Gibson County, Indiana - Biographical sketches, 1914 (part 8 of 20)

In politics Mr. Baldridge rendered a stanch allej;iance to the Repubhcan party up to 1884, when he cast his snpi)ort with the Prohibition party and takes an active interest in its success, though he is not in any sense a man who has sought for himself the emoluments or licuKirs of public office. He is a man of progressive ideas; as a man of strict morality, the community could ask no better; as a man of integrity, 110 district can boast oi a citizen more honest, and as a man of intelligence he ranks high, enjoying the unbounded respect and esteem of those with whom he associates.

Herman Siegert

Every nation on the earth has contributed its quota to the population of the United States, but no nation has furnished better citizens for our country than has Germany. Hundreds of thousands of the best blood of Germany have come to this country and become the most substantial citizens of the various localities in which they settled. Fortunate indeed is the locality which has its German descendants numbered among its citizens, for wherever they are found, they are always among the most substantial citizens of the community. The habits of thrift and frugality which they inherited from their ancestors always make them valuable assets to the community at large. No one ever heard of a German dying in the poorhouse. It is unquestioned that the example set by thrifty German citizens has been very beneficial not to our native American, but to the citizens of all other countries as well. Indiana was fortunate in the days before the war, and immediately after the war, in attracting many thousands of good Germans to her borders. Among the many German families coming to this state at the close of the war was the Siegert family.

Herman Siegert, the son of August and Annie ( Schauckc ) Siegert. was born in Saxony, Germany, in 1847. He came with his p;irents to .Xnierica in 1857. They landed at New Orleans and from llience tlu'\- came up the Mississippi and Ohio rixers to Mt. Vernon. Later they settled near Gray\ille, Illinois, where August Siegert bought forty acres of land. He cleared this land and improved it and spent his remaining days on this place, his death occurring there at an ad\'anced age.

out a part of the time before he reached his majority. At that time his father gave him a team and he rented his father's farm and was very successful in his efforts. Within a short time he was able to buy forty acres near the home farm. Some years later he sold this tract and bought another farm in Wabash county, Illinois, across the Wabash river from Gibson county. In 1872 he was very fortunate in buying one hundred acres of land in Wabash township Gibson county, Indiana, for the very small sum of three hundred dollars. This land was covered with a fine growth of timber, which in itself was worth more than the price he paid for the land. Mr. Siegert probably had the honor of reaping the first wheat which was ever grown in the Wabash bottoms in this township. He cleared the land and gradually improved it by ditching and draining until it was known as one of the best farms of the township. With true German thrift he saved his money and invested in more land. As a farmer he has had but few equals in the history of the township, a fact which is shown by his extensive land holdings at the present time. He now owns two thousand four hundred acres in Wabash township alone, as well as other farms in Posey and Warrick counties.

In 1882 Mr. Siegert was married to Sarah Pedigo, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James Pedigo. She was born at Owens\-ille, this county. After their marriage they made their home about three miles south of Crowley ville in Wabash township, where his wife died four years later, leaving one daughter, Amanda, who married Paul Maier, and slie and her husband live with her father. After the death of his wife Mr. Siegert closed his home and boarded in the vicinity of his various farms until the marriage of his daughter in 1908, since v>-hich time he has made his home with her and her husband.

Mr. Siegert is a loyal and earnest memlier of the German Lutheran church and has always contributed very liberally to its support. Mr. Siegert is a man of very few words, plain, gentle and unassuming, who attends strictly to his own business. He has never interested himself actively in politics and has never sought political office at the hands of any party. He is an excellent type of the worthy German citizen and shows what can be accomplished by fixed purpose and consecutive endeavor. He is a conspicuous example of the pioneer who began life in a new country and, under unfavorable circumstances, by his own integrity and industry has made a career of marked success in agricultural affairs. He has lived a useful and honorable life, a life characterized by perseverance and earnest effort, and the lionorablc life he has led might well set an example to the younger generation. His lifelong record for right living and industrial habits, for education and morality and for all which contributes to the welfare of the communitv. nia\' well be emulated 1)V the cuminLr "eneralioii.

Holding eminent prestige among the successful men of his community, the subject of this review has had much to do in advancing the material interests of Gibson county. The study nf such a life can not fail of interest and incentive, for he has been not only distinctively representative in his sphere of endeavor, but has established a reputation for integrity and honor. Numbered among the substantial and worthy citizens of his community, none more than he deserves representation in a work of the character of the one in hand.

Milton Cushman, the present efficient county treasurer of Gibson county, was born July 13, 1865, in Princeton. He received his education in the public schools of that city. Reared on a farm, he has followed the pursuit of agriculture all his life, and the present estate of the subject, located five miles southwest of Princeton, in I'atoka township, is considered one of the model agricultural plants in the count}-, it being the garden spot of the section.

Having spent one term as an assistant in the office of the county treasurer, Mr. Cushman was eminently fitted to fill that office, to which he was elected in 1912 on the Democratic ticket, and his administration of the affairs of that responsible i)osition has given the utmost satisfaction to the taxpayers of Gibson county.

Modest and unassuming in his manner and of a genial and approachable personality. Mr. Cushman has probably as large a circle of friends as any man in the county, his strict attention to his own affairs and his straightforward and clean life having made him a man whom it is a delight to know and honor.

In fraternal matters, Mr. Cushman takes a deej) interest in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of which he is an earnest member, striving in his dailv walk to exempli f\- the beautiful and worthy precepts taught by that order. His support in religious matters is given to the Methodist Episcopal church. He has never married.

Hugh Hanna, Sr

Dependent very largely upon his own resources from his early youth, Hugh Hanna, Sr., of Patoka township, has attained no insignificant success, and though he may have, like most men of affairs, encountered obstacles and met with reverses, he has pressed steadily forward, ever willing to work for the end he has in view. His tenacity and fortitude are due, no doubt, in a large measure to the worthy traits inherited from his sterling ancestors, whose high ideals and correct principles he has ever sought to perpetuate in all the relations of life.

Hugh Hanna, Sr., who, after many years of successful efforts as agriculturist, is now li\ing retired in his comfortable home at Princeton, Indiana, was born in Decemljer, 1843, i" county Wigtown, Scotland. He was the son of Hugh and Margaret (Osborn) Hanna, who were both born, reared and married in the same locality, where the father followed farming all his life, and there died. Pie and his wife were members of the Presbyterian church. The latter came to America some time after his death, and here lived with her son, the subject of this sketch, until her death. She was the mother of two children, Margaret, who married a Mr. Wilson and lives in Rutland, Vermont, and Hugh, the immediate subject of this sketch. As a boy, Hugh Hanna had very little schooling in Scotland, and spent the major portion of his time on his father's farm, until he came to America with John Kerr and family, locating in Princeton, Gibson county, Indiana. Here he started to learn the blacksmith's trade with Tonas Tichenor, with whom he remained for about three years, until the Ijreaking out of the Civil war, when he entered the army and performed valiant service in the defense of his adopted country. After his return from the army in the fall of 1865, Mr. Hanna was married and continued to be employed at his trade until 1868, when he was employed in a hardware store for about two years. He then bought a hundred and sixty acres of land in Patoka township, to which he has applied himself continuously since, his efforts being rewarded with splendid success. He is a good all-round farmer, giving his attention to every detail of his work, and the splendid residence and other buildings on the place, well-kept fences and other details show him to be a man of good judgment and sound discrimination.

In the fall of 1865 Mr. Hanna was united in marriage with Mary Jane Cook, a native of county Donegal, Ireland, who came to the United States in 1862. To this union have been born four children, namely: David, a painter by trade, living in Princeton; Mary, the wife of John B. Woods, a merchant in Princeton; Elizabeth, the wife of Hugh Tiionipson, a piano tuner of Princeton; Hugh, Jr., the owner of a novelty works at Princeton.

Politically a Republican, Mr. Hanna has been a warm supporter of his party and has taken an active part in advancing its interests in this locality, though the honors of public office have never proved attractive enough to him to induce him to try for office. Fraternally, he is a member of Archer Post No. 28, Grand Army of the Republic, in Princeton, this membership being particularly consonant in view of the sul)ject's military record, referred to briefly in the preceding paragraph. In 1864 he enlisted as a private in Company H. Seventeenth Regiment, Indiana N'olunteer Infantry, which was mounted, and he was sent to Georgia, where he took part in the Atlanta campaign, and then in the pursuit of Hood to Nashville and on to Wilson's raid. From there he returned to Macon, Georgia, where he was discharged in August, 1865. He served valiantly in the ranks throughout the struggle, and was fortunate in being neither wounded nor taken prisoner. According to the statement of his comrades, he was a faithful and courageous soldier and ably performed his part in the suppression of the great rebellion. Religiously, Mr. Hanna is a member of the Presbyterian church, to which he gives earnest support. He has always been regarded as a man of high principles, honest in every respect and broad minded. A man of clean character, kindness of heart to the unfortunate, and ever willing to aid in any way in causes for the betterment of the community, and the public with whom he has been associated, he is held in high favor and the utmost respect is accorded him by all who know him.

