Porter County, Indiana - By Rev. Koeebt Beek, 1882 (part 2 of 3)

In blacksmithing, wagon-making and wooden manufactures, there have been the following : In 1839, the brothers George C, A. J. and H. M. Buel, commenced blacksmithing and wagon-making on Lot 2, Block 24. James M. Buel also worked in the wood shop. George left the business after a. few years, then H. M. retired, and Andrew Jackson Buel continued the business with energy and success till his lamentable sickness and death, July 3, 1868. He was a most estimable citizen, and for many years an earnest Christian. Jacob Brewer & Bros, also engaged in the business about the same time on Main street. Others in the business have been the Barrys, Thomas and Michael, beginning work with Jackson Buel, but going into it for themselves in 1864, and carrying it on separately since 1874. They have carried on the trade in all the branches of blacksmithing, horseshoeing, making, repairing wagons, and carriages, etc. Henry Williams, T. B. Lauderback, Thomas, Lorenzo Russell and Israel Trahan, Shrop, Spry, McGee, have also been in the wagon-making business. T. A. Hogan has at various times been engaged in the manufacture of wagon stufis, bent wagon felloes, buggy felloes, shafts and poles, plow handles and beams, sled timbers, cheese boxes, etc.

Daniel White and one of the Kellogg boys went into the planing business in connection with the old foundry about 1858. Daniel White built shops for the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds on Main and Monroe streets in 1864 ; sold to Wasser & Vastbinder in 1868, who have been succeeded by Alonzo Smith, A. Freeman and John D. Wilson. White, Hunt & Co. engaged in the lumber trade about 1866, and started their planing mill in 1869 or 1870. They commenced selling hard coal in 1870, being the first dealers in the place. Not more than eight or ten car loads were sold the first year, while the present annual trade is nearly 4,000 tons. W. J. Acker & Co. established a lumber-yard on the northwest corner of Mechanic and La Fayette streets, now on the southwest corner of Washington and Monroe, and the firm. Acker & Hoyt. After the building of the Peninsular railroad (now G. T.) a man named Barringer, of Michigan, started a lumber yard at that depot ; and Messrs. White & Bell are keeping one at the same place. The undertakers have been Strong, Wilbraham, the Le Pells and W. Noel. William Quinn began business here as a cooper in 1856, and though once burned out continues in the trade, and is alone in it, though numerous other establishments of a like character have flourished from time to time, chief among them having been the Unruhs.

The first brickyard in the place was started by John Saylor on the northeast corner of Outlet No. 1. Others have been carried on at the present site of the paper mill at Round Lake, south of Crosby's Mill, and on either side of the road leading to Sager's Mill, by Moses Frazier, Charles Briggs, A. W. Lytle, Mr. Bhymer, Dickover & Weaver, Chartier & Dumas, the Durands and others. The present production is about 4,000,000. A brewery was started about twenty years ago, now owned by Korn & Junker, and producing over 2,000 barrels per annum. Another was carried on for some time on the present site of the gas works, but came to an end about 1865. Cigars have been manufactured here for many years by Bernhard Rothermel, Urbahns and H. C. Krayer. The production is small. Mr. Rothermel is also engaged in the manufacture and bottling of soda water. Market gardening and the cultivation of small fruits have been carried on for the supply of the local demand and for the Chicago market. N. R. Strong, Nahum Cross, George Porter, Wells, Dodd, Myers, De Hart, Brown and numerous others have followed it with more or less success. An attempt was made by Mr. N. R. Strong to produce grape wines during the war, and for some time thereafter. Though a very fair wine was made, the enterprise did not result favorably. Mr. Strong went to California, and the enterprise has been virtually abandoned.

Mr. W. H. Holabird, about 1871, began the manufacture of shooting suits, and a year or two afterward established the enterprise here. His suits attained a wide notoriety, and the sales became large. His health required him to engage in other pursuits, and the business is now in the hands of Upthegrove & McLellan, who employ on an average fifteen hands, and have a large trade. The Valparaiso Paper Mill was built in 1867. Capital, $20,000. Makes straw wrappers. Consumes 1,000 tons of straw per annum, and produces 700 to 800 tons of paper, worth $30,000 to $40,000. Monthly pay-roll, |550. Don A. Salyer, proprietor.

The Valparaiso Woolen Manufacturing Company was organized in 1866, with a capital of $60,000. A good building was erected and excellent machinery procured. The enterprise started the following year. Julia" A. Powell, George and William Powell, A. V. Bartholomew, Hollis R. Skinner and others were stockholders. It was a bad time to begin. Building and machinery were very expensive, prices were from that time until about four years ago on the down grade, the water at the mill was not suitable, and these things, with other causes, combined to render the enterprise unprofitable. The Powells subsequently became possessors of all the stock of the campany at a low figure. The goods manufactured had been common knitting yarns, jeans, flannels and occasionally blankets and other fabrics. In 1872, arrangements were made with three brothers, Fontaine, skillful machinists and inventors, for the establishment of the National Pin Factory, in place of the woolen works. This was put in operation in 1872, and discontinued in 1875, the Fontaines having made arrangements for the formation of a company for the manufacture of pins in Detroit. In the meantime, the manufacture of yarns, etc., had been given up for the time, and the manufacture of shoddy was introduced in 1873, and continued till 1877, under the management of H. H. Capamagian, a native of Armenia, in Turkey, and a man of energy and capacity. In the year last named, he removed to Chicago, and had just perfected ingenious machinery for the manufacture of shoddy when be came to a sudden, untimely end by being caught in the machinery of his mill. The present machinery was put in the woolen mills in 1876, and the works started anew, under the efficient superintendence of J. D. Partello. Germantown yarns were made almost exclusively, until 1881, when the knitting of hosiery was added, and in May, 1882, a branch of the knitting department was started at Chicago, where employment is given to 100 hands. The present firm consists George W. Powell and William Powell ; value of buildings and machinery, $60,000 ; annual products $250,000 ; 500,000 pounds of wool are consumed yearly ; 250 hands employed in all ; monthly pay-roll, $3,700. The principal market for the manufactured goods is Chicago.

