Marion County, Indiana - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 18 of those read), 1884 (part 2 of 3)

Hubbell. N'lrth ni»t?<'ijs i ,;. The Indianapolis Picture- FrAme ,;f!!t Moulding Company have a large manufactory nn Madison Avenue,-and Wenzel Kautsky has another ou the same street, where the material for frames is dressed r:- ' - 'w;d for the framemakers, who fit it to sue' ..id combinations as

Jason S. Carey is of English extraction, and the son of Cephas Carey and his wife, Rhoda Jerard, who resided in Shelby County, Ohio, where their son, the subject of this biographical sketch, was born Nov. 28, 1828. At the age of twelve years he removed with his parents to Sidney, the county-seat, where modest advantages of education were attainable. Previous to that time the log school-house in the vicinity of his former home had enabled him to obtain the rudiments of learning. He was early apprenticed to the saddler's trade, and at the expiration of a service of two years accompanied his brothers, Simeon B. and Thomas, on a journey across the plains with mules and horses to California in pursuit of gold. The ill health of one of the number influenced their return before any practical results followed their labor, when Jason S. engaged with his brother Jeremiah in the boot and shoe business at Sidney, Ohio, and remained thus occupied until 1861, when he embarked in the produce business. Mr. Carey removed the same year to Dayton, Ohio, and superintended the construction of the Richmond and Covington Railroad, and continued thus engaged until February, 1863, when Indianapolis became his place of residence. Here he embarked in the pioneer enterprise of stave manufacturing, and was the first manufacturer who introduced machinery for the dressing of staves. He still conducts his business, which has assumed large proportions, and has also engaged in farming pursuits, though not to the exclusion of more important business interests. Mr. Carey was formerly a Whig in his political associations, and later became a Republican, but has not been during his active career diverted from the busy arena of commercial life to the more exciting, but less profitable, field of politics. He is actively engaged in religious work, and a member of the Meridian Street Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he is a steward. Mr. Carey was married in 1855 to Miss Ada M., daughter of Rev. James Smith, of Sidney, Ohio, one of the pioneer Methodist preachers of Ohio. Two children were bom to

The latest and largest addition to the stave-manufactories is that of the Standard Oil Company's factory in 1879 in West Indianapolis, at the crossing of the Belt road and Morris Street. It occupies a dozen acres with its yard and machine-shops and dryinghouses. No returns are made of thp amount of business done by any of these factories in late years, but the total was nearly $1,200,000 in the census report, and the new factory has added probably a halfmillion to that, which, with the increase of the other establishments, would make the aggregate of stavedressing and cooperage here not much less than $2,000,000 a year. The stave-dressing establishments have created a considerable trade and a very great convenience to householders in the shavings they make, which are the best sort of material for kindling fires, and can be bought by the wagon-load as cheap as common fuel.

Cooperage. - There are eight coopering establishments in the city besides those maintained in connection with Kingan's and other establishments for special manufactures. William Baird, on Blackford and Pearl Streets ; Daniel Buxton, near Maus' brewery, on New York Street ; Sanuel B. Gardner, Bright Street ; John W. Humphrey, Indiana Avenue ; R. Seiter, East McCarty Street ; Cornelius Funkhouser, Smith Street ; George H. Burton, North Mississippi.

Picture-Frames. - One of the minor manufactures of wood, but by no means a trifling one, is that of picture-frames, which has been carried to a considerable extent for a dozen years or more, chiefly by Hermann Lieber, of the Art Emporium, on East Washington Street ; Ralston & Co., East Washington Street ; Scheirick, on Massachusetts Avenue ; John Keen, on South Illinois; James Hoffman, Virginia Avenue ; Hudson, Massachusetts Avenue ; Hubbell, North Illinois Street. The Indianapolis Picture-Frame and Moulding Company have a large manufactory on Madison Avenue, and Wenzel Eautsky has another on the same street, where the material for frames is dressed and finished for the framemakers, who fit it to such sizes and combinations as they wish. The aggregate of the products of this class per year is probably in excess of 8100,000, as it was nearly that amount three years ago. There are no late reports from which to learn the present condition of business.

Car- Works. - This is the latest development of wood manufacture in or near the city, and by far the largest and most important. The company is composed mainly of a few large railroad capitalists and managers, and aim to embody in the establishment here all the improvements that have been devised in the business in any part of the country. There are five large iron-roofed and weather-boarded shops side by side, one hundred and twenty by fifty feet, fronting north, in which the car-wheels are cast and cooled, and all the castings are made required in the works. Next to this is the machine-shop and blacksmith-shop. The wood-work in its various stages is done in the other shops. Through each a railway runs its full length, on which the material completed in separate parts is carried to two large shops, where they are put together, one over five hundred feet long by about sixty wide, the other over four hundred long, and of the same width as the first. A very wide railway track, ten or fifteen feet wide, extends between these finishing-shops, and a side-track of the Belt road at the east side of the car-works, and on this the finished cars are mounted and run out sideways to the track where they belong, landing them lengthwise with the track, which saves the trouble of turning them round. On the east of these large shops, which stand east and west, at right angles to the direction of the other shops, is a long, narrow building, three or four hundred feet long, for housing and painting the cars. There is also a boiler- and engine-bouse, and two or three minor buildings south of the main line of workshops, and south of these still is the lumber-yard, through which runs a track from one of the West stock-yard tracks. The whole establishment covers about a dozen acres of ground. The shops are strongly framed, and, as already suggested, are covered with sheet-iron. They employ now about 560 hands, and turn out about $2,500,000 worth of cars a year. They do not make any but freight-cars. The shops were begun upon the remains of a last year's corn crop, and in two months were ready for occupancy. The contractors were Shover & Ohristian, the builders of the huge stables and stock-sheds of the stock-yard.

Coffin- Works. - A company for the manufacture of coffins and burial-cases carried on a considerable business for some years at the old Cottontown site, near the crossing of the canal and the Michigan road. Its location is now on North Illinois Street. Two years ago, in the spring of 1882, the platform along the coffin warehouse, on the south bank of the creek, a little east of the Union Depot, was the gathering-place of hundreds of spectators of an unusual flood in the creek, when it gave way and dropped them into the furious, turbulent current, and seven were drowned, some of whose bodies were not recovered for a week afterwards.

This establishment might be quoted in corroboration of the old adage, " the third time is the charm." This is the third attempt at car-making here, and the first that has succeeded. In 1852 or 1853 the Bellefontaine Railroad built a freight depot in what was then the far northeastern corner of the town, now densely built up, and covering the area west of Massachusetts Avenue to Fort Wayne Avenue, north of North or St. Clair Street, and finding it a poor investment, the company leased it for a car-manufactory to Mr. Farnsworth, of Madison, and his son-in-law, Jehiel Bernard, late secretary of the Board of Trade. They made no profit of it, and soon gave it up. Some time after the war, Mr. Frederick Ruschaupt and some associates formed a company to make cars, in tlie present far northeastern corner of the city, east of the Peru Railroad, and north of Seventh Street, nearly east of the Exposition building. This enterprise failed too, and the very extensive buildings are now occupied by the very successful and extensive Atlas Machine- Works.

Step- Ladders and wooden-ware have been made a specialty by the Adell Company, of North Indianapolis, and a very large business is done in these articles. The manufactory was established in North Indianapolis about the time the wagon-works on South Tennessee Street were removed to that suburb. Wooden butter-dishes are also made there.

Caepenters and Builders. - There are over 100 carpenters and builders in the city, who may be classed among manufacturers as the makers' of houses. Among those longest and best known for energry and enterprise are Shover & Christian, Peter Routier, John A. Buchanan, William Saltmarsh, Daniel Berghmer, John Hyland, 0. B. Gilkey, John Martin, C. F. Rafert, Thomas J. Hart. It is worth noting in this connection that a great and grateful change has come upon the character of the houses, the residences especially, since the close of the war. There were earlier signs of it, but its presence has not been fully recognized till within the last twenty years, and mainly within the last ten. That is the breaking up of the old rectangular plans into some variety of outline, with occasional curves and pleasing projections and recesses. A generation ago a residence was built upon a plan as invariable, except in dimensions, as the laws of the Medes and Persians. It might be set with the gable to the street, but it savored of heresy, and had better not. It must be right-angled at every corner, with no change of the plain square front but a portico just as plain and square, all painted a glaring white, from the fence pickets to the cornice ; the window-blinds green ; the bricks below the line of the door-sills red, unless the house were brick, and then it was painted white from chimney-top to cellar-window. An " L" was permissible, and a recess turned into a porch was not forbidden ; but no other liberties with the orthodox rectangle and barn plan were tolerated. Now we have the fence of one color, the weather-boarding of another, the window-frame of a third, the sash different from all. Little porticoes in corners, broad, projecting eaves, with brackets, quaintly-moulded porch-posts, ornamented cornices, mouldings, and door-frames, have come to please the eye and lighten the sombreness of life, no more costly than the old-time ugliness and uniformity, and far more conducive to a Christian spirit of cheerfulness and kindliness. One can hardly conceive it possible that the dwellers in the dreary old houses could have been adequately generous to the suflFerers by the great Ohio floods of 1883 and 1884.

