, Frankfort. Has 10 members in Congress ; 12 Electors. J. B. McCreary, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $5,000 ; term, 4 years.

Louisiana - "Was called after Louis XIY., who at one time owned that section of the country. Its motto is " Union and Confidence." It is called "The Creole State." It was visited by La Salle in 1684, and admitted into the Union in 1812, making the eighteenth State. Population in 1860,708.002; in 1870, 732, 73L Area 46,431 square miles. She put into the Federal army 5,224 soldiers. Capital, ISTew Orleans. Has 6 Eepresentatives and 8 Electors. F. T. jSTichols, Governor, Democrat; salary, $8,000; term, 4 years.

Maine. - This State was called after the province of Maine in France, in compliment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Its motto is Dirigo, meaning " I direct." It is called "The Pine Tree State." It was settled by the English in 1625. It was admitted as a State in 1820. Area 31,766 square miles. Population in 1860, 628,279; in 1870, 626,463; 69,738 soldiers went from this State. Has 5 members in Congress, and 7 Electors. Selden Conner, Pepublican, Governor; term, 1 year; salary, $2,500.

Maryland - Was named after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. of England. It has a Latin motto, Crescite et multipiicanuni^ meaning "Increase and Multiply." It was settled in 1634, and was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 11,- 124 square miles. Population in 1860 was 687,049; in 1870, 780,- 806. This State furnished 46,053 soldiers. Capital, Annapolis. Has 6 Representatives, and 8 Presidential electors. J. H. Carrol], Democrat, Governor; salary, $4,500; term, 4 years.

Histoky Of Indiana

Massachusetts - Is the Indian for "The country around the great hills." It is called the " Bay State," from its numerous bays. Its motto is Unse petit placidam sub lihertate quietem, " By the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty." It was settled in 1620 at Plymouth by English Puritans. It was one of the original thirteen States, and was the first to take up arms against the English during tlio Eevolution. Area 7,800 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,231,- 066; in 18T0, l,i57,351. She gave to the Union army 11:6,-167 soldiers. Boston is the capital. Has 11 Representatives in Congress, and 13 Presidential electors. Thomas Talbot, Republican, is Governor; salary, $5,000; term, 1 year.

Michigan - Latin motto, Tuebor^ and Si qiiceris peninsulani. amcenain circumspice, " 1 will defend" - " If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you." Tlie name is a contraction of two Indian words meaning " Great Lake." It was early explored by Jesuit missionaries, and in 1837 was admitted into the Union. It is known as the " Wolverine State." It contains 56,243 square miles. In 1860 it had a population of 749,173; in 1870, 1,184.059. She furnished 88,111 soldiers. Capital, Lansing. Has 9 Representatives and 11 Presidential electors. C. M. Croswell is Governor; politics. Republican; salary, $1,000; term, 2 years.

Minnesota - Is an Indian name, meaning " Cloudy Water." It has -^i 'ErewAi motto, L' Etoile clu Nord - "The Star of the North." It was visited in 1680 by La Salle, settled in 1846, and admitted into the Union in 1858. It contains 83,531 square miles. In 1860 had a population of 172,023; in 1870, 439,511. She gave to the Union army 24;002 soldiers. St. Paul is the capital. Has 3 members in Congress, 5 Presidential electors. Governor, J. S. Pillsbury, Republican; salary, $3,000; term, 2 years.

Mississippi - Is an Indian name, meaning '- Long River," and the State is named from the " Father of Waters." The State was first explored by De Sota in 1541; settled by the French at Natchez in 1716, and was admitted into the Union in 1817. It has an area of 47,156 square miles. Population in 1860, 791,305; in 1870,827,- 922. She gave to suppress the Rebellion 545 soldiers. Jackson is the capital. Has 6 representatives in Congress, and 8 Presidential electors. J. M. Stone is Governor, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 4 years.

more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Its motto is Salus populi siijprema lex esto, "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." The State was first settled by the French near Jefferson City in 1719, and in 1821 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 67,380 square miles, equal to 43,123,200 acres. It had a population in 1860 of 1,182,012; in 1870, 1,721,- 000. She gave to defend the Union 108,162 soldiers. Capital, Jefferson City. Its inhabitants are known by the offensive cognomen of " Pukes." Has 13 representatives in Congress, and 15 Presidential electors. J. S. Phelps is Governor; politics, Democratic; salary, $5,000; term, 4 years.

Nebraska - Has fjr its motto, "Equality before the law." Its name is derived from one of its rivers, meaning " broad and shallow, or low." It was admitted into the Union in 1367. Its capital is Lincoln. It had a population in 1S60 of 28,841, and in 1870, 123,993, and in 1875,246,280. It has an area of 75,995 square miles. She furnished to defend the Union 3,157 soldiers. Has but 1 Representative and 3 Presidential electors. A. Nance, Republican, is Governor; salary, $2,500; term, 2 years.

Nevada - " The Snowy Land " derived its name from the Spanish. Its motto is Latin, Yolens et ^otens, and means " willing and able." It was settled in 1S50, and admitted into the Union in 1864. Capital, Carson City. Its population in 1860 was 6,857; in 1870 it was 42,491. It has an area of 112,090 square miles. She furnished 1,0S0 soldiers to suppress the Rebellion. Has 1 Representative and 3 Electors. Governor, J. H. Kinkhead, Republican; salary, $6,000 ; term, 4 years.

New Hampshire - "Was first settled at Dover by the English in 1623. "Was one of the original States. Has no motto. It is named from Hampshire county in England. It also bears the name of " The Old Granite State." It has an area of 9,280 miles, which equals 9,239,200 acres. It had a population in 1860 of 326,- 073, and in 1870 of 318,300. She increased the Union army with 33,913 soldiers. Concord is the capital. Has 3 Representatives and 5 Presidential electors. N. Head, Republican, Governor; salary, $1,000; term, 1 year.

New Jersey - "Was named in honor of the Island of Jersey in the British channel. Its motto is " Liberty and Independence." It was first settled at Eergen by the Swedes in 1624. It is one of the orig- inal thirteen States. It has an area of 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,- 800 acres. Population in 1860 was 672,035; in 1870 it was 906,096. She put into the Federal army 75,315 soldiers. Capital, Trenton. Has 7 Representatives and 9 Presidential electors. Governor, George B. McClelland, Democrat; salary, $5,000; term, 3 years.

New York. - The '"Empire State" was named by the Duke of York, afterward King James II. of England. It has a Latin motto, Excelsior, which means " Still Higher." It was first settled by the Dutch in 1614 at Manhattan. It has an area of 47,000 square miles, or 30,080.000 acres. The population in 1860 was 3,880,735; in 1870 it was 4,332,759. It is one of the original thirteen States. Capital is Albany. It gave to defend our Government 445,959 men. Has 33 members in Congress, and 35 Presidential electors. Governor, L. Robinson, Democrat; salary, $10,000; term, 3 years.

North Carolina - Was named after Charles IX., King of France. It is called " The Old North," or " The Turpentine State." It was first visited in 1524 by a Florentine navigator, sent out by Francis I., King of France. It was settled at Albemarle in 1663. It was one of the original thirteen States. It has an ai-ea of 50,704 square miles, equal to 32,450,560 acres. It had iii ISGO a population of 992,622, and in 1870, 1,071,361. Raleigh is the capital. She furnished 3,156 soldiers to put down the Rebellion. Has 8 members in Congress, and is entitled to 10 Presidential electors. Z. B. Vance, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $5,000; term, 4 years.