Since 1868, A. W. Lytle has been engaged in putting up ice for the local trade at Flint and Round Lakes. Product, 1,200 tons per annum. Other parties put up ice for their own uses.

Mr. Hutchinson, Griswold & Frazier, Alex Greyson, J. S. Lauderback, John W. Wood, W. G. Windle, C. Fernekes, Hunger & Le Claire and J. R. Smith & Son. The production is large for the population, since all the boarding houses connected with the Normal College use baker's bread.

The clock, watch and jewelry business has been carried on by H. S. Isham, now of Chicago ; Abellsham, now retired and infirm ; Aaron Rogers, a famous hunter of snipe ; W. H. Vail, Lyman Jones (died in early manhood) and Messrs. Budd & Bell. As to the dfy goods, clothing and grocery trades it would be impossible to name those who have engaged in them from time to time, in the space allotted. The fourth store kept in the place was probably by G. Z. Salyer (deceased since 1860), and the fifth by Mr. 0. B. De Wolf, who used to live where Joseph Gardner now resides, and is responsible for the majestic pines that surround the place. He now lives in Michigan City. He is a wealthy capitalist, and is still the owner of a large amount of land in this county. Other dry goods merchants have been F. W. Hunt, Bartholomew & McClelland, H. Dillenbeck, T. T. Maulsley, Don A. Salyer, Charles Osgood, Osgood & Berry, Quatermass Brothers, Emerson Quatermass & Company, George Quatermass, Joseph Steinfield, G. Bloch, G. Silberberg, Strauss & Joel, L. D. Bondey, Max Albe, A. V. Bartholomew, etc. Tailoring has been carried on by John Herr, 0. Dunham and many others, and merchant tailoring by Henry Andrews, Charles McCloskey, Robert McNay, David Maxfield, the Beaham Brothers and others, as well as by leading dry goods firms.

In the book and stationery trade have been Abel Isham, M. A. Salisbury, E. G. Salisbury, Cline & Sloane, J. N. Sloane, B. F. Perrine. Valparaiso has been for some years not only a good place to sell books but a good place to buy them, and the trade has been very heavy for the population. A prosperous trade has also been carried on in music and musical instruments by M. A. Salisbury, W. Huntington, R. A. Heritage and others. When the first band was started - who knows ? But in the Porter Democrat of October 14, 1858, is an advertisement of the Valparaiso Union Band, De Motte and Salyer, Conductors, and purposing to blow music out of $500 worth of new instruments, for conventions, political meetings, etc. Surely these be none other than our genial Congressman and our substantial manufacturer of paper.

The first Postmaster of Portersville was Benjamin McCarty, and for a time John C. Bull was his Deputy. There was some dissatisfaction, growing out of the fact that Mr. McCarty did not reside in the village, and in 1839 T. A. E. Campbell was appointed. During his term, the office was kept in the southeast corner of the court house, and behind that Mr. Campbell kept bachelor's hall. He was at the same time Deputy

Clerk of the Court for George W. Turner. In 1841, he was elected Treasurer and Collector of the county, and G. W. Salisbury was appointed Postmaster, and held the oflSce during the administrations of Harrison and Tyler. The office was then kept in his house on the south side of the public square. From 1845 to 1849, during Polk's administration, Joseph Lomax held the oflBce, and it was kept where his business was, being for the most part on Main street, north side, and west of Washington. When the Whigs again came into power in 1849, G. W. Salisbury was again appointed, and held the ofiSce for a time, until he* left Valparaiso for Oregon, when John Dunning was appointed, and held the office till the accession of Franklin Pierce in 1853. Then S. R. Bryant was appointed, and kept the office through the administrations of both Pierce and Buchanan, till the accession of Lincoln in 1861. M. A. Salisbury was then, appointed, and held the office till the fall of 1866. The office then " Johnsonized," as it was called, and J. Beekman Marshall, now of Kansas, became Postmaster till he was succeeded by C. C. S. Keech, on the 20th of April, 1867. Mr. Keech held the office for a very short time, but was a most efficient officer, giving general satisfaction. He had not sufficient influence to retain the position, but gracefully yielded it on the 17th of June, the same year, to Dr. J. F. McCarthy. On the 24th of April, 1882, Dr. McCa,rthy yielded the place to Col. I. C. B. Suman, after having held it fourteen years and eleven months, being by far the longest incumbency since the establishment of the office. According to the tendency in the postal service, many improvements took place during Dr. McCarthy's term. In the increasing duties of the office, he was ably assisted by Mrs. McCarthy and by J. R. Drapier. Hon. Jesse Johnson received the first letter ever delivered at the Portersville office. The name of the village and office was changed in the winter of 1837-38 to Valparaiso. As showing how the business has increased since the days when 37 J cents postage was paid on a single letter from Madison, Ind., to this place, which sum was prepaid July 19, 1841, by Jesse D. Bright, on a letter addressed by him to T. A. E. Campbell, concerning the compensation of the latter for taking the census in this county the preceding year, the following statistics are presented : The amount of domestic and foreign money orders paid at the Valparaiso Post Office during the year ending June 30, 1882, was $66,079.60; number of money orders issued for the year ending June 30, 1882, domestic, 2, 379 ; foreign, 92. During the same year the receipts for the sale of stamps, stamped envelopes, postal cards, etc., were $10,308.18 ; for box rent for same period, $1,109 ; registered letters sent, 1,102 ; registered letters delivered, 2,573 ; registered letters in transit, 64.