Iron Products. - The first attempt at the manufacture of iron here was made about three years earlier than the first attempt at pork-packing. It resulted in much the same way. R. A. McPherson & Co. put up a building at the west end of the National road bridge for an iron foundry in 1832, and kept up a spasmodic business until 1835 and quit. In that year Robert Underbill established a foundry on North Pennsylvania Street, east side, just above Vermont, where the Second Presbyterian Church now stands, and here for twenty years he maintained the first " paying" iron manufacture of the city. It was a small business, and did only such casting as was required by country customers, millers, and farmers. The amount of it, of course, is purely conjectural, but no reasonable conjecture can make it more than a few thousands of dollars a year.

The " boom" in this, as in several other industries, as already noticed, came with the completion of the first railway, in 1847. At that time Watson & Voorhees established the Eagle Machine-Works, in which they were succeeded, in 1850, by Hasselman & Vinton. Two destructive fires in close succession in 1852-53 obstructed their progress, but in spite of their losses they added the manufacture of threshingmachines and agricultural implements to their busiiness in time to make a most creditable exhibition in 1853 at the first State Fair. In May, 1851, the manufacturing enterprise of the awakened town was developing some very encouraging results. The papers of May of that year say that there were then two foundries in operation here, three machine-shops, and a boiler-factory ; fifty steam-engines had been built, and, as just stated, the manufacture of threshers commenced at the Washington Foundry, as it was then called.

Not long after this Mr. Underbill abandoned his Pennsylvania Street foundry and established a machine-shop on the north bank of the creek, at the crossing of the same street, where he remained a few years, till the hard times following the Free Bank panic of 1855 caused his failure and the abandonment of the house to other uses, mainly hominygrinding. It was burned in 1858. In March, 1854, Wright, Barnes & Co. began the machine business at the crossing of Pogue's Creek and Dela- ware Street, which was burned and abandoned in 1857. About the time Underbill began his foundry and machine-shop on South Pennsylvania Street, Carter & Dumont began boiler-making just north, and Kelshaw & Sinker just south, on the north bank of the creek. The latter were burnt out in 1853, but rebuilt in 1854, and then Dumont & Sinker joined business, adding foundry-work to boiler-making. Here Dr. R. J. Qatling planned and made the first gun of the kind that bears his name and has now become famous all over the world. The first public trial of it was on the river-bank at the old " Grave-yard Pond," now a little east of the pile-work of the Vincennes Railroad, at the foot of Kentucky Avenue. In 1863, Mr. Dumont left the business, and Mr. Allen and Mr. Yandes entered it, greatly enlarging it, and occupying with it the old site of the Underbill shops. Later the firm became Sinker, Davis & Co., and thus it remains a company instead of a firm.

Edward T. Sinker was born at Ranavon, Wales, on the 22d of December, 1820. He was the only son, and on embarking for America left his aged parents and seven sisters in his native land. When a boy but eleven years of age he entered a large shop at Hawarden-on-the-Dee, Wales, and there learned the trade of a maphinist. He continued thus employed for several years, acquiring the skill and practical knowledge that prepared him for the large operations which he conducted in this country. Mr. Sinker on learning his trade labored at different points in Wales and England, always holding positions of trust. At Liverpool he superintended the iron work in the construction of steamers. His skill and integrity were such that the government desired him to go to Portugal and take charge of the repairs of government vessels in the ports of that country. He labored two years on that wonder of engineering skill and mechanics, the tubular iron bridge over the Straits of Menai, and while on this work, finding the necessity for a reduction in the force of laborers, with characteristic generosity left his place for those who had greater needs than himself. In 1849, with his young wife and one child, he landed as a stranger in New Orleans, and thence journeyed to Madison, Ind.

They reached Indianapolis in November of the same year, the scene of his future labors, where from small beginnings he rose to become at last the chief of one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the West. His history is a noble example of what industry and integrity will acccomplish. Mr. Sinker also filled a large place in all the public enterprises, benevolent and religious institutions of the city of his residence. Every movement for the relief of the poor, the reformation of the vicious, the education of the young, or the salvation of his fellowmen found him a warm sympathizer and helper. He was a marked example of industry, and a man who loved to work. " Not slothful in business, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord," was one of his favorite maxims. He was a man whose earnest purpose pushed him on and through his work despite all obstacles. He possessed a resolution and courage that led him to take hold of the heaviest end in a lift and strike at the hardest part of the task. This made him a leader among workingmen, and his contagious spirit inspired others to follow after him. Mr. Sinker was a generous man, - generous to a fault. His generosity was only limited by his ability to give. It was more than meat and drink to him to bestow blessings on the needy. No cause of benevolence appealed to him in vain while he had the means to help. He was a man of the purest integrity, and no chance of gain could tempt him to dishonesty. As a business man he meant to do right, and believed his religion should be carried into daily life. Mr. Sinker was in his religious belief a devout and sincere Presbyterian. For some years after his arrival in Indianapolis he was connected with the Fourth Presbyterian Church. In 1857 he united with others in forming the Plymouth Congregational Church, and remained until his death, which occurred April 5, 1871, one of its honored and useful members, where he held the responsible ofiices of trustee, deacon, and much of the time superintendent of the Sunday-school. Mr. Sinker was married, June 22, 1844, to Miss Sarah Jones, daughter of Robert and Sarah Jones, of Hawarden, Flintshire, North Wales. Their children are J]dwin, Alfred T , who was married Sept. 2, 1867, to Miss Rebecca

Coates, of Mansfield, Ohio, and has three children ; Sarah J., Frederick, Walter, Frederick (2d), and Clara Belle. Of this number Clara Belle (Mrs. Rudolph Rossum, of St. Paul, Minn.), and Alfred T., of Boston, Mass., are the only survivors. The widow of Mr. Sinker still occupies the homestead, and sacredly cherishes the name of him who was a faithful and devoted husband and father.

In 1851, Delos Root & Co. established the first stove-foundry in the city in a small frame building near the corner of South and Pennsylvania Streets. Business improved here, so that when the frame house was burned in 1860 the firm rebuilt more extensively and with brick, enlarged their business, and added heavy castings of all kinds and boilerwork. Some six or eight years ago they moved to the buildings left by the dissolved Glass-Works Company between Sharpe and Merrill Streets, on Kentucky Avenue, and here they continued as energetically as ever till the spring of 1883, when a destructive fire swept over a considerable section of that part of the city, and destroyed all the buildings and a good deal of the work of the company. The loss was about 820,000. The rubbish was cleared away at once, however, and work begun on the restoration of the establishment, which was soon as busily employed as ever. The concern is now the Indianapolis Stove Company, and Mr. Root is president.

Deloss Root. - The name of Root was originally spelled Rutetee, and first known in England in the eleventh century. Two brothers emigiated to America at an early day and settled at or near Stockbridge, Mass. From one of these brothers was descended Moses Root, who resided in Stockbridge and was married to a Miss Taller. Their children were Daniel (a soldier of the war of 1812, who was taken prisoner with Gen. Scott, and led the command which proved fatal to Gen. Brock), Silas, Elias, Aaron, James, Aseneth, and Sally.

Aaron, the father of Deloss, was born in 1781 , at Stockbridge, Mass., and removed with his family to the West in 1837, locating at Hartford, Trumbull Co., Ohio, from whence he, in 1852, came to Indianapolis and resided until his death, Aug. 30, 1854. Mr. Root followed farming occupations during his lifetime. He married Miss Harriet Kingman, who was born in the village of Vergennes, Vt., in 1794. The birth of their son Deloss occurred on the 3d of February, 1819, in the town of Cincinnatus, Cortland Co., N. Y. He was educated at the town of Lincklaen, Chenango Co., N. Y., after which his early life was spent upon the farm. In 1844 he was in the iron trade at New Lisbon, Ohio, and in 1850 became a resident of Indianapolis. Here he engaged in the manufacture of stoves, being the first man in the State to embark in that industry, in which his business grew to large proportions. He was connected with the first rolling-mill in the city of Indianapolis, and also a large stockholder in the first mill for the manufacture of merchant iron, which he assisted in organizing. He was also interested in the " Architectural Works." In 1867 he was one of the m6ving spirits in the erection of a blast-furnace in Brazil City, Clay Co., Ind., the first in the State, and the largest in the West, and in 1870, assisted by one other gentleman, he built a similar furnace in Hardin County, 111. In 1854 he was appointed by the State a director of the Bank of the State of Indiana, and continued as such until it became a national bank, after which he assisted in organizing the First National Bank of the city, in which he was a large stockholder and a director for ten years. He was also for years largely interested in the street railways of the city. The enterprise, however, in which Mr. Root especially advanced the interests of Indianapolis was that of the establishment of the present system of water-works. All previous efibrts in that direction having failed, a gentleman largely interested in the matter conferred with him, and with his aid and that of other influential citizens carried the enterprise to a successful completion. Three thousand, tons of pipe were purchased and the bonds of the company given at par in payment. This sale of bonds gave the movement an impetus and secured to Indianapolis the best system of water-works in the United States. Mr. Root himself laid eighteen miles of the pipe, and did much by his energy and business tact to further the work. He was a director in the old Indianapolis Insurance Company (now the Franklin Fire Insurance Company), assisted in organizing and was a director in a bridge-building company, and one of the first stockholders in the Cincinnati Railroad. He was also connected with the Evansville and Indiana Railroad, which was never completed, and interested in the North and South Railroad, in the Indianapolis, Delphi and Chicago Railroad, and in the Hamilton and Dayton Railroad. He was also an extensive dealer in real estate, laying out Allen & Root's Addition, and Allen, Root & English's Woodlawn Addition, together with several smaller ones. He also found time to engage in building, and has erected no less than one hundred buildings within the city limits. Mr. Root is at present connected, as president, with the Indianapolis Stove Company, which was organized in 1850 and incorporated in 1857. This foundry is one of the most complete in the West. It has two moulding-rooms, and is supplied with all the latest improved machinery and other appliances to facilitate the business and economize labor. The great amount of work done and the general prosperity of the business give evidence of the solidity, tact, and indomitable energy which characterize its management. Mr. Root is a member of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Cathedral, of, 'which he has for many years been a vestryman. He was married, Aug. 15, 1861, to Miss Kate H. Howard, daughter of the late Maj. Robert Howard, of the British army, whose military career was an eventful and honorable one. Their children are Robert Howard, born Sept. 12, 1862 ; Edward Deloss, whose birth occurred Jan. 7, 1866 ; Devolson, born Aug. 5, 1867; Allen, born Aug. 15, 1871 ; and Harry B., born March 31, 1873. The last named is the only survivor of this number.