Ohio - Took its name from the river on its Southern boundarv, aud means " Beautiful." Its motto is I nperium in Tinperio - "An Empire in an Empire." It was firit parraanently settled in 1788 at Marietta by New Englanders. It was admitted as a State ia 1803. Its capital is Columbus. It contains 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. Population in 1860,2,339,511; in 1870 it had 2.665,260. She sent to the front during the Rebellion 310,- 654 soldiers. Has 20 Representatives, and 22 Presidential electors. Governor, R. M. Bishop, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 2 years.

Oregon - Owes its Indian name to its principal river. Its motto is Alis volat propriis - "She flies with her own wings." It was first visited by the Spaniards in the si.xteenth century. It was settled by the English in 1813, and admitted into the Union in 1859. Its capital is Salem. It has an area of 95.274 square miles, equal to 60,975,360 acres. It had in 1S60 a population of 52,465; in

1870,90,922. She furnished 1,810 soldiers. She is entitled to 1 member in Congress, and 3 Presidential electors. W. W. Thayer, Republican, is Governor; salary, $1,500 ; term, 4 years.

Pennsylvania. - This is the "Keystone State," and means "Penu's Woods," and was so called after William Penn, its original owner. Its motto is, " Virtue, liberty and independence." A colony was established by Penn in 1682. The State was one of the original thirteen. It has an area of 46,000 square miles, equaling 29,440,- 000 acres. It had in 1860 a population of 2,906,315; and in 1870, 3,515,993. She gave to suppress the Rebellion, 338,155. Harrisburg is the capital. Has 27 Representatives and 29 electors. H. M. Hoyt, is Governor; salary, $10,000; politics. Republican; term of office, 3 years.

Rhode Island. - This, the smallest of the States, owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Its motto is " Hope," and it is familiarly called, "Little Rhody." It was settled by Roger Williams in 1636. It was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 1,306 square miles, or 835,840 acres. Its population in 1860 numbered 174,620; in 1870, 217,356. She gave to defend the Union, 23,248. Its capitals are Providence and Newport. Has 2 Representatives, and 4 Presidential electors. C. Vanzandt is Governor; politics, Republican; salary, $1,000; term, 1 year.

South Carolina. - The Palmetto State wears the Latin name of Charles IX., of France (Carolus). Its motto is Latin, Animis opibusque parati, " Ready in will and deed." The first permanent settlement was made at Port Royal in 1670, where the French Huguenots had failed three-quarters of a century before to found a settlement. It is one of the original thirteen States. Its capital is Columbia. It has an area of 29,385 square miles, or 18,806,400 acres, with a population in 1860 of 703,708; in 1870, 728,000. Has 5 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 7 Presidential electors. Salary of Governor, $3,500 ; term, 2 j'ears.

Tennessee - Is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e_ the Mississippi, which forms its western boundary. She is called "The Big Bend State." Her motto is, " Agriculture, Commerce." It was settled in 1757, and admitted into the Union in 1796, making the si.xteenth State, or the third admitted after the Revolutionary War - "Vermont being the first, and Kentucky the second. It has an area of 45,600 st^uare miles, or 29,184,000 acres. In 1860 its population numbered 1,109,801, and in 1S70, 1,257,983 She furnished 31,092 soldiers to suppress the Rebellion. Nashville is the capital. Has 10 Representatives, and 12 Presidential electors. Governor, A. S. Marks, Democrat; salary, §4,000; term, 2 years.

Texas - Is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was known before it was ceded to the United States. It is known as " The Lone Star State." The first settlement was made by LaSalle in 1685. After the independence of Mexico in 1S22, it remained a Mexican Province until 1836, when it gained its independence, and in 1845 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 237,504 square miles, equal to 152,002,- 560 acres. Its population in 1860 was 604,215; in 1870, 818,579. She gave to put down the Rebelion 1,965 soldiers. Capital, Austin. Has 6 Representatives, and 8 Presidential electors. Governor, O. M. Roberts, Democrat; salary, $5,000; term, 2 years.

Vermont - Bears the French name of her mountains Verde Mont^ "Green Mountains." Its motto is "Freedom and Unity." It was settled in 1731, and admitted into the Union in 1791. Area 10,212 square miles. Population in 1860, 315,098 ; in 1870, 330,551. She gave to defend the Government, 33,272 soldiers. Capital, Montpelier. Has 3 Representatives, and 5 electors. Governor, H. Fairbanks, Republican; term, 2 years; salary, $1,000.

Virginia. - The Old Dominion, as this State is called, is the oldest of the States. It was named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Its motto is Sic semper tyrannis, " So always with tyrants." It was first settled at Jamestown, in 1607, by the English, being the first settlement in the United States. It is one of original thirteen States, and had before its division in 1862, 61,352 square miles, but at present contains but 38,352 square miles, equal to 24,545,280 acres. The population in 1860 amounted to 1,596,318, and in 1870 it was 1,224,830. Richmond is the capital. Has 9 Representatives, and 11 electors. Governor, F. "W". M. Halliday, Democrat; salary, $5,500; term, 4 years.

West Virginia. - 'Kotto, Mo7itani se7nper liberi, " Mountaineers are always free." This is the only State ever formed, under the Constitution, by the division of an organized State. This was done in 1862, and in 1863 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of

23,000 square miles, or 14,720,000 acres. The population in 1860 was 376,000; in 1870 it numbered 4-15,616. She furnished 32,003. Capital, Wheeling. Has 3 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 5 Presidential electors. The Governor is H. M. Mathews, Democrat; term, 4 years; salary, $2,700.

Wisconsin - Is an Indian name, and means "Wild-rushing channel." Its motto, C ivitatus successlt barbarum. " The civilized man succeeds the barbarous." It is called " The Badger State." The State was visited by the French explorers in 1665, and ;i settlement was made in 1669 at Green Bay. It was admitted into the Union in 1S4S. It has an area of 52,924 square miles, equal to 34,511,360 acres. In 1860 its population numbered 775,881; in 1870, 1,055,167. Madison is the capital. She furnished for the Union army 91,021 soldiers. Has 8 members in Congress, and is entitled to 10 Presidential electors. The Governor is W. E. Smith; politics, Republican; salary, $5,000; term, 2 years.