the original plat of the village, as follows : Original town laid out July 7, 1836, and recorded October 31 of same year. 1. Haas's Addition, April 8, 1854, and 2, Peirce's Addition, April 18, 1854, the former consisting of one and one-half blocks north of Outlot 20, the latter the same amount of land north of Block 42, original survey. 3. West Valparaiso, which consists of a triangular plat of ground, bounded on the east by Outlets 18 and 19 (Mrs. Hamell's), on the north by Third street, and on the south by First street and the Joliet road. May 13, 1854. 4. WoodhuH's Addition, which consists of thirty-six blocks of land lying east of Outlets 1 to

7, original survey, April 5, 1856. 5. Smith's Addition, bounded on the south by the Fort Wayne Railroad, west by the old cemetery, north by WoodhuH's Addition, and on the east by the street on the east of college grounds, July 18, 1859. 6. North Valparaiso, being ten blocks bounded on the south by the original survey, on tbe west by Calumet street, on the north by Elm street, and on the east by Valparaiso street. May 9, 1859. 7. Powell's Addition, bounded on the north by lands of Skinner & Beach, east by , Calumet street, south by original survey and Haas's & Peirce's Addition, and on the west by Campbell's farm, July .28, 1860.

8. Institute Addition, three blocks north of Joliet road, and west of Fort Wayne Railroad, March 30, 1864. 9. Southwest Valparaiso, nine blocks, and six lots of peat marsh, south of Fort Wayne depot and southwest of woolen factory, November 2, 1864. 10. First addition to North Valparaiso, twenty-eight blocks north and east of North Valparaiso, May 10, 1869. Other additions have been surveyed, bat are not as yet included in the city limits.

The small number of stores in 1836 to 1839 have increased to a multitude, and stocks of goods that could almost be loaded on a good-sized wagon have grown to a value of $12,000 to $20,000, and the annual sales, which could hardly have exceeded $10,000 for all the establishments during the first year, have now mounted up to $60,000, $90,000 and $100,000 for single firms. Valparaiso has, at this time, the following business houses : Liquor saloons, eighteen ; cigars and confectionery, six ; restaurants, four ; railroad eating-houses, two ; groceries, fourteen ; bakeries,, five ; dry goods, clothing, etc., nine; varieties and notions, one; trimmings and fancy goods, one ; millinery and fancy goods, five ; hardware, etc., four; agricultural implements, two ; books, stationery, etc., four; leather and findings, one ; lumber yards, three ; planing-mills, two ; foundries and machine shops, one; brick yards, three; woolen manufac- tory and knitting works, one; paper-mill, one; feed stores, three; lime, etc., two ; cigar manufactories, two ; National banks, two ; banking houses, one ; furniture, three ; undertakers, two ; gunsmiths, one ; hotels, six; drugs, etc., four; jewelry, three; boots and shoes, seven; merchant tailoring, three; hats, caps, etc., two.

As an instance of the prosperity attending business even in hard times, M. S. Harrold came to Valparaiso in 1864, with a few hundred dollars, and engaged in the grocery trade, and he has since then secured a comfortable competency in the carrying-on of a legitimate business, while the firm in which he is the principal partner sells annually more than $90,000 in groceries and ships 250 car loads of grain.

The first Blue Lodge of Freemasons was constituted about 1840 or 1841. The charter members were Jonathan Grifiin, James Luther, Ruel Starr, John E. Harris, John Curtis, John Wood, Arthur Buel, Adam S.

(No. 49) went down for want of money and a room to meet in. About 1850, George C. Buel, Isaac Bowman, 0. I. Skinner, John Wolf, N. S. Fairchilds, John Woods, John E. Harris, Andrew Hopp, George Z. Salyer, were charter members in the organization of Porter Lodge. Of the first lodge organized John E. Harris was W. M., and George C. Buel W. M. of Porter Lodge. Since the organization, the order has been very flourishing, and has kept itself very pure. A number of years since a Chapter was formed, and still later an Encampment of Knights Templar. The Chapter house and Encampment occupy the upper story in the fine building on the northwest corner of Main and La Fayette streets.

Che-queuk Lodge of Odd Fellows was instituted December 2, 1848, the charter members being Joseph Lomax, E. Ellis Campbell, Robert G. Flint, John Dunning and William Harrison. The officers of the lodge at its organization were Joseph Lomax, N. G.; E. Ellis Campbell, V. G.; John Dunning, Secretary; William Harrison, I. G.; Robert G. Flint, Treasurer, and were installed by the Grand Officers, Col. Hathaway, G. M., Luther Mann, G. C, and other officiating officers from La Porte, also Dr. Dunning, of La Fayette, and some other notables. The lodge increased from that time weekly from the best citizens. Difficulty was experienced in finding sufficient lodge-room until a brick store was erected, where Dr. Edmonds' store now stands, the third floor of which was obtained and occupied until it burned August 13, 1859, with all the lodge furniture and costly regalia. In two weeks from that time they opened up again in Hughart's Hall (now William Wilson's). Before the rebellion broke out, the lodge had been established on a solid basis. Most of the members who enlisted had their dues remitted, and the charitable donations were continued. As the lodge prospered, it contributed to the relief of the sufferers by the great Chicago fire, and later to sufferers by the Michigan fires. Obligations have been kept to pay all sick benefits, to to visit the sick, bury the dead, provide for the orphan and the widow, and all like Christian obligations. This year (1882), the lodge has erected a fine hall for their accommodation, which will, in a short time, be completed and furnished for occupancy. The lodge is flourishing, and new members are being added weekly. Since 1860, an average of $200 per annum has been paid by the lodge for the education and support of orphans, the relief of widows, funerals and sick benefits.

