Jefferson County, Indiana - The whole text, 1920 (part 1 of 3)

Dedication

TO those patriotic people of Jefferson County, Men, Women and Children, who, when the call came, gave themselves freely to their country's cause, on the field, in camp or at home, this book is offered as a modest memorial of their services. All of these ' ' did their bit ' ' in the fight to save Democracy.

Military Roll Of Honor

PRELIMINARY NOTE - In preparing this history of Jefferson county in the World War the first consideration of the Historical Commission and of the author has been to preserve in some permanent form as detailed and intimate a record as possible of this community's part in the great conflict. If to any reader there may seem to be many inconsequential particulars in the narrative he should bear in mind that, from their personal character, all those particulars are of interest to one or another, and that a generation hence they will have a value that can scarcely be appreciated now. In gathering the data there have been many handicaps. Records had not been preserved, and but for the accommodations kindly extended by the two Madison newspapers, the Courier and Herald, the work could hardly have been done. As it is there will inevitably be mistakes and omissions, but the author has done his best in the attempt at completeness and accuracy.

The Jefferson County Historical Society has co-operated to the extent of publishing the history, thus making available to the general reader what otherwise would lie in the State archives along with the data from other counties. Owing to lack of funds and the high cost of printing, the work could be done but in m.odest form, and is made possible by first publishing the imatter in the columns of The Courier, the type there used to be loaned for making up into book form.

Introductory

The history of the American community as participating in the World War from the sixth day of April, 1917, to the eleventh of November 1918, is something unique in American experience. Other wars there have been, with their appeals to patriotism, with their stirring of the nation in every fibre, with their talk of a free democracy, jealous for its principles; but never before were those tests so searching and drastic.

This World War, suddenly fastening on civilization with fang and claw like a tiger leaping, unexpected, from the dark of the jungle, meant things undreamed of in our own great war of half a century ago. The devilish art of destruction had developed and broadened and reached out until from the old idea of armed men contending on the battlefield, all the civilian forces of the nation were involved as well. It was in a new and larger sense nation against nation, soldier against soldier, civilian against civilian; grandsires, women and youth, to the very children, all bending their efforts by manifold methods to ''help win the war." The added production of food stuffs, the knitting of garments for the men at the front, thrift, conservation, self-denial - all were in order and few escaped the demand to render service of some kind.

Moreover there were money demands as never before* To meet the unexampled situation unprecedented sums had to be raised, and the nation began to talk, not in millions, but in billions. As there were no other nations to turn to for loans, the source of these billions was our own people, and so ''Liberty loans" and "War Saving Stamp" drives, in addition to the customary w^ar taxes, combed the country for revenue, drawing from all but the poorest.

recent years and these became factors in the war situation. A concern for the soldiers' morale and moral welfare as well as physical comforts while at the front became a conspicuous sentiment, being fanned and fed by various humanitarian agencies ; and thus the histories of the Red Cross, the Young Men's Christian Association, the Salvation Army, the Knights of Columbus, and the War Camp Community Service and other organizations became so many chapters in the great war history. These demanding great sums of money for their work, drew upon the people for support, and so, in addition to the government "drives" for funds, there were numerous whirlwind campaigns conducted by these semiprivate agencies for the purpose of meliorating the condition of the man who had to fight the battles for the country.

Then there were the universal conscription, the call to do battle in foreign lands contrary to our time-honored traditions, and numerous other factors that made this war, for us, unlike any other, and all in all it marked an epoch in the life :of each and every American community, for in a sense the community is an epitome of the nation at large. Hence, an intensive study of the community under the stress of these new and complex forces is a contribution to national history; and v/ith that thought in mind this study of Jefferson county in the World War is undertaken.

The First Patriotic Outbreak

On the evening of April 2, 1917, President Wilson formally asked .^he Congress of the United States to declare that a state of war existed between this country and Germany. He stigmatized the atrocious submarine policy of Germany as a "warfare against mankind." He recounted the repeated outrages against the property and lives of neutrals including America, and declared that in the presence of Germany's autocratic power there could be no assured security for the democratic governments of the world. "The world," he said, "must be made safe for democracy."

It was announced in The Courier that afternoon that the president would address congress that evening and that an edition of the paper containing this address would be printed as soon as the speech was made.

From seven o'clock until after the address was given to the public, the streets were thronged with people anxiously awaiting the news and the crowds at the Courier office and in that vicinity were larger than the bulletin boards could accommodate.

As the president's speech was received it was read to those gathered at the office but the desire to read and understand it was not satisfied and the demand for papers was greater than the capacity of the printing press.

Soon after the paper was printed the Elks club headed by the Elks band, took the center of Main street and aroused all within hearing. The fire bells sounded the tocsin and the people came, citizens who had gone to bed hustling into their clothes again to join the growing crowd. A motley parade composed of all kinds from small boys to old men marched in double column to and fro from Walnut street to Broadway to the stirring strains of martial music, the procession led by Mayor Crozier and James White, the latter a Civil War vet- eran who carried a huge American flag. Other marchers bore flags and each Elk was decorated with a small one. William Ogden, who was to do patriotic service later as chairman of the County Council of Defense, acted as marshal of

*'Be it resolved by the Madison, Indiana, lodge No, 524, of the Benevolent and Protective order of Elks, in meeting assembled this April 4th, 1917,

**First - That we emphatically approve and endorse the action of the President of the United States in recommending that Congress declare a state of war exists between our country and the imperial German government.

* 'Second - That we favor preparedness and active participation in the war on the side of the entente allies as set out and recommended in the President's message to Congress.

'Tourth - That copies of these resolutions be printed in the local papers and that copies be sent to President Woodrow Wilson and to our senators and congressmen."

In addition to this a telegram was sent to President Wilson to the effect that resolutions had been passed by the Madison, Indiana, lodge of Elks supporting his policies in the present critical situation.

''Be it resolved by the members of the Commercial Club of Madison, Indiana, that we heartily endorse the action of our President and members of our national congress in declaring that a state of war exists between our government and that of Germany.

"That we hereby tender all our resources that can ba utilized or which will be required for the successiul prosecution of the contest and pled«je the aid of the club to the utmost in that behalf.

"Be it resolved that a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President, ^o each of our United Slates senators and our representatives in Congress; and that the same be also published in the IMadison newspapers."

The Madison hig-h school, wide awake and for^'handed, staged the first patriotic demonstration (next to the initial parade above described) by presenting a special and appropriate program in the school auditorium and advertising the same to the public by a picturesque display of Old Glory from the v.'indows. Hard on the heels of this, a boy's organization, enigmatically called the "P. G. M. Club," (interpreted to the writer as the "Pigs, Goats and Mules Club"), composed of Haven Sherlock, James Hargan, Garrett Donlan, Charles Creamer, George Patton, Alois Beerck, Ben Hunger, Herman Kasper and John Scott, armed themselves with some old rifles from Hargan's hardware store and with young Sherlock for captain and John Scott as drummer, put on a spirited military drill hi the streets that caught the popular fancy.

In response to a State-wide call from Governor Goodrich steps were at once taken to effect agricultural mobilization with a view to increased efficiency m food production, and at a called meeting held at the court house on April 7th, an organization was effected with J. H. Hanna, president; Glenn Culbertson, vice president; George Sherlock, secretary, and F. H. Austin, treasurer. This took the name of "The J 3irerson County Patriotic Society."

Patriotic flag raisings began early and followed each other in rapid succession. Within two or three days after the declaration of war the stars and stripes were conspicuous in Madison, stores, residences, factories, schools and public uildings flying the nation's emblem, the biggest one of all being displayed at the high school, where it reached from the second story window almost to the ground. North Madison, Canaan, Dupont and Brooksburg emerged into the local lime light almost simultaneously, with speech making and other demonstrations as accompaniments to the hoisting of the colors. At North Madison, on April 7th, a feature of these demonstrations was the tooting of steam whistles and rousing cheers. At Canaan an 8x12 flag run up a huge pole that towered a hundred feet in the air, looked over the surrounding country and challenged the eye from points miles away. Hanover, Wirt, Manville, the Big Creek neighborhood, Kent, the Tower Manufacturing Company of Madison, and the "Lower Seminary" of that place, all followed suit, while the Madison schools collectively, mustering twelve hundred pupils, shared in a demonstration at the high school building where Old Glory was hoisted on a newly installed fifty foot pole to the music of "The Star Spangled Banner" sung zestfully by twelve hundred fresh young voices.

The flag sentiment also expressed itself in individual displays, as w^as evidenced by ,the quick exhausting of a supply of small emblems put on sale by the Madison Herald. The Current Events Club, composed of women, carried the sentiment a step further by asking the managers of the moving picture houses to have the "Star Spangled Banner" and "America" played at every performance, the audience to stand.

At the various flag demonstrations those of oratorical talent were drawn upon for patriotic addresses, conspicuous among the speakers being Judge P. E. Bear, Hon. M. R. Sulzer and Capt. A. D. Vanosdol. The pulpit echoed this patriotism, the Rev. J. W. Turner, of Trinity Church, for example, speaking to the text, "He that has no sw^ord, let him sell his diamond and buy one."

The John Paul chapter, D. A. R., sent a resolution to President Wilson pledging its loyalty and willingness to help in the war and in return received from him a card of thanks.

Organization. Military Beginnings The Local Volunteer Company

The formal declaration of war meant the committing of the nation to a tremendous undertaking, and the first step, of course, was the organizing of the country to that end. This organization was partly military and partly civilian; partly under the direction and authority of the government and partly under the direction of volunteer citizens and agencies.