The present will li^^e in the future; the good works of man do not die with him or sink into oblivion, but grow brighter with age, and aid in carrying down precedents and principles which will be advanced and observed, when the memory and acts of soulless men will lie forever with them in their graves. History entwines itself with the nanies of the illustrious as well as with, those of the notorious. Wherever the former is held np for the admiration of men, and the latter for their scorn, the pen of impartiality may be traced; for never yet was the historian true to his conscience and to his people, who wandered from the path of justice by devoting a space in historical works to the names of bad men without accompanying such names with qualifying paragraphs. In the pages of this work the true and good will have that prominence to which their purity of morals and physical courage entitle them. It is a necessity that their unstained names be transmitted; because, though many of these men who made subject for history have passed into eternity, their posterity live to be reminded of their fidelity, and to profit by the noble example which was given them by the tinconquerable pioneers, - the fathers of this county. Looking back over the period of half a century which has transpired since the true old settlers turned this beautiful desert into an inhabited garden, one is forcibly reminded of all the sacrifices, all the dangers, all the labors the new colonists had made in the interest of their children. Paternal solicitude alone uro-ed the crreater number to move forward toward the Western woods and prairies in search of some beautiful tract upon which to locate a home, and acquire an indestructible heritage for their children. The intuitive love of liberty which characterized them, the Heaven-bestowed desire to move toward new homes whicli possessed them and the unflinching energy which overcapped all difficulties and led them to prosperity and peace, are all evidences of the workings of that Divine economy which opened up, as it were, a new world where industry should, at least, possess liberty of conscience, and win ample reward from its genial climate and fertile soil, - another Eden for true men, where right would reign supreme. Before entering upon the history of men and events connected with this county during the last half century, we will inquire into its aboriginal or prehistoric period, - prehistoric because the Indians inhabiting this portion ot Indiana in 1828 knew nothing whatever of their predecessors in occupation of the beautiful valleys of the St. Joseph country. From a period coeval with the Columbian era, the Indian as we know him now made his presence known to the decaying remnants of the niound-buildiug race, who sought a refuge in this territory from the periodical assaults of their barbaric brethren. It is conjectured, that about the beginning of the fifteenth century the last representative of that race, seeing the hour of their annihilation approaching, covered in their sacred circles with clay, and, fleeing northward still from the valley of the Wabash, made temporary settlements throughout Northern Indiana, which were ultimately occupied by the Miamis and Pottawatomies, who gave the ancient people up to the tomahawk and scalping-knife, and thus became joint proprietors of the land. The ignorance of those savages may be said to excel itself in the massacre of that little colony. Its members, though very far removed in manners and customs from the early mound-builders, still claimed to form the chieftaincy of the tribes, and entertained a hope that the wandering savages would join with them in interests and win back their heritage, which the New Tartar had taken from their fathers long years before. The idea was impracticable; their Aztec enemies were destined to rule, their savage brethren were doomed to perpetual barbarism, and themselves to be offered in sacrifice by the hands of ferocious fratricides. Thus perished the last of tlie mound-builders. That within Northern Indiana, perhaps within the present boundary of Elkhart county, the sacrificial altar was set up, is a matter removed from speculation, since the mounds of the Wabash valley may be considered the monuments of their latest organized villages, and the shores of the lakes and rivers, which once occupied a vast area of this county and country, their latest temporary fishing posts. That the Miamis were the actors in this tragedy is almost conceded, because modern testimony points them out as the first invaders of Indiana, and their own legendary records sustain such a conclusion.

"Western Ohio, Southern Michigan and the country now comprised in the State of Indiana were once in possession of the Miamis, one of the branches of the powerful Algonquin tribe, who interposed between the tribes of the six nations of the shores of the Northern lakes, and the Mobilian tribes of the Atlantic slopes. Their claim to this territory was proven in the great conclave of the tribes at Greenville, Ohio, in 1795, immediately prior to entering into the treaty. On that occasion Machikinaqua, a cliief and orator of the Miamis, addressing Gen. Wayne, said: "My forefather kindled the first fire at Detroit; from thence he extended his lines to the head waters of the Scioto river; from thence to its mouth; from thence down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash; from thence to Chicago on Lake Michigan. These are the boundaries wherein the prints of my ancestors' houses are everywhere to be seen." Historians have acknowledged the truth and claim of the Miami chief, confirming many of his statements regarding the other peoples inhabiting his territory, the Delaware Indians from the East, driven before the incoming European colonists; theShawonoes from the South, forced to move northward by the Aztecs of the southwest or the Mobilians of tlie southeast, and the Chippewas or Pottawatomies from the Northern regions. Lagio, an Indian chief, referring to the immigration of the latter, maintained that " a very long time since, the Great Spirit sent upon the Pottawatomies a severe winter, and they came over the hard water ( ice-covered Lake Michigan) and asked the privilege of hunting until spring; that the Miamis granted it; that they returned home in the spring, and the next winter came back and would never return to Lalte Superior again." At the treaty of Greenville, when General Wayne pressed the Miami chieftains to cede a township of land at Kekeogue and a few sections west at the head waters of Little river Machikinaqua spoke to him thus: " Elder brother, I now give you the true sentiments of your youn2;er brothers, the Miamis, with respect to the great Miami village. "We thank you for kindly contracting the limits you first proposed, we wish you to take the six miles square on the side of the river where your fort ( Wayne ) now stands; as your younger brothers, the Miamis, wish to inhabit that beloved spot again. You shall cut hay for your cattle whereever you please, and you shall never require in vain the assistance of vour younger brothers at that place. Elder brother, the next place you pointed was Little river, and said you wanted two miles square at that place. This is a request that our fathers, the French or British, never made us: it was always ours. This carrying piace has hitherto proved in a great degree the subsistence of your younger brothers; that place has brought to us in the course of one day $100; we thank you for the trade you promise to open in our country; and permit us to remark that we wish our former traders ( the French ) may be continued and mixed with yours." The genial manners of Wayne, hovvever, won from the Miamis every privilege claimed, and led to the establishment of tliefirst American settlements in Northern Indiana. Preceding the treaty of Greenville, a number of French missionaries penetrated this north country, and immediately succeeding its acceptance b}' the tribes, another and equally zealous band visited every Indian village, and in some of them established missions which have been carried down to the present time, though, as was evident to the early settlers of Elkhart, whatever good the first missionaries implanted among the bands then settled in the county was forgotten or ignored, so that the Indian people in the neighborhood were deeply sank in all the horrors of their awe-inspiring superstition.

The relief of Fort Wayne, under General Harrison and Colonel Jackson, and the total rout of the English and their Indian allies in 1812, secured the extreme northern lines of the territory now comprised in the State of Indiana; but yet much remained to be done. The routed besiegers of Fort Wayne had found a road to the Indian villages of Assissippi, Obsbenobe and Elkhart, so that the reduction of these dens of treachery became a necessity; accordingly Gen. Harrison ordered three flying columns to be sent in pursuit. Two of these pursuing detachments under Colonels Wells and Jackson scoured the St. Joseph country, and on Sept. 11, 1812 gave np to fire the Indian village of Obsbenobe, then situated near where Benton now stamds. Subsequently the iinfortunate red men of the district fell before the advance of the patriots, and before the

Together with this acreage of surveyed lands, there were one hundred millions of acres of unsurveyed land in these States, to which the Indians laid no claim, and about eighty million acres pertaining to the Indian reservations. The fact that Indiana possessed this great public domain, comprising eleven and one-half millions of acres, imbued the early settlers with an idea of immensitj^, and tended to inspire them with a knowledge of the great future which spread itself before the brave people and told them silently, but truly, that their new land would shortly hold a place among the States.

The First Settleks In The North

The traveler from the !North, who sought a way to the prairies of Mongoquanong and Northern Indiana in lS28-'30, had to pursue the tortuous trail made by the tierce Sacs and Foxes from Rock river in Illinois to Maiden in Canada, whither they paid an annual visit, to receive the blood-money granted them by the British government for taking the scalps of Americans during the war of 1812.

