Marion County, Indiana - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 18 of those read), 1884 (part 1 of 3)

Manufacturing Interests Of The City Of

Origin and Early History. - For the purpose of tracing succinctly and clearly the origin and growth of the manufactures of the city, they may be divided into three leading classes, with several minor ones too slightly connected with others to be accurately classified. 1st. Food products, meat, meal, flour, and minor products of grain, including starch, beer, and whiskey. 2d. Wood products, lumber, hard and soft, house finishings, furniture, staves, wooden ware, boxes, picture- frames, wagons, agricultural implements, and freight cars. 3d. Iron products, rails, machinery, stoves and hollow-ware, saws, files, railing and building work, and railroad repair-work. Agricultural implements belong about equally to wood and iron manufactures, but the bulkier portions being wood they are put in that class. Of minor industries, there are oils and varnish ; fertilizers, an oflFshoot and adjunct of meat products ; printing, paper, and paper products ; textile fabrics of cotton and wool ; tobacco in different forms ; clothing ; marble and stone work ; saddles and harness ; tin, copper, and galvanized iron. There are many of less extent and importance than these, but a reference to them is not necessary to exhibit the early condition and progress of the productive industries.

The germs of most of the manufactures that constitute the permanent prosperity and means of develop'' nt of the city can be found in little mills and shops almost coeval with its first settlement. Not a little coarse meal was grated for a long time from half-hardened ears of corn for "mush" ^nd " Johnny-cake," but there was a grist-mill in operation in the fall of 1821 on Fall Creek race, afterwards known as " Patterson's mill," but its flour had to be sifted, as bolting cloths were unknown for ten years more.

Samuel J. Patterson. - The Patterson family are of Scotch-Irish lineage. Robert, the father of the subject of this biographical sketch, a native of Maryland, early removed to Kentucky, from whence, in the fall of 1821, he came to Indianapolis. He was well versed in the law, and for many years judge of the Probate Court of the county. He also for a period engaged in contracting. He married Miss Annie Elliott, of Virginia, and had children, - Samuel J., Elliott M., Robert M., Mary Ann (Mrs. David Macy), Eliza J. (Mrs. I. Draka), Margaret M. (Mrs. James Hill), Annie (Mrs. James Southard), James M., Almira C, Marion M., William J. D., and Henry C. Their son Samuel J. was born Oct. 18, 1804, in Cynthiana, Ky., and accompanied his parents in 1821 to Indiauapolis. His early advantages of education were limited, though superior instruction of Ebetiezer Sharpe. He early embarked with his father in the manufacture of bricks, and for several years conducted the business successfully. After his marriage Mr. Patterson engaged in the milling business on the farm which is the present home of his widow, and continued it until 1840, when the site was removed to the corner of Washington and Blake Streets, where a spacious mill was erected, suitable to the wants of the- increasing trade. Meanwhile he embarked in mercantile pursuits, and after an interval of some years again resumed milling and farming. He felt a deep interest in all schemes for the benefit of Indianapolis, and was at various times awarded contracts for the improvement of the city.

In his political sympathies he was an ardent Whig, and found the principles of the Republican party on its organization in harmony with his convictions. His energies being devoted wholly to business, left little time for participation in the political measures of the day. He was, though not a member of any church, a supporter of the Meridian Street Methodist Church, with which Mrs. Patterson was connected, and at the time of his death a devout Christian.

Mr. Patterson was on the 17th of March, 1831, married to Miss Patsy, daughter of Isaac Wilson, one of the earliest settlers, who came to Indianapolis in 1821, when it contained but two houses. The dwelling in which they were married fifty-three years ago is still occupied by Mrs. Patterson. Here their golden wedding was celebrated in 1881. They have children, - Samuel W. (a contractor), Elizabeth J. (Mrs. B. F. Riley), Robert H., Charles W. (a contractor), and Fannie A. (Mrs. Cortland Van Camp). The grandchildren are Harriet G., Walter G., and Bessie G., children of Samuel W. and Agnes Greenfield Patterson ; Elizabeth J., Charles A., Robert M., and Sadie S., children of B. P. and Elizabeth J. Riley ; and Raymond P., Ella P., Samuel G., Fadny May, and Cortland M., children of Cortland and Fannie A. Van Camp. Mr. Patterson's death occurred May 25, 1883, in the house he had occupied for more than half a century.

Patterson's grist-mill on Fall Creek a little north of the line of Indiana Avenue. Within a year Caleb Scudder made cabinet work, and in two years the late George Norwood made wagons. John B. Hall, the first carpenter ; Matthias Nowland, the first bricklayer ; Andrew Byrne, the first tailor; Amos Hanway, the first cooper ; Daniel Yandes, the first tanner ; George Smith, the first bookbinder ; Nathaniel Bolton, the first printer, were all here in or before 1821, and at work at their trades then or within a year or two ; and Samuel S. Booker, the first house and sign painter ; William Holmes, first turner ; Conrad Brussel, first baker, came close along with these.

George Norwood, one of the oldest citizens of Indianapolis, was born Jan. 21, 1789, in the city of Baltimore, and in 1793 removed to Washington County, East Tenn. In 1819 he became a resident of Wayne County, Ind., and on the 22d of March, 1822, Indianapolis, which at that early day embraced but a few straggling cabins, became his home. Mr. Norwood was by trade a wagon-maker, and for a number of years conducted his business on the present site of the office occupied by his grandson, Frank Bird. He some years previous to his death divided a considerable estate between his children, retaining for himself only a house and lot on Illinois Street. He was married in 1812 to Miss Mary Ann Rooker, who died Feb. 28, 1877, in her eighty-fourth year, having enjoyed sixty-five years of married life. Their surviving children are Washington Norwood, Ann Maria (Mrs. Abram Bird), and E. F. Norwood. Mr. Norwood was in his religious predilections a Methodist, and the first trustee of the first Methodist Episcopal Church of Indianapolis. He on successive occasions filled the office of Councilman, and in 1846 was elected city treasurer. He enjoyed a reputation for strict integrity and scrupulous honesty, and was firm in his convictions, especially in discussions involving a question of right and wrong. Having acquired a competency, Mr. Norwood retired from business in 1850, and during the remainder of his life enjoyed excellent health until a short period before his death, which occurred March 8, 1880, in his ninety-second year.

but machines for carding wool (or making " rolls') were among the earliest attempts at substituting machinery for hand labor. A carding-machine was attached in 1823 by William Townsend and Earl Pierce to one of the first mills, probably the gristmill of the late Andrew Wilson and Daniel Yandes, on the "bayou," a little west of the present location of the Nordyke & Marmon Machine- Works. Not far from the same site, and about the same time, a distillery was at work making a liquor popularly known as " Bayou Blue." Co-operating with the carding machinery moved by water were several smaller, and a little later, establishments worked by horse-power, applied on a large inclined wheel, fifteen to twenty feet in diameter, on the lower section of which a horse was kept in motion, as in other treadmills. One of these, as late as 1833 or 1834, stood on the northwest corner of Illinois and Maryland Streets, and another on Kentucky Avenue a little below Maryland, and was converted into the first tobacco factory. Here in the first two years of the town's existence^for it was laid out in 1821, and previous to that was a mere settlement - were the beginnings of the flour and lumber trade, the woolen-mills and whiskey business, the latter never considerable and very intermittent even in the matter of existence, often dying out altogether. The products were wholly for home consumption, and in the ordinary sense of manufactures had no fair claim to be of the class.

The first manufacture proper, the first product of skill and labor intended for sale and not for consumption at home, was that of ginseng, started by the late James Blake, in 1826, or thereabouts, on what was then the blufif of Pogue's Creek, half-way between South Street and the creek, between Delaware and Alabama Streets. It was sent to Philadelphia for the Chinese market. Ginseng was then a common growth of the dense woods about the village. It is all gone now, and has been for a generation. About the same time that the "Sang Factory," as it was generally called, began its work, the first great enterprise of skill and capital was put in operation. It was the mother of Indianapolis industries, though it died long before its family was big enough to be worth counting. That was the old " Steam-Mill

Company," composed chiefly, and managed wholly, by the late James M. Ray, Daniel Yandea, Governor Noble, James Blake, and Nicholas McCarty. A full account of it will be found in the general history. It was incorporated Jan. 28, 1828, bought at a nominal price, by special act of the Legislature, seven acres of public land on the river along the line of Blake Street back to Fall Creek, starting at the head of the old bridge, and by December, 1831, had a large four-story frame building with an attic finished, and early the succeeding year had machinery for a grist-mill, with bolting apparatus - the first of the kind here - in operation, with a saw-mill that was kept quite busy usually, and a carding-machine that worked fitfully. The entire machinery, from boilers to bolting-cloths, was hauled here on wagons from Cincinnati, it is said, but it is probable that a part of it came on the first and only steamer that ever reached Indianapolis. In a year or two the failure of the disproportionate enterprise was assured. It was too big for the place and the times. The machinery was sold for old iron, and the building made a haunt for idle boys, till the Messrs. Geisendorfi' attempted to revive the woolen manufacture there in 1847, with little success. They left it in 1852, and on the night of the 16th of November, 1853, it was burned down. The fate of the first Indianapolis manufacturing establishment could hardly be considered auspicious.