First there was the enormous governmntal task of laying the hand of authority on every man in the nation of prescribed age, of selecting the fit from the unfit and of placing, so far as might be, the fit where their various capacities would count for most. The problem was to mobilize and send across seas a vast efficient army at the earliest possible moment to meet the critical situation in Europe which threatened all that democracy held dear. To do this unprecedented sums of money had to be raised with celerity, and this also was the government's task. Again, the part that the civilian population played in promoting the eflTiciency that is made necessary by the developments of modern warfare called for separate organizations, other than military, on an extensive scale ; and so the work as a whole was, undoubtedly, the greatest concerted effort that had ever been made in this country. To better comprehend the separate activities in their relation to the whole we will broadly group them as Military and Civilian, and consider them as they developed in Jefferson County.

The first step in the direction of military activity in this county seems to have been that taken by Hanover College, in mid-April of 1917, when it decided upon a course of military training and instruction in nursing. This was a full month before the passage of the conscription law, and b}^ latter April sixty-five men were drilling every afternoon on the col- lege athletic field under the direction of Mr. George L. Rider, the athletic director, assisted by Lieutenant H. H. Cope and Dr. Carl Henning, both of whom had had experience in the National Guard. An incentive offered by the college was a full time credit to any man who enlisted in the army or navy. At this time a number of young women students were learning the essentials of nursing under Miss Esther Wray, of the senior class, who had taken the Red Cross training at Indianapolis. The object of this group was to qualify for Red Cross service.

Among the first Jefferson County men to seek entrance into the military service through the Fort Harrison officers training camp were Charles Klein, Richard Heck, Charles C. Davidson, Thomas Turner, William Johnson, Cliff Snyder, Chester Vernon, John L. Sample, George H. Simpson, Herman 'H. Potter, Fred Flynn, Robert Millar, Will Dow and 0. A. Turner. These nam.es were published May 10 and there is allusion to "numerous other young Madison men and Hanover college students," but we find no specific record of them. As early as April 18, Roy Inskeep, Howard Downton and Lindsay Lyle left Madison to enter the regular army.

"2. The minimum strength will be 65 enlisted men and three officers. The comxpany will require the minimum of strength after the elimination of all applicants who fail to pass the physical examination.

Pursuant to this authorization an appeal was made through the local papers to the young men of the community to at rOnce fill out this company, the special argument being that all would have to face the chances of conscription later. In such case those elected to serve would be widely scattered throughout many units, whereas in this volunteer unit all would remain together under officers known to them. Daily publicity in the newspapers followed ; one of the rooms of the Commercial Club was utilized as a recruiting office each evening, and, thus stimulated, the enrollment ran up to 62 within a week. This, however, did not suffice as the minimum number for the company was 65 and an uncertain percentage of elimination w^as to be counted on.

To round out the desired number of enlistments a public demonstration was held on the evening of May 19, the features being the Elks band, a parade and speeches by the Hon. Joseph M. Cravens and Judge Perry E. Bear.

The recruiting went on with the aid of a spirited drum corps composed of John C. White, Samuel Medlicott , John Kalb and Edwin Hunger with 0. A. Welling as fifer, and by June 6th there was an enrollment of 97, but elimination cut the number down to 43 accepted men. Up to June 23 most of the recruits were Madison men, and, by way of stirring up the rural districts, the military committee of the Commercial Club, consisting of Messrs. Curtis Marshall, W. H. Miller and Charles S. Dibler inaugurated a country campaign, and eviiently a vigorous one, for soon thereafter the men began to come in from the outlying townships, particularly Madison, Monroe, Milton and Saluda. Finally after four weeks of active campaigning, the goal of 65 acceptable men was reached, and exceeded, for when the company was mustered in, on July 10th, there was an enrollment of 78 names.

This organization, which was Company I of the 4th Infantry regim.ent, had, it may be said, an especially warm place in the hearts of Madisonians for the reason that it was the one volunteer home unit that left here. Between the form- ing of the company and its departure from Madison nearly two months intervened and during that interval there was enthusiastic and repeated expression of public affection. A movement was started to raise a company fund which should contribute to the comfort of the men in camp or in the field. iTo that end the fraternities of Modern Woodmen and Jun- |a1^ Tribe of Red Men gave benefit dances; St. Margaret's Guild held a market for the sale of pies, cakes and other delicacies ; Stony Point Grange, out on the Graham road, raised a sum, and many individuals contributed. As a result a snug little gift of $694 was handed to Captain Woolford for the company at the final demonstration in their honor. The ladies of Kent and Manville, representing the Red Cross organizations at those places, vied with each other in tendering chicken dinners to the boys, these repasts being further graced ,by ice cream, cake and ^'smokes" donated by Fred Glass, Frank Schnaitter, George Gertz, Charles Gertz and R. L. Ireland. Meanwhile the grounds of the country club, at the west end of Madison, were used as a camping ground, the temporary city of tents going by the name of Camp Madison. On August 13 the town turned out to do special honor to the company before its departure, and made a parade that for size and spectacular effect surpassed anything that Madison had seen for years. Main street from the railroad bridge to the court house seethed with life, as the band of men in khaki, the center of interest in the moving multitude, marched up from Camp Madison. Veterans of the Civil war, Knights of Pythias in their natty uniforms ; "Red Men" garbed in their Indian regalia ; the Elks lodge. Red Cross nurses bearing their familiar insignia, musicians and school children, all headed by the four Madison fire companies with their outfits, flowed down the street, an animated current between the living walls of spectators, while torches, red lights, Roman candles and sparklers filled the thoroughfare with meteoric brilliance. The Elks band, the Hanover band and two drum corps f urn- ished the music to march by and the populace shouted their enthusiastic appreciation of it all. At the Middleton soldiers' monument by the court house, where the speakers' stand was erected, the Hon. Marcus Sulzer and Judge Bear addressed the soldiers and the great crowd as befitted the occasion. All in all it was one of the most imposing events in the history of the city.

A few days later a great crowd of friends gathered at the station to bid the men good bye and God speed as they entrained for Fort Benjamin Harrison, and the fact that war with its horrors lay before them lent solemnity and impressiveness to the occasion.

The further history of Company I, which later became Battery E of the 139th regiment of field artillery, will be taken up in another chapter.

Battery

Company I left Madison for Fort Benjamin Harrison on the morning of September 13, 1917. Arriving at its destination about noon, the men were met by the band of their regiment, the Fourth Infantry, and escorted gaily into camp to the lively strains of ''Good bye Broadway, Hello, France!" which of course they were at liberty to construe as Broadway, Madison. They were comfortably quartered in good large tents, not far from the fort barracks, and a letter five days later reported the boys as becoming rapidly initiated in the larger camp life and enjoying themselves in spite of rain and ''acres of mud." Says this letter: "All are doing their utmost to make Company I a credit to the city of Madison and Jefferson county."

September 25th the Fourth infantry, including Company I, entrained at Fort Harrison for Camp Shelby, Mississippi, and here the Madison boys remained for a little more than a year, when a part of the unit was sent overseas. Said in- fanti'y regiment had been a unit of the National Guard, antedating the war, but with the change of miHtary organization it was merged into the new sj^stem, about October 1st, and Company I became Battery E, of the 139th regiment of field artillery, 38th division. With this change the unit ceased to be solidly of Jefferson County men, others being added to it, though the old Company I roster remained intact. The only available history we have of Battery E during its camp service is in the letters of Will E. Rogers, special correspondent to the Madison Courier, supplemented by an occasional private letter. ,

From these communications we gather that the monotony, routine and hard work of camp life were leavened wdth all the jollity that the omni-present sense of humor and fellowship could devise. On Thanksgiving day everybody was treated to a royal spread of ''turkey and fixin's," and those who were artistically inclined extended themselves in decorating the mess hall with holly, lilies and branches of pine and oak, along with cane stalks, shrubs and wreaths. On Christmas day there was another banquet, with the accompaniment of little gifts from home that added cheeriness to a rainy, gloomy day in a land w^hich, according to Private Otis Nay, had originally belonged to the devil but had been turned over to the army because the devil had no use for it. ; That the "eats" were appreciated to the full by the boys was indicated by the encomiums bestowed upon the kitchen force, Vandersmith, McDaniel, Cox, Smith and Dehl. Indeed these knights of the trenchers were even extolled in verse, the conclusion of which was: pioneer work in clearing up ground for the improvement of the camp ; but they also tell of basball games, of social times at the ^'Y" and of the never-failing joke whenever anything could possibly inspire one. As the correspondent says: **The boy^ want the folks back home to realize that there is a sunny side to the life of the soldier, that it is up to him to adapt himself to all conditions, and that he can do so if he desires." There are repeated testimonials as to the popularity of the officers of the battery and their conscientious sense of duty toward the men under them. Captain Woolford is spoken of as *'one of the hardest working officers in the regiment," being not only battery commander but also president of the Regimental Special Court and of the post exchange council, besides attending to other duties. Lieutenants H. H. Cope and John Driggs also came in for their share of appreciation, but to the regret of all, the former was relieved from duty with Battery E on account of ill health.

As has been said Battery E was but partially made up of Jefferson County men and its solidarity as an home unit was still further impaired in May, 1918, when fifty-eight of its members were sent overseas to be used as replacement troops, and their places in camp taken by other men ; so the hope of all remaining together throughout the service was at least partially frustrated.