To name the settlers on the prairies of JSTorthern Indiana and the adjoining portion of Michigan, who always rendered a welcome and a shelter to the traveler, is not a difficult matter, since they were few and far between: Rice and a few neighbors were lords of the tract round the present town of Lima; Shaetfer was master of Big Prairie; Cutter and Winchell settled on White Pigeon Prairie; Laceyand Walling,at Niles; Coquillard and Navarre,at South Bend; Thompson, at Pokagon; Shields and Macintosh on Young's Prairie; Bertrand, at the Sac ford of the St. Joseph river; Lewis Davis, at the mouth of the Christiana; Noffsinger, on the banks of the same creek, near its junction with the St. Joseph ; and a few French traders who had erected their wigwams near the villages of Waubee Papoose and the neighboring Indian towns. Among the latter was the notorious old Binnack, a French half-breed, who, on the slightest acquaintance with whisky and molasses, brought an infinite amount of trouble to friend and foe; Rosseau. a French trader, who turned his sprightliness of character to rare account, and made himself thoroughly at home in the wigwams of the red men, even as he did subsequently in the homes of the hospitable pioneers. To follow the romantic career of this Eosseau is beyond the intent of the writer; his social relations with the tribes would revive, in part, the story of Pocahontas, and as such pertains more to the pages of a novel than to those of a county history. He is supposed to have settled on Elkhart Prairie, five miles northwest of the present site of Goshen, in 1S15, having for many years before traded among the Indians of this district.

Joseph Nofi'singer - the hermit squatter - made a home at the junction of the Christiana and St. Joseph streams as early as 1821, but for some reason, fled away before the tide of civilization which began to flow in 1828. Unlike Possean, this man has left his actions shrouded in mystery; in fact, he appeared to the early settlers to be a mystery to himself. That some great crime, or to be more charitable, some unquencluible sorrow, held possession of his heart is undoubted, since he hated the face of his brother wliite man and seldom tolerated the presence of the Indian. Whatever that crime or sorrow may be, the knowledge of it has died with himself in that where, doubtless, he succeeded in flnding a refuge from the prying eyes of his race, and from intercourse with men, who appeared to merit his earnest loathing with all that intensity which Timon of Athens once entertained toward his former associates. Matthew Boyd must have settled here at an early date, since in 1828 he completed the building of a house at the Elkhart Crossing, one-half mile south of the prairie. In 1827 Elias Eiggs settled at the edge of the prairie near Bo3'd and Simpson, and it is supposed that a man named Push settled at the southwest corner of Pleasant Plain in the fall of 1827. Mr. John H. Yiolett says that he himself was the first white child born in Elkhart county that lived, and that the first settlement in the county was made in the fall of 1828. According to the testimony of a Mrs. "Wagoman, the wife of this early prospector presented to her husband on May 16, 1828 > a son and daugliter, thus claiming the honor of being the progenitrix of the first white male and female children native to the soil. Mrs. Susan "Wagoman's existence at that period was very beneficial if not providential. She was the bosom friend of Mrs. Push, even before her marriage with Nickerson, and so recently as the year 1879 came before the reunion of old settlers, held at Goshen, to establish the fact that her early neighbor was the first woman who gave a couple of Elkhartians to the world. The old lady won her suit by extracting from a majority present an opinion that Isaiah Kush was born within the limits of Elkhart county in May,182S, and thus gained for himself the enviable precedence of being the earliest native-born citizen, though many are still confident that the honor belongs to J. H. Violett. The Hon. E. M. Chamberlain delivered a beautiful address at a meeting of old settlers, assembled some years ago at Goshen. He referred to those early times, to the first French settlers of the district now known as Elkhart county, and to the first American pioneers," though some bold adventurers," said he, had preceded the pioneers, "the first actual settlers of Elkhart county. The first ripple upon the shore of this then wilderness of the advancing tide of population were a few families who pitched their tents in the neighborhood of the mouth of the Elkhart river in 1827. Those primitive old settlers, the Pottawatomie Indians, then held this whole region of country in undisturbed dominion, kindled the fires of their wigwams, chased the bounding deer through the unbroken forest and over the unobstructed prairiej held their infernal orgies, danced their war dance and yelled in hideous delight over the agonies of the victims of their cruel rites." With such neighbors, and almost a total absence of the accompaniments of civilized life, those men contrived to live in peace with their nncouth surroundings, and to draw both health and happiness from the fertile soil, for which they searched so long, and discovered after years of weary travel and anxious thought.

Of the species of native quadrupeds that once roamed the flowery prairies and wild forests of this county, but few of the smaller remain, and none of the larger. Of the latter we cannot even find a specimen preserved in taxidermy. The biifialo which grazed upon the verdant prairies has been driven westward. With or before it went the beaver, elk, badger, panther, black wolf and black bear. Some animals that were quite numerous have become very rare, such as the gray fox, the catamount, otter, lynx, the beautiful Virginia deer, the opossum, raccoon, mink, muskrat, the common weasel, the small brown weasel, skunk, woodchuck, or Maryland marmot, prairie mole, common shrew mole, meadow and deer mouse, and the gray rabbit. Of squirrels there are the gray timber squirrel, the fox, chipmunk, the large gray prairie squirrel, the striped and the spotted prairie squirrel, and the beautiful flying squirrel. Tlie dark-brown and the reddish bat are common. Other small animals have been found here which have strayed from other localities.

Of the 5,000 existing species of birds many have sojourned in this county, some temporarily and others for a considerable time. Many migratory species come only at long intervals, and therefore but little is known of them. Most species seen liere are migratory between the North and the South.

There is not a more fascinating study than that afforded by our feathered friends. Their free movements through seemingly boundless space, the joyous songs of many, and the characteristic tones of all, their brilliant colors, ^heir lively manners, and their wonderful instincts, have from earliest ages made a strong impression on the minds of men, and in the infancy of intellect gave rise to many peculiar and mysterious associations. Hence the flight of birds was made the foundation of a peculiar art of divination. Religion borrowed many symbols from them, and poetry many of its ornaments. Birds avail themselves of their powers of wing to seek situations adapted for them in respect to temperature and supply of food. The arrival of summer birds is always a welcome sign of advancing spring, and is associated with all that is cheerful and delightful. Some birds come almost at the same date annually ; others are more influenced by the character of the season, as mild.

Histokt Of Elb,Haet County

Perchers. - This order of birds is by far the most numerous, and includes nearly all those v.-hicli are attractive either in plumage or in song. The ruby-throated hummiug-bird, with its exquisite plumage and almost ethereal existence, is at the head of the list. This is the hnmming-bird which is always the delight of the children, and the only one found in this State. The chimney swallow, easily known from other swallows by its very long wings and forked tail, and which is a true swift, is quite numerous. Of the Whippoorwill family there are two representatives, - the whippoorwill proper, whose note enlivens the forest at night, and the night-hawk. The belted king-fisher, so well known to the school boy, is the only member of its family in this region. At the head of the fly-catchers is the king-bird, the crested fly-catcher and the wood pewee.