James P. Roby

The best history of a community or state is the one that deals mostly with the li\es and acti\-ities of its ])eople, especially of those who by their own endeavor and indomitable energy. lia\e forged to the front and placed themselves where they deserve the title of progressive men. In this brief review may be found the record of one wdio has outstripped the less active plodders on the highway of life, and by the exercise of his talents, he lias risen to a position which is one of the most influential of his townshi]). He possesses those admiralile qualities, characteristics of mind and heart which make him a credit to the communitv favored hx his residence. _\s a private citi/en and (41)

James P. Roby, the son of John and Rachel (Bristow) Roby, was born in 1877 in Edwards county, Illinois. His father, John Roby, came from Davis county, Kentucky, when a small child, in about the year 1852. Robert Rob3^ the grandfather of James P., came from Davis county, Kentucky, to Edwards county, Illinois, early in the history of that state. He was a native of Virginia and, according to the family records, he was born in the same county as was Thomas Jefiferson. His death occurred in Edwards county, Illinois, and his son, John, grew up in that county, was married there, and has lived there on a farm all of his life. Rachel Bristow Roby, the mother of the subject, was born in Davis county, Kentucky, and moved to Edwards county, Illinois, about 1852, with her parents, Benjamin P. and Sallie (Crawford) Bristow. She lived in Illinois until 1885, when with her husliand she moved to Wabash township, Gibson county, Indiana, where they resided for about twenty years. They then moved back to Illinois, wliere they are still living. Howe\er, the subject of this sketch, James P., remained in this county, and followed the occupation of teaching for eight years. As a school teacher, he made an excellent record as an instructor and disciplinarian. At the time he stopped teaching he was one of the best known teachers in the count}^ He was elected township assessor, an office which he held for five years. The citizens of the township in which he had been teaching recognized his superior ability as an executive and elected him as township trustee of Wabash township, an office which he has filled with great credit to himself as well as to the township. As trustee he has taken an unusual amount of interest in the schools of his township, and has built them up so that they are the best schools in the county.

Mr. Roby was married in 1901 to Leota H. Gibson, the daughter of Charles and Melinda (Waddle) Gibson. Her father died when she was a small child, and she and her mother lived for some vears with her grandfather. Da\id Waddle, in ^^''abash county, Illinois, across the Wabash river from Gibson county. Some years after moving to Illinois, her mother married Fred Freeman, of Wabash township, Gibson county.

To Mr. and Mrs. Roby have been born four children, Leslie, Charles, Annazene and Edna. Mr. Roby has always been an adherent of the Democratic party and is not a mere partisan, but takes a ^-erv active interest in all public affairs and is one of the best posted men on current events in the town- ship. It is probably safe to say that no more popular township official has ever exercised the duties of his office than has the subject of this sketch. Mr. Roby is a man of kindly nature, modest and unassuming in his demeanor and is one of those genial men w liom it is a pleasure to meet at any time. He is a man of vigorous mentality, deeply interested in everything pertaining to the welfare of his community along material and civic lines, and is justly regarded as one of the progressive and enterprising men of his township. His life has been one of unceasing industry, and the systematic and honorable methods he has followed have won for him the confidence of his fellow citizens of Gibson countw whose interests he has e\'er had at heart.

Xot too often can be repeated the life history of one who has lived so honorable ami useful a life and attainetl to such distinction as he whose name appears at the head oi this sketch. As a private citizen and as a public ofikial he has been a pronounced success in everything with which he has been connected. There arc individuals in nearly every community who by reason of ability and force of character rise above the heads of the masses and command the unbounded esteem of their fellow men. Such individuals are characterized by perseverance and a directing spirit, two virtues that never fail. They always make their presence felt and the vigor of their strong personalities serves as a stimulant and incentive to the young and rising generation. To this energetic and enterprising class the subject of this sketch very properly belongs.

Paul Maier, the son of Maurice and Anna ( Mehl ) Maier, was born in 1869 at Mt. Vernon, Indiana. He grew up in the town of Mt. Vernon and receeived all of his education in the public schools of that place. Mr. Maier has always been very active in politics, and as a Republican has been elected to three county offices in Posey county. His first off.ce. however, was as marshal of Mt. Vernon. Immediately following his term as marshal of the town of ]\It. Vernon, he was elected sheriff of Posey county, Indiana, and gave such excellent satisfaction as sheriff that he was elected to the office of countv clerk, notwithstanding the fact that Posey county is normally strongly Democratic. He handled the duties of county clerk so satisfactorily to the people of the county that he was easily elected upon the expiration of his term as countv clerk to the office of county auditor. Here again he was very successful in conducting" the affairs of the office. In his whole ofificial career he has striven for clean politics, and has always conducted the various public offices which he has held with the integrity and fairness that his selfrespect demanded. It is safe to say that not a more popular sheriff, clerk or auditor ever served the people of Posey county than Mr. Maier. It is very possible that no other man in the state enjoys the honor of having held three county offices in succession, and especially in a county where the opposing party usually elected all the county officials. It certainly speaks well for the business ability and strict integrity with which Mr. Maier conducted his official affairs. There have been a few men who have been elected to two county offices, but seldom, if ever, in the state in the last few years has any man been elected to three county offices in succession.

Mr, Maier was united in marriage in 1908 to Amanda Siegert, the only child of Herman Siegert and Sarah (Pedigo) Siegert, whose family is represented elsewhere in this volume. Mrs. Maier is an unusually well educated and refined woman, possessing all the social graces which characterize the woman of culture. She is an accomplished musician, and graces her beautiful home with dignity and hospitality.

Mr. and Mrs. Maier have one of the most beautiful country homes in the state. Upon coming to the entrance of this home one passes through an archway, on which is inscribed "Mount Siegert." Driving through the archway a broad gravel road is seen leading up to the Jordan hills, which rise abruptly from the river bottoms. High up among the hills, commanding a view for many miles in all directions, is their beautiful residence, finished in mission style. Handsome paintings adorn the walls, beautiful furniture is seen in all the rooms. A modern lighting system is one of the prominent features of the house. This home, built in 191 1 by Mr. Maier, was designed by his versatile Avife, and embodies all the latest ideas in architecture.

In this delightful home Mr. and Mrs. Maier dispense their hospitality with a kindly and generoUs hand. Mr. Maier is a man of wide experience in public life and is used to mixing with the busy life of the people. He is affable, courteous and popular wherever he is known, and his wife shares his popularity with him. Fraternally, Mr. Maier is a member of the Knights of Pythias and takes an active interest in the affairs of that fraternity. He and his wife are both loyal and earnest members of the German Lutheran church and have always contributed liberally to the support of that -denomination. Mr. Maier, by his straightforward and honorable course, has become very successful in the business affairs in which he has been engaged. He is plentifully endowed with good common sense, energy and determination.

and has accomplished what he has by being- methodical and unswervingly persistent in the transaction of all his business, whether private or public. He has been essentially a man of affairs, of sound judgment, of keen discernment, far-seeing in whatever he undertakes, and \\hate\er enterprise he has addressed himself to has resulted in liberal material rewards. A man of much vigor, of such praiseworthy public service is clearly entitled to representation in the biographical \olume of the present nature, and for this reason his career is and should be an example to the coming generation of his comnnmitv.

Xathax B. Knowles

Among the settlers who came to Indiana before its admission to the Union in 1816 and who have been identihed with the history of southern Indiana for more than a century through their descendants, there is no more highly respected family than the Knowles family. The grandfather of Nathan B. Knowles was Nathaniel Knowles, who came to Gibson county -^\ith his parents when a small boy. He was married in 1882 to Temperance Born, and to this marriage there were born seven children: Serelda. born 1822; Enos .\ndrew, born 1824; John \\'., l)orn 1826; Asbury, born 1828; Louisa, born 1S30: Patsy, born 1832: Melissa, born 1834. Nathaniel Ivnowles died at Knowles Station, Fe!)ruary 2, 1892, at the advanced age of ninety-six years, seven months and fifteen days, leaving an estate of four hundred acres of fine land in Gibson count}-.

The third child of Nathaniel was John W., the father of Nathan B. Knowles, the immediate subject of this sketch. John \Y. Knowles married Rachel Catherine Carter, the daughter of Benjamin Ford and Rachel Carter, and to this union there were born seven children : Temperance Jane, born May 5, 1854; Berry H., Ixirn December 9, T856: Enos Andrew, born December i, 1858; Benjamin E., born April 8, 18^11 ; Rachel Elizabeth, born 1865; Nathan B., the subject of this sketch, born Januarv 27, 1871 : and Melvia Ethel, born November i, 1875.

Benjamin Ford and Rachel Carter reared a large familv of twelve children: Elizabeth, born February 14, 1807: Joseph, born October 14, 1808; Polly ^L, born February 24. 181 1: Julian, born October 6, 1812; Minerva, born June 3. 1S15; Lucinda, born February 2, 1817; Nancy E., born November 16, 1819: Anderson N., born July 3, 1S21: Eunice, born February 22; 1827; Wren, born March 20, 1829: Susan W'., born May 8, 1831 ; and Rachel

Catherine, the mother o_f Nathan B. Knowles, born November 7, 1S33. Benjamin Ford Carter came to Indiana in 1813 and before his death had one hundred and sixty acres of land in Posey and Gilison counties.

Nathan B. Knowles, whose family history has been traced back two generations on both sides of the house, was born at Knowles Station, Montgomery township, Indiana, on January 27, 1S71. He received his education in the common schools of his township and spent his vacations in work upon his father's farm. He has devoted himself to the best interests of the paternal estate and still lives with his father.