The Thousand and One order has also flourished at times in Valparaiso, and has numbered among its members leading men in business, and the legal and other professions. It is said that the initiations have been of thrilling interest. The meetings have usually been held in the Academy of Music.

Among the earlier dentists, the one who stayed longest and attained the greatest success was Dr. George Porter, who died of consumption previous to 1870, and whose family still reside here. There was also Dr. B. M. Thomas, a skillful practitioner and honorable gentleman, now of Santa F^, N. M. Dr. Boyd succeeded him in practice, and has but lately retired with a competency, on account of ill health. The resident dentists at present are J. H. and Mrs. M. E. Edmonds and H. D. Newton.

The first member of the legal profession who came to this place was Josiah S. Masters, said to have been of a good family in the State of New York. He did a very little business in his profession, and taught the first school in Portersville in a house on the northwest corner of Mechanic and Morgan streets. Samuel I. Anthony came and was admitted to the bar in October, 1839. Harlowe S. Orton, now of Madison, Wis., came a little before that time. George W. Turner, who had served one term as Clerk of Court, began the practice of law probably about 1845 or 1846, and left in a peculiar manner in 1856. M. M. Fassett and John W. Murphy came afterward. M. L. De Motte came early in 1855. T. J. Merrifield came July 5, 1855. C. I. Thompson was here from 1859 to

.1865. From the organization of the court in 1837 to 1855, the business was largely done by attorneys from South Bend and La Porte, notably by Joseph L. Jernegan, Joseph W. Chapman, John B. Niles, John H. Bradley, James Bradley, Roberts Merrifield, W. C. Hanna and others. Joseph L. Jernegan was the first prosecutor. The resident attorneys at this time are Thomas J. Merrifield, J. M. Howard, A. D. Bartholomew, Edgar D. Crumpacker, William Johnson, Thomas McLoughlin, John E. Cass, W. E. Pinney, Hiram A. and John H. Gillett, John W. Rose, J. Hanford Skinner, A. L. Jones, M. L. De Motte, Frank P. Jones and Nelson J. Bozarth.

The city hall was put up, in 1878, on the south side of the public square, and is not of any particular order of architecture, unless it be the Hoosier. The city bridewell was put up in 1881, just to the rear of the city hall.

Valparaiso was incorporated as a village by special act of the Legislature in 1850. The Town Council usually met in the office of the County Recorder. It consisted of six persons, and elections for Councilmen were held annually. No business of great moment was transacted by them. They voted away the money of the people sparingly, and undertook no great public improvements. They had no bonded debt resting upon the town when it became a city. This was in 1865. The Fourth of July was habitually celebrated, and the older inhabitants will not forget the marshaling of the processions on those days. Valparaiso boasted a citizen who in form and spirit was designed to wear the marshal's sash and ride upon a charger. He has since become the most noted of Valparaiso's military heroes. It was he who headed the preachers, the Sunday schools and citizens as they filed into the public square to the sound of the old iron cannon to eat the Fourth of July dinner and listen to the reading of the Declaration of Independence and the annual oration. In 1880, the Western Union Telegraph Company established a city office in addition to those at the depots. The Bell Telephone Company established an office and commenced business here in 1882. F. W. & H. Hunt, after carrying on the dry goods business from the fall of 1846, began banking in 1855. They dissolved partnership in 1856, and the business has since been carried on by F. W. Hunt.

The articles of association of the First National Bank were signed May 20, 1863, with twenty-one stockholders. Levi A. Cass, Jr., A. V. Bartholomew, W. C. Talcott, S. W. Smith, B. F. Schenck, Joseph Peirce and Thomas S. Stanfield were elected Directors July 15, 1863. Levi A. Cass, President, and M. L. McClelland, Cashier. Capital, |50,- 000. Issue, $45,000. First did business on the east side of Washington street, where express office now is. Surplus, July 1, 1877, $43,606.76, after having paid 10 per cent dividends yearly. The first loan was made December 12, 1863, and first certificate of deposit issued ,to Mrs. Mary B. Brown November 30, 1863. B. F. Schenck, President, January 12, 1864, to July 1, 1864; then L. A. Cass to January 12, 1869 ; then S. S. Skinner to January 16, 1878, when D. F. L. Skinner was elected. M. L. McClelland was Cashier till March, 1881. In 1866, C. V. Culver, of New York, owner of 100 shares, and with whose house the bank kept its Eastern balances, being in the oil speculation, failed. The 100 shares of stock were purchased of the Third National Bank of New York at $80 per share, and sold to William Powell for |120.50 per share. With $4,000 profit on this transaction, the stockholders had no reason to feel bad over the failure. The bank went into voluntary liquidation May 29, 1882, and was immediately succeeded by the new First National Bank with a capital of $100,000. Removed to present building on the south third of Lot 2, Block 4, in the fall of 1874.

The Farmers' National Bank of Valparaiso was organized in November, 1878, to succeed the private bank of Joseph Gardner, and commenced business February 1, 1879, with a capital of $50,000. The Board of Directors first elected and serving at present are Joseph Gardner, A. V. Bartholomew, W. P. Wilcox, J. M. Felton and Joseph R. Hill, who represent nine-tenths of the capital stock of the bank. The deposits of the bank at its commencement as a National Bank were about $70,000. Since February 1, 1879, they have gradually increased until at the present date they are $230,000. The average deposits of the bank are $200,000. It has paid semi-annual dividends of 6 per cent since its commencement, and has accumulated a surplus fund at present of $14,- 300. The capital was increased May, 1882, to $70,000. The bank at present has a capital and surplus fund of about $85,000. Joseph Gardner, President ; G. F. Bartholomew, Cashier.