Of the Thrush family are the robin, the wood thrush, Wilson's thrush, the blue-bird, the ruby-crowned and the golden-crested wren, tit- lark, the black and the white creeper, blue yellow-backed warbler, yellow-breasted chat, worm-eating warbler, blue-winged yellow warbler, Tennessee warbler, and golden-crowned thrush. The Shrike family is represented by the great northern shrike, red- eyed fly-catcher, white-eyed fly-catcher, the blue-headed and the yellow-throated fly-catcher. The Swallow family of birds are very numerous in this country. Among them are the barn swallow, white-bellied swallow, bank swallow, cliif swallow and purple martin. The cedar-bird is the representative of the wax-wing family in America. The genera of the Mocking-bird family are the cat-bird, brown thrush, the house and winter wren. Of the Finch and Sparrow family, the snow bunting and Smith's bunting appear only in winter. The purple finch, the yellow-bird and the lark finch inhabit this county. Of the Passerine genus of this family are the savannah sparrow, the field and the chipping sparrow, the black snow-bird, the tree sparrow, the song sparrow, the swamp and the fox-colored sparrow, the black-throated bunting, the rose-breasted gros-beak and the ground robin. The Titmouse family is represented by the chickadee and the tufted titmouse. There are two species of the Creeper family - the white bellied nut-hatch and the American creeper. The melodious family of Skylarks is represented here by only the common skylark of the prairie. Of the Black-bird family, the rusty black-bird, the crow black-bird, the cow-bird, the red-winged black-bird, the meadow lark, the orchard and the Baltimore oriole, are the most beautiful and brilliant that inhabit this region. The blue-jay and the common crow comprise the species of the Crow family.

Birds of Prey. - This order of birds comprises all those, with few exceptions, which pursue and capture birds and other animals for food. They are mostly of large size, the females are larger than the males, they live in pairs, and choose their mates for life. Most raptorial birds have disappeared. Among them are the golden eagle, which was always rare but now no longer seen here; the bald eagle, or properly the white-headed eagle, once quite common, now scarce. Some well-preserved specimens of this genus are in the county. This eagle enjoys the honor of standing as our national emblem. Benjamin Franklin lamented the selection of this bird as emblematical of the Union, for its great cowardice. It has the ability of ascending in circular sweeps without any apparent motion of the wings or the tail, and it often rises in this manner until it disappears from view, when at an immense height, and as if observing an object on the ground, it sometimes closes its wings and glides "toward the eartli with such velocity that the eye can scarcely follow it, causing a loud rustling sound like a violent gust of wind among the branches of the forest. The Hawk femily has eight or nine species, some but seldom seen, others common. The turkeybuzzard has almost, if not quite, disappeared. It is still abundant further south. Of the Owl genera are several species, though all are but seldom seen because of their nocturnal habits. Among them are the barn owl, the screech owl, the long and the short eared owl, the barred owl, and the snowy owl, the latter being the rarest.

Climbers. - But few of this order remain in the county, the most common of which are the woodpeckers. Of the various kinds of these are the golden-winged, the pileated, the hairy, the downy, the yellow-bellied, red-bellied and the red-headed. The yellow billed cuckoo is occasionally seen; the black- billed cuckoo is rare.

Soraichem. - This order contains but few genera in this county. The wild turkey, the choicest of game, has almost entirely disapf eared, and was the only one of its family that ever sojourned here, n an early day they were in abundance. The chiefest among the Grouse family is the prairie chicken, which, if not carefully protected, must ere long follow the wild turkey, never to return. Tlie rutHed grouse, wrongfully called '- pheasant," has of late made its appearance. When frightened it takes to flight with a smothered, drum-like noise. It is quite fond of cultivated fields, and, if properly protected and encouraged until it becomes fairly settled, will make a fine addition to the game, and fill the place of the prairie chicken. Partridge family. - The fate of that excellent bird, the quail, i.« only a question of a short time. The Dove family. - The wild pigeons continue to make their semi-annual visits, but not in such vast numbers as years ago. Acres of forest were so often filled at night with these birds that the breaking of boughs and the flying of pigeons made a noise that could be heard for miles, and the shot of a sportsman's gun could not be heard at a distance often feet. Highly interesting is the description by Audubon of the enormous flights which he observed on the Ohio in the fall of 1813; they obscured the daylight and lasted three days without interruption. According to a very moderate estimate of his, each flight contained the stupendous number of one billion, one hundred and fifteen thousand million, one hundred and thirty-six thousand pigeons. These flights caused a general commotion among the entire rural population. Desirous of booty, and anxious lest their crops should be spoiled, the farmers, arming themselves with rifles, clubs, poles, torches and iron pots filled with sulphur,

Eroceed to the resting places of the birds. The work of slaughter eing accoinplished, everybody sat down among mountains of dead pigeons, plucking and saltinof the birds which they selected, abandoning the rest to the foxes, wolves, raccoons, opossums and hogs, whole herds of which were driven to the battle-field. The plaintive notes of the Carolina dove, commonly known as the turtle-dove, are still heard.

Sioimjners. - This order of birds, which formerly frequented this county in large numbers, have almost disappeared. They are migratory, and in their usual season would appear coming from the north or south, as winter passes into summer or summer into winter. Of the Diver family, the great northern diver, or loon, sometimes visits this section, but inhabits the frigid zone. Of the Gull family are Wilson's tern and silvery gull. - The roughed-billed pelican was the only genus of the Pelican family that ever stopped in this county, and it has now altogetiier ceased to make its visits here. Of the Cormorant family, the double-crested cormorant, or searaven, has been seen here. Duck family. - This family of migratory birds visited the ponds and streams of this county in large numbers before it became so thickly settled, both on their northern and southern passage, but now mostly confine themselves to the wilder places, where large numbers are found. This family furnishes most game for sportsmen and for tlie table. There are the wood-duck, the big black-headed duck, the ring-necked duck, the red-head, the canvas-back, the dipper, the sliell-drake or goosander, the fish-duck, the red-breasted, and the hooded merganser, the mallard and the pintail, the green-winged and the blue-winged teal, the spoonbill and the gad wall, the baldpate, the American swan, the trumpeter swan and the white-fronted goose.

Wadei^s. - Probably less is known of this order of birds than of any other, because of their shyness and solitary habits. They frequented the marshes, but cultivation has drained their favorite haunts. Of the Crane famil}', the whooping crane, always rare, is now never seen. The sand-hill cranes stop on their journeys north and south. Of the Heron family, the great blue heron or crane, least bittern, the green heron, night heron and the American bittern visit this region. Of the Ibis family, the glossy ibis has been seen here. Of the Plover family, the golden plover, the kildeer and the king plover comprise this family known here. Of the Phalarope family, the Wilson's and the red phalarope have frequented the swamps of this county. Various birds of the Snipe family have been common in and around the swamps of this county. Among them were Wilson's snipe, grey or red-breasted snipe, the least and the semi-palmated sandpiper, the willet, the tell-tale, the yellow-leg, the solitary sandpiper, the spotted sandpiper, the field plover, long-billed curlew, the common rail, the clapper rail or mud hen, and the coot.

Eeptiles. - All of the species of this class that ever inhabited this region are still to be found here except most of the poisonous snakes. The rattlesnake is of a yellowish-brown color, and has a series of horny joints at the end of the tail, which make a rattling sound. These were the most venomous of all snakes found here, and were numerous in the early settlement. There are two kinds, the bandy, or striped, and the prairie rattlesnake, the latter being still occasionally found. The copperhead was always rare. Among the harmless snakes are the water-snake, the garter-snake, the bull-snake, the milk-snake, tlie black-snake, and the blue racer.

Many reptiles found here are erroneously called lizards, but are salamanders and other like innocent creatures. Lizards are never found in this county. The so-called " water lizards " are newts, or Tritons. Among the tortoises or turtles are found the map turtle, the snapping and the soft-shelled turtle. Of the batrachian, or naked reptiles, there are a few, and, though loathsome to sight and touch, are harmless. The toad, the bull-frog, the leopard-trog, the tree-toad, with some tailed batrachia, comprise the most of this order. The bull-frog is often as large as a man's head, or larger, and his deep bellowing can be heard for a mile or more.