In 1858 the Redstone Brothers began the foundry and machine business on Delaware Street, between Louisiana and South, and soon after Spotts & Thompson began a foundry beside them, but both were burned in 1860 and abandoned. Cox, Lord & Peck established a stove-foundry at the crossing of Delaware Street and the creek in 1861, and kept it in operation for a few years, when they gave it up, and soon afterwards A. D. Wood & Co. took it and carried it on a few years. The Indiana Foundry Company at Brightwood, organized about three years ago, also makes stoves. The Cash Stove Company, of South Pennsylvania Street, are the only other stove manufacturers in the city. The Ruschaupt foundry and machine-shop, on South Meridian Street, was absorbed into the Eagle Machine- Works.

In 1859, Chandler & Wiggins established the Phoenix Foundry and Machine-shop in a small way, at the crossing of Washington Street and the mill-race, on the east side. It was burned in a few years, and rebuilt and enlarged by Chandler & Taylor, who have since gone on with a steadily increasing business, and now have one of the most extensive establishments in the city. The Novelty Works were begun in 1862 by Frink & Moore, and changed to the Novelty Works Company in 1868, with Dr. Frink as president, and H. A. Moore, superintendent, and manufactured a number of small articles, as hinges, latches, gas- and water-boxes, bed-irons, and the like. Some years ago the company built a large shop at Haughsville, but never did much there, and never recovered from the change.

In 1866, Mr. B. F. Hetherington began foundryand machine-work in a modest way on South Delaware Street, and continued there till eight or ten years ago. Then he and Mr. Berner moved to a frame shop on the south side of South Street, at the alley along the east bank of Pogue's Creek. Hard and honest work gradually enlarged the business, and additions were made down the creek at the end of the old shop and westward into the creek. A serious loss by fire occurred shortly after this extension, but was at once repaired, and work went on more energetically than ever. Again came a destructive fire, but the damage was immediately repaired. Then an extension was made clear across the creek about two years ago, and a large brick addition made on the west bank, so that now this really large establishment covers the whole width of the creek to the alleys on each side, and extends almost 200 feet down.

Benjamin Hetherington. - John Hetherington was the son of a member of the English Parliament, and resided in Carlisle, Cumberland Co., England, where he was engaged as a warper in a cottonfactory. He married, in Carlisle, Miss Ann Wilson, born in London, and had twelve children, the youngest of whom was Benjamin F., the subject of this biography, whose birth occurred Oct. 30, 1828, in Carlisle. His early boyhood was spent at school. At the age of twelve his father died, and a year later the mother, with her family, emigrated to America, his brother Christopher having already preceded them to the United States. Soon after their arrival they proceeded to Webster, Mass., where Benjamin obtained employment in a cotton-factory, but preferring to encourage his mechanical genius, he at the age of nineteen became apprentice to the trade of a machinist, and continued thus engaged for two years. He then became a resident of Cincindati, and .an employe of the firm of Reynolds, Kite & Tatura.

At the expiration of two years - ^a strike having occurred in which he did not wish to participate - he removed (in 1852) to Indianapolis. Here he was first employed in the foundry of R. R. Underbill, and later became foreman in the shop of A. G. Searl, with whom he afterwards formed a copartnership. The panic of 1857 having caused a general stagnation of business, affected values, and reduced the wages for skilled labor, Mr. Hetherington engaged for one year in the foundry of Mr. Delos Root at a nominal sum, and was later employed by the Washington foundry, owned by Hassellman & Vinton. The ten consecutive years following were spent in the employ of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Louisville Railroad, after which he erected a small machineshop and began a career of independence. His venture was successful ; business increased and encouraged him to purchase a lot and erect a foundry in company with Frederick Berner and Joseph Kindel. This business association was continued for six years, when he disposed of his interest, and entering the firm of Sinker, Davis & Co., remained in this connection for three years. He then, with his former partner, Mr. Berner, built another foundry, and still continues his business interest with him. The demand for the work from their shops has greatly increased and rendered an increase in the dimensions and capacity of the foundry necessary. The principals in the business have also associated with them their sons in special departments of the business.

Mr. Hetherington, in view of his success, may refer with pardonable pride to his industry, ambition, and integrity as the powerful levers that have brought him to a position of independence. In polities he is a Republican and actively interested in the politics of the ward in which he resides. He has been for years inspector of election for this ward. He is a member of the Indianapolis Board of Trade and of Marion Lodge, No. 601, Knights of Honor. He was reared in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and still inclines to that belief.

Mr. Hetherington was married in Webster, Mass., on the 21st of April, 1821, to Miss Jane Stephen, daughter of William Stephen, a printer, of Penrith, England, and his wife Diana. Their children were William, Frank, Mary W., Charles A., Benjamin, and Frederick A., all of whom, with the exception of Frederick A., are deceased.

Mothershead & Co., in 1864, established a hollowware and stove-foundry, and after conducting it some years with fair success, changed it to the Indianapolis Foundry Company, and now do a very large business in light malleable castings, making most of those for the great Beatty organ factory, as well as for several other special demands. The Greenleaf foundry was begun in 1865, on South Tennessee Street, near the rolling-mill, increased largely, and in 1870 became the Greenleaf Machine- Works, making engines, shafting, railroad turn-tables, and other heavy work. Some ten or twelve years ago it suspended, and the building, after a short occupancy by another machinefactory, passed into the hands of Henry Hermann, of New York, who now carries on a large furniture-factory there. The Dean Brothers built their first house on Madison Avenue, at the crossing of Ray Street, in 1870, and began business the first of the year 1871, doing a sort of general foundry and machine work, but within the last half-dozen years they have made a specialty of pumps, and particularly of one of their own invention. Two or three years ago the establishment was enlarged by a handsome building on the avenue. The Victor Machine- Works have been established within the last four or five years by Ewald Over.

lishment of the kind in the city or the State. The buildings it occupies in the extreme northeast corner of the city were originally intended for the manufacture of cars, and were for a time used for that purpose, but proving unremunerative, the business was abandoned and the buildings left unoccupied till the organization of the Atlas Machine Company, the president and chief stockholder of which is Stoughton A. Fletcher, nephew and long associated in the bank with the late Stoughton A. Fletcher. It has been in operation about ten years, for a time having an office and wareroom on South Pennsylvania Street, opposite the gas-works, but for the last five or six years keeping all its business at the main establishment. The Corliss engine is a specialty of this company, though it makes anything in its line, and the excellence of the work and the thorough satisfaction it gives have created a demand for it all over the West, and also in foreign countries.. It is the most complete " express and admirable" piece of machinery that is now made of iron, and the Atlas gets little time to make anything else. The company employs about 500 hands, and turns out about $1,000,000 of work annually. The works have a railway connection.

Stoughton A. Fletcher, Jk., the fifth son of the late Calvin Fletcher, was born on the 25th day of October, 1831. His father was well known as an early pioneer in Indianapolis ; as the first lawyer who came to this city ; as a man who took a deep interest in the material, intellectual, and moral Welfare of society in Central Indiana, and, for that matter, in the whole State. He believed in land, believed in labor, believed in schools, and believed that industry, guided by true Christian principles, made the noblest community on earth. Calvin Fletcher had eleven children, nine of them boys, and all of whom lived to adult years. Every child learned something useful, and learned to depend upon himself or herself. One son he placed with a carpenter ; another with a merchant ; a third drove a team for an English company over the plains into Mexico, and rose to be secretary of the company ; six were early put upon farms and learned to plow and do all other kinds of husbandry ; and one in his teens was at the head of his father's farm. All of them had the best education the schools of Indiana oflFered, while six of them either had a complete or partial collegiate education at the East. Thus, while the sons of Calvin Fletcher had the advantage of intellectual training, they had the higher advantage of having learned from their father the dignity of labor and the nobility of a Christian life.

The subject of this sketch went through the same ordeal with his brothers, but united perhaps more than any other the qualities of his father and mother. He was early trained on the farm, and showed great aptitude in whatever pertained to agriculture or agricultural machinery. In 1850 he learned practical telegraphy, and many a message was sent by him that year in the old office on Washington Street. On attaining his majority he passed some time in a partial course at Brown University, Providence, R. I. In 1853 he became conductor on the Bellefontaine Railroad. In June, 1853, he ran the first train that started out of the Union Depot, and after two years as conductor he rose to be superintendent of the same road. He not only understood cars, but locomotives and railroad machinery. He could drive a locomotive like an old hand, and on the occasion that his brothers and sisters met (the first and only time together in Indianapolis), ran the engine out of the Union Depot with all the family on the tender, and carried them to his father's farm.