In politics. Mr. Knowles has always adhered to the Republican party, and has taken more or less of an active part in local political affairs since becoming of age. He is a member of the Christian church and is interested in the activities of the church and all other movements which seek to better the conditions of the community in which he lives. Mr. Knowles is a worthy representative of an old and highly respected family which has furnished manv of the best citizens of southern Indiana.

George A. Rutter

A man's reputation is the property of the world, for the laws of nature have forbidden isolation. E\ery human being either submits to the controlling force of others or wields an influence which touches, controls, guides or misdirects others. If he be honest and successful in his chosen field of endeavor, investigation will brighten his fame and point the way along which others may safely follow. The reputation of George A. Rutter, one of the older citizens of Oakland City, Indiana, has ever been above reproach, and it is with pleasure that the biographer now takes his life under review.

George A. Rutter is a native of the Hoosier state, born in Posey county, Indiana, on November 12, 1841, a son of Austin and Eliza (Johnson) Rutter, both of whom were born in the southwestern part of Gibson county. Austin died there at the age of twenty-one, leaving his young widow and two children, the younger of whom, Austin, is a truck farmer at Mount Carmel, Illinois, and the older is George A., the immediate subject of this sketch. Later, the widow was united in marriage with Ambrose Coleman, of Monroe township. Pike county, Indiana, and she died at the age of- thirty-eight years. Both Ambrose Coleman and wife were members of the Christian church and lived lives in keeping with its teachings. They were the parents of four children, John, Margaret, Levi and Thomas, all of whom are dead.

George A. Rutter received Init a limited sehuuliii,'; in tlie early suliscrij)- tion schools of the county and started out in life fur himself when (|nite young. In September, iS6i, at 0\ven>vilIe. Indiana, he cnlistetl in LV.mpany E, Forty-second Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was first sent to Evansville, Indiana. Later he was ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, and soon thereafter was engaged in several battles, those of Perrysville, Storm River, Resaca and Chickamauga. He was in the First Brigade, First Division of the Fourteenth Army Corps and was all through the Atlanta campaign. He was with General Sherman on his famous march to the sea and was at the grand review of troops in ^^'ashington, D. C, in May. 18O3. He received his honorable discharge at Louisville. Kentucky, in July. 1865.

After the close of the war ^Ir. Rutter located in Barton township, Gibson county, on Snake creek, where fur several vears he engaged in farming. After he left that location and pre\ iuus to the time he settled at Oakland City in 1896, where he has since resided, he lived for a time at Bellmont, Illinois, Terre Haute, Indiana, farmed for a time in Rock count}-, Nebraska, and was also in ^Nlayfield, California, for a while. Since residing at Oakland City he has served the public as constable and also as tax collector. He has done a good deal of carpenter work and in 1898 built his present comfortable home.

Mr. Rutter has been married twice. In i'\-l)ruary, 1803, he was united in marriage with Hannah Emmerson, a native of Gibson county. Her death occurred on November 8, 1903, and in 1905 he took as his second wife Mrs. Jane Richardson, widow of William \V. Richardson, of Warrick county, Indiana, a son of George and Jane Richardson, who were natives of North Carolina and early settlers of Warrick county. George Richardson engaged in agricultural work all his life and was also a veteran of the Civil w'ar. William Richardson, first husband of Mrs. Rutter, grew to manhood in \Varrick county, receiving a good common school education. The latter part of his life was spent in Columbia township, Gibson county, where he engaged in farming and where he died on October 6, 1903. He, too, was a soldier in the Civil war, having enlisted in September, 1861, in Company F, Thirty-third Regiment Indiana X'olunteer Infantry, and he served until the close of the war. He had endured the hardships and privations of both Libby and Andersonville prisons and to him, as to all other lo3'al sons of our country who went through so much in the dark days of the sixties, a vast tribute is due. Mr. Richardson was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic at Oakland City and a man highly honored by a large circle of friends.

Mrs. Rutter is a daughter of Benjamin and Joanna (Beatty) Lance, natives of Pike county, who passed their entire Hves within its borders, engaged in farming. The)- were the parents of seven children, namely : Sylvester, Emory, William. Jane, who is Mrs. Rutter, Mont, Jonathan and Lottie.

Mr. Rutter is a member of A. H. Cockrum Post No. 520, Grand Army of the Republic, and his religious affiliation is with the General Baptist church, of which he is a consistent member, giving of his time and means to furthering its cause. Mrs. Rutter holds her church membership with the Lhiited Brethren church, and both of them are well known and have many warm friends not only in Oakland City, but throughout Gibson county. Mr. Rutter is properly, numbered among the substantial citizens of his locality, having contributed in many ways to the advancement of his fellow-citizens, and is therefore in every way deserving of honorable mention in a biographical history of his county.

Theodore M. Bucklin

He to whom this sketch is dedicated is a member of one of the oldest and most honored pioneer families in Gibson county, and there is jiarticular interest attached to a study of his life record, owing to the fact that he has forged his way to the front by reason of an innate ability and personal characteristics that seldom fail to win the goal sought. It is highly interesting in this day of modern improvements to contemplate, at least in part, the lives of the early pioneers of our county, and the reference to the immediate ancestors of the subject of this sketch suggests an interesting train of thought.

Theodore M. Bucklin is descended from one of the very oldest families in Gibson county, and was born on his paternal grandfather's old homestead one and one-quarter miles east of Princeton, on March 9, 1841. This paternal grandfather was David Bucklin, who was born and raised in Rhode Island and the father of several children before they decided to try their fortunes in what was then the wilderness. They journeyed westward in those early days, and finally reached the small settlement now known as Evansville, Indiana. Here, though they would have been glad to settle near neighbors, they believed the land laid too low, and so, after resting a time, they made their way on into Gibson county where they were pleased with the higher ground. Near Evansville they could have obtained all the land they wanted at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. When they reached a point suitable to their liking, they found two cabins close together, which was the beginning of the now flourishing city of Princeton, Indiana. They selected land for the most part heavily timbered, and with cheerfulness commenced the difficult task of clearing and erecting a cabin home and getting out at least sufficient crops to tide them o\er mitil another season. Wild game abounded about them and for many years they were able to supply their table with fresh meat in this manner. Deer were often shot from their cabin door and occasionally wild hogs also. David Bucklin and wife passed the remainder of their lives on this homestead, and here they reared their family of children, all of whom are dead. The names follow : George, a saw-mill and luml^er man, lived in Princeton; Jerry, who ne\'er married and was killed at the old steam mill in Princeton; William, a lirick mason in Princeton; ^lary, who married Edward Pinney and resided in Princeton, and Cornelia, who married John Gilbert and made her home in Evansville, Indiana. The sixth child was Horace, father of the immediate subject of this sketch, born .\ugust 19, 1811.

Horace Bucklin attended school in Rhode Island before coming west with his father and in that way recei\-ed a pretty fair education for those days. In 1839 he was married to Amelia Maxam, who was a native of Connecticut and had been brought to Gibson count}- by her parents. To their union were born five children, namely: Theodore M., subject of this sketch; Amelia, widow of J. A. Leonard, of Muncie, Indiana; another child named Amelia, which had died aged four years; George ^V., a physician of Muncie, Indiana, educated in Princeton (New York) Medical College, first practiced for fourteen years in New Harmony, Indiana, and has since been in Muncie, Indiana. His wife was Emma Wright. The fifth child was Eliza, whi> married William Perry and resides at St. Petersburg, Florida. After his marriage, Horace Bucklin and wife made their home on his father's farm for four years, when he procured a tract of wild land one and one-half miles southeast of Princeton, which he cleared and made a happy and substantial home. Later he sold this ground and moved to Princeton, where he died in 1896 at the age of eighty-five years. The wife died at the home of a son in Muncie, Indiana, in May, 1901, at the age of eighty-nine years. Horace Bucklin and wife were life-long members of the Methodist Episcopal church, as were also his parents, and in that faith he had been reared. He was originally a W^hig, but at the formation of the Republican party he gave it his support. He was a leader among the men of his time, well liked and highly respected by all.

Theodore M. Bucklin attended the early subscription schools in Gibson county, held in the little log school house, with open fireplace and puncheon seats. He early gave assistance to his father in clearing the wild land they were trying to convert into well tilled acres and remained at his father's home until the time he enlisted in the army during the Civil war in August; 1862. He went as a private in Company A, Eightieth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, at Princeton, and was first sent to Indianapolis to be fitted out. .From there he was sent to Louisville, Kentucky, and on to Perrysville where he was in the battle that took place October 8, 1862. He was at Resaca and was in the Atlanta campaign throughout, with the Army of the Cumberland, and was with Company A of the Eightieth Regiment when they were taken to Franklin and put on boats at Clifton, Tennessee, sent to Cincinnati and from there by train to Baltimore, Maryland, and thence to Alexandria, Virginia. There he became ill and spent some time in the hospital, was later sent to a hospital in Washington, D. C, where he remained until April 13, 1865. He was in a hospital in the same square as the Ford Theatre at the time President Lincoln was assassinated. He was soon after removed to the Quaker hospital in Philadelphia where he remained for three months and reached home in September of 1865. He had received his discharge two months previous, but was unable to make the journey home at the time, and even after reaching home was a ^'ery sick man for a long time.