Under a general act of the Legislature which permitted towns of 2,000 population or over to put on city airs, an enumeration was had in the fall of that year, and the necessary population was found, or declared to be. By a vote of the citizens Valparaiso became a city, and learned how much it costs to put on style. In 1866, water works (so-called), were put up with some help from the county, supplying several cisterns and occasionally a fountain (so-called) in the public square. While it is ridiculous to call these waUr worhi, the people "could hardly get along without them. The same year the city incurred a debt of $50,000, bearing 10 per cent interest, to bring the Peninsular Railway here. Grounds for a new cemetery were purchased in 1868, more than two miles southeast from the court house. In 1870, the city purchased for $10,000 the building and grounds of the Valparaiso Collegiate Institute, the proceeds of which were distributed among the stockholders. Bonds were issued for the erection of a school building, which was put up and occupied the following year. The building presents a sightly appearance on the outside, but for the purpose it is used for is faulty in design and construction. Thus the city had a bonded debt of more than $70,000 upon it. Thomas J. Merrifield was Mayor of the city from its organization till May, 1868. Then Thomas G. Lytle till May, 1872. He was succeeded by John N. Skinner, a man of such remarkable, mold that he continued to preside over the destinies of the city till his death, this present year, 1882, just before the city election, he being then a candidate for re-election for a sixth term, and was twice a candidate for Congress during the same period. During the latter year of his first term, in the winter of 1873-74, occurred the temperance crusade carried on by the ladies, with watching, prayer, singing, producing intense excitement and feeling throughout the community, and attracting no little attention from abroad. Valparaiso then had eight saloons. It has eighteen now ; but the population has well nigh doubled. While the interest was at its height, the Mayor issued the following :

Whekbas, For seyeral days last past, large numbers of persons have been engaged in assembling on and about the premises of citizens pursuing a lawful business, and remaining on said premises against the will of the owners thereof, and for the avowed purpose of interfering with their business ; and

Whereas, Many of said persons declare their intention of persisting in such conduct. Now, therefore, all such persons so assembling and remaining, are hereby notified that such conduct is unlawful and against the ordinances of the city of Valparaiso, and they are admonished as good citizens to desist from the same, and that it is the duty of the authorities of said city and of all law-abiding citizens in the interest of public peace and order, to enforce the said ordinances and disperse such assemblages. Valpakaiso, February 23, 1874. John N. Skinner, Mayor of Valparaiso.

In a few hours after the appearance of the proclamation, the ladies responded with the following manifesto, which was posted up and freely distributed upon the streets. Both documents are historic, and in some houses they are to be seen hanging up framed side by side.

Why do the Heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing ? The Kings of the Earth set themselves, and the Rnlers take counsel together against the Lord, and against His Anointed, saying - Let us brealE their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from ua. He that sitteth in the Heavens shall laugh 3 the Lord shall have them in derision. - Psalm 2, 1-4.

And they called them, and commanded them not to speak at all, aor teach in the name of Jesus. But Peter and John answered and said unto them. Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God. judge ye. - Acts, 4, 18-19.

To THE Public. - In the temperance movement we have undertaken, we have had no purpose to violate the laws of the State, or interfere with the rights of any citizen. We have malice in our hearts toward none, but charity toward all. We believe we have the right to persuade men to cease Irom strong drink, and to plead with the liquor seller to cease from his traffic. Believing, too, that God has called us to the high duty of saving our fellow-men, we will not cease to pray and labor to this end. It is our solemn purpose, with love in our hearts to God and man, to go right forward in the work we have undertaken, and if the hand of violence be laid upon us, we make our humble and confident appeal to the God whom we serve, and to the laws of the State, whose faithful citizens we are. Mes. A. V. Bartholomew,

The succeeding city election was hotly contested, but Mayor Skinner was re-elected. At the end of William Fox's term of ofi&ce as City Treasurer, 1872-74, he was found to be a defaulter to a considerable amount. In 1876, the fire department of the city was organized, and there are now three small hand- engines with hose carts and ladders, one of the fire companies being composed of Normal students. The present Mayor of the city is the Hon. Thomas G. Lytle.

A word should be said about the early taverns and later hotels of the place. In the fall of 1836, Jimmy Laughlin had built the frame of the building now used by Hans Bornholdt as a meat market. It then stood on the alley opposite the court house, east side of public square. John Herr and Solomon Cheney bought and finished it, and kept tavern there from the spring of 1837 till the fall of 1888. This was the first tavern in the place. The American Eagle House was built at the southeast corner of Main and Franklin, by Abraham Hall, beginning in 1838. In 1839, he opened a tavern there. Herr & Cheney had kept a bar, and had some raspberry brandy which had been well tested by the La Porte lawyers, always good judges of things spirituous, and had been pronounced good. Abe Hall thought he must have some of the same when he opened out- When he and another returned from Michigan City with the first load for his bar, they having already well partaken, the barrel of raspberry brandy was taken from the wagon, a hole bored into it and a portion of the contents removed. A high (or low) time followed, and the barrel was forgotten. There were hogs in that back yard, sleeping in piles of shavings. They smelled the raspberry brandy, tasted it and pronounced it good. Their opinion coincided with that of the legal gentlemen aforesaid. After midnight, Herr & Cheney, then living in the house built by John Saylor, were awakened by strange noises from Hall's back yard, and, arising, they beheld a stranger sight. The hogs were cavor^ ing, acting for all the world like any drunken hogs, only they were more amusing than the other kind. In the morning, out they came from the tavern with a tin pail for a fresh supply. The writ was returned non eat inventus. The barrel was empty and the hogs were helplessly drunk and sick, and had nothing to taper ofi" on. For awhile, the air was blue. In that house subsequently David Oaks kept hotel, greatly improving the building. Then came John Dunning and others. There Austin R. Gould first kept public house in Valparaiso. In 1845, Elizabeth Harrison (from East Tennessee) built a tavern where the Central House now stands, the property now belonging to her descendants, and enlarged it in 1849. About 1855, A. R. Gould moved into it from the American Eagle, and kept it continuously till his death a few years ago, when he was succeeded by his estimable widow until the building was taken down in 1880. Mr. and Mrs. Gould became favorably known from New York to San Francisco. What a history is connected with every old hotel, and could the remains of that old house give up their secrets, what pathetic and amusing events they would disclose ! Here is one of the latter : Less than a year before his death, the late Hon. D. D. Pratt, of Logansport, United States Senator and afterward Solicitor of Internal Revenue, told the writer the following :