Contemporaneously, or nearly, with the ginseng factory and the old steam-mill, a man by the name of Bagwell made cigars in a shanty on the southwest corner of Maryland and Illinois Streets, just south of one of the horse-power carding-machines of that day. His operations were too slight to be worth attention except as the first appearance of an industry of very considerable importance now, and forty-five years ago of a good deal more proportionately than now. About the time he disappeared, which was about the time the steam-mill gave up finally, the manufacture of tobacco was begun on a scale of production and general distribution that made it of State value and interest. This was in 1835, by the late William Hannaman and Caleb Scudder (the pioneer cabinetmaker of the city), at that time partners in the drug business. Their factory was on the west side of Kentucky Avenue, on the site of, and occupying as one of its buildings, the old horse-power cardingmachine house of hewed logs. Here they made both plug and " fine-cut" - but little of the latter - and cigars. A fire destroyed the whole establishment in 1838, causing an uninsured loss - nobody insured in those days - of ten thousand dollars. John Cain, a long time postmaster, afterwards, and later Robert L. Walpole, owned the establishment, with Charles Cooper as manager. About a year before the establishment of the first tobacco-factory, in 1834, a Mr. John S. Barnes and Williamson Maxwell began making linseed oil in an old frame stable on the alley south of Maryland Street, within a half-square of the line of the canal which was dug some four years later. Scudder and Hannaman bought them out in 1835, and in 1839 moved the mill into their new woolen-mill building, near where the water-works building is now. Their machinery could not compete with Cincinnati hydraulic presses, and they quit. About 1842, Edwin Hedderly and the late Edwin J. Peck manufactured lard-oil here quite extensively, but it was a mushroom growth and never amounted to much. This is all there ia of the early manufacture of oils and tobacco here. Daniel Yandes, with John Wilkins, had a tannery on South Alabama Street as early as 1823. About the year 1833 they formed a partnership with Mr. William M. Black, now of this city, to carry on the tanning business in Mooresville, in this State.

Up to 1835 we have the seed planted and more or ] less production, in a small way, of grist- and lumber- I mills, woolen-mills, distilleries, tanneries, oil- and to- ! bacco-factories. Ginseng was an accident. The first attempt at iron manufacture was made in 1832, contemporaneously with the active existence of the old steam-mill, by R. A. McPherson & Co., on the west side of the river, near the end of the National road bridge, which was completed the year following. It was a losing affair, working for local service, and continued but a few years. About 1835 it went out. The year 1835 marks a sort of era in the history of Indianapolis industries. Then, or but a few months earlier, started the pioneer factories and mills which have continued by active succession till now. Then established the first tobacco-factory ; the first linseed-oil factory a little earlier ; the first stone-yard and stone-cutting machinery, by William Spears, west corner of Washington Street and Kentucky Avenue ; the first brewery, by John L. Young, on the south side of Maryland Street, half-way between the canal (1838 or 1839) and West Street ; the first mattressfactory, by Frank Devinney, near the canal crossing of Maryland Street ; the fir.st plane-factory, by Young & Pottage, site of Hubbard's Block ; the first permanent and profitable iron-foundry, maintained for nearly twenty years, by Robert Underbill, for a time joined by John Wood, the first private banker here ; and last, but greatest in results, the first pork-packing was done, in 1835.

Ist. Food Products. - Pork Packing. In this year James Bradley, now of Johnson County, associated with one or two partners, bought hogs ready killed and cleaned of farmers, cut and cured them in a log house on the site of the Chamber of Commerce (first used as a pottery by a man named Myers), and lost money at it. The ill result of the speculation checked the embryotic industry for several years, but in 1840, John H. Wright, son-in-law of the late Jeremiah Mansur, father of Frank and Dr. Mansur Wright, came here from Richmond, and in 1841 began, in connection with his father-in-law and his brother-in-law, William Mansur, to buy slaughtered hogs of farmers for goods from his store, and packed them in an old frame building, once a blacksmithshop, on the northeast corner of Maryland and Meridian Streets. They also bought and packed a large amount of pork at Broad Ripple, and both from that point and this, shipped their produce south during the winter and spring freshets in the river. This mode of operation they kept up till the completion of the Madison Railroad, in September, 1847, gave them a speedier and handier mode of reaching a market, and from that time the flat-boat has been as wholly unknown here as the trireme of the old Romans. The late Isaiah Mansur joined his brother, and the Mansurs and Mr. Wright killed their hogs in a building on the river-bank, at the west end of the old bridge, and cut and packed them in a building

About that time Benjamin I. Blythe and Edwin Hedderly began packing in a house where Frank Landers' establishment is now. The Mansurs got this in 1854. In 1852-53, Macy & McTaggart began killing and packing in a house near the east end of the Vandalia Railroad bridge. In 1855, Col. Allen May killed and packed on the west side of the river, near the Crawfordsville road bridge. He failed in two years, and his house burned down the third year, 1858. In 1863-64 the Kingans built their house, which was almost totally destroyed by fire in the spring of 1865. They rebuilt at once, and have since enlarged their establishment to treble it-s original capacity, and include extensions of the business never contemplated at the outset.

This gigantic establishment is second to none in the world, except one in Chicago, in extent, and to none in completeness of arrangement and amplitude of accommodations and facilities for every process of the business. It is the matured product of twenty years of improvement, directed by experience and enterprise, employing ample means. The various buildings cover ten acres of the thirteen constituting the entire site of the establishment. Some years ago, finding their space inadequate, the company purchased the Ferguson Pork- House, directly south, on the other side of the tracks used by the St. Louis, the Bloomington and Western, and Decatur and Springfield Railroads, and connected the two by tunnels under the tracks, making the cellars one vast excavation, packed with meat and lighted with gas and electricity. In a large part of the old establishment there are two stories of cellars. In all these, where meat is stored preparatory to shipment, a steady temperature is maintained by artificial processes, so that the soundness of the product is assured. But to make assurance doubly sure, every ham, and shoulder, and piece of side-meat is probed through, and its condition perfectly ascertained before it is shipped.

It may be as well to say here that the Kingan house kills and packs for the English market, and was the first house in the United States to prepare hog-meat in the style demanded by English consum- ere. The details of the process would require too much time to describe here, and would be irrelevant to the purpose of this sketch. It is enough to say that the meat, chiefly hams, is trimmed, salted, and laid away in perfect order in the huge dry cellars, and left lying a certain number of days, during which so much curing is done as is required for the special demand to be supplied. The product of each day's killing and packing is put by itself, with slats, and signs set through it marked with the date of the deposit. When the time comes this pile of hams of 3000 to 5000 hogs is put on the cars, and sent across the Atlantic, without waiting orders or dependent on market quotations. The business goes right on like the sale of goods between a factory and its warehou.se. Of course, a large business is done in the home market, with transient customers and orders, as they come, but the dependence of the house is its English business. The factory is in Indianapolis ; the warehouse and salesroom in Liverpool.

The extent of the business may be judged from a few facts. The number of hogs killed is about 500,000 a year, or at the rate of about 5000 a day in winter and 2500 a day in summer. The establishment has the capacity to do more than this if pushed, but so much it can do regularly and certainly. It employs 600 hands in summer, and 1250 in winter. It may be noted here that Kingan's was the first house in the country - certainly the first in Indiana - to kill in the summer, and cool the hogs by ice and an artificial process. In this it did the best thing that any manufacturer ever did for the agricultural interest of Indiana. It enabled a farmer to sell his hogs as well and readily in July as in January. He was not compelled to keep them on stock feed for six or eight months before he could begin fattening for the market, at a dead loss of every bushel of corn they ate and all the time consumed. The money invested was no longer compelled to lie idle while the hoga were worrying through hot weather to the following season. The farmer could begin feeding for the packer the day he bought his stock, and the sooner he got it up to the market standard the sooner he made his profit and the larger it was. It also employed 600 or 700 men who would otherwise have been idle.

In cooling hogs, to get rid of the animal heat, an apparatus and process invented by George Stockman of this city are used with entire success and greater cheapness than any hitherto devised. The occasional variableness of winter weather is equalized by the same means, so that the house is not forced to suspend work, as all pork-houses used to do, when a warm day comes.

The average weight of the hogs killed at Kingan's is about 220 pounds, showing a net result of about 175 of meat. The annual value is about $7,000,000. The shipments amount to 4000 cars a year, while there is sold at home, for shipment and in the market-rooms belonging to the establishment, about $45,000 worth of meat, fresh and cured, per week, or $2,300,000 a year. It takes 13,000,000 pounds of salt a year to cure the meat, 500,000 pounds of saltpetre, 1,000,000 pounds of sugar, and 20,000 tons of ice. To ship it requires 150,000 boxes and crates, and 75,000 tierces for lard and hams. For sale and immediate consumption there are made 6000 pounds of sausage daily. The hogs, when killed and scalded, are scraped by machinery invented in the house by some of the men engaged there. An unbroken stream of dead hogs, alive and squealing ten seconds before, pours along the tables from the sticking-pens to the scalding-troughs and scraping-machines incessantly from daylight to dark, and often longer, and as rapidly they are hurried in to the " gutter," the original " Col. Gutrippah," who can dispose of half a dozen a minute, and from him are sent flying down a little elevated railroad track, from which they are suspended to the huge low room, where they hang by thousands literally, to cool oflF sufficiently for the cutters and salters. Following up the carcass of any particular hog, we find it taken from the coolingroom, after the animal heat has been all removed, to a group of big blocks, set in a square form around, and in which a crowd of men swing up and down incessantly flashing cleavers, in a wild, stormy fashion, with no measure or rest, reminding one of the fierce, irregular motions of the claymores rising and falling in the fight of the clans at the " North Inch." Here the hog is divided, the pieces trimmed, and the finished product dropped through a slide into the room below, where the salters take it, and when they are through, send it down to the packers, who lay it away, marked and dated, till the shipping tinne comes. It is the full occupation of a busy day to go through this huge establishment, and merely note the processes and the crowds of busy men who carry them on.