On Septeml^er 20, 1866, Mr. Bucklin was united in marriage to Amanda \'an Sant, daughter of James and Mary ( Nexy) V^an Sant, pioneers of Gibson county. The father was a farmer and millwright. To the subject and wife have been born seven children : Lillian, wife of Charles Shanum, residing at St. Louis, Missouri; Essie, wife of Walter Galligan, of Oakland City, Indiana; Halbert, a printer in Indianapolis, who married Cora Sutton; William C, connected with the furniture business in Princeton, whose wife was Marie Kern; Van, a druggist in Chicago, Illinois ; Grace, wife of Foreman Knowles, ex-county treasurer of Gil^son county and now in the banking business in Princeton; and Bruce, unmarried, a printer located in Evansville, Indiana.

After their marriage, Theodore M. Bucklin and wife settled down to farming the old \"an Sant place east of Princeton, where they remained a few years, when they moved to Oakland City, Indiana, where he carried on a teaming business. They remained there four years, when they returned to Princeton, where he took up carpenter work and continued this line of work until he retired in i<)io. A[r. riuci<lin is ;i charter nKMnl)er (if Arclier Post Xu. j8. Gram! Arniv of tlie Uepuhhc, and iiis reh,i;-i(.iis sympathies are with the Methodist Kpiscopal church. n\ which lie has heen a consistent nieniher for a great many years, lie is well pusteil '.u current events, has many warm friends in Princeton, and indeed lhn)u.^hi>ul (iihsun cnunty. and it is hy and through a man's friends that he is most truly known. During all the years of his life. Mr. Bucklin has heen known as a man of honor in all the relations of life and it is this consistency in all thuigs that has made for him an enviahle place in the estimatinn of all tlmse wlm know him.

Joseph C. Hartix

In the early days the Middle West was often a tempting held fur the energetic, ambitious and strong-minded men and Indiana was filled with them during the time she was struggling to a respectable position in the sisterhood of states. Before Indiana was admitted to the Union in 1816 there were some sixty-odd thousand people, all told, who had settled within the limits of the state. At that time there was a fascination in the broad fields of great promise which this new region presented to activities which attracted many men and induced them to brave the discomforts of the early life here for the pleasure and gratification of constructing their fortunes in their own way and after their own methods. It is this class of men more than any other who give shape, direction and character to the life of any community. It is an axiom of history that it is the strong willed and most energetic men who lead the van of the frontiersmen in any new and undeveloped country. Among the pioneers of Gibson county, Indiana, who came there before 1816, we find the Hartin family, and during all of these years they have been important factors in the life of the county.

Joseph C. Hartin, of Princeton, Indiana, was born in the house where he now lives at Xo. 222 East Water street, on January 13, 1839. He is a son of Joseph and Nancy Agnes (Stormont) Hartin. The Stormont family is mentioned specifically elsewhere in this volume. Joseph Hartin, the fathet;. of the subject of this sketch, was born in Chester county. South Carolina, fulv 4, 1800, the same day that Indiana was created a territory. He died December 8, 1847. His wife was born October 22, 1799, and died April 7, 1877. Their marriage occurred in 1820. Joseph Hartin and his two sisters were left orphans in early life and came here while it was Still a territory, settling in Princeton, Indiana. He was a carpenter by trade and built several buildings which are still standing today in the city of Princeton. A few years after coming to Princeton he was injured by some lumber falling upon him and as a result he was compelled to give up his contracting and building business. He then added the locksmith trade and general indoor carpenter work to his endeavors and by this means made a comfortable living. He helped construct the old water mill at Patoka. In his political belief he was an Abolitionist and later a Whig. In his church relations he was a devoted member of the Reformed Presbyterian church. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Hartin were the parents of eight children, Margaret Jane, born April 17, 1821, died in 1861, married Andrew J, ^^'right : David Stormont, born February 22, 1823, who was a millwright in Princeton and Evansville; Mary, born June 15, 1825, deceased wife of Calvin Blair; Elizabeth Rosanna, born December 8, 1821, deceased; Martha Ann, born July 2, 1830, deceased; Mary Catherine, born February 17, 1833, married Robert Little; Sarah Amanda, born October 25, 1835, married John VV. Fisher and is now deceased ; the eighth and youngest child being Joseph C, the immediate subject of this review.

Joseph C. Hartin attended the subscription school which ilourished in the time of his boyhood and later went to school in the old Princeton Seminary. His schooling, however, was very limited. At the age of thirteen he started out in life to support himself. At that tender age he apprenticed himself to a blacksmith and started in to learn the trade. He later added the painter's trade, which he followed until he retired in 1909.

Mr. Hartin was married February 2, 1871, to Jessie S. Kerr, of Scotland, a daughter of John and Mary Kerr. Both of her parents were natives of Scotland and her mother died in that country. After her mother's death her father, with three daughters and one son, came to America, Mrs. Minnie Mooney, of Danville, Illinois ; Mrs. Hartin ; John, who was a farmer near Princeton, now deceased ; the third daughter returned to Scotland and married in that country. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Hartin were the parents of three children, one of whom was Mary Duncan, who became the wife of Doris R. Head, the present mayor of Princeton, Indiana. Mr. Head was born in that city April 17, 1871. the son of Cornelius F. and Mary (Brownlee ) Head. His father came to this city from Kentucky and engaged'in the mercantile business with Charles Brownlee under the firm name of Head, Brownlee & Company. Cornelius Head died at Cartersburg, Georgia, in 1875. Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Head only had one son, Doris R., his mother dying when he was but seven weeks old and his father when he was about four years of age. He was educated in the common schools of Gibson county and graduated from the high school at Princeton. For some years he was in the brokerage business at Princeton and then was appointed deputy sheriff for one term. He was admitted to the practice of law March 7, 191 3, and has practiced in Princeton since that time. On November 4, 191 2, he was elected mayor of his native city for a term of four years. Mr. Head has been active in Democratic politics for a number of years and his election to the mayoralty of Princeton shows the high esteem in which he is held by the citizens of his native city. He was married to Mary Duncan Hartin, the daughter of Joseph C. and Jessie (Kerr) Hartin on November 11, 1908. The second child of Mr. and Mrs. Hartin is Joseph Melvin, a tailor of Lexington, Kentucky, who married Ada Smith and has three children, Eloise, Virginia and Nancy. The third and youngest child is John Aden, who is a laundryman at New Albany, Indiana.

Joseph C. Hartin was one of the defenders of the Union in its struggles for existence in the sixties. On August ri, 1862, he enlisted in Company A, Eightieth Regiment Indiana \^olunteer Infantry, at Princeton. His company was sent to Indianapolis after being mustered in and was later transferred to Cincinnati, Ohio, and thence to Covington, Kentucky. Their first engagement was at Perrysville, Kentucky, on October, 8, 1862. The succeeding engagements and the dates on which they occurred are as follows : Marrow, Kentucky, July 2, 1863 ; Kingston, Tennessee, November 25, 1863; Mossy Creek, Tennessee, December 29, 1863; Buzzard Roost, Tennessee, May 9. 1864; Resaca, Georgia, May 14, 1864; DalHs Hill, Georgia, May 28, 1864; Lost Mountain, June 16, 1864; Kenesaw Mountain, June 25, 1864; Siege of Atlanta, July 19 to August 9, 1864: Lovejoy Station, September 2 and 3, 1864; Rome, Georgia, October 13. 1864; Columbia, Tennessee, X^o\ember 26. 1864; Franklin, Tennessee. Xovemlier 30, 1864: Nashville, Tennessee, December 15 and 16, 1864; Fort Anderson, North Carolina, February 17, 1865: Wilnu'ngton, North Carolina, February 22, 1865, and Goldboro, North Carolina, March 31, 186;^. His company was attached to the Twenty-third Army Corps under General Scofield, and was mustered out on June 22, 1865, at Indianapolis. Mr. Hartin has some interesting data upon his whole career in the Civil war, one of which shows the total number of miles which he traveled while in the service. He has computed that he traveled two thousand fifty miles by water, two thousand four hundred fift\-five by rail, three thousand seven hundred by foot, making a total of eight thousand two hundred and fifty-six miles. It is needless to say that he is a loyal member of the Grand Army post at Princeton. He was a charter member of this post and is past commander of the same. Mr. Hartin had an enviable record as a soldier and can look back upon his military record as one which has never failed to redound to his honor and credit.

Mr. Hartin has been a stanch Republican all his life and has taken a great deal of interest in politics. He has never held any office except that of deputy sheriff, although he has been active in the conventions of his party. He is a member of the United Presbyterian church of Princeton and contributes generously of his substance to its support. No man is better known in his county than is Joseph C. Hartin, and no man is more highly respected than he. He has lived that life which brings with it the satisfaction of having done his full duty towards his fellow citizens.

Harrison White

Few men of Gibson county, Indiana, are as widely and favorably known as Harrison \Vhite. He is one of those strong and influential citizens whose lives have become an essential part of this history of this community and for years his name has been synonymous for all that constitutes honorable and upright manhood. Tireless energy, keen perception and honesty of purpose, combined with every-day common sense, are among his chief characteristics, and while advancing his own individual success, he also has largely promoted the moral and material welfare of his community.

Harrison White was born February ii, 1838, in Pike county, Indiana, four miles west of Petersburg, the son of Henry and Susan (Johnson) White, she a native of Barren county, Kentucky, and he of Rowan county. North Carolina. The father was reared to manhood in North Carolina and, coming to Indiana in 1832, met and married the subject's mother. He was a farmer all his days, his death occurring near Union, Pike county, in his sixtyfifth year, his wife passing away at the age of sixty-three. They were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. To them were born eight children, namely: Harrison; Elizabeth married Richard Young, of Washington township, Gibson county; Maria was twice married, first to Stephen C. Swain and then to Edward Brown, and they lived in Pike county; John, a farmer in Pike county, married Nancy J. Hale; Vincent T., a farmer in Washington township, Gibson county; George, a merchant at Princeton, married Dorcas

Hayden; Phoebe Ann married Roliert ilaydcn and lliey live in Washington township, this county; Dicey J. is the widow of Barney McRohcrts, of Washington township, this county.