After some years in railroad enterprises he became, in 1858, the clerk and teller in S. Ai Fletcher's bank, and applied the same practical energy to this as to the farm and railroad. He afterwards became partner in the same bank with F. M. Churchman. Here he remained until 1868, when his business duties led him into the gas company, of which he was president for more than ten years. As he studied farming, railroading, and banking, so he studied gas-making. In 1878 he, through various circumstances, became the head of the Atlas Engine- Works, where portable and Atlas- Corliss engines are turned out by nearly six hundred hands. As in other pursuits, " the eye of the master" is perceptible here, and a now energy was infused into the whole establishment when Stoughton A. Fletcher, Jr., took hold of the Atlas Engine- Works. Its business extends over the whole Union and to distant foreign lands, and it is said to be the largest and best equipped concern of its kind west of the Alleghanies. He has his father's practical ideas with regard tp the education of his sons. His eldest son, Charles, after studying at the East, took a regular course in the Atlas Engine- Works, beginning at the lowest point and " graduating with honors." He is now secretary of the company, and traveling in South America in its interest. His second son is at Harvard University. He has also other business relations, - as partner in the large banking-house of Fletcher & Sharpe, and as director in the Indianapolis National Bank.

He is a quiet man, and not a speech-maker; but no man more steadily attends to business or cares more for his fellow-man than he. He is publicspirited. He, with James M. Ray, Calvin Fletcher, James Blake, and others, was among the first who i initiated the idea of a new cemetery, which resulted 1 in Crown Hill, and was made president of the j Crown Hill Cemetery Association in 1874, which | office he still holds.

Mr. Fletcher has traveled much in our own country - north, south, east, and west, - from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Lakes to the Gulf In 1874-75 he made the tour of Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land. In 1856 he married Miss P]lizabeth Barrows, of Augusta, Me. The children of this marriage are two sons and two daughters.

The Noedyke and Maemon Works. - These were originally the Quaker City Machine-Works, established here in 1873 by A. N. Hadley & Co., of Richmond (the Quaker city), from which they took their name. They have a frontage to the west along the east side of the Vincennes Railway of about 600 feet, mostly one story in height, abundantly lighted from both sides and roofed with slate, with an L extending eastward to Kentucky Avenue, and with a whole settlement of shops in the rear along the avenue extending from near Morris Street to the lumber-yard along the Belt road, with which, as well as with the Vincennes road, the works have a connection by side tracks. The Belt road was not built when the works were, as they were occupied in 1873-74, and given up by Mr. Hadley in 1876, the year before the completion of the Belt. The Nordyke and Marmon

Company took it then, and have since created a very extensive business, making a specialty of grist-mill machinery and stones. A large portion of the rear buildings are occupied by the millstone-works, and a monthly publication called the Millstone is published here, the work being done in the building. The company employs about 300 hands now, and turns about from $600,000 to $700,000 worth of work annually.

Atkins' Saw-Works. - Mr. Atkins began his business single-handed in the old Hill Planing- Mill on East Street in 1856. In a year or so he removed to Pennsylvania Street, in the old City Foundry, where he had the misfortune to be burned out once or twice. He removed to his present location on South Illinois Street, next to the Woodburn Sarven Wheel- Works, in 1860-61, and has gradually enlarged his business and premises till he now employs about 140 hands, with a pay-roll of $75,000 a year, and produces an annual value of work of about $300,000.

Elias C. Atkins. - The earliest representative of the Atkins family in America emigrated from England in the sixteenth century, and settled in New England. From his son Benoni was descended Rollin Atkins, father of the subject of this biographical sketch, whose birth occurred in Bristol, Conn. He was united in marriage to Miss Harriet Bishop, of the same city, and had children, - George R., Ellen (Mrs. Volney Barber), Harriet (Mrs. Lyman Smith), Mary Ann (deceased). Marietta (Mrs. Henry Stevens), and Elias C. The last named, the youngest of the number, was born June 28, 1833, in Bristol, Conn. His early education was confined to a period of three years at the grammar-school, after which, at the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to the trade of saw manufacturing, and continued thus employed until his seventeenth year. His thorough knowledge of the business and mechanical genius immediately caused his promotion to the position of superintendent of the establishment. His evenings were devoted to study and reading, the lack of earlier opportunities having inspired a desire to improve such advantages as later and more favorable circumstances offered. He was, at the age of twenty-two, married to Miss Sarah J. Wells, of

Newington, Conn., whose family were of English extraction. One daughter, Hattie J., was born to this marriage. Mrs. Atkins' death occurred April 11, 1863, and Mr. Atkins was a second time married, to Miss Mary Dolbeare, of Colchester, Conn., who died March 11, 1865. Their only child was Willie D., whose death occurred Aug. 30, 1865.

Mr. Atkins, desiring a wider field of usefulness than was opened in New England, removed in 1855 to Cleveland, Ohio, and established the first sawmanufactory in that city. One year's experience convinced him that the saw industry could be developed under more favorable conditions in Indianapolis, and, disposing of his interest, he removed to the latter city in 1856, and developed the first and largest manufactory of saws in the State. Beginning with limited capital and the employment of but a single hand, the enterprise has increased to such proportions as to utilize the labor of one hundred and twenty men and furnish its products to a large area of territory in the Northwest and other points. Much of the machinery used in the various departments of the mill is the invention of Mr. Atkins, and protected by patents. He has also engaged extensively in mining operations, having organized the Hecla Consolidated Mining Company of Indianapolis, with mines situated in Montana, of which he was for seven years general agent and for two years superintendent, with his residence at the mines. During this time all purchases and sales of products was made by him, and the profitable development of the property the result of his personal attention and financial ability. He also purchased seven additional mines, which are at present the most productive interests of the company. Other mining enterprises in which he is interested have proved equally successful.

Mr. Atkins is in politics a Republican, but without ambition for oflBce, his time being exclusively devoted to his various business pursuits. Both he and his wife are members of the First Baptist Church of Indianapolis. Mr. Atkins was a third time married, to Miss Sarah Frances Parker, daughter of Rev. Addison Parker, of Newton Centre, Mass. The children born to this marriage are Mary Dolbeare,

Henry Cornelius, Sarah Prances, Emma Louisa, and Carra Isabel. These children, with Miss Hattie J., constitute the present family of Mr. and Mrs. Atkins.

In 1867, Farley & Sinker, son of E. T. Sinker, began making saws on the corner of Pennsylvania and Georgia Streets, and carried it on successfully till Mr. Sinker went back to the machine-works on the death of his father. Mr. Farley then, or soon after, opened up the same business on the east side of South Meridian Street, just below the Eagle Machine- Works. Henry Westphal & Co. are in the same business on the same street, farther south, and Barry & Co. occupy the old establishment on Pennsylvania and Georgia Streets.

Files were made for a number of years by Steinbauer & Drotz on Pennsylvania Street, near the Union Railway tracks, but recently the proprietors seem to have gone into the coal business and abandoned file-making.

The Malleable Iron- Works at Haughsville occupies the building originally erected by the Novelty Company, and has added to it till the capacity has been enlarged tenfold, and one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in the country has been completed. The death of the manager in the summer of 1882, while the buildings were in progress, caused a good deal of delay, but seems to have proved a less serious obstruction than was feared. No report of the amount or condition of business, however, has appeared, and nothing can be said definitely about an establishment which promised at one time to be one of the most important of the industries of the city and the State.

Architectural Iron-Works. - This establishment is well known all over the country for its superior iron house-work, especially for large and costly public buildings. It began in the manufacture of iron railings by Williamson & Haugh on Delaware Street, opposite the old court-house, in 1856. Some years later, Mr. Haugh's brother, Benjamin F., took the business and removed to South Pennsylvania Street, where his rails and iron columns, and other house-work, very greatly enlarged his business, and finding his quarters inadequate and not oversale, the establishment was removed to the high level plateau west of the river and north of the National road, a half-mile east of the Insane Asylum. Here a series of large connected buildings, with a railway track into the main line of the Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western road was erected, and the company has gone on in a larger business than ever. Some three years ago Mr. John L. Ketcham entered the concern, and the name is now Haugh, Ketcham & Co. The establishment has done work for public buildings. State and national, court-houses and customhouses, from Boston to Iowa City, and to States farther west. It employs over 100 hands all the time, and turns out about $200,000 of work a year.

Hadley, Wright & Co. - After leaving the Quaker City Machine-Works in 1876, Mr. Hadley, the founder, opened a machine repair-shop in the old Byrkit Planing-mill, on the northwest corner of Georgia and Tennessee Streets, in 1878. His business increased here to such an extent that, in 1881, he had to find new quarters, and he bought the whole of the quarter of a square on the southeast corner of Georgia and Tennessee Streets, except the residence on the corner and some feet fronting Georgia Street. Here he erected an unusually solid threestory brick building, 102 feet on Tennessee Street, with a depth of 170 feet, and a front on Georgia Street which gives a length in that direction of 200. Besides, all the open ground in the rear of the buildings is full of machinery, boilers, and other apparatus, while the north end of the opposite square is also filled with boilers. The business of the firm is to purchase second-hand engines and boilers, and put them in good condition, and sell or trade them to any who want that sort of work. They employ thirty hands, and do a business of $150,000 a year.