Fishes. - Although fishes are the lowest class of vertebrates, their varied forms and colors, which often rival those of precious stones and burnished gold, the wonderful power and velocity of some, the wholesome food furnished by many, and the exciting sport of their capture, combine to render fishes subjects of great interest to the casual observer, as well as to the amateur and professional naturalist. The number of known species of fishes is about ten thousand. The waters of this country are quite prolific of the finny tribe. The commerce in fish has become quite extensive along some of the and lakes. The Sickle-backed family furnishes the game fish, and are never caught larger than four pounds in weight. The various genera found here are the black bass, goggle-eye, the croppy, or big black sun-fish, and the two common sun-fish. There are but I two species of the Pike family, - the pickerel, weighing from five to twenty-five pounds, and the gar pike. Of the Sucker family ! are the buftalo, red-horse, white-sucker, two species of blacki suckers and mullet ranick. Fish of this family are found in all

This county is favorably situated for the production of a great variety of interesting plants. Out of about 2,4:00 species of flowering plants in the United States, about 1,600 can be found within the limits of this State, and about 1,000 within this county. In the following list we will enumerate only the most common and remarkable, growing spontaneously in this county; and we give the English names from Gray's Manual, lifth edition, being well aware that most localities have different names for many plants, and that even in the books some English names are given to two or more plants, as sycamore, button snakeroot, black snakeroot, goose-grass, hair-grass, loosestrife, etc.

Crowfoots.-QomraoTL virgin's bower, a vine, is occasionally found: the leather-flower, a cultivated vine bearing large, blue flowers, is of the same genus. The Pennsylvanian, Virginian and wood anemones occur here and there. Liver-leaf ("liver-wort") is common on forest hillsides. Rue anemone, and the early, the purplish and the tall meadow-rues are common in the woods. The true buttercups of the East are not found here, but the most common flower corresponding to them is the creeping crowfoot. The smallflowered, the hooked, the bristly and the early crowfoots also occur. Isopyrum grows in moist, shady places. Marsh marigold is common in early spring, growing in mud supplied v/ith fresh water: in the East they are called "cowslips" and sometimes used for greens. "Water plantain spearwort, growing in mud, and yellow water crowfoot, growing in water and with the submersed leaves finely divided, are seen occasionally. Wild columbine, so easily recognized by its resemblance to the cultivated species, abounds in the margins of the woods ; so also two species of wild larkspur. Yellow puccoon is very scarce. White baueberry is occasionally seen in the deep woods.

Ciiiitai'd-Apiyle Family. - The papaw is common. This is a fragile bush, with large leaves, bearing fruit about the size and appearance of short, thick, green cucumbers, which have a pulp like the banana. To "learn" to like them one must merely taste of them at times far apart.

Moonseed. - Canadian moonseed is abundant in the woods. It is a smooth, twining vine like the morning-glory, with a beautiful, round, yellow root, which has a tonic-bitter taste, and is sometimes called sarsaparilla. The true wild sarsaparilla belongs to the Ginseng family.

Water Lilies. - The pond, or white water lily, is abundant in large, open ponds in the river bottoms, and the yellow water, or frog lily, growing in shallow, stagnant water, is common. The vellow nelumbo, a similar plant, is sometimes found.

Fiomitory Family. - The celebrated Dutchman's breeches is common, and squirrel-corn is sometimes found. Bleeding heart is of the same genus.

Muatards. - Marsh cress is common; lake cress, growing in water, is sometimes seen; and horse-radish flourishes beyond the bounds of cultivation. Pepper-root, an early-flowering plant, is common in the dense forest. Two varieties of spring cress are frequent. Two species of the delicate little rock cress and Arabis dentata are also frequent. Hedge mustard is the most common mustard-like weed that grows on cultivated and waste grounds. Tansy mustard is rare. Black mustard, the type of this family, flourishes on cultivated and waste grounds. White mustard is very rare at the present day. Shepherd's purse is abundant early in the season, - a weed everywhere: its seed-pod is triangular, somewhat inflated, and in shape resembles a shepherd's purse of the olden time. Wild peppergrass is common in late summer: seed-pods, wafer- form. Whitlow grass grows in sandy ground. To the Mustard family belong the radish, turnip and cabbage of our gardens.

Caper Family. - Polanisia, a fetid pod-bearing plant, is common on sandy ground, and is extending along the railroads where sand and gravel are deposited. Cleome pungens, or spider-flower, is escaping from cultivation.

Violets. - Common blue violet is abundant, the other kinds more rare, namely, hand-leaf, arrow-leaved, larkspur, bird-foot, downy yellow, etc. Heart's-ease belongs to this order.

Rodc-Moses. - Frost-weed grows in sandy soil, and pin-weed on dry ground. Hudsonia, the smallest shrub in the counti-y, grows on some of the sandy hills.

Pinks. - Starry campion, sleepy catchfly, corn cockle, sandwort, long-leaved stitchwort and forked chickweed are found here and thex-e. Common chickweed and three species of mouse-ear chickweed and bouncing bet are more common. Carpet weed is common on tlie sand; it grows in the form of a bunchy lamp-mat.

Purslajies. - Akin to the beautiful portnlaca is our universal purslane, often called "pursley." Spring beauty belongs to this family. It is one of the earliest spring flowers, and may be'distinguished by the plant's having but two leaves, long and narrow and somewhat fleshy. The flower is a light rose color, with deeper veins. isMallo'ius Family. - Common, or low mallows and velvet-leaf, or Indian mallows are very abundant. The latter is a tall, pestiferous weed about our fields, with seed-vessels resembling poppy-bolls. Sida and bladder ketmia, or flower of an hour, are common. To this order belong the hollvhock and okra, in cultivation.

Geranium Family. - Wild crane's-bill is common in early spring, having a solitary, rose-colored flower on the summit. Carolina crane's-bill is rather rare. Spotted and pale touch-me-nots are common in moist, shaded places, growing in dense patches. The balsamine of cultivation is of the same genus. Yellow wood-sorrel is everywhere, and here and there the violet wood-sorrel jirevails to some extent. This is erroneously called " sheep-sorrel." Sheep, or field-sorrel, grows on sandy or gravely ground, has lance- shaped and pointed leaves, obscure flowers, and seeds like pie-plant or yellowdock, while wood-sorrel grows mostly in clay soil, has three leaflets like clover, showy flowers, and seeds in a pod. The two sorrels belong to dift'erent orders, but have a similar taste.

Rueworts. - The northern prickly ash, a common shrub in our woods, but growing scarcer, and the still rarer hop-tree, are the only members of this family in this county. Garden rue is of the same order, or family.

Casheio Fuinily. - In America this would seem to be rather the sumac family. The smooth sumac is common everywhere, fragrant sumac abundant in sandy ground, and poison ivy is common along fences - some places abundant. The latter is a coarse, woody vine with innumerable rootlets, and has three leaflets to each leaf, with these leaflets sometimes partly divided. When the plant is young it can be distinguished from box-elder by the latter having a white " bloom " on the stem, and at all times it can be distinguished from Virginia creeper (American ivy, an innocent plant) by the latter having flve leaflets to each leaf, and the whole leaf in shape like that of buckeye. Poison, dwarf and stag-horn sumacs are common in some places.

Vine Family, that is, the Grape-vine family. - Virginia creeper, just described, is as abundant as any weed. The winter, or frostgrape and the northern fox-grape are common, but the summer grape, a delicious fruit, is very scarce, if indeed it can be found at all in this county. It used to be abundant, but the vines have been destroyed by reckless grape gatherers.