The old-time log subscription schools were the source of Harrison White's early education and he lived on the home place until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he enlisted in Company G, Sixty-fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, on July 15, 1862. After being at Evansville, Indiana, for a month, the command was sent to Henderson, Kentucky, for two weeks, and then ordered to ]\Iadisonville, that state, the company then doing duty all over Kentucky as guerilla scouts. Later they were dispatched to Knoxville, Tennessee, and were in the fighting at Bluntsville, Zollicoffer, Blair's Cross Roads, Mossy Creek, and numerous skirmishes, then falling back on Knoxville and engaging with General Longstreet until the Atlanta campaign. They were all through this campaign and remained with General Juhnson until the fall of 1864. In the spring of 1865 they were sent to ^Vashington, D. C, from there to Annapolis, Maryland, and then, on board ships, to Fort Fisher, and were engaged in the battles of Fort Anderson, Wilmington, Goldsboro and Raleigh, and were at the latter place at the time peace was declared. They were discharged June 23, 1865, and mustered out at Indianapolis. ^M^ile in the service the subject was taken seriously ill at ]\[adison\ille, Kentucky, and was disabled from active duty for about six months.

After the war Mr. White located in Pike county, Indiana, on a farm which he had purchased previously, where he resided until 1870, when he sold his holdings and came to Washington township, Gibson county, and purchased forty-two acres of improved land, which he farmed for several years. This he also subsequently sold and bought property in Union, Indiana, living there six years, after which he again came to Washington township and purchased a small farm, where he engaged in agriculture until 1907, at that time removing to Princeton, where he has since resided.

Mr. White was first married September 6, 1865, to Sarah Owen, of Tennessee, and by this union were born the following children : George B., of Princeton, is a miner, and is the hu.sband of Helen Morris; J. T., a farmer in Washington township, married Ava Gray; Everett, a farmer at Mt. Carmel, married Delia West; Mary Ann married Elbert Brown, of Evansville, Indiana. Subject's first wife died in September, 1877, and for his second wife he married Anna E. Belcher, of Gibson county, one child, Dollie, resulting from this union. Mr. White's third marriage was to Maggie Slater, widow of Frank Slater, of Daviess county, Indiana. The fourth and present wife of

Mr. White was Bertha EHzabeth Jones, of Washington township, Gibson county, their marriage occurring November 7, 1896. She is a daughter of Vernando and Arlemetha Catharene (Phillips) Jones, he a farmer in Knox county, Indiana. This marriage has resulted in the birth of one child, Alex Royster, born February 4, 1903.

Harrison White is an honored member of Archer Post, Grand Army of the Republic, at Princeton, and in his political belief has always been a stanch Republican. In religious matters he is a member of the General Baptist church.

William N. Tichenor

The history of him whose name heads this memorial sketch is closely identified with the history of Gibson county, Indiana, which was his home for so many years. He began his career in this locality in the pioneer epoch and throughout the subsequent years he was closely allied with its interests and upbuilding. His life was one of untiring activity and was crowned with a degree of success commensurate with his efforts. Pie was of the highest type of progressive citizen and none more than he deserves a fitting recognition among those whose enterprise and ability have achieved results that have awakened the admiration of those who knew him. The cause of humanity never had a truer friend than William N. Tichenor and in all the relations of life - family, church, state and society - he displayed that consistent spirit, that natural worth, which endeared him to all classes. His integrity and fidelity were manifested in every relation of life and his influence widely felt in the community honored by his citizenship.

William N. Tichenor was a native of Nelson county, Kentucky, the son of Daniel and Jane (Glover) Tichenor, who were born and raised in the same county and married upon reaching early years of maturity. Their births occurred respectively on May 5, 1802, and January 8, 1799. Daniel Tichenor was a mill man. Their son, William N., was born December 25, 1826, and soon thereafter, in 1836, they came to Gibson county, Indiana, and settled on a farm west of Princeton on the Owensville road. They were among the first settlers in that vicinity and secured wild land which they cleared and where they made their home for many years. Later on Daniel Tichenor added another farm to his possessions and devoted his entire attention to farming for the rest of his life. Two brothers, William and Ebenezer, accompanied him to Gibson county and obtained farming lands near him.

They too were successful farmers and iinunincut men in the cuinniunilv and all were highly esteemed. Daniel was originally a Democrat in politics, but later gave his support to the principles of the Republican party. His religious sympathies were with the Free-will Bajjtist church, of which he was a consistent member. To Daniel Tichenor and wife were born the following children, namely: Hannah, wife of Richard LaGrange, of Gibson county; William N., subject of this sketch; Timothy, a Ijlacksmith. whose home was in Owensville; Jonah, a blacksmith at Princeton; Mary E. married Hiram VVestfall, and the sixth child, Henry Thomas, a retired blacksmith, residing in Princeton, and the sole survivor of the family of children. Daniel Tichenor married a second time, upon the tleath nf liis first wife, and his death occurred in Princeton.

\\'illiam N. Tichenor received mily a cummon school education in the early schools of Gibson county and at the tender age of fourteen rears was apprenticed or "bound over" to Thomas Ewing, a blacksmith of Princeton, to learn the trade of him. He remained with Mr. Ewing until he came of age, at which time he was given forty dollars in cash, his earnings for his season of apprenticeship, with which money he purchased himself decent clothing and .started in the blacksmith business for himself. He later bought out Mr. Ewing and operated the shop for about fifteen years, when be purchased a farm a half-mile west of Princeton on what is now known ;is West Broadway. Here he put up a liouse and all imjirovements to make il an up-to-date farm. He had about three hundred acres in this i)lace. Here he carried on general farming and raised and sold fine live stock. He also bought and shipped stock and in addition operated (|iiite a dairy where his wife made and sold great quantities of butter and other milk i)r()ducts. He was a man of public spirit who took an active interest in the affairs of his community and county. He served as townshij) trustee for several years and was also county treasurer two terms. He gave his support to the Republican party. In 1883 he retired from the farm and took up his residence in Princeton, where he was early induced to serve on the council. His sound judgment on all matters of interest was known and his advice often sought. He was a man of modest manner who sincerely sought to help his fellow men in whatever way became possible to him and in consequence had warm friends all over the county.

On October i, 1849, .Mr. Tichenor was united in marri.age to Elizabeth Johnson, born October 12, i8_'8, on River De.Shee. a daughter of Nicholas and Tane (Howe) Johns(5n. Her mother was a native of Kentuckv and her (42) father Avas born in Knox connty, Indiana. He was a farmer all hi.s life and died near Lawrenceville, Illinois, at the age of fifty years. His wife died at the age of forty-five. They were both faithfnl members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Their family comprised three children, as follows : James, who was a farmer and died at Dunkard Station, Indiana; Elizabeth, wife of the subject of this sketch, and Ellen, who married Bud Conner and died in Missouri.

To William N. Tichenor and wife were born the following children, namely : James Albert, deceased, a sketch of whose life appears elsewhere in this work; Daniel, who died in 1873, ^^ the age of seventeen years; Henry, the present postmaster at Princeton, who is a large farmer and has been engaged in the real estate business. His wife \\'as Ida Teague, of Princeton; Oliver Morton, who was drowned in Long Pond, Indiana, May 31, 1902. He left a widow, who was Mary Williams, a granddaughter of Governor Williams, and she is now living in Taconia, \^'ashington, and he also left one daughter, Jean Claire, of Terre Haute, Indiana. Oliver Morton Tichenor was one of the prominent men of Gibson county and had very, very many friends. He had been postmaster at Princeton, was connected with the P. D. &' E. Railroad in Illinois, was also chief clerk in the revenue office at Terre Haute and was a veteran of the Cuban war. His early death cut short an interesting carer.

William N. Tichenor continued to live in Princeton, loved and esteemed by all, until removed by death August 25, iQOi. Mrs. Tichenor continues to reside at their old home on West and Emerson streets, loved and honored bv all. The house in which she lives is one of the landmarks of Princeton and was built by Doctor Walling in 1852. It is of brick, with spacious rooms, eleven of which are finished in black walnut and the wood work all over the house was gotten out by hand. It is a suitable and beautiful setting for so charming an old lady as is Mrs. Tichenor.

Alvin Wilson

It is a pleasure to investigate the career of a successful self-made man. Peculiar honor attaches to that individual who, beginning the great struggle of life alone or practically unaided, gradually overcomes unfavorable environment, removes one by one the obstacles from his pathway to success and bv the force of his own individuality succeeds in forging his way to the front and winning for himself a pn>iti(in of esteem and inlUience among his fellow men. Such is the record, brielly staled, of' the popular and wellknown cashier of the First Xational Hank at ( )akland City. Indiana, to a brief s_\-nopsis of whose life and characteristics the following ])aragraphs are devoted.