It was in 1860. He had been at the National Republican Convention at Chicago which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. Mr. Pratt was a man of gigantic frame and stentorian voice. For these reasons he was chosen Secretary of the convention. Wearied with the labors of that convention, he came to Valparaiso, where, on the following day, he was to be pitted against some of the ablest legal talent in the northern part of the State in a case involving an Indian title to a large quantity of land. When the usual hour arrived, needing rest, he retired to bed and had his own thoughts, etc., for company. He was restless. The hour of midnight came and passed. Just opposite the hotel was a warehouse or grocery and a great pile of salt barrels, and thither at that hour came together all the cows of Valparaiso. There were white and black and brindled cows, dun-colored oows and spotted cows ; there were cows with bells and cows with bellows, and they were having a regular picnic there. In the Gould House all was still. Even Mrs. Gould had gone to bed to get her accustomed four hours oT rest. The music made by the cows was a sweet lullaby to the denizens of Valparaiso. They were used to it, and couldn't get along without it. But with Mr. Pratt the case was entirely different. He could get along without the ding-donging of the cow bells or their plaintive lowing. He couldn't get along at all with it ; and it wouldn't stop. He got out of bed. He tried to " shoo" the cows away from his window, but they wouldn't "shoo." He came "down and out," sans hat, sans coat, sans trousers, and stood "in flowing robes of spotless white " on the sidewalk, under the bright moonlight, and tried to scare the "critters" away. They wouldn't scare. He hunted around for something to throw at them, but they stood their ground. At last he lost his temper, picked up a board and made a charge upon the enemy, and at last they went in dire dismay with tails erect and a clamor that exceeded all they had made before, and then the dogs awoke to a sense of their duty, and from Frank Hunt's to Sam Campbell's, and from Sager's to Artil Bartholomew's, there was a simultaneous baying and barking. It was, so to speak, as though a certain place had broken loose. Mr. Pratt thought it was time for him to disappear from the scene, which he precipitately did. Hardly had he got into bed, when a cow bell was heard out at the salt barrels, and in a little time the cow carnival was renewed. But the exercise had been beneficial, the legal gentleman's nerves were quieted, and he was soon as oblivious to the noises as though he had been born and brought up in the place. He awoke in the morning refreshed, and, after a hot contest of several days, won his case.

The Gould House has passed away, and the Central has taken its place. The Excelsior Block, on the southeast corner of Mechanic and Washington, was built in 1858 - originally designed for a hotel, but used for years for private families and a place where rooms were to let - and at length served its original design by becoming the Winchell House, and now, since 1875, the Merchants' Hotel, with the genial T. T. Maulsby as landlord.

The first school taught in the township was on Section 7, by Miss Mary Hammond, and was in the summer of 1835 ; therefore, before the county or township organizations, and when Valparaiso was yet a wilderness. The first school taught in the village was, as we have seen, by Masters, and in 1837. The first lady teacher in the village was Miss Eldred, a sister of Mrs. Ruel Starr. The schoolhouse was a very diminutive building, which Dr. Ball had erected on the rear end of his lot, and which was subsequently moved to Lot 1, Block 18, and many will remember having seen it long used as a woodhouse on Dr. Ball's residence lot, and fronting on Jefierson street. The public records, in regard to school matters, are .in such condition that it is impossible by them to trace the history of the organization of the districts, the names of teachers, the wages, etc., and tradition in regard to such things is an uncertain quantity. But it appears in the proceedings of the County Commissioners that on the 10th of June, 1841, they sold to the Trustees of School District No. 1, Lot 8 in Block 14, present residence of David Jones, for $5, for the purpose of securing the erection of a permanent school building in that district. The order was rescinded the following day, and another order passed to sell a lot equally eligible for the same purpose and on the same terms. Harvey E. Ball, of Lake County, and Sylvester W. Smith were afterward teachers in that same little building on Dr. Ball's lot. Later, the Rev. James C. Brown opened a school for young ladies on Lot 3, Block 19, which was taught by himself, by Rev. W. M. Blackburn and lastly by S. L. Bartholomew. In 1849, the County Seminary was built on Jefferson street and Monroe, north side, Outlet No. 1. Ashley L. Peirce once taught school there. In 1857, through some carelessness, it was burned to the ground. The following year, Ashley L. Peirce opened a school with Rev. Horace Foot as Assistant, nearly opposite the present residence of A. V. Bartholomew. In 1859, the Methodists began the erection of the Valparaiso Male and Female College, the main building of the present Normal School. The first term of the college was opened September 21, 1859, under the Presidency of Rev. C. N. Sims, since widely known as an eloquent preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The attendance of students the first year was 157. Other teachers in the school were F. D. Carley, Miss Moore, Mrs. Loomis and Mrs. Hall. The school was continued with a fine patronage, under several presidents. In 1867, the east wing of the building was erected. The building, however, was a little too far from the center of population to attract all the local patronage which it might otherwise have enjoyed, and when the public schools were opened in the present large building, it was deemed inexpedient to continue the V. M. & F. C, but it had, in the twelve years of its active existence, done a good work. Shortly after the inception of this enterprise, the Presbyterians of the place organized the Valparaiso Collegiate Institute, purchased the grounds now pertaining to the public school buildings, and on the 16th of April, 1861, opened the school with Rev. S. C. Logan, Principal, and H. A. Newell, Assistant. As soon as the institute building was finished, the school was moved into it, and continued until the sale of the buildings and grounds to the city. In the year 1864, Benjamin Wilcox became connected with it as principal. James McFetrich and Miss Sophie B. Loring were assistants. These all remained in the school while it continued. After the sale of the property to the city, Mr. Wilcox went to South Bend, where he became Principal of the High School, and continued in that relation till his death, which occurred some years after. He was a teacher of long experience, and has never been excelled by any in the place. The necessity for the erection of the present public school buildings was manifest and pressing. The only buildings in the place fot that purpose were four small schoolhouses, capable of accommodating in the aggregate not more than 240 pupils. On two occasions, it became almost a matter of necessity on the part of the Trustees to avail themselves of the room afforded by the Roman Catholic, Methodist and Presbyterian school buildings by hiring the teachers of those schools ; so that while they went on without any change of administration or influence, they were supported out of the public school fund. Technically, perhaps, this was done according to law, but in violation of its spirit. The schools under the present graded system were organized in 1871, with an enrollment of about 400. This included a number of German children, who were afterward taken out and sent to the Lutheran school. For the school year of 1878 and 1879, the total enrollment was 720, since which time there has been but little increase in the attendance. In 1881 and 1882, the enrollment reached 742, but owing to the prevalence of epidemics the attendance maintained was only 466. Number of teachers the first year, 10 ; present number, 15. A curious phenomenon occurred in connection with this graded school, namely, the accumulation of a surplus tuition fund, which, in the space of three years, amounted to about $15,000, and that without the levying of any special tuition tax. Inquiry into the cause of so strange an accumulation of funds led to the conclusion that the enumerator had probably, by some oversight, taken the names of the children from abroad, who were attending the normal school. It is now understood that such mistakes will be carefully guarded against hereafter, the custody of so much money causing no little perplexity to the Board. Rev. M. O'Reilly has also greatly encouraged the education of the Roman Catholic children, and has been very successful in building up schools in connection with his church. St. Paul's Academy and the school under the care of the Sisters of Providence are each attracting an annually increasing number of students. The buildings are favorably located on the southeast corner of Outlet No. 20.