Electric lights are used all through the different departments, the machinery being worked by a superb Corliss engine, made at the Atlas Works here. Besides these, no less than 86500 worth of gas and candles is used for lighting. It takes 750 cars of coal a year - 14 tons to a car - to supply the heat required, and 20 carpenters and 2 blacksmiths are constantly employed, consuming 50 car-loads of lumber in repairs of one kind or another, exclusive of the men employed in the coopering- and box-shops. The stables attached to the establishment contain 25 horses, employed in market-wagons and otherwise. A large market-room for the supply of daily customers in the city has been added within the last six or eight years, and here all the fresh meat is kept cold by artificial cold currents of air ; and neat, active young clerks in the traditional white aprons cut up the steaks and hams and roasts on marble counters, and conduct all the details of an ordinary meat-shop, as if it were not a mere attachment or little excrescence of the huge slaughter- and packing-house back of it upon the rear. This establishment has a railroad of its own turning out of the yard at a track at Missouri Street, and fills pretty much all of the space between Helen Street and the river, and Maryland Street and the Vandalia Railroad and freight-yard. The taxes are about $10,000 a year. Within the past four years Mr. Thomas Kingan, the original manager of the business, has retired permanently) and has been succeeded by Mr. Samuel Sinclair, by whom many extensive and valuable improvements have been made.

The Landers establishment occupies the buildings, though with much improvement and a great extension of business, of the Blythe & Hedderly and W. & I. Mansur house, the oldest now standing in the city. The amount of packing done by Mr. Landers in the last report was about $1,000,000 a year. A railroad-track from the Lafayette, or Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago, road passes along the mill-race from the canal, and over the low ground northwest to Blake Street, and there enters the packing-house, about a square north of the National road and the old bridge. Directly south of Kingan's are the ruins of the second Ferguson pork-house, which was built south of the Vandalia Railroad and roundhouse, at the west end of Greenlawn Cemetery, soon after the first house, on the north side of the Vandalia and just south of the St. Louis road, was sold to Kingan. It did a large business both in summer and winter killing, but was entirely burned in February, 1881, and was never rebuilt, the proprietors removing to Chicago. At the south end of the old cemetery, opposite the foot of Merrill Street, is the pork-house of McMurtry & Co., built some ten or twelve years ago by Holmes, Pettit & Bradshaw. These latter gave it up about three years ago to the present proprietors, who have been doing a large and safe business. Coffin, Greenstreet & Fletcher built their present house in 1873, on the east bluff of White River bottom, at the foot of Ray Street. Their business, by the last statement, was about like that of the other houses, except Kingan's, - a million a year. A railroad-track connects this house with the Vincennes road, along the river-bank, on what, in early times, were the " High Banks." A very short side-track from the same road connects with the McMurtry house.

It would be interesting to know something about the extent of the pork business in early times, but no record has been made, and nothing can be learned but from the memories of the few connected with it who remain. It is probable that the total number of hogs killed during the season by the two houses of the Mansurs and Blythe & Hedderly did not exceed 20,000. In 1873 the whole number of hogs killed and packed here was 295,766, value of $7,614,000. In 1878 the number was 776,000; in 1879, 667,- 000; in 1880, 746,000 ; in 1881, 472,494; in 1882, 306,000. In 1878 and in 1880 Indianapolis was the third pork-packing point in the world, being exceeded only by Chicago and Cincinnati. The falling off since 1880 has been the effect of short crops and tight business. The value of the hog product of the

Manufacturing Interests Of The City Op Indianapolis

General Butcherino. - The earliest butcher of Indianapolis was Wilkes Reagan, who sold his meat in the grove in the Circle. There was not much for a butcher to do in those days, for the pioneer could get his meat for the powder and lead that would kill it by walking about through the woods that the town was lost in I Butchers came though, as usual, with the growth of the town, and killed in little houses located on the outskirts, and sold in the East Market, which was all there was. But even then no inconsiderable part of a family's meat- food was bought of farmers or raised and killed at home, poultry particularly being almost always a home growth. Winter supplies were commonly a family job in the preparation, the whole hogs or quarters of beef being bought of farmers and cut up and cured by the united labor of everybody about the house that was big enough to lift a ham or hand salt. The smoking was done in the family smoke-house, and to this day the out-house in which are stored the family provisions is called a smoke-house by old residents and their children, though never a pound of meat was smoked within a mile of it. Not unfrequently the town householder raised his own pigs, as well as chickens, killed them a little before Christmas time, and provided his own winter meat throughout, as well as a good part of his summer supply. Thus the butcher did not figure largely in the economy of Indianapolis till after the growth impelled by the advance of the railroad system made country supplies inadequate and forced a greater dependence on the butcher. He was then, as now, usually a German. Gradually, with the increase of butchering, came a resort to private meat-markets in localities that were handier to consumers than the public market. One of the earliest and largest of these was that of Tweed & Gulick, the latter of whom was candidate for sheriff in 1858, but beaten by William J. Wallace, whom the Supreme Court ruled out because he was holding the office of mayor of the city at the. time of his election as sheriff. There were a dozen others at that time. Now there are 113 meat-shops, exclusive of Kingan's, which does as much business as the greater

Until within the period since the war the butchers of the city usually did their killing each for himself, and there were slaughter-houses scattered all about in the suburbs and sometimes in the more densely settled parts. The lower portion of the canal, below the present line of the street, was a favorite locality for them, and the block facing the swamp or glade in the east bottom of the river, along what is now South Meridian Street. In later years the tendency has been towards the Paris abattoir system of having all the slaughtering done in a few places or one. Within a year the Abattoir Company has given a strong impulse to this wholesome change by buying and greatly enlarging the beef slaughter-house at the west end of the Morris Street bridge, and making ample provision there for all the slaughtering required. There was some talk of the Stock- Yard Company establishing an abattoir, but nothing came of it. The Exchange Stock- Yard, at the south end of the Vincennes Railroad bridge, had such a slaughter-house connected with it, but the yard went out of business when the larger yard farther south was completed ; and the slaughter-house has declined or gone out of business, too.

Hides and Tanning. - There are several establishments in the city that deal in the hides and pelts produced at the slaughter-houses, - the Abattoir Company, for one ; Messrs. Rauh, on the Belt road and South Pennsylvania Street ; Allerdice, southwest corner of South and Meridian Streets ; Hide Leather Company, South Meridian ; Lewitt & Co., West Indianapolis, on Vincennes Railroad ; Mooney & Sons, South Street ; Lewark, West Pearl ; Stevens, South Meridian ; and Gallaway, South Meridian.

The first tannery in the town was that of Daniel Yandes and John Wilkins, which occupied nearly all of the ground south of Washington Street, on the east side of Alabama to the creek. It was established about sixty years ago. Mr. William M. Black, a prominent member of the Masonic order in this city, learned the trade with this firm, and in 1833 formed a partnership with them for four years in a tannery at Mooresville, Morgan Co. The con- nection continued till 1858. About 1840 a second tannery was begun on South Pennsylvania Street, west side, just below Maryland. This filled the swampy street - Pennsylvania Street and all the region of the creek-bottom east of Meridian to Alabama Street was either swamp or wet bottom - with great piles of tan-bark, on which it was the delight of school boys to repeat the jumps and tumbles of the last circus performers. As noted elsewhere in this chapter, this tannery gave way to a stage repairshop in five or six years. These were the only tanneries over established in the city limits. Some years later, after the decadence of the West mills at Cottontown, a large and flourishing tannery was established there by Mr. John Fishback, but that has disappeared. There are three tanning establishments now iu the city, Borst & Co., J. K. Sharpe, Jr., and Robert Schmidt. There are no statistics to show the amount of the leather trade now, \>\it of hides, pelts, and tallow the total was over $1,500^000 last year.

Fertilizers are a direct result of the manufacture of animal food, and the establishments devoted to | their manufacture may be briefly noticed here. They are a growth of the last decade, mainly, and are all on the west side of the river. The first was started by Mr. Lannay, at the foot of West Street, during the war, but was abandoned in three or four years, and changed to a soap-factory. The most extensive fertilizer factory about the city, a " blood drying" house, built by Crocker & Becker some four years ago, at the crossing of the Belt and Vandalia and St. Louis roads, has been abandoned. Another extensive one is carried on upon the Sellers farm, three miles southwest, a site bought by the city purposely for important but unfragrant industries. A related business is " rendering," or tallow-making, carried on here chiefly by the Abattoir Company and Lewitt & Co., both in West Indianapolis.

Mince-Meat. - The Adams Packing Company on South Alabama Street do a large business in the preparation and packing of mince-meat, which they ship to all parts of the country. The annual amount of this and the packing associated with it is about «150,000 a year.