Alvin Wilson, the popular antl efficient cashier of the First National Bank of Oakland City, Indiana, was born on July 20, 1873, on a farm in Warrick county this state, and is a son of James and Sarah (Judd) Wilson, both natives of Kentucky. James Wilson, who was a farmer by vocation, came to Warrick county, Indiana, from his native state, being one of the first settlers in that community. Here he gained considerable prominence as a successful farmer and stock raiser and was numbered among the prominent and inHuential men of that locality. To him and his wife were born eight children, of whom four are living, namely: J. T., of Oakland City; Mrs. Lora Barker, of Warwick county. Indiana: Mrs. Sarah Pancake, of Pike county, Indiana, and the subject of this sketch. The mother nf these children now lives in Oakland City.

Alvin Wilson received his education in the public schools of Oakland City, graduating from the high school in 1889. He immediately entered the First National Bank in the capacity of bookkeeper, from which position he was later [iromoted to that of assistant cashier, and in 1903 he became cashier of the bank. This institution was formerly known as the People's State Bank, and its histor\- has lieen a splendid one. characterized by popularity and success all along the line. During the ten years in which Mr. Wilson has been the executive head of the institution it has attained a place among the foremost financial institutions of Gibson county, a large part of its success being directly attributable to the energetic methods and personal influence of its cashier. ' Since he became cashier the bank has more than doubled its business and as the president of this bank is a nonresident, the responsibility and the greater jiart of the work falls ujion Mr. Wilson's shoulders. Mr. Wilson has been actively connected with the banking interests of Gibson county longer than any other man in the county, and holds high prestige among his Inisiness associates as a man of probity, honor and mature judgment.

On December 27, 1899. Mr. AVilson married Margaret E. Stewart, daughter of \V. H. and Bertha Stewart, of Oakland City. Politically, Mr. Wilson is a Democrat and has served on the city school hoard, taking a deep interest in all educational matters, as well as all other phases of local life affecting the welfare of his fellow citizens. Fraternally, he is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons, including all the degrees of the York Rite up to and including that of Knight Templar, and is also a member of the Mystic Shrine and the Knights of Pythias. Personally, he is a genial, obliging and broad-minded gentleman, who merits in every respect the high esteem in which he is universally held.

John W. Ritchie

One of the influential citizens of Princeton, Indiana, is the gentleman to whose career the attention of the reader is now directed who is ranked with the city's leading merchants and representative citizens. A man of excellent endowments and upright character, he has been a valued factor in local affairs and has ever commanded unequivecal confidence and esteem, being loyal to the upbuilding of his community and ever vigilant in his efforts to further the interests of his city along material, moral and civic lines.

John W. Ritchie was born in Gibson county, Indiana, on January 25, 1879, and is a son of William and Vitula (Benton) Ritchie, the father a native of Crawford county, Indiana, and the mother of Gibson county. On the paternal side the subject is descended from Alexander Ritchie, a native of Glasgow, Scotland, who, after emigrating to this country, came to Leavenworth, Indiana, where he established a blacksmith shop. he moved to Crawford count}-, this state, where he continued his business and there spent the remainder of his days. The subject's father, who has been a life-long farmer in Gibson county, is still living, as is his wife, their residence being at King's Station, this county. To them were born twelve children, all of whom are living, namely: John W., the immediate subject of this sketch; Alexander, Katherine, William, Melvin, Ah-rtle, Charles, Clifford, Levi, Flora, Mary and May.

John W. Ritchie was reared under the parental roof, securing his education in the common schools of his home locality and completing his studies at Oakland City College. During the following six years he engaged in teaching school and then took a business course in the Indianapolis Business College. Upon the completion of his technical studies he entered the employ of the R. P. Moore Milling Company as bookkeeper and has remained with this concern continuously since, having for the past six years served as secretary and treasurer of the company. He lias been an important factor in the splendid success which has accompanied this business and is one of the* most trusted and valued employees of the concern.

On May 24, 1908, Mr. Ritchie was united in marriage with Eva A. Williams, the daughter uf Thomas P. and Tilitha (Wallace) Williams, both natives of Gibson county and representatives of early i)ioneer families.

Politically, Mr. Ritchie is a stanch Democrat, and fraternally he is an active member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Princeton. His religious connections are with the General Baptist church, to the support of which he gives liberally of his time and means. He has strongly supported every measure or movement which has promised to be of benefit to his community, and, because of his upright life, marked business ability and progressive tendencies, he has earned and enjoys the respect and confidence of the entire communitv.

Theodore S.Vsse

One of the best remembered business men of the past generation in Gibson county, Indiana, was the late Theodore Sasse, at the time of his death one of the largest landowners in the county. Of Mr. Sasse personally, it may be said that he was a man of strong and active sympathies ; his temperament was warm and ardent, his feelings deep and intense, and these and other attractive characteristics unconsciously drew him an unusual number of devoted friends, upon whom, under all circumstances, he C(juld rely, and who, now that he has passed from earthly scenes, revere his memory. He was a close student of human nature and comprehended with little effort the motives and purposes of men, and he was a lover of the truth and sincerity. In brief, he is remembered as a manly man, of pleasing but dignified presence, a student of many subjects and an influential man in the circles in which he moved. Of sound character and unflagging energy, he stood as a conspicuous example of symmetrically developed American manhood and his position as one of the community's representative citizens was conceded by all who knew him.

The late Theodore Sas.se was born March 31, 1830, in Germany, the son of Rev. Christian and Louise (Kuestring) Sasse. neither of whom ever came to America. Theodore was educated in the schools of his native country and came to America when he was twenty years of age. He first landed at New Orleans, and then came up the Mississippi river and settled in Evansville, Indiana, where he clerked in a drug store for some time. With true German thrift he saved his money and within four years he was in a position to open a general store at Buckskin, Gibson county, Indiana. He had the foresight to see that this rising village was a good trading p6int, and especially since the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad was being projected through the place at that time. In fact, Mr. Sasse was one of the promoters of the railroad, which was surveyed through in 1854, but owing to financial reverses the railroad was not built at this time ; nevertheless the general store that Mr. Sasse started at Buckskin proved very successful. In addition to the general merchandising business which he carried on, he made money by buying and selling tobacco. He kept in operation a tobacco press and was probably the largest shipper in the county. His tobacco was shipped to Evansville by way of the Wabash and Erie canal until that canal was closed. By close application to his business affairs, Mr. Sasse acquired a very comfortable competence, but he did not allow his success as a business man to blind him to the moral and educational interests of his community. He took a great deal of interest in all the churches, and was a very generous giver to all the new churches in his community. He contributed heavily to the building of the first Evangelical church at Buckskin, which was the first church in that town.

Mr. Sasse was married twice, and has one daughter by his first wife, Albertine. She is a nurse in a hospital at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Basse's second marriage occurred on November 18, 1871, to Annette Buskuhl, the daughter of Frederick and Minna (Rieso) Buskuhl. Her father was a professor in the German schools. To this union four daughters were born, Mrs. Dr. V. H. Marchand, of Haubstadt, this county; Louise, who is living at home with her mother; Freda H., who is also at home, and Selma. The last three daughters live with their mother at home and have general charge of the large farm of more than thirteen hundred acres left by their father. Mr. Sasse died April 3, 1908, leaving an extensive estate, which is being successfully operated by his daughters, who also have, the care of their invalid mother.

Mr. Sasse was a life-long Democrat, but had never sought any political office at the hands of his party. He was affiliated with the German E\angelical church religiously, and always contributed liberally to its support, taking an active interest in all the departments of its work.

Theodore Sasse had one brother, Emil, who came to this country in 1852, and subsequently entered into partnership with the subject of this sketch. They at one time owned more than two thousand acres of land in Bartholomew township. Several years ago Emil Sasse went back to Germany on a visit, and upon his return to this country, the ship caught fire and he and a friend of his jumped into the water and swam for about eleven hours, when they were rescued by a passing vessel. Emil Sasse was niarrietl in 1883 to Caroline Dickmeyer. He always took a prominent part in Democratic politics and served during the seventies as trustee of Barton township, this county. Some time later he was elected to the office of county treasurer of Gibson county, and discharged the important duties of that office to the entire satisfaction of the citizens of the county. He and his brother, Theodore, were very successful in the general stnre which they operated for so many years at Buckskin.

The life of Theodore Sasse was such as to place him in a conspicuous position in the public eye of his township, and that which he did during his long life is too far-reaching to be measured in metes and bounds. He was certainly born to leadership, and the study of such a life cannot help but be an incentive to greater activity and higher excellence on the part of the coming generation. He was a long time one of the most prominent commercial factors in the affairs of his community, and in all his business enterprises he stood as an admirable type of the strictly self-made man, and left a name which all men who knew him delight to honor, owing to his upright life and his habits of industry.

George R. Welborn

This utilitarian age has been especially prolific in men of action, clear brained men of high resolves and noble purposes, who give character and stability to the communities honored by their citizenship, and whose influence and leadership are easily discernible in the various enterprises that have added so greatly to the high reputation which Gibson county enjoys among her sister counties of this great commonwealth. Conspicuous among this class of men whose place of residence is in this county is the progressive citizen whose name appears at the head of this brief review.

George R. Welborn, son of Francis M. and Lenora (Robb) Welborn, was born April 7, 1868, at Owensville, Indiana. (See sketch elsewhere in this volume of Francis M. Welborn.) George R. \\'ell)orn grew up in Owensville, completing his education in the common school and high school of that town, after which he entered DePauw University, from which institution he graduated in 1891 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He afterwards took a law course and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, after which he went to Indianapolis to open up practice at the bar, but his father's health failing, he returned to Owensville in 1894 and took charge of his father's business. He was very successful from the start, and in 1900 the business had so increased that he felt justified in erecting a modern business block. In that year he built a handsome brick two-story business block, all of which is devoted exclusively to general merchandising business. His store is equipped with all the latest improvements in the way of show cases and fixtures and conveniences which are used by stores in much larger towns.