Buckthorn Fam,lly. - The noted red-root, or New Jersey tea, a shrub in the margin of prairies, and to some extent in all other situations, is the only representative of this family here, and it is becoming rarer by the encroachments of cultivation and pasturage. The leaves make very good tea.

Staff-tree Family. - The climbing bittersweet and waahoo are all there are of this family in our limits. The former is a smooth, woody vine, common in the woods, climbing by simply twining, and bearing orange-colored berries in clusters, often called waxwork, and used in ornamentation. This vine is often called simply bittersweet, but the true medical bittersweet is a very different plant, scarcely a vine at all, and not growing wild in this county. The waahoo, or burning-bush, is a real bush of aborft the size and proportions of a plum-tree; its twigs have four white lines, and its crimson fruit in autumn after the leaves have fallen is very showy. The flowers are dark purple. Strawberrj-bush is rare.

Soapberry Order includes the Maple, Bladdernut and Soapberry (proper) families. Of the maples the most common are the sugar, the red and the white. The latter are the soft maples. Box-elder is sometimes called ash-leaved maple, and belongs to this family. The American bladdernut is a tree-like shrub about 10 feet high, producing large three-lobed, inflated seed pods. Two species of buck-eye are common in the river bottoms.

I^ulse Family. - This large family is characterized by having seeds in pods like beans and peas, which are members of the family. The first in the list, according to the books, are the clovers - red and white. Two other species of this genus occur, indeed, but are too rare to enumerate here. Then the white sweet clover, more recently escaped from cultivation; then two species of prairie clover, almost extinct. Goat's rue, false indigo (Amorpha) and lead plant abound on dry, sandy loam in river bottoms. The common locust was introduced here, but this is too far north for it to be hardy enough to withstand our winds and the borer. A honey-locust occurs here and there. One milk vetch is frequent. Six species of tick trefoil abound and nine others occur. These are those plants in the woods bearing "pods" of triangular, flat burs. Five species of bush clover are found here. Three vetches (tares) and four marsh vetchlings, ground nut, kidney bean, false indigo (Baptisia) and wild senna are found here and there. Hog peanut, called wild pea or bean by some, abounds everywhere in the woods. Eed-bud is an ugly little tree except in the spring before the leaves appear, when the whole top is of a beautiful purplish-red from the blossoms. Partridge pea is abundant "in spots," grows like a weed in low places, 20 inches to two feet high, has leaves like a locust, and bears a very large, yellow flower. The sensitive plant may be found within the bounds of this county, but if so, it is very scarce. The Kentucky coffee-tree is rare. It is famous for its beautiful compound leaves and glossy beans.

Rose Faviily. - Most of our edible fruits come from this family of trees and herbs, as the apple, peach, plum, cherry,- strawberry, etc. The wild plum (yellow or red) is becoming very scarce; the wild red cherry is always rare; the wild black cherry is abundant; choke-cherry is a shrub occasionally found; dwarf cherry is common on sandy ridges; nine-bark and goat's-beard are species of spirasa frequently found ; common meadow sweet and Canadian burnet, rare; agrimony is a coarse herb occasionally seen, having leaves_ resembling those of the strawberry, and bearing a kind of drooping bur, - a plant about two feet high. One species of avens is very cojnmon, and four other species are found. Common cinquefoil, or flve-firiger, resembles the strawberry very closely; and abounds in dry soil; Norwegian cinquefoil has similar leaves, but the plant is coarse and grows three feet high, - not common; silvery and several other species of cinquefoil are also found. One species of wild strawberry abounds in retired situations; it was common over the original prairie. The high blackberry and the raspberry prevail here as elsewhere, but their sylvan territory is narrowed to close limits by the encroachments of man; tlie low blackberry, or dewberry, and the running swamp blackberry also occur; the dwarf raspberry grows only a foot or two high. Of the roses proper, the dwarf wild rose is the most common, bnt its teri'itorj' has also become very limited; the "early wild" rose maybe found. Three species of red haw (hawthorn) occur; the black, or pear, thorn is the most common, then the scarlet-fruited thorn, and lastly the cockspur thorn. The crab apple and choke berry are well known. Several varieties of June berry are common.

Saxifrages. - Two or three species of gooseberry are common; three species of currant grow here; and swamp saxifrage and two species of alum-root are sometimes met with. Mitre-wort, or bishop's cap, is common, flowering in early spring; this is an interesting little plant.

Orpine Family. - Ditch stone-crop is common during wet seasons; can occasionally be found in the ditches during drj' seasons; mossy stone-crop has escaped from cultivation to gravelly roadsides, etc.; one other species of stone-crop occurs.

Evening Primroses. - Common evening primrose, enchanter's nightsliade and two species of willow-herb are common. Seedbox, water-purslean and sun-drops are found here and there.

Farsley Family. - This family is characterized by having their seed-bearing tops like those of parsnips. Most of the poisonous plants growing in this country .belong to this family. Two species of black snakeroot prevail in this county; water pennywort, polytfenia, cowbane, meadow parsnip, spotted cowbane (two species), rattlesnake master, water parsnip (two species), chervil and poison hemlock occur here and there, while smoother and hairy ^weet cicely are abundant; even garden parsnip is becoming a common weed in open, protected places. Of the whole family the most poisonous are the spotted cowbane and poison hemlock. Cow parsnip is the largest plant of this order, and grows in shaded bottom lands.

Ginseng Family. - Ginseng, on account of its popular medical qualities, has been pretty well thinned out; dwarf ginseng, or grouud-nut, is a modest little plant flowering in April. The true wild sarsaparilla (a plant of the appearance of a large ginseng) is sometimes found, and spikenard is common in the forest ravines.

Dogwoods. - The most common dogwood is the white- berried, or panicled cornel, next the rough-leaved, the alternate-leaved, the flowering, the silky, red-osier, dwarf and round-leaved. Pepperidge, a middle-sized tree, occurs here and there.

Honeysuckles. - Common elder and yellow honeysuckle are common, iiorse gentian, or fever- wort, is a forest weed bearing five to ten yellow berries in a circle around the stem at every place where the two opposite leaves are attached. The true black haw is scarce, but sheep-berry, which is generally called black haw, is common. Two species of arrow-wood and the cranberry tree occur here and there.

Madder Family. - The small bedstraw, two species of the rough and the northern bed-straw are abundant, and the sweet-scented is common, while occasionally may be found cleavers, or goose-grass. Wild liquorice occurs rarely. These herbs are all of a flax-like appearance, having several beautiful little leaves in a whorl at each joint. Button bush is common in wet ground. Partridge-berry is common further north.

Composites. - This order is by far the largest of all. Its flowers are compound, that is, there are several, sometimes many, small flowers crowded close togetiier in a head, as sunflower, lettuce, dandelion, aster, chrysanthemum, May- weed, etc. Their time of flowering is generally late in the season.