Orain-Orinding. - The early grist-mills alluded to above worked only for home consumption, on grain brought by farmers in wagons, or by farmers' boys on horseback. Usually the bag was unloaded directly into the hopper, and the farmer or his boy waited about, fishing around the dam, or shopping in the town, till the grist was ground, and the meal - it was oftener meal than flour - went back in the same bag, and on the same day it came. There was do bolting apparatus in any mill of that time in the New Purchase till the steam-mill of 1832 put one in its machinery, and all grain went back home in the bran, for the housewife to sift out as well as she could, as related in the general history. The first mill of a more pretentious character was built in 1840, by John Carlisle, at the south end of the basin into which ran the race from the canal at Market Street. It was the first merchant mill in the town, but its flour, like the pork of early packing, was harder to get to market than to make. It was wholly burned down in 1856, but immediately rebuilt and maintained till the still larger mills in the same vicinity succeeded it. Contemporaneously with the Carlisle mill, or a year or two earlier, there was a mill at the crossing of the canal by the Michigan road, afterwards called " Cottontown," from a cotton-mill erected there a little later than the grist-mill. Both were built by Nathaniel West, who owned a large tract of land on Fall Creek at that point, which now constitutes a large part of the northwestern portion of the city. After the close of the war the GeisendorflF brothers rebuilt or replaced the grist-mill and made it a much larger establishment than before, and a few years later built one of the finest mills in the State on the site of the old steam-mill destroyed about twenty years before. Robert R. Underbill built a large four-story frame mill,- - all mills were frame in those days, - a few years after the opening of the canal, on the blufiF bank of the swamp just east of which the BlufiF road, now South Meridian Street, ran. The blufiF gave him a good head for his power, and the canal gave him water through a race starting from the east side at the head of the upper wooden look. Sometimes struggling, sometimes prosperous, this mill was run for thirty years, not unfrequently stopping alto- gether and becoming a haunt for tramps. But some six or eight years ago it was turned into a mattressfactory, and was in a fairly prosperous condition, when it took fire one morning the past winter and was utterly destroyed.

In 1848, Gen. T. A. Morris built a flouring-mill on the northeast corner of Meridian Street and the Union tracks, at the east end of the Union Depot site, and carried on merchant milling there successfully, but the mill burned in 1853. It was never rebuilt or replaced by another at another point. In this establishment was first used the automatic or machinepacking apparatus, which steadily and regularly kept the flour, as it entered the barrels from the boltingcloths, pressed smoothly down. Some years after the destruction of this mill the changes began on the canal basin that have covered all the available ground there with flouring-mills, and recently with apparatus of the new kind, which substituted chilled iron rollers for stones, and saves all the flour that used to stick to the bran. The Gibson mills at least have made this substitution. The Skiller mill has been idle for several years. Some embarrassment in the affairs of the Gibson mills caused their sale last summer, but not their suspension. There are now nine flouringmills in the city and near it. The Arcade on West Maryland Street, at the crossing of Missouri, belonging to Blanton, Watson & Co. (steam), originally built by Mr. Carlisle and his son Harry D. in 1868 as the Home Mill, and conducted by them till 1874 ; since 1879 the present proprietors have had it. The capacity is about 200 barrels a day. The rollers are used here. It was burned in May, 1881, but rebuilt and reopened in December. The Hoosier State Mills, owned by Richardson & Evans, on the site of the old steam-mill, contains 30 sets of rolls, with a capacity of 350 barrels a day; were burned in 1880, but got in running order in August. Jacob Ehrerman, on Clifford Avenue and Archer Street ; Monroe & Lennon, Shelby Street ; Schofield, on Fall Creek ; Harvest Mill, on Eagle Creek near the Vandalia road; Union Star Mill, formerly Buscher's brewery, changed to a mill in 1870, owned by Frederick Prange since 1880, capacity 50 barrels a day ; City Mills, Holmes & Hartman, East Washington Street, No. 354 (rollers and stones), capacity about 50 barrels in 24 hours. The capacity of all the flouring-mills is stated by Mr. Blake, secretary of the Board of Trade, at 500,000 barrels a year.

Hominy. - Flour is not the only product of graingrinding, though the largest. The Indianapolis Hominy-Mill uses about 2000 bushels of corn a day in making hominy, grits, and corn-flour. It was burned twice within a year, in June and October, 1881, but has been rebuilt in better condition and larger than ever. It is situated at the crossing of Palmer Street and the Jeffersonville Railroad, and is now owned by M. A. Downing and E. F. Claypool, late of the Belt road management. Hall's Western Hominy-Mill, at the crossing of Kentucky Avenue and the Belt road, west side, uses about 1000 bushels of corn a day, and turns out about $150,000 worth of hominy, corn-flour, and feed a year. It began operations in August, 1882, with a capital of $25,000. James Kelly's mill, 430 North Alabama Street, is a smaller establishment. The annual product of all is about $500,000.

Brewing. - Without entering into the controversy concerning the nutritive character of malt liquors, the manufacture may be briefly treated in this connection as closely related to the topic of grain products. The first brewery was put in operation here in 1834 or 1835, by John L. Young and William Wernweg, contractor for the National road bridges. It stood on the south side of Maryland Street, half-way between the line of the future Canal and West Street. It was not a very extensive or profitable establishment, and appears to have sunk almost entirely out of view as a source of business by 1840. It was next known under the management of Mr. Faux, about 1841 or 1842. He was a Frenchman, who bought frog-legs of the boys for beer, and made a good deal of his profit by selling yeast to the housewives of the town to make light or raised biscuit at a time when bakor's bread was not held in high esteem, and every respectable household expected its bread hot at every meal. Not long after, Mr. Faux moved to Noble and Washington Streets and opened a brewery there, and some one else, Mr. John Philip Meikel probably, continued that at the old stand. He removed it in a few years to the old Carlisle House, a three-story frame palace, built west of West Street in 1848 for a fashionable hotel, but would not pass for it, and there it collapsed a few years ago. About the time the war broke out Frank Wright established an ale-brewery on Blake Street, a little north of the Landers pork-house, which continued in successful operation about twelve years, but finally succumbed to the superior attractiveness of lager and suspended. The early breweries made nothing but what was called strong beer. It was neither ale nor lager, and none of it is made now, so that it is hard to describe it to one who knows nothing of it experimentally. Mr. Wright's brewery was the first to make ale, and Mr. C. P. Schmidt's, since become famous under the management of his widow and sons as Schmidt's brewery, was the first to make lager, at least in any merchantable quantity or condition.

Mr. Schmidt began brewing lager in 1858-59, on the site where the present huge establishment stands, filling a whole block south of McCarty to Wyoming, at the head of Alabama Street. A recent statement says the original brewery building remains, two stories high, 93 by 40 feet, with a two-and-a-half story brick ice-house 60 by 80 feet, with cellars 94 by 85 feet, and a new brick ice-house, directly on McCarty Street, able to hold 1800 tons of ice on the second story, with cellars two stories in depth, constructed with stone and iron ; a stable one and a half stories in height and 50 by 120 feet in dimensions; a two-story bottling-house 60 by 130 feet in dimensions. An additional building 40 by 115 feet in size, is occupied as a malt-house ; and in the various departments a force of 70 hands is employed and 50 horses with 30 wagons are required to deliver the beer to city customers. The bottling department was started as recently as 1881, yet about thirty barrels are bottled daily. The house owns extensive ice-ponds northwest of the city and large ice-houses erected there, not less than 10,000 tons of ice being annually required in the business. The sales for the year 1882 reached nearly 60,000 barrels. The cellars and vaults are among the finest in the West, and have an aggregate storage capacity for 25,000 barrels.

Lieber's brewery, on Madison Avenue below Morris Street, backing upon the JeflFersonville Railroad, is a considerably younger establishment than the preceding, but is little inferior in the extent of its business, and notably in the character of its product. The present proprietor, Peter Lieber, is the founder of the business, and its success is the result of his energy, enterprise, and honorable dealing. The same may be said of Maus' brewery, on the Fall Creek race, near the intersection of New York and Agnes Streets. It was established by Mr. Caspar Maus, father of the present managers, and by him pushed to a point of marked success, when he died, leaving his sons to carry on the en-terprise with the same energy and prudence that established it, and is now constantly enlarging it. The annual product is about $200,000. The secretary of the Board of Trade says of the brewing interest of the city, " that our breweries" - there are but three that amount to anything now - " buy enough malt, hops, barley, ice, and other articles to form a good market." And adds, " However, two of them are substituting ' cold-air machines' instead of ice for cooling purposes, which is said to produce much better results in every way. In short, it is safe to say that the breweries of Indianapolis have no superiors in the completeness of their appointments and the quality of their products ; and it is well known that they ' hold their own' in competition with other cities."

Distilling. - Liquor-making, in spite of the abundance of corn, has never been an important or even considerable business in Indianapolis, and during a large part of the city's existence there has been no distillery at all in or near it. The reason of so exceptional a lack of enterprise in a direction so likely to be profitable is probably to be found in the completion of establishments with the great advantages of water transportation in their favor. There was a distillery on or near the Bayou nearly as early as the Yandes mill, and its product was as famous in the neighborhood as any present brand of strangling liquor from " Jersey Lightning" to " Robinson County." It seems to have disappeared, though, by the time the town organization was first formed. Somewhere about the time of the completion of the Madison Railroad Capt. Cain established a distillery on the northeast border of the town, outside the " donation," and kept it in operation a few years, apparently with little advantage. About the same time, or rather earlier, the late Jacob Landis built a small distillery on Pleasant Run, in connection with a mill run by water from the creek, brought by a race along the south face of the bluiF at the lower end of the Catholic cemetery. Some few years later the stillhouse passed to the hands of some of the farmers along Pleasant Run, Mr. DeMotte or Mr. Hoefgen, but it went to decay some years ago, and there is no trace of it or the mill-race discernible now. A few years after the close of the war the Mount Jackson distillery was built, close to Little Eagle Creek, and has been run fitfully, with long intervals of suspension, ever since. It has been in court sometimes, too, and recently was sold on some judicial order. It is the only distillery about the city, or that has been for twenty-five years or more. It is a business that does not enter into any report or estimate of the city's condition or trade.