Mr. Welborn was married in 1893 to Lillian Heston, daughter of Joseph Heston, dnd was born and reared near Princeton, and to this union was born one child, who died in infancy. Mrs. Welborn died on March 22, 1910. In January, 1913, Mr. Welborn married Anna Siebras, a native of this county.

Fraternally, Mr. Welborn is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons and Ivnights of Pythias, and takes an active interest in the affairs of both organizations. He is an example of the modern business man who brings into his business relations all those qualities which stand for better citizenship. His college career is of undoubted advantage to him and places him in a position which enables him to do a great deal for his community. He has no ambition for public position, but devotes all of his time and attention to his increasing business. He has contributed much to the material advancement of his locality, while his admirable qualities of head and heart and his upright, straightforward daily life have helped the moral standing of the circle in which he moves, and gives him a 'reputation for integrity and correct conduct among the citizens of the community favored by his residence.

A review of the life of the honored subject of this memoir must of. necessity be brief and general in its character. To enter fully into the interesting details of the career of the late J. C. Patten, M. D., touching the strugbles of his early manhood and the success of his later years, would far transcend the limits of this article. He filled a large place in the ranks of the active, energetic and public-spirited citizens of his day and generation, and the memories which attached to his name and character form no inconsiderable chapter in the history of the county where he did his work and achieved his success.

J. C. Patten was born November 28, 1823, the son of Dr. Hugh Henry Patten. The father was born April 30, 1796, the son of James Patten, Sr., the latter having been horn Xoveniber 6. 1744, aiul died February 3. 1818. James Patten, Sr., emigrated from England in early colonial days with his family and settled in the state of Pennsylvania. lie was deeply interested in the struggle for the independence of his ailoiJted countrx- and spent his entire fortune in behalf of the cause of tnn- forefathers. After the clo.se of the Revolutionary war he removed to Tennessee, in which state Dr. Hugh Henry Patten was born, his birth occurring near Clarksville, Montgomery count)-. In 1804 the family removed to Indiana and settled on Green River island, above Evansville, where they started the making of a home, when an unusually destructive freshet came down the river, sweeping over the island, destroying crops, drowning cattle, and leaving the settlers there destitute. The Patten family, seeking higher ground, camped for a while on the site of Evansville's business district, where they endured great suffering in the severe weather of that winter. However, game was plentiful and they lived principally on it and corn-bread made of corn beaten in the hollowed-out stump of a tree. Lye hominy was added to this fare. At this jjeriod there were but one or two houses on the river between Evansville and \4ncennes. and the pioneers of that time on leaving their cabins went heavily armed and generally accompanied by their dogs as a protection against the Indians. The women also carried guns with them whenever they ventured any distance from the cabins, and many of them became expert in the use of these weapons. While the red men were greatly in the majority in this community at that time, they never gave any serious trouljle, later, however, becoming more hostile as the number of settlers increased. Men's clothing was made principally of hides, the skin of the deer being generally chosen, as it was the best suited for traveling through the dense underbrush.

The subject's father received his elementary education under the tutelage of Rev. James McGready and Daniel Comfort, of Henderson. Kentucky, and later, in 1816. entered Napan Hall. Princeton College. New Jersey, and on graduating in 1820 received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the university and the xAmerican Whig Society conferred on him the literary and scientific degree and title of Fellow of the American Whig Society. Following the completion of his college course he took charge of the Warren County (Kentucky) Seminary, later chartered as a college, in which he was professor of mathematics. After several terms as an educator, the subject's father resigned, and on October 16, 1822, he was united in marriage with Jane Moore, the daughter of Samuel Barclay, Sr., of Bowling Green, Kentucky. After his resignation from the professorship, he was ordained a min- ister of the Presbyterian church and served on the board of domestic missions until his health failed, owing to hard labor and exposure. In 1834 Dr. H. H. Patten removed to Indiana and in 1838 commenced the practice of medicine, which he continued until 1868, taking time from his professional duties to preach whenever the occasion appeared.

Dr. J. C. Patten, the subject of this biographical review, was born in Russellville, Tennessee, and accompanied his parents when they came to the Hoosier state. His early education was acquired in the schools of Princeton, on the completion of which he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. William G. Helm, a brother of Governor Helm, of Kentucky. He subsequently attended the Evansville Medical College, from which he graduated in 1850, and his first location as a practitioner was in Dale, Indiana, where he continued until the outbreak of the war between the states, at which time he volunteered his services and went to the front as a surgeon, being sent by Governor Morton to aid in caring for the Indiana troops after the battle of Corinth and later was commissioned assistant surgeon of the Fifty-eighth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, attached to Sherman's pontoon train. He served in this capacity from 1864 until the close of the war, after which he actively engaged in the practice of his profession, being very successful in building up a splendid practice. Of a modest and retiring nature, he was one of the successful men of his day and became the owner of considerable property, valuable farm lands in the Wabash valley being among his holdings.

On August 6, 1852, Dr. J. C. Patten was married to Louisa Marstella, who was born on May 30, 1835, in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Capt. Ferdinand and Elizabeth (Walker) Marstella. The mother of the subject's wife first met Capt. Ferdinand Marstella while on the way across the ocean from England as a passenger on the boat which he commanded. On landing in America they were married. In 1844 the Captain was lost with his ship in the Gulf of Mexico and his wife died in Mexico.

To the subject and wife were born eight children, namely: Hugh died in infancy; Samuel is engaged in business at Long Beach, California; Morgan lives in El Paso, Texas, being employed in the railroad shops ; Jane Moore is at home; Elizabeth married Grant Mason, who died April 28, 1913; Gilbert is deceased ; Annie is now Mrs. Lockwood ; Lewis lives in Denver, Colorado, and is a traveling salesman.

When the Doctor began the practice of medicine at the close of the Civil war the community was without roads or bridges, and the long trips through the wild country visiting patients were made on horseback, it not even being possible to use a buggy in the work. Undaunted by privations and hardships of this nature, the subject was ever faithful to his chosen vocation and eventually became one of the leading medical men of his day.

In Mrs. Patten's family there were two children, of whom but Mrs. j. C. Patten is now living. Her brother, Leslie K. Marstella, who lived in Beebee, Arkansas, died on February 8, 191-I, he being but three years \oungcr than Mrs. Patten. While in the Civil war he was aide to General Plovey, and while crossing in front of the enemy his horse was shot and fell upon him, causing him serious injury, from whicli he has sufl'ered for manv \-ears. having been paralyzed for a long time.

Lemuel E-Mmerson

It cannot be other than interesting to note in the series of personal sketches appearing in this work the varying conditions that have compassed those whose careers are outlined, and the effort that has been made in each case to throw well focused light on the individuality and to bring into proper perspective the scheme of each respective career. Each man who strives to fulfill his part in connection with human life and human activities is deserving of recognition, whatever may be his field of endeavor, and it is the function of works of this nature to perpetuate for future generations an authentic record concerning those represented in its pages, and the value of such publications is certain to be cumulative for all time to come, sliowing forth the individual and specific accomplishments of which generic history is ever engendered.

Lemuel Emmerson, who many years ago passed to that undiscovered bourne from whence no traveler returns, was born in Kentucky, and was the son of Hon. Jesse Emmerson. The latter came from Lincoln county, Kentucky, to Gibson county, Indiana, on April 10, 1809, locating on what is now known as the John Martin place, between Princeton and Owensville, being one of the earliest settlers of that locality. He and his family floated down the Ohio river on flatboats to Evansville. from there coming to Princeton, their first camp being on the present site of Judge Lamb's residence. At that time but little settlement had been made in that locality, the land being covered by a dense forest. Jesse Emmerson had been born near Culpeper, \'irginia, in 1767, and it is noteworthy that one of his family, Henry T., is now an inmate of the Soldiers' Home at Lafayette, Indiana, being about eighty years of age; thus two generations of this family have witnessed every change in the history of the American colonies and states since the war of the Revolution. Jesse Emmerson was a farmer by vocation and a man of considerable infltience in his community, having served as the first judge of the county court. He married Elizabeth Emmerson, probably a cousin, and to them were born fourteen children, twelve sons and two daughters, of whom five were deaf and dumb, including the immediate subject of this sketch. Of these fourteen children, Henrj' T., above referred to, is the only one living. After the death of his first wife, Jesse Emmerson married Hetty Blythe.