On September 19th the regiment entrained from Camp Shelby in the midst of dismal rain, but hilarious as school boys at the prospect of at last getting into the big fight. The long trip from Mississippi to Camp Upton, Long Island, was a prolonged joy ride with debarkations and parades at the principal cities. At Upton they remained until October 6th, and on that date boarded the English transport, Cedric, for overseas. *

By the time Battery E got across the war was nearly over and it did not get on the battle front. After remaining a few days at Camp Codford, in England, it was ordered to France, and for an account of its experiences there, we can

"After crossing the channel," says Mr. Rogers, **we landed at Cherbourg, and after three days departed thence for we knew not where, riding aboard box cars. * * *. We traveled, or rather rambled and bumped eastward toward Paris, passing through Alencon, thence to Le Mans, Laval and Ploermal, at which latter place we staid for a couple of weeks. Then we took a long hike with heavy packs to Camp De Meucon where we were when the news of the armistice reached us * * *

"On November 30 the regiment began moving toward Brest, the port of embarkation, being again loaded into cattle cars. After arriving at Brest we stumbled about in the mud, rain and darkness till we finally found some barracks. * *

"We were at the rest camp, so-called, for almost two weeks. Each day almost the whole battery was got out to help unload ships, work in the sawmill, or at anything that the camp commander wanted done.

"On December 13 we acted as guard of honor to President Wilson and party upon his arrival at Brest, and of course felt quite dignified about it. The next day we embarked upon the President's ship, the George Washington, and Sunday evening at 2:15 sailed out of the harbor of Brest for home."

The George Washington, according to Sergeant Hayden Bear, made dock at Hoboken on Christmas eve. Thence Battery E., with the rest of its regiment, went to Camp Merritt, N. J., where it remained about two weeks, thence to Fort Benjamin Harrison, where the men were discharged January 16, 1919. The next day they reached Madison in a body and were given a joyful ovation, including a big chicken dinner at the armory: and thus rn-ed the historj^ of our home companv as a unit in the World War,

Hanover Student Army Training Corps

On September 12, 1917, William Ogden, then acting chairman of the Council of Defense, called a meeting at the court house for the purpose of organizing a company of home guards for local militia service. Mr. Ogden, Capt. A. D. Vanosdol and Sheriff George Monroe were the committee having the movement in charge. The call was well responded to and at the meeting twenty-eight volunteers signed the following enlistment agreement:

*'We, the undersigned residents of Jefferson County, in the State of Indiana, and not being subject to the selective conscription laws of the United States now in force because of our age or legal exemptions therefrom, do hereby enlist in, and become members of the Jefferson County Home Guard, in said county, and subject to service within the boundary of said county only, and not elsewhere, in defense of persons and property in said county, and the enforcement of law and order therein, subject to the call of the sheriff of this county, or other la^vful authority for and within said county.

"We pledge ourselves to loyally support the government of the United States of America, and the State of Indiana and the lawfully constituted authorities thereof in all efforts to bring to a speedy and successttil termination the present war against the German Empire and its allies.

With further publicity the list of volunteers slowly increased in numbers and drilling was carried on at the armory for about two months. The question of equipment for the company was a leading problem and Captain Stanton visited the Attorney General's office to solicit aid toward such equipment but found that it could not be given. However, he was informed that the organization of ten State militia companies had been decided upon and it was suggested that Jefferson County form one of these. In that case a full equipment of rifles, ammunition, uniforms, etc., would be furnished by the State. The difference between such a militia company and the "Home Guards" was that the former would be subject to State-wide service and to State regulations. The local quota would be seventy-five men, and those under and over the draft age limits would be eligible to enlistment.

At a meeting in the high school building on November 16th, the change proposed was discussed and after some further agitation. Col. Charles A. Garrard, of the Adjutant- GeneraFs office, visited Madison, on November 28th, and mustered in the new company to take the place of the old one, with a roster of fifty-six men and R. F. Stanton as captain. The company was assigned to the 2nd regiment, 3rd battalion, Indiana State Militia, as Company K., other companies in the battalion being from Shelbyville, Lebanon and Anderson.

September 1, 1918, Lieutenant Frank J. Pritchard was promoted to the captaincy, R. F. Stanton resigning, and on November 10th, Melvin W. Blackard was commissioned 2nd lieutenant to fill the vacancy caused by Lieutenant Yunker entering the regular army. After Mr. Yunker's return home he was commissioned first lieutenant of the home company.

October 16, 1919, Captain Pritchard with Company K was ordered to report to Adjutant General Harry B. Smith at Indiana Harbor, Ind., for duty during the steel strike at that place, and they were in service there seventeen days.

April 22, 1920 Company K was mustered out of service by Major Earl McKee, a member of the staff of Adjutant- General Harry B. Smith. In dismissing the men. Major McKee complimented them on their patriotic service and advocated the organization of a new Madison company as a unit in the National Guard system that will replace the State Militia.

The Liberty Guards

The Liberty Guards company, of Middlefork, Jefferson County, was an organization formed in response to a proclamation by Governor Goodrich ealiing into State militia service men between the ages of eighteen and i'orty-Iive years. This was classed as the "sedentary militia,*' and was to serve as a home guard. Tiie service was voluntary and the preliminary step toward a local organization was a petition signed by not less than lit'ty citizens of the community stating their desire to form a unit of the Liberty Guard, with assurance that such unit would maintain an interest in the work ior the period of the war.

The Middlefork neighborhood was, we believe, the only one in this county to take steps conformable to the governor's appeal and on February 9, 1919, the recruits assembled at the Middlefork church for the purpose of organization and physical examination.

The physical examination, conducted by Dr. Vincent Shepherd and Dr. J. F. Lewis, eliminated some of the applicants, but we are told that **54 came througK all right."

Reference has already been made to military organization in the student body of Hanover College very soon after the declaration of war. At our solicitation. Dr. W. A. Millis, president of the college, has submitted the following succinct statement which puts in a nutshell the part the school played in the program for preparedness.

'The plans for the 1919 campaign, then thought by the military authorities as necessary to the winning of the w^ar, revealed a shortage of 150,000 line officers. The results secured by the intensive training of college men had been so satisfactory that the War Department turned again to the colleges and universities for this complement of officer can- didates. Standard colleges willing to serve their country in this emergency and possessing the necessary facilities were selected and reorganized to give an intensive training preliminary to the regular officers training in the camps. Only volunteer soldiers qualified for college entrance were accepted. As rapidly as these men demonstrated the possession of proper academic and personal qualifications they were to be transferred to the camp schools.

''Hanover College promptly accepted the call to service and entered into contract with the Government for the housing, subsistence and instruction of soldiers. October first, 1918, the Hanover Unit of S. A. T. C. was formally established under command of Lieut. Henry E. Dodd, with President W. A. Millis as director of academic activities, and Dr. S. A. Whitsitt as medical officer. One hundred twenty-five soldiers were admitted to the "unit." The men were discharged December 21, following the signing of the armistice, and by mutual agreement and satisfactory adjustment of costs by the Government the contract between the College and the Arm.ory was annulled.

"The enterprise was pronounced eminently successful by the military inspectors, and if the war had continued a large percentage of the men would have been accepted as officers."

Work Of The Draft Board

The conscription law making all male citizens of the United States between the ages of 21 and 31 subject to the call for military duty, passed Congress May 18, 1917. This opened the way to a tremendous task - the biggest of the kind that America had ever attempted. Not only did it mean a complete registration of the millions of men throughout the country between the ages specified, but there had to be a vast separating and classifying process - first the separation of the physically fit from the unfit and then the classing of the fit in accordance with an elaborate scheme that aimed at the greatest possible military efl[iciency. For every actual fighting man on the firing line at least two or three men were required in other capacities and the plan was to select accordingly. Some men, by reason of the necessity of their vocations, were more useful at home than in the field and there were various grounds for exemption.

The machinery essential to the accomplishment of this work was local registration and draft boards acting in conjunction with and under the instructions of the State and Federal authorities. In Indiana Governor Goodrich took steps toward organization as early as April 28th, three weeks before Congress passed the law, by appointing commissioners of three in each county to take charge of the arrangements for registration. These commissions were to consist of the clerk of the court, the sheriff and a third citizen of prominence. The three in Jefferson County were County Clerk Edward M. Prenatt, Sheriff George Monroe and ex- Representative Hiram Foster, and they on May 2nd, announced their selections of registrars for the various precincts in the county. The list was:

It should be said that although provision had been made for salaries for registrars those in Indiana contributed their services as a patriotic duty. It was estimated that if this volunteer work done in Jefferson County had been paid for, it would have cost at least five hundred dollars.

June 5, 1917, was the first registration day. It was rather anticipated that there would be some trouble owing to opposition to conscription, but the day passed off pretty much as an ordinary election does, the registrations being taken at the thirty-one voting precincts of the county. But few failed to obey the law. The figures of the Provost Marshal General Crowder to the Secretary of War show that the total number of registrants in our county was 1,299. Subsequent figures increased this to 1,306. Our gross quota under the first call was 171, but we were credited with 77 volunteer enlistments, thus leaving but 94 subject to the draft.

The next step to be taken was the elimination of the unfit and those otherwise entitled to exemption from those not exempt, through the agency of a local draft exemption board, appointed by Federal authority. Our local board first consisted of Dr. H. S. Hatch, Dr. 0. A. Turner and Mr. George W. Miles, but afterwards County Clerk Edward M. Prcnatt took the place of Mr. Miles. Dr. Hatch was president.

The task of this board was by no means a light one, involving as it did the physical examination of hundreds of men, the passing on claims for exemption, the compiling of data and the keeping pace with innumerable new rulings from headquarters touching the minutiae of the business. The tabulated results of their work following this first registration are of interest. They called for examination 518 men, of whom only 12 failed to appear; 311 were accepted as physically fit and 195 were rejected. Exemption was claimed by 225 and 186 of these were allowed, leaving 125 to be certified to the district board as eligible for military service. This 125 as a military residuum out of 518 after the eliminations, will give an idea of the sifting process that went with the selective draft.