The Rolling-Mill was an enterprise like the old steam-mill, a little too early for the time and the development of the city, but it grew to fit its situation finally, and has become the leading metallic industry of the State. The projector was Mr. R. A. Douglass, who, with a Mr. Schofield, came here in 1857, and formed a company to carry on the enterprise. A railway track was made down Tednessee Street that same summer, and work begun on the building on the '

29th of October. Two old citizens went into the scheme heartily, and sunk the gains of their lives largely in it, - James Blake and James Van Blaricum. The latter owned the ground, - then Van Blaricum's pasture, - one of the original outlots of the donation on which the establishment was to be located. Mr. Douglass does not seem to hav« been a very prudent manager, and by the following spring, before the mill was ready for work, the embarrassments he had incurred checked |the enterprise, and he abandoned it. A new company, or the old one reorganized, bought the unfinished affair, and put it in working order, and soon made it pay, under the skillful management of Mr. John Thomas, the superintendent, whose invention of the " pile," or bundle of old rails cut up, to be re-rolled and ingeniously compacted and held together, was one of the sources of the company's success. War times made prosperity for this business, as it did for all railroad work, and the company's stock was soon above par. Success led Mr. John M. Lord, the president, to make some hazardous experiments, especially with the Dank puddling apparatus, and the final result was some trouble and embarrassments, and Mr. Lord went out, and Mr. Aquilla Jones, State treasurer in 1857-59, carne in. The mill has since done well all the time, rarely having to suspend for more than a few days for repairs, or sometimes on account of delayed material.

John Thomas. - Thomas Thomas, the father of the subject of this biographical sketch, married Keturah Hughes, both natives of Pembrokeshire, South Wales. Their children were William, Elizabeth (Mrs. Tenbrook), Ellen (Mrs. Cotrell), Richard, Thomas H, Hannah, Nancy (Mrs. Chase), and John, all of whom, with the exception of the latter, are deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas emigrated to America during the present century and settled in Bound Brook, N. J., where the former engaged in building. Later he removed to Utica, where he was an early settler, and continued actively employed until a few years before his death. He served in the war of 1812, and, while acting as lieutenant of his company, was severely wounded at the battle of Sacket's Harbor. His son John was born July 5, 1816, in Utica, N. Y., and at an early age left fatherless. In his eighth year he became a member of the family of a farmer in Trenton, Oneida Co., N. Y., and later found a home in Herkimer County. From thence he removed for one year to Johnstown, N. Y., after which seven years were spent with a brother-in-law in Delaware County, N. Y. He then determined upon acquiring an independent trade, and, having entered a machine-shop in New York City, served an apprenticeship as a general machinist. During his residence of twelve years in New York and the immediate vicinity, a portion of the time was spent in the pursuit of his trade and the remainder in active business as a dealer in produce. His vocation of machinist, however, having proved more attractive and profitable, he became an employe of Peter Cooper's rolling-mills in New York and Trenton, N. J. Mr. Thomas, on leaving the latter place, purchased a farm in Delaware County, N. Y., upon which his family were placed, and engaged for other parties in the construction and management of mills in Utica, N. Y., and Wyandotte, Mich. He was induced in July, 1857, to remove to Indianapolis with a view to erecting and operating the property of the Indianapolis Rolling-Mill Company. His connection with this mill has been continued, first as a salaried oflScer, later as a stockholder and director, and as the present treasurer and largest shareholder. After a brief connection with the manufacturing interests of the city, Mr. Thomas realized the importance of a cheaper and better quality of coal than was in general use, and securing the services of Dr. Brown, the State geologist, made a prospecting tour through the coal-fields of the State. In Brazil, Clay County, a shaft had been sunk and a small quantity of the now popular block-coal was being mined. This Mr. Thomas converted to practical use in his mill, and was instrumental in securing its general use for manufacturing purposes. It is now in great demand in various parts of the State. The subject of this sketch has been since largely identified with the business interests of the city. He has aided in the establishment of three machine-shops and foundries, is president and treasurer of the Indianapolis Cotton Manufacturing Company, president of the Hecla Consolidated Gold and Silver Mining Company of Montana, which has proved a profitable enterprise, and interested, as projector or otherwise, in various minor business schemes. He is also a director of the Citizens' National Bank of Indianapolis. In his political associations he is a prominent Republican, and, although not ambitions for office, has served two years in the City Council. Mr. Thomas was in 1840 married to Miss Ann Barber, a native of Manchester, England, who, having lost both parents, came to America with a relative when eight years of age. Their children are Richard Z. (of Montana), William H. (of Indianapolis), Learned J. (deceased), Martha A. (deceased), Charles J. (deceased), Edward L. (of Arkansas), and Julia A. The death of Mrs. Thomas occurred March 5, 1879.

One of the stockholders of the second company, who was always active and interested in its work, and who contributed largely to its success in obtaining its own coal mines, was William 0. Rockwood, one of the leading citizens and among those most respected.

William 0. Rockwood. - The ancestry of Mr. Rockwood in both lines of descent was English. His father, the Rev. Dr. Elisha Rockwood, a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1802, was for twentyseven years minister of the Westboro' parish. His mother, Susannah Brigham Parkman, was the daughter of Breck Parkman, Esq., and granddaughter of Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, the first minister of Westboro', and a clergyman of wide influence. The childhood of Mr. Rockwood was passed in his native town. He later studied at Leicester and Amherst Academies, and finally entered Yale College to complete a classical course. Having a passion for the sea, after two years at Yale an opportunity was obtained for him as a common sailor on a cotton vessel bound for Savannah, and from thence to Liverpool. This voyage satisfied him, and returning home he engaged in teaching. In August following the death of his mother, which occurred June 4, 1836, he came to Warsaw, III., and later resided at Quincy and St. Louis. In the latter city he was largely engaged in the business of wholesale groceries, with a partner who desired to enlarge their mercantile ventures by embarking in the liquor traffic and slave trade. This being repugnant to Mr. Lockwood, the partnership was dissolved, and Madison, Ind., became his home, where he was for seven years connected with the firm of Polleys & Butler, after which he removed to Shelbyville.

There he engaged in milling enterprises and as superintendent of the new Shelbyville Lateral Branch Railroad. Ultimately came to Indianapolis, where he continued to reside until his death on the 13th of November, 1879. The enterprise in which he was first engaged at Indianapolis, the manufacture of railroad cars, was too extensive for the place and time, and met with but partial success. Soon, however, he received the appointment of treasurer of the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, and found at last a pursuit congenial to his talents and tastes. For seven years he discharged the onerous and difficult duties of the railway treasurership, resigning the place in 1868 that he might bestow needed attention upon his own accumulated aflfairs. He was prominent in the inception of various iron industries, particularly the Indianapolis RoUing-Mill and the Roane Iron Company at Rockwood and Chattanooga, Tenn. Of the former he became treasurer in 1872, having previously been an influential director. The growth of the latter organization, originating largely in his sagacity and perseverance, was to the last a source of pleasure and an occasion of reasonable pride. Mr. Rockwood possessed unusual capacity for the dispatch of business. Beside his duties at the rolling-mill, quite sufficient to occupy the attention of one man, he was a director of the Roane Iron Company, Tennessee, of the First National Bank and Bank of Commerce, of Indianapolis, of the Franklin Fire Insurance Company and the Bedford Railroad Company, president of the Industrial Life Association, and treasurer of the Indianapolis Telephone Company and the Hecla Mining Company. He was also associated with several other complicated business concerns in different States, each of which required a considerable correspondence. In the direction of his latest and largest employments his facility was greatly enhanced by his mechanical insight. Few men without formal training in such matters looked farther or more quickly than he into cranks and wheels. He also had a useful faculty of resting. This came partly from the composure of his nerves, and partly from his enjoyment of humor. He rarely failed to be diverted by a gleam of wit, - a backgammon-board untangled thought. He enjoyed good talkers, and his frequent journeys were occasions of amusement and rest.

Doubtless the quality and quantity of his work was affected by a certain calmness of judgment, a judicial temper of mind. He was not easily jostled by excitements around him. While feeling the deepest interest in questions of public policy, he evinced both calmness and judgment in the regular exercise of his franchise. More important is it, however, to observe Mr. Rockwood's moral traits. He was marked by a conspicuous integrity. Nothing was so sure to stir the last drop of blood in him as the .raising of a question regarding his probity. His capacity for friendship was also remarkable. In the midst of the most urgent engagements he was capable of writing every day to a man he loved, and for months and years each day looking for the reply. For humanity in general he had a kindly side, trusting men too readily for safety out of mere good nature or genuine pity. It was seldom that in ordinary conversation he could be betrayed into saying a word in disparagement of any one. Mr. Rockwood was republican in the simplicity of all his tastes ; and class distinctions he thoroughly disliked. An intelligent and firm believer in Christianity, he was at the time of his death a member of Memorial Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis. Beside his widow, who was Miss Helen Mar Moore, of Auburn, N. Y., three children survive him, - Helen Mar (wife of Rev. Hanford A. Edson, D.D.), William E., and Charles B.

In 1881 the Rolling-Mill Company concluded that a steel-rail mill here could be made to pay, and they erected one of the largest and finest mills in the United States for that work. It has a front to the south of over 200 feet, and over 300 to the west, with an arrangement to extend it 200 feet more to the east if necessary. The main divisions are 120 feet wide, and each over 200 long. All the apparatus for heating, rolling, sawing, cooling, and straightening is of the latest improved style, and a large part of it is the invention of Mr. Lentz, the superintendent of machinery. The roll trams are "three high," the "hookers and catchers" are replaced by adjustable tables moved by a lever in one man's hands ; the oflF-bearing to the saws and the action of the saws is automatic nearly, only requiring one hand at the lever, and the moving off on the " hot bed" is automatic. Machinery is made to do the work of 40 or 50 men. Machinery also hauls the blooms from the furnace when ready for the rolls. The boilers and furnaces are so constructed as to save 30 per cent, of the fuel required by ordinary furnaces. The whole establishment is complete, and has been pronounced by experienced mill men who have examined it unequaled anywhere. North of it are the machine-shops and foundry connected with it. The capacity of the mill when running full-handed, with about 350 hands, is said to be equal to the production. of $3,000,000 worth of rails a year or more. The machinery, boilers, and furnaces have all been thoroughly tested by the actual performance of all the required of them, and found to operate more smoothly and readily than was expected. The two mills stand within about two hundred feet of each other in the 13 acres of ground south of Pogue's Creek and west of Tennessee, whidi the company has long owned.