Baking, - One of the settlers of 1820 was Conrad Broussell or Brussell, a baker, who, from Mr. Nowland's account, began his professional work very soon after his arrival. But it was a whole generation after the settlement before the people became so far alienated from old home fashions as to substitute the baker's loaf f«r the home-made biscuit and " saltrising" bread. Of course there were some who had been accustomed to "bought bread," and on these the early baker or two of the town depended for a living. Others learned the fashion later, but it is doubtful if the baker would ever have banished homemade bread as far as he has if he had not been aided by other agencies. As the town grew and immigration increased, the domestics, who had been in the past, girls from the country, daughters of well-to-do farmers, who wanted to live awhile in town, or relatives of the family who were willing to help with the house-work for their board, gave place to foreigners, who, as capable and careful as they might be, could not replace the home-trained girl of the farm. The latter had been brought up to do the family cooking with her mother since she could handle a knife or a rolling-pin, and she could do home-baking as well as the mistress. The foreign substitute could not. Thus it came that the housewife had to go back to her " dough-board" and " tray," or buy her bread ready made. This was one contributing influence. Another and more powerful, no doubt, was the tendency of all communities to substitute paid for personal labor as they grow older and richer. At all events, the first generation of Indianapolitans ate bread made at home, as a good many do yet, and it is mainly since the war that bakers' wagons and daily visits have become as much a part of the average household life as the morning wash or the evening meal.

The chief product of the baker's art in old times was the " hoosior bait," as related in the general history ; and " baker Brown," whq kept a place on Fort Wayne Avenue, or near by, and sold gingerbread in " fip" squares, with spruce beer, - a sort of exaggerated pop, very like " ginger ale," - made a little money and a good deal of business reputation that would have been a fortune to him now. In later days, when the professional bread-maker came more largely into the daily supply of the town's necessities, the business fell into the hands of Germans chiefly, as it is now and has been all the time. Most of them work for daily customers and household service, but a few do a larger business, and supply markets all through the West. The oldest of these is the present Taggart establishment, which was begun soon after the completion of the Madison Railroad, by Hugh Thompson, a Scotchman, whose first establishment was on the corner of Delaware and South Streets, but subsequently removed to East Street, when it passed into the hands of the Taggart Brothers. Recently one of them bought the old and extensive South-Side bakery of Anthony Ball, on Illinois Street below the Union depot. The brothers, singly or together, do a great deal of cracker-baking. The next oldest large establishment is that of Parrott & Nickum, 190 and 192 East Washington Street. They succeeded Alexander Metzgar in 1862, and now occupy three floors, each 40 by 195 feet, using 100 barrels of the best flour daily. Their business amounts to $150,000 a year, and extends throughout all the adjacent States. Bryce's steam bakery, 14 and 16 East South Street, was established in 1870 by Peter F. Bryce, a level-headed, enterprising, big-hearted Scotchman. He uses 7 wagons and 25 employes in his bouse, and supplies over 300 customers daily, besides selling a good deal at wholesale for shipment abroad. His consumption of flour is about two hundred barrels a week. Mr. Bryce represented his ward in the Council one term, and made a very eflScient and popular councilman. There are altogether some 51 bakeries in the city, but these are the chief establishments in the wholesale trade. The Indianapolis Cracker Company may be noted as one of the leading city industries of this class.

Starch-Making. - W. F. Piel & Co.'s starch-factory is located in the southwest part of Indianapolis, on grounds bounded east and north by Dakota and Morris Streets, and bordering White River on the west, and is the only establishment of the kind in the city.

The business was established in the spring of 1867 by W. F. Piel, Edward Mueller, Charles Wischmier, and Henry Burke, who formed a partnership for the purpose, and built the Union Starch-Factory, on East New York Street, just outside the corporation limits. It was a brick building one hundred feet square, in which were included the entire works, all under one roof. Their capacity was about two hundred bushels of corn per day, and they employed from thirty to thirty-five men.

On the night of Oct. 8, 1868, the factory was totally destroyed by fire, supposed to have been the work of an incendiary. New buildings of about the same capacity were erected on the same site immediately afterward, and the business was continued by the firm until October, 1872, when Messrs. Mueller, Wischmier, and Burke sold their interests to E. Birchard, who then became associated with Mr. Piel in the business, and it was carried on by them until

In March, 1873, Mr. Piel formed a partnership with Mr. Andrew Erckenbrecker, of Cincinnati, under the firm-name of W. F. Piel & Co., which has since remained unchanged. The object of the partnership was to erect and operate extensive starch-works in Indianapolis, on a more eligible site than that of the old factory on New York Street. For this purpose they purchased about fifteen acres of land (a part of the property on which the works now stand), and in June of the same year commenced the erection of two brick buildings, each one hundred and thirty by one hundred feet in size and three stories high. Tracks were laid connecting the manufactory with the main line of the Vandalia Railroad, the grading being done at the expense of Piel & Co. The works were completed and put in operation in March, 1874, employing eighty hands, and using five hundred bushels of corn per day in the manufacture of starch.

Since that time numerous additions have been made, and the business has been largely extended. The factory grounds - originally about fifteen acres - have been increased to about thirty-one acres by subsequent purchases of adjoining lands, - viz., ten acres purchased in the fall of 1878, and a lot of about six acres in 1882. A brick building one hundred by twenty-eight feet and twenty-five feet high was erected in 1875 for storage of corn. On the tenacre tract purchased in 1878 the firm erected, in the following spring, a brick building one hundred by one hundred and thirty feet and two stories high, to be used for packing and storage purposes. Subsequently (1882) this building was raised to three stories in height, and in the same year a brick " runhouse" was built, eighty by two hundred feet in size.

Originally the motive-power of the factory was furnished by a one hundred horse steam-engine. Two smaller engines (of twenty and twenty-five horse-power respectively) have since been added, and now (November, 1883) the firm has in process of construction by a noted builder of Milwaukee a " Corliss" engine of three hundred horse-power to replace the first one. When the factory is put in operation (about Jan. 1, 1884) with the new engine and some other contemplated improvements', its capacity will be two thousand five hundred bushels of corn per day, employing from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and fifty men.

William F. Piel is of Prussian ancestry, and the son of Cort Henry Piel, who was born and lived in Dankarsen, near Minden, in Prussia, where he followed farming employments. He married Katarina Poppe, of Larbeck, in the same judicial district, and had children, - Mary, Henry, Frederick, Katarina, Charles, Christian, William P., and Ernst, of whom five are living. William F., who is the subject of this biographical sketch, was born at the home in Dankarsen, Prussia, on the 23d of April, 1823, and there remained during his early youth under the care of his brother Henry, who became owner of the property on the death of the mother. At the age of seventeen be chose the trade of a cooper, and followed it for seven years at the nominal sum of twenty-five dollars per year. On attaining his twenty-fourth year he decided to emigrate to America, and landing in Baltimore on the 8th of August, 1846, he came direct to Indianapolis. Here, from the time of his arrival until 1858, he followed his trade. Circumstances influenced him at this juncture to change his business and embark in mercantile ventures. After keeping for some years a country store, with a stock adapted to general trade, he in 1867 sold out, and the same year began the erection of a starch-factory in the suburbs of the city, the firm by which the business was established embracing four partners. This was continued until 1872, when Mr. Piel purchased the entire interest and secured another partner, who continued for a brief period. In 1873 he formed a business connection with Andrew Erkenbrecher, of Cincinnati. Under this partnership the capacity of the factory has been greatly increased, two thousand bushels of corn being utilized in a single day. A large demand has been created for its products, onethird of the entire quantity produced being exported. Mr. Piel, by his energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his business capacity, has placed himself in the foremost rank of manufacturers of the city of Indianapolis. In the midst of many discouragements.

and with but few aids to success, he has brought the business of starch-manufacturing to a high degree of proficiency, and made it one of the most profitable industries of the West. Mr. Piel has been to some extent identified with the interests of the city, and was, as a Democrat, in 1879-80 elected one of its aldermen, the nomination for a second term having been declined by him. In his religious preferences he is a member of Trinity German Lutheran Church of Indianapolis, of which he is also a trustee. His wife and children are members of the same church. Mr. Piel was on the 29th of January, 1849, married to Elonore Wishmeyr, of Frille, near Minden, Prussia. Their children are William F. (marrie^d to Miss Lizzie Meyer), Henry C. F. (married to Mary Ostermeyer), Charles F. W. (married to Lena Stroup), Amelia M. H. (who is Mrs. Henry Melcher, of Cleveland), Lena M. M., George H. W. (deceased), and Mary L. E.

2d. Wood Products. - The next most important industry in the amount of annual product, the capital invested, and the population supported, is of lumber and wood in various forms. It would be impossible, even if it would be of interest, to indicate the origin and growth of each separate class of manufactures of wood, and a summary of leading points must serve. Lumber-yards, and machinery for the manufacture of lumber products, are of comparatively recent date. Pine lumber was but little used for fifteen years after the completion of the first railroad, and was not really in general use until the close of the civil war. Before that poplar was the wood for house-work, for doors, windows, weather-boarding, and shingles, and ash for floors. Both are still used, poplar chiefly for the best weather-boarding and house-finishing, and ash for finishing and flooring, but not so extensively. Within about twenty years the use of pine has become almost universal for frame-work.