Lemuel Emmerson, being a mute, had but little chance to secure an education, but being ambitious he became, through his own efforts, well informed and proved to be a man of more than ordinary intelligence. He possessed business ability of a high order and was successful in his own affairs, being an enterprising" and progressive farmer of Patoka township, this county, where his death occurred on December L2, 1845. I" 183- ^^- Emmerson married Mrs. Nancy Harrell, the widow of Warner Harrell and daughter of James and Nancy (Drikey) Dugan. James Dugan died in Tennessee and later his widow came to Gibson county, and after the marriage of her daughter to Lemuel Emmerson, she became the wife of Stephen Sanders, of Kentucky. By her marriage to Mr. Harrell, Mrs. Emmerson was the mother of two children, Hannah Minerva and Albert. By her union with Lemuel Emmerson were born the following children, Mary Elizabeth, born in Patoka township, was married in 1854, to Charles Mead, of Gibson county, a farmer. He enlisted in Company E, Eightieth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served his country valiantly for three years. After his return from the war he again farmed in Patoka township, and later went to Brown county, Nebraska, but eventually came back to Gibson county, locating first at Oakland City and later at Fort Branch, where his death occurred in 1908. He was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic at Fort Branch and, religiousl3% was affiliated with the General Baptist church. He was well known in this county and highly respected by all. On November 12, 1912, his widow moved to Oakland City, where she has since lived. They became the parents of four children, all of whom died young. James Reuben Emmerson, who was born on the old Emmerson farm in Patoka township on December 25, 1837, lived at Fort Branch, this county, and also in Wabash county, Illinois. In November, 1912, he located with his sister, Mrs. Mead, at Oakland City. He has been a farmer and also for about sixteen years has done considerable carpenter work. On March 29, i860, he married Amanda J. Montgomer3\ of Patoka township, this county, whose death occurred in 1903, and to their union were born eight children, namely : Ida E. was twice married, first tn Joseph Jones, and second to Jacob Green, with whom she now lives at Evansville, Indiana : Charles W., who is a carpenter at Fort Branch, married Allie Rule ; Lemuel M., of Riddle, Oregon, is a miner and is unmarried. Ik- was a member of the United States arm\-. Lucy and Lillie died uiim.-irried : Elzora Jane married Mr. Rice and lives at Evansville, Indi;ma : a Sdu and daughter died in infancy ; Hannah Jane, the third child born to Lenuiel anil Nancy Emmerson, became the wife of George A. Rutter, of Oakland City, and is now deceased ; Melissa is the wife of Henry Vickers, a Civil war veteran, and she now resides at Oakland City; Lemuel O., of Oakland City, is referred to specifically elsewhere in this volume. All the members of this family are affiliated with the General Bajitist church, and are Re])ublican in their political views.

Perhaps the dominant and most notable characteristic of Lemuel Emmerson was his fidelity to truth and honor. He invariably sought the things that were honest and of good repute, teaching his children that honor and truthfulness were of such commanding worth that self-interest should never under any circumstances set them aside. His life was an inspiration to all who knew him and his memory remains to his children as a blessed benediction of a noble and upright life.

Jonathan E. Clark

The following is a brief sketch of one who. by close attention to business, has achieved marked success in the world's affairs and risen to an honorable position among the enterprising men of Gibson county, with which his interests have long been identified. Jonathan E. Clark is one of those estimable characters whose integrity and strong personality must force them into an admirable notoriety, which their modesty never seeks, who command the respect of their contemporaries and their posterity and leave the impress of their lives and their individuality upon the age in which they live.

Jonathan E. Clark was born August 25, 1848, at Henry Duncan Hill, Patoka township, Gibson county. Indiana, the son of Cornelius and Mahala (Young) Clark. The father was born near Bardstown, Nelson county, Kentucky, and the mother in Christian county of the same state, the elder Clark being a .son of Thomas Clark, of Fairfax county, \'irginia, and Mahala Young's father was Caleb Young, of Union county, Pennsxlvania.

The subject's great-grandfather Clark was born in the lowlands of Scotland, emigrating to America and, as stated, locating in Virginia, while one of his brothers who accompanied him to this country settled in the South. The grandfather, Thomas Clark, was a farmer. During the struggle for independence he enlisted from Fairfax county, on October 10, 1777, and was assigned to the Tenth Virginia Regiment, Captain Conrad's company. This command spent the following fall and winter at Mt. Vernon, protecting the estate of Gen. George Washington. In the late summer of 1778 they were transferred to Pennsylvania, and took part in the battle of Brandywine, where Thomas Clark was wounded. At the conclusion of two years' faithful service in the colonial army he received an honorable discharge, ranking as an orderly sergeant at the time of his muster out, the seriousness of his wound precluding his further service in the struggle. Subsequently he was married to Eleanor Mansfield and they emigrated to Kentucky, where he preempted land on a soldier's certificate in the district known at that time as Taggart county, but which was later subdivided. Many of his comrades attempted to enter land on soldiers' certificates, but their claims were not recognized on account of some fault in their papers. His being perfect, however, he secured his land, established a home and there passed the balance of his life, being a prominent man in his community, known familiarly among his friends as "Uncle Tom" Clark. He died in his fifty-sixth year, in 1806. His sons were Abe, Thomas, Zachariah and Cornelius. Of these, two, Thomas and Zachariah, were with General Jackson at New Orleans. Thomas took part in the Indian wars in Indiana during Tecumseh's time. Zachariah, at the time he joined General Jackson, was but seventeen years of age and not subject to draft, liut he went as a substitute for a "brave"' man who was drafted but didn't want to go. The man for whom he substituted gave him one hundred dollars and forty acres' of land.

The subject's father, Cornelius Clark, who was well acquainted with General Jackson and had met him personally many times, came to Indiana in 182 1 and settled on Henry Duncan Hill, Gibson county, his wife passing away two or three years after his arrival in the Hoosier state. He remained on the "Hill" for twelve years, when he removed to Marsh Creek, west of Turkey Hill, where he passed the remainder of his days. Being a great reader and having a remarkable memory, he was the historian of the district, his neighbors looking to him for the records of the early days. His death occurred in his fifty-seventh year as the result of an accident. Of a family of eleven children whom he raised, four are now living.

Jonathan E. Clark, the subject of this sketch, was the eighth child and spent his boyhood days in Patoka township. At the age of eighteen years he decided to strike out for himself and went West, and the next eight years of his life were spent in Nebraska, where he was employed in carrying the mails on horseback. While thus engaged he had many exciting experiences, on two different occasions being attacked by highwaymen, but both times he was successful in reaching his gun first and putting the would-be robbers to flight. After leaving Neliraska he spent a month in Wyoming, which was "wild and woolly" at that early date, then returned east, stopping several months in northern Illinois, and finally coming back to Gibson county, Indiana, where he engaged in farming.

On October 25, 1874, the subject was united in the holy bonds of matrimony to JNIary F. Montgomery, daughter of John Montgomery, of Montgomery township, Gibson county, the son of Robert Montgomery, who was born in Delaware, later removing to Georgia and finally to Gibson county, Indiana, in 1910. To the subject and wife have been born two children, Cora, who married John A. Boren, and Essie, who is living at home.

Air. Clark has made several trips to the homes of his ancestors and has in his possession a number of very valuable relics, among them being a cane cut on the estate of General Jackson, also some corn grown on the same place, the Jackson home place now being kept up by the Daughters of the Revolution. During one of his trips to this historic spot, the subject met the last surviving slave of the general, an old negro named Alfred, who was ninetyeight years of age when Mr. Clark met him. He was quite an interesting character, being full of reminiscences and l^eing able to name all of the General's famous visitors and to give the history of the heirlooms. The subject has always taken a keen interest in the history of pioneer days and his remarkable memory and wide reading have e(|uipped him as an authority on these matters.

Mr. Clark has a fine farm of one hundred acres, under a gootl state of cultivation, and takes justifiable pride in his live stock and horses. He has never taken an active interest in politics, being content to exercise his franchise for the candidates who in his judgment will make the best public servants, and leaving the oftentimes, unreasoning enthusiasm of the struggle for office to those so inclined. He is a Democrat. The subject's wife is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian church.

George Washington Shull

The respect which should always be accorded to the brave sons of the North who left homes and the peaceful pursuits of civil life to give their services, and their lives if need be, to preserve the integrity of the American Union is certainly due the gentleman to a brief review of whose life the following lines are devoted. He proved his love and loyalty to the government on the long and tiresome marches in all kinds of situations, exposed to summer's withering sun and winter's freezing cold, on the lonely picket line a target for the unseen foe, on the tented field and amid the flame and smoke of battle, where the rattle of musketry, mingled with the terrible concussion of the bursting shell and the deep diapason of the cannon's roar, made up the sublime but awful chorus of death. Among these valiant defenders of the Union and Old Glory was the subject of this sketch, and he is eminently entitled to representation in a work of this character.

George Washington Shull was born in Cedarville, Ohio, January 26, 1841, the son of Daniel and Margaret (Good) Shull, natives of the Keystone state. Daniel Shull's father was named George Shull, and he was a son of a soldier in the Revolutionary war. George Shull moved to Virginia, where he remained the rest of his days, following farming, the subject's father being a boy at the time of the family's removal to the Old Dominion. He spent his early life there, reached maturity and was married, and after three children had been born to this union they removed to Ohio, in which state seven more children were born, making a family of ten, five sons and five daughters. The father spent an active life and was employed at various occupations, reaching the extreme age of ninety-three years.

The subject of this review was the sixth child in the family, and passed his boyhood in Ohio, remaining at home until August 13, 1862, when he enlisted in Company D, Forty-fourth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, commanded bv Col. Samuel Gilbert and Capt. L. W. Tully, the company being mustered in at Springfield, Ohio. The regiment had been organized eleven months previous to Mr. Shull's enlistment, and those who enlisted at the time Mr. Shull did were to serve and retire at the same time that those did who had joined previously. However, when the three years expired the subject and those who entered the service with him had nothing to show that their term was also completed. They were permitted to return to their homes for a visit, but had to rejoin the army and complete the balance of their time.