Other figures show that out of 518, all but two were native citizens, and of the 1,299 registered 682 wei'c married and 617 single. The total cost of this draft varied in different State, the average being $4.93 for each man that was certified for service by the local boards. The cost in In'liana was $3.57 per man. This cost increased with the ex ten sion of the selective draft and by October 1, 1918, it amounted to $5.84 in Indiana with $7.90 for an average of all the other States.

being June 5, August 24 and September 12. The first two v/ere for getting those who had reached the age of 21 since June 5, 1917. The third, in accordance with an enlarged program and an increased demand for man power, conformed to a new law which included in the draft men between 18 and 21 and between 82 and 45. The June and August total was only 156, but the extension of the age limits added 2,054, making 3,516 for the county's grand total.

At the end of the first month the board was commended for the efficiency of its service. There had been examined 482 m^en, but this and the attendant clerical work took practically all the time of the two physicians and clerk, besides that of an assistant, Mrs. Clara Bear. Later the work was lightened by a change of method which reduced the number of regis Iran IS \o be examined by first sending out questionnaires to them, the answers to these questionnaires, when returned, showing a certain percentage whom it was not necessary to call for examination at all. This but partially simplified the problem, however, for so many of the registrants were puzzled by the questionnaires that the board at times was swamped by seekers after information.

As the civilian population honored the county's volunteer body, Company I, by various demonstrations, as heretofore mentioned, so did it rally to show its appreciation of the drafted men and of the important task that lay ahead of them. Acting on a suggestion from the State Council of Defense arrangements were made for a great patriotic meeting to be held at Neavill's Grove, a picnicing spot, near Volga, at the approximate center of the county. To show their good will toward the country people, who were the promoters of the rally, as well as towards the soldiers, forty-nine of the leading business firms of Madison publicly announced their intentions of helping in every way possible to make the affair a success. The demionstration came o|ff September 5th, with Dr. George B. Grosse, president of DePauw University,

This was in the nature of a general compliment to the draftees, about the time the lirst ones were called, but thereafter their induction by small groups from time to time militated against further demonstrations except in the form of farewells and dances tendered by personal friends of the men.

The lirst drafted men to enter military service from Jefferson County were William Levi Tilford, Howard Lockridge and Joseph Skidmore, who left Madison September G, 1917, entrained for Camp Taylor. These were followed in a day or so by liayburn Young, of North Madison, and Floyd Mouser.

Between September 20, 1917 and October 15, 1918, approximately thirty-five quotas were entrained from Madison, these quotas running in number from a single man to groups of thirty or forty. The majority of them went to Camp Taylor, but some were scattered over the country to various camps and training schools.

Practically all of these men were photographed, when they entrained, by Mr. Louis Cohen, who by virtue of his active interest in this work was appointed official photographer of the county. To Mr. Cohen, before as well as after this appointment, the county is indebted for a pictorial record of our soldiers and of war-time scenes in Madison. The collection consists of more than fifty pictures, a complete set of which is preserved by the Historical Commission. The names of the men entrained and dates of entrainment are preserved by the county historical society.

The Council Of Defense

To convey an idea of the function of the County Council of Defense and its relations to the larger system, we reproduce in full a communication from the State Council of Defense to Judge F. M. Griffith, of the Jefferson County Circuit Court. It read:

"No doubt you are advised of the organization, under the direction of the Federal Government, of the State Council oT Defense, operating in connection with the National Council of Defense. In line with the Department's wishes the Governor has organized such a State Council of Defense for Indiana, which has opened headquarters in the State House and is preparing to do such services as is possible for it to perform until the close of the war.

"In line with the Government's wishes and the suggestions of the National Council of Defense and the War Department, steps were taken Friday to organize county councils of defense. To that end a resolution was passed that the judges of the Circuit Courts be requested to name seven persons in each county in his circuit. A copy of the resolution passed by the State Council of Defense is enclosed. We will appreciate very much if you will read this carefully and act accordingly, and as soon as the council has been appointed by you, will see that the name of the chairman is sent to us.

"The purpose of the State Council of Defense, in brief, is to co-operate with the Federal Government in organizing and directing the rovsources of the State in men and materials to make them effective for National use.

"The government is going about this matter in a very careful and comprehensive manner. They are very anxious that the States co-operate by the organization of the Stat^

Councils. Necessarily, and because it is a national matter, the Secretary of War suggests, of course, that the general direction of the whole matter will be in Washington, but he says that the strength of their organization will depend upon the efficiency with which the organization of the several States and smaller political divisions is carried out. He says that while they can make no forecast as to the length of the war, every consideration of intelligence and prudence directs us to enter it as though it were going to be long and to equip ourselves to do our task from the very beginning in the largest and most effective way ; that this means the mobilization of the energy and strength of the country in an industrial as well as a military way, and to preserve, as far as possible, the country from unnecessary dislocations of its industrial, commercial, agricultural and community life; that the maximum of co-operation is the essential measure of the efficiency of the whole matter.

More specifically the function of the County Council of Defense as a part of a nation-wide system, was to impose upon the people of its county whatever measures were deemed necessary to war efficiency. "Win the War" was the national slogan, and the civilian contribution to that end needed direction under authority. Duly invested with such authority the local council, acting in close cooperation (in this county, at least) with the food and fuel administrators, concerned itself with the production and conservation of food stuffs, with the fuel situation, with cases of disloyalty, and, in short, with whatever might help or hinder in the great task before the country.

Pursuant to the appeal from the State Council, Judge Griffith appointed as members of a county council H. 0. Woolford, chairman: Mrs. M. C. Garbcr, Nicholas Robinus and J, R. Inglis, all of Madison; James T. Green, of North Madison ; Russell Fewell. of Hanover Township, and Johia J^

Denny, of Monroe Township. Subsequently Mr. Woolford resigned on account of nxilitary activities, and was succeeded by William Ogden, who continued as chairman until the council was officially mustered out of service by the governor of the State.

Owing, perhaps, to the fact that the whole scheme was too much of an innovation to easily get under way, the county councils generally seem not to have made much of a showing until further stimulus v/as applied. On July 14th, 1917, Prof. W. 0. Mills, of Purdue University, representing the food committee of the State Council of Defense, came to Jefferson County and attempted to perfect the organization and to get it into working shape, and the following September the national council sent out speakers to stir up the local council and the people. Madison was visited September 26th by three of these representatives - R. W. Jinnett, C. C. Whitlock and A. R. Sills, Jr. The burden of their addresses was, the seriousness of the situation, the part that the civil population would have to take in the world war, and the pressing need for the conservation and production of food stuffs.

At that time our council was re-organized for business with the following committees supplementing the seven members above named, who constituted the council proper:

But the Council of Defense could not do its work properly without funds and the county commissioners were twice asked for an appropriation. The first time the request was refused on the ground that such appropriation was not authorized by law, there being no legislative provision for such emergency. Nevertheless, in this general emergency most of the counties had made appropriations, though the proceeding was somewhat irregular, and after a second appeal made by a committee consisting of Messrs. Marcus Sulzer, P. E. Bear, John McGregor, A. D. Vanosdol, G. M. Daily and A. C. Greiner, our commissioners followed the precedent. There was no appropriation for 1917; that for 1918 was $1,- 092.75, and that for 1919 was $1,000.

Meanwhile a number of patriotic citizens who were most active in the work of ''helping win the war" gave not only of their time but of their money for incidental expenses. The duties of Food Administrator Harper, for example, necessitated much stenographic work; the same was true of Fuel Administrator Seburn and of William Ogden, the Council of Defense chairman. All of these and others - more, in fact, than the chronicler could definitely trace - saw their tasks through at personal expense when the situation demanded it and said nothing further about it. Senator J. M. Cravens, to cite one more instance, himself rented and furnished an ofRce room for the clerical work of filling out questionnaires.

This filling of questionnaires as a first step in the selective scheme was one of the tedious, time-consuming tasks that demanded faithful volunteer service, and there were periods when those who had the work in hand virtually laid aside their private business. This applied to pretty much every attorney of Madison. The machinery for accomplishing this work consisted of a legal advisory board of three members who appointed as associate members or assistants other local attorneys. The members of, the advisory board were Messrs. J. M. Cravens, John McGregor and E. S. Roberts, and the associates Messrs. Hiram Francisco, A. D. Vanosdol, S. E. Leland, M. R. Sulzer, W. 0. Ford, Emerson Lemen, S. J. Bear, Curtis Marshall, T. B. McGregor, H. J. Zearing, Nicholas Harper, B. F. Mouser, Harry Lemen, Charles O. McBride, P. E. Bear and Benjamin Noell.

In addition to the above those who had a recognized talent for public speaking were pressed into service as "four minute men" to spriead the propaganda of conservation, thrift and patriotic duty by numerous brief speeches at the picture theatres, at the factories and elsewhere as opportunity offered.

Food Production And Conservation

Immediately after the declaration of war, Indiana took steps toward agricultural mobilization and the conserving of food stuffs. This stimulus reached to the various counties and on April 7, 1917, agricultural organization was effected at the court house in Madison with J. H. Hanna, president; Glenn Culbertson, vice president; George Sherlock, secretary, and F. H. Austin, treasurer.

This took the name of "The Jefferson County Patriotic Agricultural Society." A feature of the general plan was the promoting of township organizations by the county societies,, uius aisseniinating ine interest throughout the rural dis- LiicLs, and pursuant lo this "'The Manville Patriotic Agricul- Luiai bucieiy ' was iurniea at a rally held at Manville, Milton iownship, on Apni iGLii. iiie olticers of this branch were: Victor Vernon, president; Charles Martin, vice president; VVilliani Muore, treasurer, and Albert Scott, secretary.