Saw-mills are frequent enough for a Michigan pinery, and have been gathering in and about the city since the completion of the first railroad, or near it, but their work is mainly on the hard wood of the forests, which are so rapidly and mischievously disappearing. Besides the first saw-mill on Fall Creek, above Indiana Avenue, and the saw-mill attachment to the old steam-mill, there was no sawing done in the town or its close vicinity till the Eaglesfield Mill was built, soon after the completion of the canal and the collection of an abundant water-power in the basin of one of the old ravines, where the waterworks building is now. This mill continued in operation, more or less steadily, for ten or twelve years, and was succeeded by an oil-mill. In IStJl its place was taken by the paper-mill now belonging to Salisbury & Vinton. In 1849, Mr. Kortepeter started a saw-mill on South Pennsylvania Street. In 1857, Fletcher & Wells had one on Massachusetts Avenue. Gay & Stevens had another near the Madison Railroad depot the same year. John F. Hill built one on East Street in 1858, which was burned the next year and rebuilt. In connection with this mill, for a time, was operated the first shingle-machiiie in the city. In 1858, Messrs. Oif & Wishmeier ran a saw-mill in the northeast part of the city, on Railroad Street, and Helwig & Blake had one on the canal the same year. Marsey built one on New Jersey Street in 1859, and the late James H. Mc- Kernan ran one a few years on Kentucky Avenue, mainly to cut up the sycamore growth of the Mc- Carty farm, for which he had contracted, and the lumber of which he used in building a large number of cheap residences in the southwestern part of the city, between the creek and the river, for workmen, who were allowed to count their rent as purchasemoney, if they chose, and in a short time become owners, instead of tenants. -There are now 42 lumber-yards and dealers in the city, some with mills for sawing, some for sash, door, and blind work, some for hard wood, and some for all kinds. Besides these, certain classes of wood manufacturers keep large lumber-yards for their own use. Fourteen lumber-yards are reported by the secretary of the Board of Trade as doing a retail business to the amount of $1,500,000 of lumber, shingles, and laths the past year, while the whole lumber trade is estimated at $3,000,000.

The trade in black walnut is kept up, but not so extensively as formerly. The walnut woods of Indiana are practically exhausted. Their lumber was the best in the market. Indiana walnut commands the best price and the greatest sale in Europe, as well as at home. And the demand for it, when it had been held of little value for a lifetime, cleared it off with a rapidity that would have delighted the pioneer, who looked upon it as a sort of natural enemy of the farmer and the corn crop. Its place is supplied now by the walnut picked up by agents in all parts of the Mississippi Valley. Col. A. D. Streight, the largest dealer in the country, whose business has averaged $500,000 a year for fifteen years, gets his walnut from Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, but ships much of it East directly without bringing it to his yards and mills in the city. Still, there are a dozen or so other dealers that do a considerable business in this and other hard lumber. It is worth noting in this connection that wild-cherry lumber is coming into demand again. For many years after the first settlement of the city cherry was the exclusive lumber of cabinet-work and ornamental work generally, if any of that era can be called ornamental. Bureaus, bedsteads, tables, washstands, and all sorts of furniture were made of cherry. And it was especially the wood of coffins till the costly burial-cases of later days superseded it. Of course the wealthier people used mahogany, sometimes rosewood, or other tropical growths, but cherry was the lumber of the American average citizen, and the farmer. For a generation, however, cherry has been put aside, till a recent freak of fashion has reached it. Now it is used largely for car-finishing, and is especially in demand for ebonizing purposes, as the wood makes very fine imitation ebony.

For ordinary domestic use pine is the lumber of this region, as of the whole country. Even houses that are weather-boarded with poplar are framed of pine and shingled with pine, and the trade in it has grown to be one of the leading items of the commerce of the capital. The earliest, or among the earliest dealers in lumber, exclusively, in the city is the firm of Coburn & Jones. It was at first Coburn & Lingenfelter, and had the yard on the corner of New York and Delaware Streets in 1860. In 1862, William H. Jones, one of the early settlers of the city, and for some yeans proprietor of a blacksmith-shop ou the corner of Tennessee Street and Kentuclcy Avenue, north of the Chamber of Commerce, bought Lingenfelter's interest, and the firm has been Coburn & Jones now about twenty-two years. In 1865 the yard was removed to the present location on the block once known as " Sheets' pasture," between Georgia Street and the Union tracks, and between Tennessee and Mississippi Streets, occupying the major partofthe four acres, while on the north side of Georgia Street, occupying over 100 feet on that street and as much on Kentucky Avenue, they carry on a planingmill, and make doors, sash, and all other work usually turned out by sash-factories. They employ 40 to 45 hands, about equally divided between the lumberyard and the mill, and sell now about $150,000 of lumber, lath, and shingles annually, but in good seasons increase this amount by $100,000.

The yard and mill of the Dickson Brothers, at the crossing of Market Street and Pogue's Creek, is nearly as old as the preceding establishment, having been opened by the father of the brothers in 1865. It covers a whole square, employs some 30 hands, and ships about 4,000,000 feet of hard-wood lumber a year. The floods in the creek have caused the proprietors a great deal of loss and trouble, and the city stands in a good position to reimburse them, or to be compelled to protect them. Wright & Hopkins, in South Alabama Street, established here a branch of the large Bufi'alo house of Scatchard & Son, in 1866, dealing chiefly in hard-wood lumber. The Cutler & Savidge Company established a branch of their Michigan house herein 1876, and removed to their present

Furniture. - The first cabinet-maker of the settlement was Caleb Scudder, a pioneer of 1821. But very close after him, not later than 1823, came Samuel Duke, with whom James Grier, still living, learned his trade. Among those who followed were Fleming T. Luse, who in 1835 had a shop on Pennsylvania Street, about where the Bank of Commerce now is. Later Mr. Donnelan worked there, or in that neighborhood. The late John F. Ramsey and James Grier, about 1845, carried on the same business, but mixed up with their own work an extensive trade in articles bought of wholesale manufacturers, in a large house on South Illinois Street, about half-way between Washington and Maryland. Mordecai Cropper made furniture a little earlier than Mr. Ramsey's arrival, leaving here for the far West in 1838, and, returning two or three years ago, after an absence of more than forty years, finding a city of 90,000 people where he left a village of 3000. Joseph I. Stretcher, about the time Mr. Cropper left, established the largest cabinet manufactory of the time on West Washington Street, about where the Iron Block stands. A fire came near destroying the whole establishment here about the time of the Polk and Clay campaign. Contemporary with Mr. Stretcher, and working upon a scale of equal magnitude and enterprise, was the establishment of Espy & Sloan, on West Washington Street, and later Sloan & Ingersoll.

About the time that old-fashioned cabinet-work and cabinet-makers, with their old-fashioned cherry lumber for everything that was needed in household furniture, from a cradle to a sideboard, were passing away, and new fashions of more variety, beauty, and expense were coming in, about the year 1855, Messrs. Spiegel & Thorns began the first manufacture of furniture on a difierent line, and with a closer regard to the improved taste of the time. Their beginning was humble enough, in a little shop on East Washington Street, but by 1863 they were doing so well that they had to seek better accommodations, and moved to East Street, near the creek, and in three years built there the first five-story house in the town to make room for their work and workmen. Ten years or so ago they again doubled their capacity by erecting a fine five-story block on West Washington Street, a little east of Masonic Hall, with an equal front on Kentucky Avenue. This is the oldest extensive furniture-factory in the city, and if not the largest, is certainly unsurpassed by any.

Augustus Spiegel. - Mr. Spiegel, who is of German ancestry, is the son of Jacob and Elizabeth Brown Spiegel, who resided in the town of Michelstadt, in Hesse-Darmstadt. They had among their children Augustus, the subject of this biographical sketch, whose birth occurred on the 1st of May, 1825, in the above town. Here his childhood was passed until seven years of age, when his parents, with their children, in 1832 emigrated to America and settled in Baltimore, Md., where the father died three years after. The family, two years later, removed to Cincinnati, where Augustus became a pupil at a German and English school, and there acquired the rudiments of an education. At the age of fourteen he entered the office of the Christian Advocate, published in Cincinnati, as press-boy, and acted in that capacity for two years. At the age of seventeen he decided upon the trade of cabinet-maker as that most fitted to his peculiar abilities, and served an apprenticeship of four years, after which his crafl was followed for the same length of time in Cincinnati. He was in 1848 united in marriage to Miss Anne Eliza, daughter of Thomas and Hester Lackey, of Philadelphia. Their children are Louisa (married to William C. Nichols), William C, Henry L., Mollie M. (married to Edward Noland), and two who are deceased. The sons are associated with their father in the business of furniture manufacturing. Mr. Spiegel, after his marriage, removed to Lawrenceburg, Ind., and continued his trade. In 1858 be repaired to Indianapolis, then a rapidly-growing city, and became a member of the firm of Spiegel, Thoms & Co., manufacturers of furniture. He has since that time continued his connection with the business, which has greatly increased in proportions, and now ranks among the leading industries of the city. Mr. Spiegel devotes his attention exclusively to the business in which he is engaged, and has little leisure for matters of a public character. He participates but rarely in the excitement of political life, and casts his vote for the most deserving candidate irrespective of party ties. He is a member of Centre Lodge of Independent Order of Odd-Fellows of Indianapolis.