The Normal School deserves a more extended mention, not only because of its extent, but on account of its influence upon the prosperity of Valparaiso and the surrounding country. It was established by Mr. H. B. Brown, who was born at Mount Vernon, Ohio, and attended the common schools, where his parents resided, until he was fifteen years of age, and then successively more advanced schools at Fremont and Delaware until he was twenty-one years of age, the winter months being spent in teaching. He afterward spent two years in attendance on the school at Lebanon, Ohio. After leaving Lebanon, he spent two years as a teacher in the North Western Normal School at Republic, Ohio. In June, 1873, having heard of the vacant buildings of the V. M. & F. C, at Valparaiso, he conceived the idea of starting a school of his own, and having made arrangements for the occupancy of the buildings, he opened his school on the 16th of September of that year with thirty -five students in attendance, thirteen of whom had come with him from Ohio. Mr. Brown alone had any idea of the vast results that were to follow his taking that step, and they have even exceeded his own great expectations, but in his mind he had conceived the plan upon which he has ever since carried forward his undertaking. When as yet the number in attendance was no more than 200, he informed the writer of his expectation that in a few years the number would reach 1,000, and would probably not go beyond that. The first teachers were H. B. Brown, Miss Mantle E. Baldwin, M. E. Bogarte, B. F. Perrine and Ida Hutchison. Mr. Perrine had charge of the boarding department. The plan of Mr. Brown seems to have comprehended these things : 1. By reducing expenses of all kinds - tuition, board, room rent, fuel, books, etc., to tiie lowest possible figure, to make an education possible to thousands who otherwise would be practically debarred from it for want of means. 2. By hard work on his own part and that of his teachers to impart to the instruction given that quality which would secure for the school a good reputation, and at the same time reduce the number of salaries. There have been times when nearly all the teachers were engaged with their classes ten hours daily. It was more economical to pay one teacher $1,500 per annum for teaching ten hours, than it would have been to pay three teachers $800 each for teaching three hours. 3. By the free investment of money in advertising to let everybody who would be likely to attend school know that there was a school here and the advantages it offered. His plan was not to depend upon newspaper advertising alone, but especially upon sending circulars direct to such persons as were engaged in teaching in the common schools. This was done at very great expense, but the result has shown that the money was wisely invested. 4. By requiring hard work on the part of the students to accomplish the greatest amount in the shortest time. 5. To afford facilities by which young men and women could receive a practical training for various departments of business. With this in view, special attention has been given to the classes for training teachers, to the commercial department, and to instruction in telegraphy, phonography and penmanship. 6. To govern the school by making it a working school. Students have no time for hazing who must put in six or eight hours a day in hard study, besides their recitations, or fall irretrievably behind. There has never been a rebellion in the school, though Mr. Brown is an autocrats- It should also be mentioned that arrangements are such that students can advantageously enter at any time and fall right to work like the hands in a factory, and it is also understood to be their privilege to leave at any time when their needs may require it to engage in teaching or other employments. From these ideas, energetically carried out, there has grown up a school which has not only attracted students from the most distant parts of the country, but has set other educators to inquiring into the secret of its remarkable success. The number of students went up by hundreds every year, until it became a matter of the utmost difficulty to find room for them in the town. Many of the most wealthy citizens for a time incommoded themselves and opened their homes for the reception of students that none might be turned away, and the best feeling has always prevailed between the students and the citizens. The facilities for rooming and boarding students is now such that it is safe to say that if 2,500 should present themselves at once, it would be much easier to provide for them than it was to provide for 800 a few years ago. The school is a private enterprise, and not under the patronage of the State, nor of any denomination. Until 1880, it was the sole property of Mr. Brown, since which time Prof. 0. P. Kinsey has been jointly interested with him in it. There was a time when Mr. Brown suffered severe financial embarrassment. The increasing attendance made necessary a very large outlay for the erection of buildings and the purchase of apparatus, in addition to the constant, heavy drain of the system of advertising adopted. At that time, according to the provisions of the State law, he received aid from the county to the amount of $10,000, and the city bought from him the college buildings for f 12,000, giving him the privilege of redeeming the same in ten years without interest. Never was money more profitably invested by the county or city. It would be impossible to estimate the benefit which the college has been to the city and surrounding country in a pecuniary point of view. To it the present prosperity of Valparaiso is largely due. The erection of buildings on college hill has given constant employment to a large number of workmen, and their furnishing has afforded a large trade to dealers in furniture, hardware, carpets, etc. The patronage of the grocers, bakers and meat markets has been vastly increased by the boarding houses on the hill. The average number of students has been 800 per term since the beginning, and they spend in the place an average of $50 per term, or at the rate of $200,000 per annum, which, for the nine years, would foot up a grand total of $1,800,000. It is estimated that not less than 200 buildings have been erected in consequence of the location of the college here, the aggregate value of which is very large. Nor has the college been less a source of prosperity to the surrounding country. The demand for eggs, meats, butter, vegetables, wood, etc., has been such that much of the time the market has been bare, and the prices have always kept up to a rate highly advantageous to the producers. In addition to the teachers mentioned, there have been W. A. Yohn, Lillian Bogarte, Annie McAlilly, Lodema E. Ward, C. I. Ingerson, J. W. Holcombe, G. Bloch, C. K. Bitters, C. W. Boucher, Lizzie Boucher, H. N. Carver, 0. L. Gregory, A. A. Southworth, Mrs. A. A. Southworth, R. A. Heritage, 0. P. Kinsey, Sarah Kinsey, H. A. Gillett, Mark L. De Motte, Will F. Strong, G. A. Dodge, G. L. Durand, M. G. Kimmel, U. J. Hoffman W. J.