In September, 1917, the State Council of Defense urged, through Mr. Ogden, the local chairman, an increased acreage 01 wheat and rye, the apportionment for Jefferson County being, for wheat, 24,000 and for rye 1,000 acres. As a result of this appeal the acreage for wheat, as estimated by the W. Trow milling company in October, was 20,000 to 24,000 acres as against 10,000 to 15,000 acres for the preceding year, and in 1918, there was a banner crop of this grain.

In the spring of 1918 the idea was conceived of organizing for farm work the drafted men who remained at home by reason of deferred classification. These to the number of 950, were notified to meet at the Court House for the purpose of perfecting a working society. There was a good response ; the meeting was addressed by Dr. W. A. Millis, president of Hanover College, who emphasized the importance of a vigorous food program, and the result was an organization with branches reaching into each township which, according to a subsequent report of the county agent, ''proved a valuable asset to the promotion of agricultural work." To quote this report further "It was through this organization that a large number of farmers were interested in using pulverized limestone. Also through its channels a 25% increase in the acreage of wheat was obtained. Furthermore this organization assisted in getting over 500 farmers to field-select their seed corn, and fifty-three farmers to erect fifty-three new silos, and they have made numerous surveys for the department."

Food production and food conservation were promoted in many ways. Ministers from their pulpits spoke on this subject; there were talks addressed to the school children, and merchants were asked to make window displays illustrating methods of conservation. A Hoosier pledge card campaign and ''conservation week" was conducted between the dates of October 28 and November 4, 1917.

Steps were also taken in August, 1917, toward organizing throughout the county a ''Boys* Working Reserve," the purpose of which was to enlist in agricultural work boys from 16 to 20 years of age. Miss Etta M. Ho(ffstadt, who had taken a course in food conservation at Purdue University, was the local director representing this movement, and through her twenty-two bronze badges were awarded to Jefferson County boys by the federal authority. The recipients of this honor were William A. Reidel, Howard B. Kuppler, Oliver P. James, Thomas L. Schrieber, Delbert 0. Ackerman, Harry D. Linenweber, Geo. V. Reul, Stanley H. Reidel, Harry E. Walker, Richard H, Davis, and Glenn F. Hewitt, all of Madison; Delbert E. Peacock, Deputy; Earl G. Palmer, Edwin V. O'Neel, Waldo A. Judkins, Harley S. Graston and Charles J. Nichols, of Dupont; Osmer Richmond, Wray R. Waters and Ralph B. Green, of North Madison; Harold C. Voris, Hanover; Roy E. Langdon, Kosmosdale.

In Jefferson County, as elsewhere, however, the people awakened but slowly to the urgency of the things preached, and by way of an extra stimulus a big "war conference" was held in Madison on February 11, 1918. This consisted of three sessions broken up into various sectional meetings held at the Grand Opera House, the court house, the high school building and Trinity Church, where the questions of civilian war duties were discussed from every angle by the aid of visiting speakers, among whom were C. V. Stansbury, of the National Food Administration ; H. A. Stevens, of Purdue University; Mrs. Grace Julian Clarke, of Indianapolis, and Lieutenant Hector McQuarrie, of the British army.

Woman'S Section Council Of Defense

The local Council of Defense was greatly aided in its work by the zeal and faithfulness of the women, organized as the ''Woman's Section," with Mrs. M. C. Garber, as chairman. This virtually separated the council into two cooperating parts and calls for a separate consideration of the women's work. The Woman's Section not only distinguished itself by energy and initiative but kept the fullest and most methodical records that have fallen into the hands of the present writer, and the account here presented of the organization and its activities is but an abridged form of an historical sketch written by Mrs. Garber, the chairman.

The Woman's Section of Jefferson County began its specific duties, independently, says Mrs. Garber, "responding to instructions from the Woman's Section of the State Council for its work.

"The first assignment of duty was the quota of gocks for the gift of 4,000 pairs to the first Indiana regiment to go to the front. Forty-seven pairs were asked of Jefferson County, to be completed and delivered by September 1. Sixty pairs were done and delivered by August 25.

"To carry on this work the county was organized by the appointment of a chairman in each of the ten townships, as follows : Graham, Miss Lucy Robertson ; Hanover, Mrs. Frank Craig; Lancaster, Miss Mary Lewis; Madison, Mrs. David Johnson ; Milton, Mrs. William Dow ; Monroe, Mrs. Charles W. Denny; Republican, Mrs. W. A. Crosby; Saluda, Miss Hazel Gorrell; Shelby, Miss Agnes Bishop; Smyrna, Mrs. Walter Ritchie.

"A meeting of these chairmen for organization was held July 24 with a good attendance. The work to which they were called was fully outlined and assignment made of the knitting - five pairs of socks to each township. The quotas were completed one week ahead of schedule time. The county Went over the top in amount also, one-third more pairs of

"August 9 a second called meeting was held at the headquarters. The subject to be discussed was the conservation of the food products of the county for supplying the local demands for the ensuing winter, but the requirements of the pure food laws, such as printed tables with the name of person submitting each article, ingredients, etc., proved an insurmountable obstacle to the project.

"Simultaneously with the organization of the county a city committee, consisting of representatives of the churches and clubs was appointed. These v/ere the women of executive ability and wide influence from the several wards of the city, the purpose being to reach all parts and, all people, Following is the committee:

"Through the city and county organizations the State registration of women was effected by means of the first and second food card campaigns. During a two months' absence from the county of the chairman of the Woman's Section, the vice chairman, Mrs. W. G. Rogers, discharged the duties of the chairman through that period (October and November, 1917) with great ef!iciency. The second food card campaign was under Mrs. Rogers' administration, and was a notable success.

"On November 12 instruction was issued by the State chairnxan, Mrs. Carlisle, for an extension of county organization along the lines adopted by the national committee calling for division chairmen to whom the several departments of work should be entrusted. The following appointments were submitted to the State chairman and endorsed:

^'Enrollment, Mrs. M. C. Garber. Food Production, Mrs. R. W. Cochran. Home Economics, Mrs. M. R. Sulzer. Child Welfare, Mrs. W. 0. McLelland. Health and Recreation, Mrs. W. D. Ogden. Food Conservation, Mrs. W. G. Rogers. Liberty Loan, Mrs. J. W. Tevis. Red Cross, Mrs. E. R. Trow. Allied Relief, Miss Carolyn Ford. Social Service, Mrs. W. O. McLelland. Education, Mrs. E. B. Sheldon. Women in Industry, Miss Ella Wade. Publicity, Mrs. E. E. Scott. Instruction for this work was sent by the State chairman December 3d. The appointments were made at once and tho department work begun.

"The Jefferson County war conference was held February 11, 1918, and was in every respect a great success. The session of the Women's Section was held in Trinity Churchy a martial character being imparted by the soldierly bearing of the uniformed Boy Scouts who acted as ushers and pages. The program was as follows:

''Outline of proposed work, Mrs. M. C. Garber, chairman. General discussion, by division and township chair* men. Address, Mrs. Grace Julian Clarke, chairman State fourteen-minute women. Conference of county fourteenminute women, conducted by chairman of State committee.

"Registration with the national card was begun March 23rd by the appointment of registrars covering all territory in town and county, the former on the block system and the latter by school districts. Registration classes for instruction of registrars and registrants were held in every township except two, whose organizations met with that of a neighboring township. The first was in Madison, April 5th, the last in Hanover the week proceeding the registration drive. A committee of assistants accompanied the chairman of each class and aided in registering all women present. The number of women in each township, according to the census of 1910, was given to the township chairman, and she was expected to register 100 per cent. As a matter of fact, while

*'The withdrawal ,bf Mrs. Rogers, vice chairman and food conservation chairman, left vacant these offices and Mrs. R. W. Clements was appointed to fill the vacancies April 10, 1918. She accompanied the registration committee on its township visitations, instituting throughout the county food clubs under the direction of the State food administra*

'Through Professor Christie, the head of the State agricultural bureau, Mrs. Clements secured a course of food demonstrations by Miss Reba Smith, a food demonstrator from Purdue University. Six demonstrations were given, from May 13 to 18, before women of each township, neigh* boring townships combining their meetings when possible.

"The year for which the County Council was appointed expired May 31st, and the appointments for the ensuing: year were : W. D. Ogden, chairman ; B. H. Doddridge, County Agent, Secretary; J. W. Cornett, Treasurer; Nicholas Harper, Food Administrator; W. T. Seburn, Fuel Administrator; Mrs. M. C. Garber, Woman Member; James Green, Labor Member. '

"The Student Nurse Reserve Campaign was at once opened, in connection with the Red Cross. The committee from the council was Mrs. E. R. Trow, R. C. chairman; Miss Carolyn Ford, vice R. C. chairman, and Mrs. S. G. Boyd, chairman Student Nurse Course, K. D. H. Thorough work was done by the committee and their many aides throughout the county, but it was not possible to fill the quota. A fair percentage were enrolled, however. Under the direction of the State chairman regular monthly meetings were instituted, the first being held August 15th, in the Council of Defense headquarters in the Masonic Temple. Full reports from all chairmen were given at these meetings and three copies of the minutes, typewritten, were prepared by the secretary, one for the records, one for th« report to the State chairman and one for the county chairman. Full reports of all called and regular meetings were forwarded to the State chairman by the first of each month.

'The influenza ban closed all meetings through the late fall and early winter and seriously interrupted activities. Individual work, however, was continued in all departments, in the interest of reconstructive measures, after November 11th.

"To this it should be added that the following group of *fourteen-minute women' were chosen to speak before the women of the county on such subjects as registration of women, liberty loans, thrift stamps. Red Cross, food conservation, etc. ; Mrs. Eliza B. Sheldon, Mrs. Elias J. Scott and Mrs. Gaylord Crozier, for Madison Township; Mrs. Corda M. Eldridge, for Saluda; Mrs. Wm. O'Neal, for Lancaster, Graham and Smyrna; Miss Eloise Millis, for Hanover; Mrs. Charles Irwin, for Monroe; Miss Mary Hensler, for Republican; Mrs. Jesse Salyers, for Shelby ; Mrs. Howard Coleman, for Milton. Miss Ella Porter Griffith was chairman of the organization."