Hon. Aquilla Jones, the son of Benjamin and Mary Jones, who were of Welsh extraction, was born in Stokes (now Forsyth) County, N. C, on the 8th of July, 1811. His father, being a farmer in limited circumstances, could afford his son but few advantages of education, and early required his assistance in the cultivation of the farm. In 1831 the family emigrated to Columbus, Bartholomew Co., Ind., to which point Elisha P. Jones, brother of the subject of this biographical sketch, had preceded them and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He also held the commission of postmaster of the place. Aquilla entered the store as clerk, and remained until August, 1836, when he removed to Missouri. The following year found him again a resident of Columbus, and engaged in the business of hotel-keeping. This venture was, however, of short duration, and his brother, Elisha P., having died, he succeeded him by purchase of the stock, and was by common consent made postmaster of the village.

He continued the business of a country merchant until 1856, first with his brother, Charles Jones, and later with B. F. Jones, another brother, and during much of this period held the office of postmaster. He was, in 1849, made president of the Columbus Bridge Company, which erected a bridge across the east branch of the White River at Columbus, and superintended its construction. He owned a controlling interest in the stock, which was later sold on his removal to Indianapolis. He was appointed by President Martin Van Buren to take the census, and again to the same office by President Millard Fillmore in 1850; was tendered the position of clerk of the court of Bartholomew County, and elected to the State Legislature for the sessions of 1842-43. Mr. Jones was honored with the appointment of Indian agent for Washington Territory by President Franklin Pierce, but declined, after which he was offered the same position in connection with New Mexico, and was constrained to decline this also. He received in 1856 the Democratic nomination for State treasurer, was elected, and renominated in 1858, which honor he declined. Having removed to Indianapolis, he was, in 1861, made treasurer of the Indianapolis Rolling-Mill, and continued thus officially connected with the enterprise until 1873, when he was made its president. He was also chosen president of the waterworks in 1873, but was influenced by circumstances to resign at the expiration of four months, his numerous business connections requiring all his time and attention. Mr. Jones for a period of half a century has been engaged in the active duties of life, and in his various enterprises has iavariably been successful. This is largely due to his indefatigable industry, his keen intuitions, and his enterprise. He has ever manifested public spirit and a lively interest in matters pertaining to the State, county, and city of his residence. Mr. Jones has been twice married, - in 1836 to Miss Sarah Ann, daughter of Evan Arnold, who died soon after; he was again married, in 1840, to Miss Harriet, daughter of Hon. John W. and Nancy Cox, of Morgan County, Ind. To this marriage were born children - Elisha P., John W., Emma (Mrs. Harry C. Holloway), Benjamin F., Charles, Aquilla Q., Edwiu S., William M., Frederick, Har- riet (deceased), and Mary (also deceased). Mr. and Mrs. Jones are membei-s of St. Paul's Cathedral, Indianapolis, in which the former is a vestryman.

In 1867 a rolling-mill company was formed by Valentine Butsch, James Dickson, Fred. P. Rusch, J. C. Brinkmener, and William Sims, to roll bar and rod and other ordinary merchantable iron, and in 1868 the building, with twelve puddling and two smelting furnaces, was erected on the north bank of the river, at the end of the Vincennes Railroad bridge. Here it worked 75 to 100 hands and produced about 20 tons of iron a day. The capital was about $150,000, and the product 8300,000 to $400,000. After the panic of 1873, when times began to grow hard,'the mill, called the " Capital City Iron- Works," began to grow heavy on its owner's hands, and was finally abandoned six or eight years ago and has fallen to pieces; the walls have been blown down, the roof tumbled in, the smoke-stacks broken down, and the furnaces wrecked. This is said to be the probable location of the new agricultural machine-works. Connected with this mill was a nut and bolt factory that did a good business, and there is now one in the city on South Pennsylvania Street that seems to be well situated.

Brass-Foundries. - The first brass-foundry in the city was established by Joseph W. Davis, in 1855, on South Delaware Street. Garrett & Company began the same business with a bell-foundry attachment, in 1858, on the Union tracks, between Meridian and Pennsylvania Streets, but in a couple of years or less it collapsed. The brass-foundries now in the city are those of William Langenskamp, South Delaware ; Louis Neubacher, Georgia Street ; the Pioneer Brass- Works, South Pennsylvania Street, and Russell & Son, Biddle Street.

Tin-ware is made by some fourteen manufacturers in the city, and copper-ware by two or three. Yost & Koyter on East Washington Street are the only manufacturers of cutlery. Cunningham Brothers on South Meridian Street, and HoUenbeck & Miller on South Illinois, manufacture wire screens, signs, and other articles of that material. Galvanized iron is manufactured into cornices and other building-work by four establishments. Of blacksmiths there are forty-eight in the city, though they make no such impressive show of importance as an old village blacksmith, whose shop was a sort of gossip resort, as the saloon is now, though hardly so innocently. Too much of the old-time blacksmith's work has been drawn by specialties and by machinery to leave a very impressive or important remainder.

No complete statistics of this important industry, prior to 1873, are attainable, but for that year the secretary of the Board of Trade makes a full and accurate report, which shows that the foundries and machine-shops turned out for 1872 11,375,000 of work, and for 1873 $1,421,000 worth, used $878,- 000 of capital, and employed 633 hands. The rolling-mill turned out $1,400,000 worth of rails in

1872, and $1,580,000 in 1873, employed $900,000 capital and 475 hands. Malleable iron-works turned out $175,000 of work in 1873, with a capital of $115,000, and the employment of 70 hands. Filefactory turned out $47,000 of product, with $21,000 of capital and 46 hands. Edge-tools, $15,000 of product, $5000 capital, 9 hands. The aggregate of all forms of industry dealing with iron or steel, except agricultural implements, was, in 1873, in product, $3,238,000 ; capital, $1,919,000; hands, 1233. In 1880 the aggregate product of foundries, machine-shops, rolling-mills, and saw-works was, by the census, $3,869,000, and the number of hands employed, 2241, an increase of 20 per cent, in product, and nearly 100 per cent, in the number of hands employed. These returns are but vague indications. They do not present the same class of details with the same particularity, and consequently do not allow comparisons except at one or two points. The product of the rolling-mill, for instance, was larger, according to the estimate of the secretary, in 1880 and 1881 - 24,000 tons - than in any years previously, but the value of the product has declined since

1873, and the total value returned in 1881 is less than in 1873. No return later than the census that is complete enough to permit a comparison to be made, but an increase to over $4,000,000 of aggregate iron products is the usual estimate.

any one of them, and some are hardly inferior in extent and importance to any, either iron, wood, or food. A glass- factory was started here in February, 1870, by Messrs. Bulsitz, Dickson, Pitzinger, Brinkman, and Deschler, and two large furnace-houses, with the necessary adjuncts, were built. For a year or two some profitable work was done, about 80 hands employed, and about $135,000 of work turned out, chiefly fruit-jars and bottles, but there was not business enough to keep it employed, and it was gradually reduced in operation till it was abandoned, about 1873, and turned into a fertilizer-factory. Then, as -already mentioned, the Root Stove Foundry took it.

Encaustic Tiles. - The United States Encaustic Tile- Works, on Seventh Street, are said to be the largest in the world, yet they were begun in 1877, - a striking proof of enterprise and business sagacity is the magnificent success they have achieved so soon. A recent account in the News of the city gives a very clear idea of the extent and character of the work : " Its goods are sought for in all quarters. Only the other day a large order came from South Africa. Starting with the idea that tile could be made profitably in this country, and being here within easy access of fine clays adapted to the purpose, the company erected substantial buildings with the proper machinery, and procured a number of skilled workmen from England. The first eighteen months were devoted chiefly to experiments. It is easy to start a manufactory of any kind, but it requires time to produce the right article and obtain a market for it. The company was just beginning to emerge from the diflSculties incident to a new enterprise when fire swept the factory away, involving great loss. But American pluck was behind the enterprise, and the buildings rose again and work was resumed. Success was attained, for the best work was done, and the demand for the article grew so that great enlargements were necessary. Recently, improvements to the value of $50,000 have been made, including four new kilns, of greatly increased capacity, and eight mufile-kilns, two more than any factory in England, not excepting Minton's, has.

100 of whom are women. Among these are a number of English operatives ; nearly all those who came originally, remain, and Superintendent Harrison in his recent visit to England engaged and brought over a number of additional families. The product of the factory is found in every State and in hundreds of public buildings. Special orders are constantly executed for palatial dwellings in the great cities, and there is an increasing demand from churches, hotels, depots, stores, and banks. Among other large contracts are the great Produce Exchange of New York, the Custom House and the Post-Oflice at St. Louis, and the Iowa State-House at Des Moines.