Two years later than Spiegel & Thoms, Mr. John Vetter began an extensive furniture business at the Madison depot, and conducted it successfully for eight or nine years, when the establishment was burned, in 1866. Helwig & Roberts began the same year with Mr. Vetter (1857) on the canal, in a factory that was burned and rebuilt in 1860. M. S. Huey, on West Washington Street, with a large workshop on the alley south, between Mississippi Street and the canal, began about the time that Spiegel & Thoms did. John Ott, who excelled in carved work, was contemporary with both the last-named houses, and built an extensive shop on West Washington Street, a little east of Mississippi, which was taken for the State arsenal when Governor Morton concluded to make the ammunition for the war instead of waiting for the inferior stuff of the government. Field & Day did cabinet-work on Vermont Street contemporaneously with Espy & Sloan ; Wilkins & Hall worked on West Washington Street in 1864 ; Philip Dolin, on South Meridian Street, in 1865 ; burned and recommenced in 1867 ; C. J. Myer, on East Washington Street, about the outbreak of the war ; the Cabinet-Makers' Union, East Market Street, at the creek, in 1859. This last is one of the largest establishments in the city, as also one of the oldest. Its buildings and yards cover the larger part of a block on the east bank of the creek. The Indianapolis Cabinet Company and the Indianapolis Veneer Company occupy the extensive series of buildings at the extremity of Massachusetts Avenue, on Malott Avenue, where the Wheeler & Wilson Sewing-Machine Company established a cabinet-making branch as early as 1862. The works employ altogether about 300 hands. The president of the company was Mr. Helwig's partner in the furniture-factory just referred to. The annual business is an excess of $300,000. The Wooten Desk Company, who make a specialty of fine writing and business desks, formerly had a factory on the Bee Line road, near the city. Emerich, Pau-

Manufacturing Interests Of The City Of Indianapolis

I lini & Co., on Morris Street, east of the creek, began work in 1881, making a specialty of tables, but are now extending their business and greatly enlarging their capacity. On South Tennessee Street Henry Hermann has a very extensive furniture-factory and lumber-yard on the site of the old Greenleaf Machine- Works, and with it has another on South Pennsylvania Street just below South Street.

A. D. Streight & Co. began business with a lumber-yard, in 1865, on the ground south of the Vandalia depot, mostly occupied at that time by the Indianapolis Wagon-Works, since removed to North Indianapolis and out of existence. In 1866 they removed to a site south of the Vandalia road on West Street, and then moved north and to their present site. They dealt in pine somewhat at first, but soon passed entirely into the walnut and hardi wood trade. Some three years ago they added a chair-factory to their, mills, and now turn out about $50,000 worth of that class of work a year. The Indianapolis Chair Manufacturing Company on West

I New York Street, at the canal, do an extensive business in the same way, the largest, probably, of the kind in the city. The Western Furniture Company have a large establishment on Madison Avenue north of Morris Street. King & Elder, South Meridian Street; Lauter & Frese, Massachusetts Avenue ; Ralston & Co., East Washington Street ; Sander & Recker, East Washington ; Miller, Indiana Avenue; Morton, West Washington; Smith, West Washington ; H. Frank & Co., East Washington ; Born & Co., and Benson, East Washington, are all engaged in general furniture-making.

Lounges are a specialty largely manufactured by several houses here, and sold wholesale to the large dealers in the cities around us, - St. Louis, Chicago, Louisville, and others. Michael Clurie was engaged in this work and mattress-making in the old Underbill mill when that relic of old times was recently destroyed by fire. Ott & Madden carried on a very large business, amounting to $150,000 a year, when their establishment on Morris Street was nearly destroyed by fire in December, 1883. Since then the I firm has dissolved, Mr. Ott continuing at the old place and Capt. Madden opening soon in a large establish- ment on Merrill Street. Otto Stecban also does an extensive business in lounges on Fort Wayne Avenue. He began in 1875, employs now sixty workmen, and does a business of about $150,000 a year. Vance & Zehringer, on Massachusetts Avenue, Hoffman, on North East Street, Ferriter, on East South, and Krause, on East Washington, are engaged in the same specialty.

Agricultural Implements. - Although largely sold here by the agents of manufacturers at other points in the State and in other States, there is very little manufacture of agricultural implements in Indianapolis. Agricultural machinery is made here by several houses, and has been for thirty years and more. The Eagle Machine- Works made threshers or separators as early as 1851, and competed with the older houses of Richmond and the White Water Valley at the first State Fair, in 1852, and portable engines and other machinery for farm-work are made here as largely as any class of machinery, but agricultural implements, plows, axes, spades, and the like are unknown to the manufacturing skill and enterprise of this city. Eight or ten years ago, or about the time the panic of 1873 fairly closed in on business here, a large establishment was planned and partly built, a few miles up Fall Creek, for the manufacture on a large scale of the Simmons axe, but the hard times killed the project, and the succeeding better times have not revived it. Two years ago the secretary of the Board of Trade, Mr. H. C. Wilson, noticing the deficiency of the city's enterprise in this direction, said that the agricultural area of the State, exclusive of surfaces covered by water, was 21,637,760 acres, of which 90 per cent, is capable of cultivation with the plow, and yet nearly one-half is untilled. The sales of agricultural machinery and implements, he says, in Indianapolis, in 1881, "amounted to $1,250,000, a very small per cent, of which, except engines and threshers, was made here, or within sixty miles of the city, while some of the standard articles of large sale were manufactured a thousand miles away. This should not be."

The very best and most suitable timber is abundant here, and the coal-fields embrace an area of 6500 square miles, offering seven workable seams, at a depth ranging from 50 to 220 feet, and averaging i four and a half feet in thickness. There are probably 175,000 farms in the State of Indiana, more than 2400 miles of gravel and turnpike road, and 54,000 miles of common road. There are 5000 miles of railroad, traversing every part of the State, bringing it into close communication with this city, through the medium of twelve railroads, radiating from here in every direction, to which two new roads will be added within a few months, and a third probably before the close of the year. Upon these roads citizens of eighty-two counties out of the ninety-two that compose the State can" come to Indianapolis and return the same day.

Yet there is manufactured in Indianapolis but an insignificant per cent, of the machinery and implements used upon the roadways or farms of Indiana. There are more plows used on farms abutting this city than are made in the entire county, yet the timber is near and abundant. From the tower of the court-house one may see the forest where men are now cutting timber, which is sent away one hundred and fifty miles, to be made into plow-frames, and the plows brought here and sold by thousands, and used iu fields no farther away than the woods where the timber grew. Every year there are about 2500 twohorse sulky-plows sent here and sold, also 25,000 breaking-plows, 2500 one-horse steel-tooth hay-rakes, 10,000 cultivators, 2000 two-horse wheat-drills, and car-loads of one-horse wood-rakes, corn-shellers, and cutting-boxes, and many other farm implements which are not made here to any appreciable extent. Mowers and reapers are also brought here and sold to the number of 1000 annually, and to the amount of $1,500,000 in the State every year, and there are none made in Indiana. If these facts do not demonstrate that here is an unoccupied field for profitable industries, then is this statement shorn of a degree of humiliation which seems to attach to it.

The deficiency thus deplored is in a fair way to be filled. The city papers announced very recently that an establishment for the manufacture of one class of agricultural implements was projected by men amply able to accomplish it. The statement is that a partnership has been formed for building a manufactory in this city which will employ several hundred men. The establishment will probably be located on the site of the old rolling-mill, in the southwestern part of the city, and the construction of the buildings, it is said, will begin early in the spring of 1884. The company will manufacture an improved grainreaper which was recently patented by Dr. Allen, and ill the operation of the business a very large number of men will be employed.

Carriages and Wagons. - Wagons for road and farm use were made here as in all frontier towns, among the earliest products of mechanical skill, for they were among the earliest necessities of pioneer life. George Norwood, as before noted, was the first wagon-maker. His shop was on the east side of Illinois Street, about where the building of the Young Men's Christian Association stands, and here it remained till about 1845, though Mr. Norwood gave up the business before that, and occupied himself with his buildings and property on Illinois and Washington Streets. Thomas Anderson also was a wagonmaker on East Washington Street, and Richard Anderson (no relation) was a wagon-maker by trade, but had no shop of his own for any considerable time.

About the year 1832 a Mr. Johnson, who had a contract for carrying the mail by stage on some of the routes into the town, established a carriage-factory on the present site of the post-office, or a little south of it, but his main object was the making and repairing of his own coaches. His successor, Lashley, committed here the second murder in the history of the place, in 1836. About the year 1840, Hiram and his surviving brother, Edward, - the latter had worked for Johnson in the Pennsylvania Street shop, - began carriage-work on an alley south of Maryland Street, at the Illinois Street corner. A little later, about 1842, they built a large establishment where the Bates House stands, and carried on an extensive business there till 1850, or near that time. Then Edward opened a shop on Kentucky Avenue, - possibly he did so before the time suggested, - and not long afterwards Hiram died. This was the earliest large carriage- factory in the city. It has been succeeded at one time or another since by Drew, George

Lowe, Heifer & Co., the Indianapolis Wagon-Works, before alluded to, Shaw & Lippincott, Helfrich, Hartman, Gruedelhoeffer, Bernd Brothers, on Morris Street, Robbins & Garrad, O'Brien & Lewis, Miller & Co., Furst & Bradley Manufacturing Company, Burnworth & Kohnle, Kramer, La Rue & Hill, Kayser, Schweikel & Prange, James Nunn Kierolf, Job Alzire, V. M. Backus, Circle Street, G. H. Shover, C. R. Albright, Indiana Avenue. The Shaw & Lippincott firm was changed to a company, and built a very large and admirably-arranged factory on the east bank of Pleasant Run, where the Belt road subsequently crossed it, and did some work there, but the times would not support so extensive an enterprise, and there has been little done there, or by that company anywhere, since 1876 or '77. A few months ago Mr. Lowe sold his establishment on West Market Street, and it has been converted into the Sentinel oflBce.