The Woman's Council had its own motor corps in accordance with a State-wide scheme. It was rather late before this corps was formally organized, but prior to that the women used their own machines and drove them, donating time and service as well as cars. But for them the drives could not have been carried out.

Food And Fuel Administrations

The food and fuel adminstrations of Jefferson County were so closely allied with the Council of Defense that they may be regarded as auxiliary to that branch of the war work. Virtually the administrators were officers of the law empowered to enforce the various regulations whereby the gov- eminent sought to promote food and fuel conservation. In loous ihe poncy was lo restrict sales on certain articles of conbumpuon, sucn as lais, nour and sugar; to lessen the demand 01 the scarcer articles by the use oi substitutes, as corn meal -or nour; to reduce meat consumption by the observance of certain -meacless days," and so on. In fuel the aim was to protect the consumer and relieve, as much as possible, the hardships arising from the abnormal situation by the fixing of prices and the restricting of coal consumption where in the judgment of the administration it was unnecessary and at the expense of the necessities of the community.

Mr. Nicholas Harper was appointed food administrator for Jefferson county by Herbert Hoover, November 24, 1917, and served in that capacity throughout the war , administering his oft-times unpleasant duties without fear or favor, as the files of the local newspapers during that period amply testify. In addition to regulating the use of foods he exercised authority in the threshing of wheat through the county, preventing unnecessary delays ; in the prompt moving of wheat to market, and in the unloading of food-stuffs from cars, while the rationing of sugar was one of his most vexatious problems. Mr. Harper was one of those who gave of his time without salary and at the expense of his private business, and toward the end of his services was commended by Mr. Hoover in ait appreciative message sent through Mr. Barnard, the State food administrator. Mr. Harper's duties ceased December 7, 1919^

The Rev. William T. Sebum, of North Madison, was appointed fuel administrator for this county November 2, 1917, and was honorably discharged from the office February 28, 1919, throughout which period he served without pay. The source material at hand gives a very inadequate idea of Mr. Seburn's exact work, and when requested by the historian to supply a written sketch of the same he submitted the following very concise statement as to his activities:

As a matter of fact the shortage of the coal supply during the severe winter of 1917-18 caused much suffering and a debt of gratitude is due Mr. Seburn for his earnest efforts to relieve that suffering by controlling so far as possible the fuel distribution and increasing so far as he could the fuel supply. ' -c --

Raising Money For The War

The Liberty Loans, Victory Loan and War Saving Stamps drives, with which every citizen is familiar, was the government's method of raising directly from the American people the vast sums of money necessary to finance our part in the world war. All told there were six of these government campaigns for what was known as the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Victory loans, and the War Saving Stamps drive.

The first Liberty Loan raised the sum then required with little trouble and in Jefferson County there was no demonstration and nothing that could properly be called a "drive."

This drive was pushed in October, 1917. The sum set for this county to raise was $355,000. One method of securing: publicity was by the services of volunteer *'four minute mon" who spoke briefly on the subject at churches, at the picture theatres, and wherever opportunity offered, thus educating the people to the immediate need. Among fhos^p speakers we find mention of Rev. M. L. Guthneck, Rev. J. W. Turner, Prof. W. Guy Pender, Prof. Homer Long, E. E. Scott, R. L. Ireland and Jos. Colgate. Mr. Scott raised $8,700 by personal solicitation, and $6,650 were subscribed by the employes of the Southeastern Hospital. J. W. Tevis was chairman of the Liberty Loan Committee.

Was promoted in April, 1918, with J. W. Tevis as director of the campaign in Jefferson County, the quota for the county this time being $393,500. For obvious reasons these drives, making successive demands upon the people at short intervals increased the difficulty of raising funds and necessitated a corresponding increase of pressure. For the third drive a ^'Women's Department of the Jefferson County Liberty Loan" was organized with Mrs. J. W. Tevis as chairman, assisted by the following ladies in the various parts of the county :

As part of a nation-wide plan preparations were made for opening the drive by a demonstration in Madison of exceptional magnitude, and this came off on the sixth of April, 1918. The cardinal feature was one of the biggest parades ever held in the city, which marched and counter-marched the length of Main street to the music of the Elks and Hanover bands. The Home Guards militia, the fraternal orders, the Red Cross, the schools and other organizations were represented. The school children sang patriotic songs In front of the court house and after the parade there was a meeting in the

Elsewhere in the county there were meetings and Liberty Loan adresses, and the campaign was given unusual publicity by a series of full page ads, contributed by the following firms and individuals : J. E. C. F. Harper & Co., The Courier Co., The Herald Co., Marks & Benson Co., Madison Light & Railway Co., W. H. Miller & Sons, John Knoebel & Son, Daily & Roth Co., W. Trow Co., Madison Safe Deposit & Trust Co., Mrs. E. E. Powell, Madison Telephone Co., J. W. Cornett, N. Horuff & Sons, National Branch Bank, and First National Bank.

The city of Madison put $31,500 of its sinking fund into the bonds. Juniata Tribe No. 24, L 0. R. M., invested $500, and individual members of that order subscribed to the amount of $10,800. The drive continued throughout the month of April, closing May 5th, with a subscription of about $500,000, every bank in the county exceeding its quota.

This drive opened in Jefferson County at Canaan, Shelby Township, on Sunday, September 29th, with Rev. W. VV. Logan, J. W. Cornett, E. E. Scott and Jesse Salyers as speakers, supplemented by the Elks band for music. It called for $646, 000 as the county quota - nearly twice that of the third loan, and this was subscribed in full after strenuous work by the campaign organization, of which J. W. Cornett was chairman, with the following assistants:

Woman's Committee, city of Madison: Mrs. Oliver Roe, Miss Mary Glass, Mrs. Marcus Sulzer, Mrs. W. T. Hafley, Mrs. David Johnson, Mrs. J. J. Rapp, Mrs. Champ Kahn, Miss Jeanette Wilson and Mrs. H. W. Graham (for D. A. R.).

As in the third loan, the merchants of Madison liberally contributed advertising space in the papers, the donors being: Dustin Ely, Lotz Bros., Wm. A. Beerck, R. L. Ireland. Sulzer Bros., Chas. Fischer, George Gertz, Peter Petrokos, M. Ernst & Co., Jos. Steinhardt, Lodge Hardware Co., C. H. Rousch & Co., Cofield-Barber Grocery Co., C. A. Stanton's Sons, Madison Insurance Co., Rogers Drug Store, George C. Vail & Sons, Inglis Drug Store, F. E. Zepf & Co., Henry Schanauer, Lauer Bros., Fred Glass, John Mersdorff, Jacob Lucht, Levi Danner, Oscar C. Bear, The Herald Co., Patrick Lowry, F. W. Pfortner, F. W. Schneider, The Courier Co.

The fifth government loan, known as the * ^Victory Loan," the drive for which was pushed in April 1919, was made necessary by the aftermath of the war. Though the actual fighting was over the expenses were not, by any means, and large sums were still required. This time Jefferson County was called upon for $439,000, which amount was raised with little trouble through the various banks.

raise war funds was by the sale of 'War Savings Stamps," whereby the small investors could contribute to the financial support of the nation. These stamps, which were to be redeemed at the end of five years with accrued interest at the rate of 47^, per annum, could be paid for if desired, in 25 cent instalments, and by this plan it was deemed subscriptions could be secured from large numbers who could not invest in liberty bonds.

The Jefferson County quota was $409,660, equalling $20 for every man, woman and child in the county. The campaign for the first issue was to run for a year, and the newspapers were asked to contribute space for publicity during that time. A **War Savings Committee" was appointed with Senator J. M. Cravens as chairman. Subsequently it was re-organized with Prof. W. Guy Pender, the county superintendent of schools, as chairman. The various committee chairmen were: Joseph M. Cravens, John W. Tevis, E. E. Scott, John B. Lawler, E. S. Roberts, Charles Dickerson and Homer Long, and their assistants were, Wilbur Cornett, Russel K. Wyatt, Thomas McGregor, Charles Dibler, Mrs. Florence Wooten and Miss Gertrude Gibson, besides many )thers in the different townships whose names the writer has been unable to learn. There was a vigorous sub-drive for a smaller quota of $51,000, and this ended June 5, oversubscribed, Saluda township, under the management of Clyde Hutsell, leading the others with $5,656.50. It was estimated that the effort ran the subscriptions up to approximately $100,000, but this was still far short of the total quota. After a brief interval another drive was launched by a method more drastic, perhaps, than anything ever attempted in this country. What this method was can best be shown by the following letter received by Professor Pender, the county chairman.

provides that a list of all tax payers and wage earners in each county must be prepared so that they can be officially notified to attend meetings that are forecast in the proclamation of the President. Your county, other than incorporated towns and cities, should be divided into school districts, and a list of ail tax payers and wage-earners, with their addresses, immediately prepared. In the cities the names should be listed by wards or precincts. These names can be obtained from tax assessment sheets, poll books or perhaps through employers of labor. The preparation and assembling of these lists is made mandatory by a ruling of the Treasury Department.

**As explained at length at the conference in your district, every tax payer and wage earner is expected to pledge himself to buy as many stamps as he can pay for during the remaining months of the year 1918. All those invited by your representative who do not attend the meeting to be held the evening of the 28th of June, or if in attendance fail to buy stamps or sign the pledge to buy, and do not give a satisfactory reason for their failure to do so, which must be noted on a pledge card, must immediately be reported by you to me, and, under instructions, I shall forward such information to the Federal Government.