" An encaustic tile, properly speaking, is one that is made of two kinds of clay, - a red base, with a face of finer clay, which bears the ornamental pattern, and strengthened at the base with a thin layer of different clay to prevent warping. It is made both by the dry and plastic processes. In the latter the clay is damp. The workman, taking what he needs, cuts off a square slab, upon which the facing of finer clay is slapped down ; a backing is put on the other side to make the requisite thickness. It is then put in a press, and the pattern in relief, usually made of plaster of Paris, is brought down upon the face of the tile, and the design is impressed into the soft-tinted clay. The hollows thus formed are filled with a semifluid clay of a rich or deep color, poured into them and over the whole surface of the tile. In twenty-four hours this has become suflBciently hard to admit of the surplus clay being removed, which is skillfully done by the operator, and the whole pattern and ground are exposed. The surface is perfectly smooth, but the baking brings out the indentations or ridges of the patterns.

" The artistic perfection reached in this work is remarkable. All colors and tints are produced at will ; forms of beauty of all shapes, - fruits, vines, flowers, birds, insects, portraits, lettering in any style of text. In short, there is no shape or likeness that cannot be reproduced with the exactness of engraving, though, of course, not in such delicate lines. The demand for variety necessitates the use of many designs, the production of which is a field of itself Then, when the tile is finished for use, several designers are kept busy in arranging the forms and combinations for mosaic floors, vestibules, chimney-pieces, walls, and other uses, and drawing working plans for the layers."

Leather Products. - Mention has already been made of the tanneries of the city, early and late, but the products of leather in their different forms remain to be noticed briefly. First of these is bootand shoe-making.

Boots and Shoes. - The first shoemaker in Indianapolis was Isaac Lynch, who came in the fall of 1821. He was soon followed by others, but their work was all for customers and immediate use. None was made for stock or general sale. There has never been any extensive manufacture of foot-gear in the city that continued long. About ten years ago a company built a large three-story brick on Brookside Avenue, near its crossing of Pogue's Creek, northeast of the city, and shoes and boots were made there by machinery for a short time, but the enterprise was not profitable and was soon abandoned. Then John Fishback made it a tannery. There are three manufacturers of, boot and shoe " uppers" in the city, Thomas D. Chautter, corner of Meridian and Washington Streets ; Jacob Fox, West Maryland ; Vincent Straub, South Illinois. There are 170 boot- and shoe-makers and dealers in the city, but the makers all work for customers directly. Besides these are 9 wholeseale dealers. There is no practicable way of arriving at the aggregate value of all the work and sales of these 182 establishments, but it runs well up in the millions, no doubt.

Harness and Saddles. - The first saddler in the city, so far as any mention or memory can determine, was Christopher Kellum, who came in 1822 or 1823. The late James Sulgrove learned the trade with him, and when Mr. Kellum left the town, Mr. Sulgrove, then just out of his time, in 1826 took the business and carried it on, first with his brother and later with William S. Witbank, and in the days since the advent of railroads with Silas Shoemaker and Augustus Smith, and finally with some of his sons, till his death in November, 1875. At that time and for several years before his was the oldest business house in Indianapolis.

He was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, and came here with his father in 1823. He had never any regular schooling but for a few months, and , taught himself about all he ever learned. He married in 1826 and raised a family of ten children, ^ all of whom survived him, and but one has died since. His wife died in 1865, more than ten years before him. He afterwards married a Mrs. Johnson, and for a few years left the city and lived on a farm on the Bluflf road about a mile below the farm of his younger brother, Joseph, his former business partner,- who died the year before him. He returned to the ' city a few years before his death, but never discontinued his attention to his business till forced to do so by ill health. He had been continuously in the saddle and harness business there forty-nine years, and was a few days over seventy at his death. He attached himself to the Christian Church in 1836, the year after its organization, and remained a member and an officer all his life. He was for many years one of the directors of the branch here of the old State Bank, with the late Calvin Fletcher, with whom he was always on terms of warm friendship, and with Mr. Thomas H. Sharpe and others. He served one term in the city council, and was alSo the last trustee of the old County Seminary except Mr. Simon Yandes, and was one of the trustees of the city schools. He was a prominent Republican and a member of the county and State central committees, but was never a politician, and never held or sought any office of emolument. He was noted among his business associates for his integrity and faithful adhesion to every promise, and his punctual fulfillment of all engagements. He was buried at Crown Hill by the Masons, of whom he was a member for thirty years. The harness house of the Sulgrove Brothers, on West Washington Street, was the first in the city to manufacture harness for general sale and for whole sale. This business they have maintained now nearly ten years. Besides this house there is that of Ad. Hereth, on Court Street (one of the oldest of the later establishments) ; F. M. Rottler, North Delaware ; Paul Sherman, South Delaware ; C. J. Shanver, Indiana Avenue ; Fechentin & Co., South Meridian ; R. P. Thiecke, East Washington ; William

Textile Products. - Wool. The earliest mill for ! the manufacture of woolen goods was that of Nathaniel West, on the canal at the Michigan road crossing, or ' Cottontown, but nearly contemporaneously with him Souder & Hannaman made woolen cloth and fulled it on the site of the water-works. This establishment came to the hands of Merritt & Coughlin in 1849, or thereabouts, and it was burned the following year, or about 1851. They rebuilt at once, and have continued the business ever since. In 1856 they built their present extensive woolenmill on West Washington Street (a little off the site of the old building), and within two or three years have built a large addition on the east, next to the mill-race.

George Merritt. - The Merritt family came to America about two hundred years ago, landing at Quebec. One of its earliest members settled at the head of Lake Champlain, and had among his children Nehemiah, whose relationship to the subject of this biographical sketch was that of great-greatgrandfather. His son Ichabod married Sarah Wing and had children, among whom was Joseph Merritt, born in 1776, and married to Cynthia Howland. The children of this marriage are Austis, Abraham, Joseph, Richard, Sarah, Isaac, Cynthia, Mary L., and Mahala. Joseph, of this number, was born June 19, 1792, in Saratoga County, N. Y., and married Phebe Hart, to whom were born children, - Jane, William, Jonathan, Daniel, Charles, Richard, George, Phebe, and Joseph. The birth of their son George occurred Nov. 22, 1824, in Saratoga County, N. Y., where his youth until his twelfth year was passed. The family then emigrated to Michigan, and his growing years were spent in the general labor inci dent to clearing and cultivating a farm. On attaining the age of twenty-one he removed to Ohio, and under the direction of an uncle learned the trade of woolen manufacturing. On becoming proficient in this branch of industry, he, with his brother Charles, in 1850, leased a mill at Beaver Creek, Ohio, and began the manufacture of woolen goods, which was continued for six years. Mr. Merritt, in 1856, removed to Indianapolis and formed a copartnership with William Coughlen, for the purpose of woolen manufacturing, which was continued uninterruptedly for a period of twenty-five years, when the latter retired from business, and a son. Worth Merritt, became interested, under the firm-name of George Merritt & Co.

Mr. Merritt has been actively identified with other enterprises in the city of his residence. He is a director of the Indiana National Bank and one of its incorporators. He was elected to the board of school commissioners of Indianapolis in 1874 and is still a member, during all of which time he has been chairman of the finance committee. All measures for the conduct of the late war received his earnest support, especially those having in view the labors of the Sanitary Commission. During this period he was one of the trusted advisers of Governor Morton, and frequently consulted with reference to the many questions arising during that critical period. Mr. Merritt's sympathies having been enlisted in behalf of the orphans of soldiers, he, in connection with Miss Susan Fussell, established a home for a limited number of these children at Knightstown, where liberal provision was made for their training and comfort until able to help themselves, Mr. Merritt bearing the necessary expense involved. Through his exertions a bill passed the Legislature, by which orphan children in poor-houses were established in families under the supervision and care of matrons. He was reared in the Quaker faith, but is a supporter and one of the congregation of Plymouth Church of this city.

Mr. Merritt was married on the 30th of March, 1852, to Miss Paulina T. McClung, whose birth occurred in Rockbridge County, Va. She is the daughter of John S. McClung and Hannah Eliza Kinear, of Xenia, Ohio, and granddaughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Wilson McClung. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Merritt are Jeannette G., Worth J., who is

In 1847, C. E. and G. W. GeisendorfF began the manufacture of woolen goods in the old steam-mill, but not very successfully, and they left it in 1852 and built a frame mill, still standing and in use, on the west bank of the mill-race, on the National road a little west of the point where that road separates from Washington Street. Here they have carried on a large and successful business, which has compelled them to more than double their original capacity by the addition of a large brick mill in the rear of the old one. Mr. Yount succeeded Mr. West on the canal in 1849, but did not continue long.

Cotton. - He, or Mr. West before him, attempted the cotton manufacture for a short time, but abandoned it as not worth the trouble. The only cottonmill that has approached a succe.ssful business here is that of the Indianapolis Cotton Manufacturing Company, which was built ten or twelve years ago just west of Fall Creek race, and three or four hundred feet north of the river-bank. This has been kept in pretty fair operation since then, but recently it has been proposed to abandon it.

Hemp. - The only hemp manufacture of any consequence, and that of very little, was rope-making. There have been several " rope-walks" here at one time or another. That which continued longest was on the lane which now forms South West Street, a little below the other lane which is now South Street. About 1840, as related in the general history, Mr. McCarty began the manufacture of hemp, not of hemp products, on the east bank of Pogue's Run Bottom, near the present line of Ray Street, taking the water to rot the hemp and run his brakes and other apparatus from the canal. He raised the hemp himself, or most of it, on his " Bayou Farm," now the site of so many and so large industrial establishments in West Indianapolis. The times were hard though, and all the circumstances unpropitious, and even his iron energy and resolution could not endure carrying an extensive factory and a large farm at a dead loss. The business was abandoned about 1843.