For a period of eight or ten years prior to the general use of railroads by passengers and mails, the Vorhees Stage Company, or firm, had a large repairing establishment and stables for their own business exclusively on the quarter of a square at the southwest corner of Maryland and Pennsylvania Streets. Somewhere about 1855 or '56, the stage lines having been discontinued, these shops were abandoned, and replaced by Alvord's block of tenement-houses. This corner has had a strange experience. It was a swamp at first. Then the second tan-yard of the town was put there. The stage repair-shops displaced that, and a row of tenement-houses removed the shops, and a business block displaced the tenement-houses a dozen years ago.

Musical Instruments. - Though not relevant to the subject of carriage-making, it is proper to note here that Edward Gaston, since his retirement from the active pursuit of his trade of carriagemaker, has given much of his time to making musical instruments, especially violins, and has made some thirty or more, all of a superior tone, and readily salable, when he chooses to sell them, at good prices. His latest efibrt was a bass viol of remarkably fine quality. Piano-makers we had here as early as 1843, when Mr. Robert Parmlee worked on West Washington Street, about where the Hubbard block stands, but did not hold out long. Twenty years ago Mr. Trayser made pianos opposite the court-house, and J. H. Kappes & Co. and Messrs. Garred & Co. tried it, but with no success ; and last the Indianapolis Piano Manufacturing Company tried it on a very large scale, with an extensive building on Merrill Street, but that failed too. So the only successful manufacture of musical instruments we have ever had here is the modest little business of Mr. Gaston's.

The Woodburn Sarven Wheel Manufactory. - This is the largest establishment of the kind in the United States or the world, probably. Its buildings and lumber-sheds, dry-houses and storagerooms, cover seven acres on both sides of Illinois Street, between South and the creek, extending back to Tennessee Street on the west, and eastward to the creek north of the " elbow." It employs some 500 workmen, pays out over $200, 000 a year in wages, and turns out for sale in all parts of the world wheels of all kinds to the amount of $700,000 a year or more. It was started in 1847 by C. H. Crawford and J. R. Osgood for making lasts and other shoemakers' implements, and was then located near the site of the Union depot. Six years later Mr. Crawford retired from the establishment, leaving Mr. Osgood as the only proprietor. The latter shortly afterwards added the manufacture of staves and flourbarrels to his other business. Finding his building too small, he erected on the present site of his establishment a three-story brick building, twenty-five by one hundred feet. This location, now in the heart of the city, was then in the open country, and it was deemed a hazardous investment in that day to locate so considerable an establishment so far from the business portion of the city. The manufacture of wooden hubs was added in 1866, when Mr. L. M. Bugby was admitted into the firm. Mr. S. H. Smith was admitted as an equal partner in 1866, and the manufacture of wagon and carriage materials was added. Thus began what has grown to be a very extensive business, not only in this city but in the State at large, employing more than $1,000,000 capital. In February, 1864, their establishment was destroyed by fire, involving a loss of $20,000. Within ninety days the manufactory had been rebuilt on a larger scale than before. In the year 1865, Messrs. Woodburn & Scott, of St. Louis, who had been doing a large business in the manufacture of wheels of various kinds, and who, in connection with a New Haven firm, had the exclusive right to manufacture the celebrated " Sarven patent wheel," and had expended large sums in its introduction, disposed of all their patents and business to Messrs. Osgood & Smith.

In order to obtain the requisite capital to conduct this extension of their business Messrs. Osgood & Smith disposed of a one-third interest to Messrs. Nelson & Haynes, a wealthy house in Alton, 111., who opened an establishment in St. Louis for the manufacture of wagon materials. The St. Louis house was known as Haynes, Smith & Co., the Indianapolis firm as Osgood, Smith & Co. Subsequently Mr. Woodburn purchased the interest of Messrs. Nelson & Haynes, and the St. Louis house then took the firm-name of Woodburn, Smith & Co. In 1869 the establishment obtained a controlling interest in the manufactory at Massac, 111., for making -carriage materials, a step that was taken for the purpose of supplying the St. Louis house with materials. In the same year they bought a large tract of timbered land in Orange County, Ind., and erected a saw-mill there to supply the Indianapolis manufactory with lumber. In 1870 the concern was changed into a joint-stock company, under the name of the Woodburn Sarven Wheel Company, with a capital of $250,000, making no change in the proprietorship except as before stated. Mr. Osgood died in June, 1871. A few years later Mr. Smith died, shortly after returning from a European tour. A very destructive fire occurred in the works in June, 1873, in which the chief fire engineer of the city was killed by the falling of a wall. In a few months the damage was repaired, though the amount of it was said at the time to be nearly $100,000.

Boxes. - The manufacture of boxes on a large scale was partly, if not mainly, the effect of the European pork trade of Kingan & Co., which was largely carried on in boxes instead of barrels, and required the active work of a considerable establishment, both in men and machinery, to keep it supplied. This house, however, does a good deal of its own box-making and cooperage now. Mr. Frederick Balweg was the first manufacturer of boxes exclusively in a factory on the southwest corner of the block of Coburn & Jones' lumber-yard. He subsequently removed to a much larger house on Madison Avenue, a little north of Morris Street, which has since passed into the hands of Mr. Frederick Dietz. Mr. Jason S. Carey also makes boxes in connection his extensive stave-factory on West Street. Brunson & McKee on the canal and St. Clair Street, and Murray & Co. on Alvord Street, in the northeast part of the city, are engaged more or less in the same work.

Butter-dishes, made of thin slices of poplar, sweet gum, or Hnnwood, cut out by machinery and lopped and fissured at the ends by a machine, have become the favorite deposit of the family purchase of butter at the grocery or creamery, and the demand for them has started three establishments in and near the city, two of which, in the city, were burned within a year, and have not been replaced. The other, at North Indianapolis, is still in operation.

Stave- Making. - This has become a very important industry of the city, and is one of the earliest of the second stage of industrial growth. The first machinery for making and dressing staves and barrelheads was brought here and put in a shed structure near the river, south of Maryland Street and west of West Street, by the late John D. Defrees and his brother Anthony, in 1856 or '57. The enterprise was premature, however, and failed. Some years afterward it was resumed and pushed more successfully, and one or two other establishments began the manufacture of staves and barrel-heads by machinery in other parts of the city. Mr. Jason S. Carey succeeded the Defrees' management in the original establishment, and has made a very large and lucrative business there, covering nearly all the space north of the St. Louis Railway, along Georgia Street north to the alley and back to California Street. A neighbor to him is Mr. M inter, at the foot of California Street, in the same business, while Mr. Coleman makes barrelheads extensively on the Belt road east of the Jefifersonville crossing ; George W. Hill is at the corner of

Jason S. Caret is of Englisb -a^MMtiaii, aad the ion of Cephas Carey and ais wife, Rkariti Jmnxi, who resided in Shelby Countr ' " "hew tlwir »on, the subject of this biographi-, was bom Nov. 28,

1828. At the age of twrime years he removed with his parents to Sidney, tb» founty-seat, where modest advantages of educatiou »->-»-' attainable. Previous to that time the log schoei-himse in the vicinity of his former home had eaabled him to obtain the rudiments of learning. He was early apprenticed to the 8<iddler's trade, and at the espiration of a sei^vioe of two years accompanied his brothers, Simeon B. and Thomas, on a journey across the plains with mules and liorses to California in pursuit of gold. The ill health of one of the number influenced their return before any practical results followed their tabor, when Jason B. engaged wiib hh bfothw Jeremiah in the boot and shoe b^unu-^t^ ait Sidney, Ohio, and remained thus occn: 1, when he embarked in the produce i.ue.,.^.-.,. .Ur. Carey removed the same year to Dayton, Ohio, and (upeEintended the construction of the Richmond and Covington Railroad, and continued thss engaged until February, 1863, when Indianapolis ber^T- ' -laoe (if residence. Here he embarked in _ ..ler enterprise of stave manufacturing, and was the first manufacturer who introduced machinery for the dressing of staves. He still conducts his business, which has assumed large proportions, and has also engaged in farming pursuits, though not to the excltision of more important business interesta. Mr. Carey was formerly a Whig in his political associations, and later became a Republican, but has not been during his aelive career diverted from the busy arena of commercial life to the more exciting, but less profitable, field of pi>litice^ He is actively engaged in religious work, and a member of the Meridian Street Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he is a steward. Mr. Carey was married in IS.'iS to Miss Ada M., daughter of Rev. James Smith, of Sidney, Ohio, one of the pioneer Methodist preachers of Ohio. Two children were born to

The latest and largest addition to the stave-manufhctories is that of the Standard Oil Company's factory in 1879 in West Indianapolis, at the crossing of the Belt road and Morris Street. It occupies a dozen acres with its yard and machine-shops and dryinghouses. No returns are made of amount of business lifme by any of these factories in late years, but the total was nearly $1,200,000 in the census report, and the new factory has added probably a halfmillion to that, which, with the increase of the other establishments, would make the aggregate of stavedressing and^ cooperage here not much less, than J2,000,000 a year. The stave-dressing establishments have created a considerable trade and a very great convenience to householders in the shavings they make, which are the best sort of material for kindling firett, and can be bought by the wagon-load as cheap as comaioii fuel.

CooPERAOK. - There are eight coopering establishments in the ' - tboee maintained in connection witli Kh. aii . .;iid other establishments for' special manufactures. William Baird, on Blackford and Pearl Streets ; Daniel Burton, near Maus' brewery, on New York Street ; Sanuel B. Gardner, Bright Street; John W. Humphrey, Indiana Avenue ; R. Seiter, East McCarty Street ; Cornelius Funkhonser, Smith Street ; George H. Burton, North Mistdissippi.