"To state the bald truth the Government intends to sell, either by direct sale or by pledge, the full quota of stamps assigned to the State of Indiana during the course of the drive that will terminate on June 28 and, in addition, will use the National W. S. S. Drive to determine definitely those who are slackers. You may understand that this elaborate machinery for ascertaining who are 100% Americans and who are not, has not been constructed without a serious end in view.

"Will you, with the assistance of your committee, immediately make the necessary preparations to secure these lists so that the preliminary work may be speedily completed and you will be able, without delay, to send post cards

Whatever disapproval there may have been of this coercive experiment the concentrated drive which was carried out June 28 resulted in an over-subscription, running the total up to about $425,000, as stated by Chairman Pender.

In September, 1917, a drive was made for a **War Library" fund, to provide reading matter for the soldiers. Jefferson County's quota was $400 and a committee consisting of W. 0. Ford, Curtis Marshall, W. H. Miller and J. W. Cornett was appointed by the Madison Library Board to solicit money for this purpose. On September 26 they reported having raised $148 from thirty-eight subscribers.

NOTE - In all these campaigns service of one kind or another was rendered by so many that it is not possible to secure a full list of those who deserve to be mentioned.

Drives For Auxiliary Agencies

A distinguishing development of the world war was the active cooperation of a number of civilian agencies, acting on their own initiative, that applied their energies to keeping up the morale of the soldiers by making easier the hard conditions of life in camp and in the field.

Of these agencies the ones publicly recognized were, the Red Cross, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian Association, Salvation Army, Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare League, War Camp Community Service and American Library Association.

each aimed to occi^py a distinct field. The services of the Red Cross on the battlefield and its work throughout the land contributed to by women everywhere, are familiar to all. The Y. M. C. A is well known for its **huts" established in every camp as a home-like social center for the men. The Knights of Columbus and the Jewish Welfare League maintained the same kinds of centers primarily for the benefit of Catholics and Jews. The Library Association established attractive and comfortable reading rooms and libraries in the cantonments. The Salvation Army gained a warm place in the hearts of the soldiers by catering to their physical comforts at the front. The Y. W. C. A. also provided rooms and comforts. The Camp Community Service had for one of its aims the establishment of social relations between the soldiers in camp and the citizens of adjacent towns, thus relieving the irksomeness and the temptations that accompany camp life. This, it should be said, is but an approximate description of their aims and activities.

The "United War Drive" was for funds to be divided among all of the agencies named with the exception of the Red Cross, which preferred to depend upon its own financial campaigns. It fixed a quota of something like $26,000 for Jefferson County and set its canvass for November 11, 1918, the plan being to "go over the top" in one day's drive, if possible, and to that end a county-wide organization was formed with Elmer E. Scott as county chairman. Mr. Scott's assistants, appointed by him, were : Jos. R. Colgate, director of city canvass ; W. H. Miller, chairman special committee ; W. Guy Pender, chairman rural campaign; C. G. Dickerson, publicity director; Robert Yunker, publicity department; Mrs. Walter Caplinger, director of women's organization ; Graham Ross, director of transportation ; M. R. Sulzer, speakers' bureau ; J. W. Cornett, treasurer; Joe L. Schofield and John C. Finch, directors of fac-

Mr. Colgate as city chairman appointed the followin^^ chairmen to serve in the respective wards: First ward: precinct 1, Richard Johnson ; precinct 2, I. L. Stern and George T. Mayfield ; precinct 3, J. J. Kasper. Second ward : precinct 1, Mrs. Champ Kahn, Miss Kronenberger ; precinct 2, Miss Georgine Yunker; precinct 3, Miss Jeanette Wilson, Mrs. F. M. Harper. Third ward : precinct 1, Mrs. W. 0. McLelland ; precinct 2, Earl Miller; precinct 3, George Austermuhl.

Prof. W. G. Pender named the following chairmen in the various townships: Graham, Hiram Foster; Hanover, Frank Craig; Lancaster, F. 0. Hoyt; Madison, Earl Storms and Geo. Sherlocke ; Monroe, John Paugh ; Milton, Frank Tevis and Albert Rogers; Republican, 0. P. Temperly; Saluda, Dr. R. A. J. McKeand; Smyrna, Walter Ritchie and David Judkins; Shelby, Jesse Salyers.

Preliminary meetings to stir the people up were held over the county, and Prof. Horace Ellis, State Superintendent of Public Instructions, visited Madison and gave an address at Trinity church, but Jefferson was one of the counties that failed to *'go over the top" in one day's drive. The signing of the armistice and the prevailing feeling that "the war was over" and there was no further urgent need for funds, undoubtedly made the task more difficult.

Another effort was put forth. Those having the work in hand reinforced by Rev. W. T. Seburn, Nicholas Harper, B. H. Doddridge, Earl Storm, Rev. W. W. Logan, William Ogden. James Green, H. H. Stodgill, W. H. Miller and Rev. S. R. McAlpin pushed the campaign desperately and reached the goal on November 27th.

Before the attempt was made to raise a general fund by the plan of the United War Drive, three of the agencies in that combination, the Knights of Columbus, the Y. M. C. A., and

Madison Council 934, Knights of Columbus, made canvasses in July of 1917 and in May of 1918. The first of these was conducted with but little publicity and $500 was raised by pulpit appeals in the four Catholic parishes of the county. The working committee on that occasion consisted of Joseph Steinhardt, J. J. Kasper, William H. Horuff and F. J. Schram. The second drive, during the week of May 6-14, aimed to secure $2000 and there was a fuller organization than before. The committee workers, as given by Mr. Joseph Steinhardt, Grand Knight of the order, were:

"Madison Council 934 Knights of Columbus," says Mr. Steinhardt, "had taken liberty bonds and assisted in every drive that was made in the city of Madison and Jefferson County."

The Young Men's Christian Association was one of the agencies that organized for war work soon after hostilities began. On May 18, 1917, a meeting was held at the Madison city hall, addressed by Thomas E. Davidson, a visiting organizer. The object was a ''whirlwind campaign" to raise in the county $1,200 for Y. M. C. A. work. The personnel of the local organization resulting from this meeting was as follows:

The campaign was launched by a "flying squadron" touring the county in automobiles and giving addresses at the rural churches. The speakers, as published in the papers, were Messrs. M. C. Garber, W. O. Ford, H. H. Cope, Joseph M. Cravens, P. E. Bear, Homer Long, M. D. Wilson, E. E. Scott, Curtis Marshall, John McGregor, John Matthews, R. L. Ireland and Byron Mouser, and the churches from which contributions were secured, as reported by the treasurer, were: ' " ^ '

During the week beginning November 11, 1917, the Y. M. C. A. pushed another campaign for funds, the quota for Jefferson County this time being $5,000. An initial meeting at Trinity Church, Madison, Sunday, November 11, was addressed by Lieutenant William Cochran and L. W. Bellamy, and one held at the city hall the following evening for the purpose of launching the drive had for the chief speaker J. W. Lilly, of Indianapolis. Elmer E. Scott was made chairman, Joseph R. Colgate, secretary and J. W. Cornett treasurer of the county organization, and these with the addition of Curtis Marshall and W. H. Miller constituted the executive committee. The township chairmen were: Graham, Hon. Hiram Foster; Hanover, Dr. W. A. Millis; Lancaster, Rev. W. C. Marshall; Milton, H. S. Merrill; Monroe, John Paugh and John S. Murphy; Republican, Rev. Joseph Cooper and Dr. S. A. Whitsett ; Saluda, Mrs. Cordie M. Eldridge ; Shelby, Jesse Salyers; Smyrna, V. K. Officer. Rykers Ridge was represented by R. H. Wood and North Madison by C. G. Boerner.

As before, meetings were held all over the county, with a large local working group in each township. The campaign lasted a month instead of a week, but it closed before mid- December over-subscribed by more than a thousand dollars, the total sum raised being $6,157.95.

In the early part of December 1917, the Young Women's Christian Association launched a drive for funds, the quota for Jelferson County being $G00. Comparatively little publicity was given it, and it took longer than the time set to accomplish the end sought, but the campaign closed with $G05.55 raised. It was a work of women for women. Those who participated were - Mrs. Elias Scott, county chairman; Mrs. Elmer Scott, vice-chairman, and Mrs. Homer Long, county secretary, with the following township chairmen: Graham, Miss Lucy Robertson; Hanover, Mrs. J. H. LaBach; Lancaster, Mrs. W. C. Marshall ; Madison, Mrs. R. H. Wood ; Milton, Mrs. Clifford McKay; Monroe, Mrs. Geo. Mickel; Republican, Mrs. Ora Fuelling; Saluda, Mrs. Cordie Eldridge; Smyrna, Mrs. Walter Ritchie ; Shelby, Mrs. Jesse Salyers.

*'A few of the specific things for which the Y. W. C. A., will use its funds are hostess houses in military cantonments and for centers where girls are enlisted in special war industries, many of these having no local association. A bureau of social morality is to be established. A feature of the Y. W. C. A. war work is to maintain a staff of the ablest women physicians to cooperate with a committee on social morality, to give instructions to mothers and girls in sex education, and to aid them in holding to safe moral standards in war time. Attention is also to be given to over-worked and under-fed women of France and other allied nations, and social centers and comforts wull be established for the American nurses in the base hospitals of France.''