Dressmaking belongs to this division of manufactures, and as there are 91 dressmaking establishments in the city, it may be supposed to be a pretty large division. The census of 1880 reports 31 millinery and dressmaking establishments here, with 306 hands and an annual product of $324,000. As the directory shows 91 dressmaking establishments and 35 milUinery establishments, or a total of 126, four times as many as the census found, either the census was incorrect, - a not very improbable suggestion, - or this class of manufactures has increased enormously in four years. What the real value of products or force of hands employed may be it is impossible to conjecture with any reasonable measure of accuracy. The census statement might fairly be doubled, however.

Tailoring. - Tailoring, like shoe-making, was an affair of direct work, on orders, for customers in all the first thirty years of the city's existence, and most of it both in town and country was done at home. Working-clothes, " every-day" clothes, as they were called, were oftener than not the product of the mother's scissors and needle, cut by patterns, and made up in the intervals of cooking, washing, and house-cleaning. If the fits were not close or neat, the wear was unequaled in these degenerate days of " slop-shop" work and sewing-machine evasions. The first man to sell ready-made clothes was Benjamin Orr, in 1838, but tailors had grown plenty and quite busy by that time. The first was Andrew Byrne, uncle of Mr. Nowland, who came here in 1820, and presumably plied his trade then and always afterwards when he had anything to do. Among the late arrivals of tailors were Capt. Alexander Wiley, James Smith, Samuel P. Daniels, afterwards State Librarian, John Montgomery, D. B. Ward, who belong to the first two decades.

Merchant Tailoring came after the opening of our railroad system, though no doubt some little was done before. Mr. Ward was probably among the earliest merchant tailors. There are now 23 merchant tailors in the city, and 34 tailors of ordinary custom-work. The census reports 28 merchant tailors four years ago, employing 453 hands, and producing annually $777,960 worth of clothing. Notwithstanding the reduction of 5 establishments, the probability is that more work is done now than then,

Printing, aside from newspapers, employs 26 establishments in the city, and 5 publishing-houses. In , 1880 the aggregate of both was 25, with 707 hands, and an annual product of $726,857. It is probably twice that now, though the force of hands may not be doubled. The census returns are of little value four years away, and they are not strikingly accurate indications of the condition of industries even when nearer to the time they are supposed to belong to.

Chemicals. - The manufactures of this class have until within the last decade been carried on by drughouses, when anything of that kind was attempted at all. In this class the oldest in the city, and probably in the State, is that of Browning & Sloan, East Washington Street, near Meridian. It was established by Dr. John L. Mothershead about the year 1840, on the north side of Washington Street, midway between Meridian and the alley. Some years later David Craighead, who, with Mr. Brandon, carried a like establishment nearly opposite, went into this, and Mr. Browning, now .senior proprietor, was for a number of years a clerk in it. He acquired so thorough a knowledge of the business and such skill in all its processes that he became indispensable, and was made a partner in 1850, when only twenty-three years old. Mr. Sloan, who was a clerk with Craighead & Browning, became a partner in 1862. During all the time after Mr. Craighead's death, Mr. Browning conducted the business alone from 1854 to 1862, the estate still retaining its interest. It is the best-known and most extensive house of its class in the State. It manufactures its fluid extracts and pharmaceutical preparations generally, and all the latest remedies.

A large factory on MoCarty Street, between Delaware and Alabama, is used wholly for the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations. It was established byJJBli Lilly & Co. some ten years ago on Maryland Street, and was then removed to South Meridian, and thence to its present location. For a time Dr. John P. Johnston was associated with Mr. Lilly, but for a few years past they have been

Varnish is a manufacture belonging to this class, and there is one long-established and extensive factory of that kind here. It was begun by Henry B. Mears eighteen years ago, on the point between Kentucky Avenue and Mississippi Street. Here in a very short time J. 0. D. Lilly entered the establishment, and in a few years bought out Mr. Mears, and associated his sons in the business. About ten years ago he built a much larger house, and especially arranged for his work, on the river-bank at the foot of Rose and Grant Streets, a block west of West Street, and here he produces an article that commands a sale all over the United States, even in cities that have varnish-factories of their own. In 1871, Messrs. Ebner, Kramer & Aldag established a varnishfactory on the corner of Pine and Ohio Streets. No report appears of the amount of business done by either, but Mr. Lilly probably produces near $100,000 a year.

John 0. D. Lilly is of English parentage, his grandfather William Lilly, an Episcopal clergyman, having come to America about the year 1794 and settled at Albany, N. Y., from whence he removed to Elizabeth, N. J., and, in connection with his sacred calling, taught a female seminary. His children were Catherine (Mrs. Francis Lathrop), John, a physician who resided for half a century in Lambertville, N. J., and William, who was born about the year 1789 in England, and came when a lad of six years to America with his father. The latter served in the war of 1812, and participated in the battle of Plattsburg. He was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Dey, of Geneva, N. Y., and had children fourteen in number, of whom Samuel, Benjamin, Phoebe Ann, Jane, Charlotte, William, John 0. D., and James reached mature years. Four of this number are still living. John O. D. was born Sept. 17, 1822, in Penn Yann, Yates Co., N. Y., which place he left with his parents for New York City when six years of age. After a brief residence in the metropolis, the family removed to Steuben County, in the same State, where he remained seven years. The common school, and later the academy of the town in which his parents resided, afforded advantages of education, after which he removed to Carbon County, Pa., and acquiring the business of a machinist, before the age of twenty-one years became foreman of a machineshop. At twenty- two he removed to Philadelphia, and from that city to Reading, where his mechanical insight and thorough knowledge of machinery made him invaluable as foreman of the shops of the Reading Railroad. Mr. Lilly was in 1848 married to Miss Catherine, daughter of Col. John Miller, a prominent citizen and legislator of Berks County, Pa. Their children are Emma, Ida, Charles, and John M. Charles, of this number, is married to Miss Jessie Hall, of Indianapolis. Mr. Lilly determined in 1849 to seek the West as a more promising field for the artisan, and located in Madison, Ind., where he became master machinist of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, and ultimately superintendent of the same road. He afterward was offered and accepted the superintendency of the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad. In 1862 he became an employ^ of the government as master machinist of United States Military Railroads, with the rank of colonel, and Washington as headquarters. Mr. Lilly in his various railroad schemes brought to bear not only superior knowledge, but his accustomed energy and judgment, which placed the seal of success on all his efforts, and rendered his services alike valuable to the government or private corporations. Having previous to the war resided in Indianapolis, he made that city again his home on retiring from the service, and began the manufacture of varnish with Henry B. Mears, whose interest he subsequently purchased and made his sons partners in the establishment. Their products are of superior quality and find a ready market. Mr. Lilly was president of the Brown Rotary Shuttle Sewing-Machiue Company, located in Indianapolis, which succumbed to the financial disasters of 1873. He is also engaged in other active enterprises. He has been identified in various ways with the city and its improvements, and is especially interested in its school system. In politics he is a Republican, though not a participant in the active work of the party.

Tobacco. - Leaf. There are three dealers in leaftobacco who do some little manufacturing, but there is little done now compared to what there was up to 1878. At that time, or shortly before, Mr. Ferdinand Christman manufactured " fine-cut" very largely, and sold it all over the West. The business has declined since, till it is prosecuted only in a small way, except in the manufacture of cigars. This, branch of the business is still carried on as extensively as ever. The census reported but 42 manufacturers of cigars and tobacco of all kinds, with 192 hands, and a yearly product of $287,900. There are now 87 cigar-making houses in the city, double the number four years ago, and they have probably doubled the product, though there are no authoritative statements to prove it. Among the largest of the present establishments is that of C. H. O'Brien, corner of Maryland and South Illinois Streets; John A. McGaw, North Illinois Street; John Rauch, West Washington Street.

Confectionery. - The oldest confectionery house in the city is that of Daggett & Co., northwest corner of Meridian and Georgia Streets. It carries on the manufacture in all three of the upper stories, and does a larger business probably than similar factories. Becker, on West Washington Street, also does a large business ; also Angelo Rosasco, on South Illinois Street ; Irmer & Moench, North Pennsylvania Street; John Dixon, Massachusetts Avenue ; Harriet E. Hall, East Washington Street. There are of manufacturers and dealers together 34 in the city, 5 being women : Mary Watson, West Washington Street ; Caroline B. Martin, Indiana Avenue; Harriet Lovejoy, East Washington Street ; Lola Harris, Virginia Avenue. There were 9 in 1880, producing 8260,000 worth of goods.

Stone-Cutting. - The first stone-cutter who had a yard here and sawed stone was Mr. Spears, on the corner of Washington Street and Kentucky Avenue, in 1833 or 1834. He was followed a few years later by Peter Francis, who had his place on the corner of Kentucky Avenue and Maryland Street. These were the pioneers. Scott & Nicholson, who had the contract for the stone-work of the court-house, began business here in 1854, and soon established the most extensive yard in the city on Kentucky Avenue, at a point just below the Vandalia Railroad. After com- pleting the court-house they retired from business, and their yard is partly occupied by Mr. Greenrod. Mr. Goddard also has a yard on the same avenue a square farther north, and G. Ittenbach & Co. have one on Harrison Street.