Iron-weed is common on flat ground; its summit in August is a beautiful royal purple. Four species of button snakeroot (one called also blazing star) are abundant on protected original prairie, and occur nowhere else. Five species of tlioroughwort grow liere, that called boneset being abundant. The species called trumpet, or Joe-Pyc weed, is a tall, interesting weed, with 3 to 6 leaves in each Vvdiorl, that is, at each joint. Kuhnia is not rare; it resembles boneset. Mist- flower grows in our limits. Of the asters there are about 30 species growing within this county; about half of tliem are very common. The flowers have a starry appearance; hence the name. The most remarkable of them is the New England aster, a large purple flower along the roadsides in September. Five species of fleabane, similar to the asters in appearance, are common, namely: horseweed, which is abundant on waste and cultivated grounds, Robin's plantain, common fleabane, and two daisy fleabanes, one of them called also sweet scabious. About 20 species of golden-rod can be found in this county, only half of them comm.oii, however. The most abundant is the Solidago Canadensis. From these much honey is made by bees in September. Four species of rosin-weed used to prevail on the original prairie, but their territory is very limited at the present day. The most noted of them has dvided leaves, and is also called compass plant, or polar plant, theleaves having once been thought to point north and south. They do indeed stand with their faces somewhat parallel, but they are just as apt to have their edges toward other points of the compass. One species of rosin-weed has undivided leaves, large and rough, and is called prairie dock. This and the compass plant flourish on fiat prairie soil which is not pastured. The species called cup-plant grows along the banks of channeled sloughs. The leaves join together at the base so as to form a cup. It is a very large weed. Parthenium, a similar plant, is not rare. Ragweed is the most common weed we have along the roadsides; called also hogweed, Roman wormwood, etc. Great ragweed is the largest weed that grows in this country: common along fences. Cocklebur is on the increase. Ox-eye, Lepachj's and six species of coneflower are almost common. Six species of wild sunflower flourish along fences in unfrequented situations. They are tall weeds, but not troublesome. One kind has tuberous roots, and is really an artichoke. Three species of tickseed occur in this county. The true Spanish needle does not grow here, but three species of its genus abound here, especially during wet seasons, namely, common and swamp beggar ticks and the larger bur-marigold. The smaller bur-marigold is found in shallow running water. Fetid marigold is abundant in dry situations along the wagon roads. When struck, even liglith', it yields a rank, aromatic odor; called also false dogfennel. Sneeze- vi^eed, which looks somewhat like a Spanish needle, is abundant during wet seasons and exceedingly scarce at other times. May-weed, or dog fennel, every one is familiar with. So with yarrow. Tlie ox-eye daisy or white- weed, a vexatious weed in the East, is just beginning to creep in along the railroads. Biennial worm.wcod is a common but harmless weed in waste places. Common and plantain-leaved everlasting are common. Fire-weed, abundant. Golden rag- wort, several species of hawkweed and Cynthia here and there. The famous Canada thistle is seldom seen; the common thistle abounds more and more. Two other species are common, growing very tall. Burdock and dandelion are abundant. Wild lettuce and false or blue lettuce are common milky weeds, growing veiy tall. Two species of sow thistle, comparatively harmless, are modestly on the increase.

Lobelias. - The celebrated medical lobelia, or Indian tobacco, flourishes along our garden fences. The great lobelia, or blue cardinal flower, is abundant in moist ground. The cardinal flower is the most showy, dazzling-red flower we have growing wild: found in wet ground and on the banks of sloughs. A small and slender species of lobelia is common in protected situations.

Camjxinula or Bellfioicer Family. - The tall bellflower is common. Yenus's looking-glass is found here and there. '' Blue-bells " do not belong here; they are the smooth lungwort, belonging to the Borage family.

Heaths. - Large and small cranberry, black huckleberry, ano dwarf, low and swamp blueberries are found here, the first three in swamps. ^Creeping snowberry (in peat bogs), bearberry in sandy ground, creeping wintergreen, shin leaf, sheep laurel, Labrador tea, Indian pipe and pipsissewa are occasionally found.

Plantain Family. - The common plantain of our door-yards. Two other species of this family may occur in this county, but they are exceedingly rare.

Primrose. - Several species of loosestrife (Lysimachia), chickweed, wintergreen and one or two pimpernels occur. Moneywort is common about some door-yards.

Pii^ioorts. - Mullein, toad-flax (" butter-and-eggs "), fig-wort, beard-tongue, two species of Gerardia, two species of louse-wort and cow-wheat are common, while monkey-flower, hedge-hyssop, false pimpernel, purslane, Culver's root, water, marsh, purslane, common and corn speedwell and blue-hearts are sometimes seen. Toad-flax has persistent roots like witch-grass and threatens to become a pest. The snap-dragon of our gardens is a fig-wort.

Vervains. - Verbenas belong to this order. The most abundant plant belonging to this family and growing wild is the hoary vervain; next are the bracted (prostrate), the white or nettleleaved, and the blue. They all prefer dry, waste grounds, and are much inclined to hybridize. Fog-fruit is abundant in sandy ground along the rivers. Lopseed is common in woods.

Mints. - Common are wood sage, or American germander, wild mint, bugle-weed, American pennyroyal, and hedge nettle (two species). Motherwort, catnip, heal-all, and wild mint are abundant. Here and there are water horehound, mountain mint, horse-mint, calaminth, Blephilia, (two species), giant hyssop (two species), false dragon head, or lion's heart, mad-dog skullcap and one other species of skullcap. Ground ivy, or gill-over-the-ground, is abundant about dwellings. What is generally called "horse-mint" in the West is " wild bergamot" according to the books. Wild mint is often taken for peppermint. True peppermint, spearmint, and horehound are scarce within our limits. Salvia, sage and Mexican sage are cultivated plants belonging to this order.

Po?r/gevjorts. ^Jl-a,iry and hoary puccoon. sniooth hingwort, stick-seed, beggar's lice and common hound's-tongue are common; all other species rare. Comfrey belongs to this familv. Smooth lungwort is often called '"blue-bells." It is common in early spring about door-yards and along fences near dwellings. Common hound's-tongue flourishes along the roads; flowers a dull purple, appearing in early summer. Beggar's lice is a species ot honnd's-tongue.

Water-leaf Pamily. - Two or three species of water-leaf and Ellisia appear in cool, shady places. The latter resembles small tomatoes in leaf and fruit.

Polemoniuras or Phloxes. - Greek valerian, paniculate, hairy and divaricate phlox are frequent. The true wild sweet- William is very rare. Moss pink is more common in cultivation.

Convolvulus or Moribing- glory Family. - The most common plant of this order growing spontaneously beyond the bounds of cultivation is hedge bindweed or Eutland beauty. Eight species of dodder (" love-vine ") may be found, all rare but one which appears like orange- colored thread growing on the tops of weeds. Wild potato-vine is occasionally found on woody hillsides.

Nightshade Family. - To this family belong Irish potatoes, tomatoes, egg-plant, bitter-sweet, matrimony vine, tobacco and Jerusalem cherry. The most common weeds of this family are jimson-weed, horse-nettle ("bull nettles "), common or black nightshade and two species of ground-cherry. The white-flowered jimson-weed (Datura Stramonium) is called common Stramonium or thornapple by Dr. Gray, while the pnrple-flowered he calls purple thornapple.

Gentians. - One beautiful species of American centaury, American Columbo and five-flowered, fringed, smaller fringed, whitish, yellowish white, and closed gentian are found within our limits. "Horse gentian " belongs to the Honeysuckle family'. Buck-bean is common in bogs.

Milkiceeds. - Common milkweed, or silkvveed, is common; has large, boat-shaped pods of glistening cotton. Swamp milkweed, butterfly weed, or pleurisy-root, whorled milkweed and two species of green milkweed are common in places.