Of the various auxiliary agencies that ''helped win the war" by civilian service the Red Cross was far and away the most active and the most important one in Jefferson County, and it was the one most liberally contributed to by our people,

Its beginning in Madison dates back to November, 1914, when the John Paul chapter of the D. A. R. took the initiative in assuming Red Cross work for the aid of European war sufferers, and through that organization considerable service was rendered. Soon after our entrance -into the war the question of establishing a Red Cross chapter here came to the fore and a charter was secured from the national organization. The parties instrumental in getting the charter were, Mrs. George E. Trow, Miss Mary Hill, Wm. L. Hill, Rev. M. L. Guthneck. Judge Griffith, Clifford McKay, Dr. Milligan, M. C. Garber, John W. Tevis, M. R. Sulzer, Richard Johnson and Miss Caroline Blankinship, the first two circulating the necessary petition and the others being signers to it.

On June 16, 1917, the first campaign for members was launched by a meeting at the court house where Governor Goodrich was the main speaker. One of the Red Cross methods of raising funds was by a membership renewed annually, with a fee of one dollar, and this first drive was for 7,000 members in this county. The publicity and the appeals were more persistent and varied than those of any of the other agencies. None other claimed as much space in the daily papers throughout the war period ; churches and moving picture theatres were utilized as speaking places ; there were lawn fetes, entertainments and other "benefits," too numerous to specify. Meetings were held in the outlying townships and on August 9 the streets of Madison were enlivened by a Red Cross parade in which the familiar snow-white uniform with the scarlet sym.bol was varied by the khaki of Company I, m_arching in military array, and by floats and decorated autos and fire trucks. The D. A. R., Kings Daughters, Current Events Club and Sunday-school pupils participated in this dem.onstration, as did delegations from branch orjranizations at Kent, Pleasant Ridge, Manville and North Madison.

at, and in January of 1918, a second drive was launched with the more modest quota of 4,500 set as the goal. Among other features of this campaign speaking committees visited all the factories and other establishments employing numbers of workmen in the effort to make them ''solid Red Cross," and the Junior Red Cross was organized in the schools, with a fee of twenty-five cents per juvenile member.

This particular drive waned to a fmish after much strenuous pushing about January 12, having attained a total membership of something like 5,000. In February another source of revenue was tapped by the conducting of a ''tobacco drive" by a score or so of ladies captained by Miss Georgine Yunker. These solicited "sticks" of tobacco as donations from tobacco growers as the latter came to the warehouses with their production. This sub-campaign lasted for some time and resulted in the raising of $1,945.99 from the sale of the tobacco thus given.

In May there was another drive and in September a big fair was held in the Farmers' Tobacco Warehouse, at Madison, in which the various townships participated, and where livestock, vegetables, canned goods and other articles were auctioned off. The returns from this enterprise was the neat mm of $4,665.42.

In the matter of financial tax this community was, during the war period, subjected to a strain wholly unprecedented. Jefferson is one of the poorer counties, the ratio of property values to local expenditures for government making a tax rate at or near the maximum limit ; and it is not a community of many wealthy individuals. Moreover it is a conservative population, not easily persuaded to expend money for untried things; yet under the stress of the times and of vigorous campaigning this population of 20,000 parted with at least $54,000 in clear gifts and loaned to the government for war purposes more than $2,000,000, This money was distributed as follows:

This is but an approximate estimate of the money contributed by the community. The returns as reported in the newspapers make it this much, and there were numerous minor enterprises - suppers, dances, entertainments and what not, that were not part of any of the activities above classed. And the strain, both in the matter of money and of personal service, was a drastic test. Scarce was one solicitation over with than another followed and sometimes two or three drives were all appealing at once. In spite of the innumerable speeches that were supposed to illuminate the various phases of the situation, it seems probable that very many never understood clearly just why there should be so many appeals. Why, for example, there should be so many auxiliary organizations in the field, some of them doing the same things. The note struck so frequently by all of them that they were for the purpose of increasing and keeping up the morale of the army in the field was rather abstract for popular appreciation. Whether the slogan, ''give till it quits hurting" worked out, or whether the public became somewhat educated to the standards and the moral vision of the Red Cross and other auxiliaries, it would be hard to say, but as a matter of fact as the end of the war came in sight, though the moral obligations to our men remained just as binding, the difficulties of raising funds steadily increased. This difficulty was true of the United War Drive, the Victory Loan and the later campaigns of the Red Cross.

Red Cross War Work

The Red Cross ''chapter" which was the local organization in each county, carried on two lines of work - the war work and the "Home Service." The first meant the activities in which so many women throughout the land were engaged - the preparing of surgical supplies and the making of garments and other articles for the comfort and convenience of the men at the front or in the hospitals. The other was, as the name adopted indicated, a service to those at home, and concerned itself with the families of the soldiers and sailors.

The first war work done, as said before, was prior to our entering the war, when several boxes of clothing, a barrel of "comfort bags," and other articles were made and donated by the women of Madison. Also, French orphans were adopted by the following persons and groups:

Kings Daughters Circle, North Madison, one orphan for 2 years; Mrs. Edward E. Powell, two for 2 years; Daily & Roth clerks, one for 3 years ; First Presbyterian Church missionary society, one for 1 year; Second Presbyterian Church missionary society, one for 2 years; Mrs. Elizabeth R. Trow, one for 2 years; Miss Frances Ross, one for 1 year; Mrs. Jennie V. Johnson, one for 1 year; John Paul chapter, D. A. R., one for 2 years; Madison Lodge No. 21, Knights of Pythias, one for indefinite period ; J. W. Cornett and Miss Agnes Cornett, three for ; Twelve Friends, one for 2 years ; Children of public schools of Madison (sale of tin-foil) one for 2 years; Camp Fire Girls, two for 2 years; Friends, three for 2 years.'

The authority to form a Red Cross chapter was granted May 1, 1917, the organization to be known as "The Jefi'erson County (Ind.) Chapter," and to have for its jurisdiction the whole county.

Manville, Hanover and Kent, July 1917 ; Deputy and Brooksburg, September 1917; Cragmont, November 1917; Bryantsburg, January 1918; Dupont, Saluda and Home Chapel, February 1918; Canaan, March 1918; Monroe church and Middlefork. May 1918; Smyrna, June 1918; Wirt, September 1918; Pleasant Ridge, Mt. Pleasant Church, North Madison and Rykers Ridge, dates not ascertained.

Knitted articles sent to Camp Shelby and Camp Zachary Taylor, for Jefferson County soldiers: Sweaters, 68; socks, 109 pairs; helmets, 91; wristlets, 82 pairs.

Other articles shipped: Surgical dressings, 73,545; hospital supplies, 10,838; filled comfort kits, 75; refugee garments, 1,397 ; layettes, 43 ; linen shower, 810 articles.

In three drives for old clothes for refugees, under Mrs. Margaret Stapp and Miss Leah Kronenberger, the results were: First drive, three large boxes; second drive, 1980 pounds; third drive, 890 pounds.

It must be remembered that this output was contributed by the branches over the county as well as by the central organization in Madison. The records show returns from Rykers Ridge, Hanover, Manville, Deputy, North Madison, Brooksburg, Dupont, Kent, Pleasant Ridge, Mt. Pleasant Church, Home Church, Bryantsburg, Saluda, Canaan, Monroe Church. Middlefork and Cragmont, the seven first named being in the lead.

School children, also, with Miss Mary Frances Hargan as director, sent in much sewing of the simpler kind in 1919, and later an attempt to organize the Junior Red Cross resulted in contributions, chiefly from the Madison and Dupont schools.

Home Service Section

The Home Service department of the Red Cross had for its aim, as before said, the amelioration of the hardships frequently suti'ered by families of soldiers and sailors by reason of the men being called into the service. The situation thus created, common to all wars, was made much more complicated than ever before in this country by policies or methods hitherto untried. For example, the government for the first time assumed a jurisdiction over its men as to their family responsibilities. If a man was married the support of his family was made compulsory, and this was accomplished by withholding a part of his monthly pay as an "allotment." If he had other dependents, such as parents, they would be provided for in the same way if he chose. In addition to this allotment out of his wages he could apply for an ^'allowance," which was a clear gift of money from the government, to be added to the allotment. The government simplified the matter for the soldier by paying him his wage less the amounts deducted and forwarding to his dependents what was due them. The system was complicated by a varying schedule of the sums that could be drawn by dependents of different classes.

There was also a system of life insurance and compensation for disabilities, the latter with its sliding schedule, and a plan for rehabilitation and vocational training of men injured in the service, all of which added vastly to the enormous bulk of business assumed by the government. When these several systems came to be worked out in practice with an army that numbered into the millions, some in this country, some across the ocean, and all in a state of fiux and change, the task proved truly herculean; and when in addition the vastly increased army of government employes in the clerical work was of necessity a large percentage inefficient the difficulties seemed insuperable.

allowances with anything like promptness and in many an instance a wife and children went for months without income. Had there been no relief agency it is obvious that in very many cases these families would simply have been dependent upon charity until their money would finally come. Also, insurance, compensation and other phases of business had their difficulties of adjustment.

Thus the Red Cross, wise enough to foresee these contingencies, established its branch of ''Home Service" for the primary purpose of seeing to it that the dependents of soldiers and sailors should not suffer, whatever the contingency. Its argument was that not only was this in accordance with the higher standard of justice to which we had grown, but that relief to the men from family worries would be the greatest of all factors in keeping up morale. The real and direct usefulness of the Red Cross in its Home Service, as well as in its other functions, to the government is implied by the close inter-working of the two, this agency receiving governmental recognition accorded to no other.

The work of the Home Service Section did not cease with the signing of the armistice nor even with the return of the men to their families, for not only did the same troubles continue during the period of demobilization, but questions of compensation, bonuses, liberty bonds and other matters that were bewildering to a great many of the men have had to be dealt with up to the present time, and it is only fair to say that much of the confusion would never be straightened out but for the services of the Red Cross.