Hell, E. K. Isaacs, Frank Nihart. The college buildings are now valued at $75,000. An annual sum is appropriated from the profits of the institution for a library and reading room for the use of the students. Mr. Brown has no wife as yet except the college ; but it is understood that several young ladies would be willing to accept the vacant situation if an offer were made them. The enrollment for the spring term in 1880 was 2,143 students.

In Centre Township there are, in addition to the schools in Valparaiso, nine districts. The amount paid teachers in these schools in the year 1860-61, was $546.84 ; for expenses including repairs, $163.96 ; for the year ending September, 1881, the tuition fund was $1,825 ; special school, $871.36. In each of these districts, school is kept nine months in the year ; wages to teachers, $25 per month for the spring and fall terms, and $35 for winter.

From the records in the Clerk's office, it appears that marriages were solemnized in the county by not less than four ministers of the Gospel during the year 1836. It has been generally said that the Rev. Alpheus French, a Baptist minister, preached the first sermon in Valparaiso. But the writer has been informed, by one who should know, that, as early as 1835 or 1836, a Baptist Church was organized in the township by the Rev. Asahel Neal, of which Benjamin Saylor and wife and a Mr. Billings and wife were members ; and further, that this organization, and perhaps another, lapsed before the present organization of the Baptist Church was effected. It is claimed for Mr. Neal that he also preached the first sermon in Valparaiso, the service being held in the house of William Eaton. Two Methodist ministers were in the county in 1836, Rev. Cyrus Spurlock, County Recorder and a resident of Portersville, and Rev. Stephen Jones. Rev. W. K. Talbott, a Presbyterian, was also a resident of Centre Township. The Rev. Alpheus French was well advanced in years when he came to this county. He was the father of Mrs. Hatch, and grandfather of Mrs. Orson Starr, of this place. He was born in 1769 or 1770, and lived to be more than ninety. The stone that marks his grave may be seen on the east side of the carriageway in the old cemetery.

The First Baptist Church was organized June 10, 1837. Constituent members, John Bartholomew, Drusilla Bartholomew, Edmond Billings, James Witham, John Robinson, Rebecca Witham, Charity Billings, Warner Pierce, Adelia Pierce and three others. First Deacons - John Robinson and John Bartholomew. First Clerk - Jacob C. White. Trustees - Warren Pierce and James Witham. The name was changed to First Baptist Church of Valparaiso, February 8, 1840. First Pastor - Elder French. Served five years. Second Pastor - H. S. OrtoD.

Third Pastor - W. T. Bly, chosen in 1844, and served three years. Elder A. Nicheron succeeded Elder Bly, and served the church five years. During his ministry the former church was built at a cost of $2,200. It was dedicated March 17, 1853. Elder Harry Smith became Pastor in 1854, and continued six years. Elder G. T. Brayton succeeded Elder Smith in the pastorate from March 11, 1860, to March 11, 1861. Elder J. D. Coe succeeded Elder Brayton from May 12, 1861, to May 12, 1862, one year ; Elder I. M. Maxwell, from November 8, 1862, to July 17, 1864, one year and eight months ; Elder M. T. Lamb, from 1864 to 1865, about one year; Elder R. H. Tozer, December 9, 1865, to February 18, 1866, three months ; M. T. Lamb, from 1866, to July 13, 1867, about one year ; Elder Otis Saxton, from October 12, 1867, to October 1, 1868 ; Elder Harper, from October 10, 1868, to about May, 1869 ; Elder W. A. Caplinger, from 1870 to August 10, 1872, two years and six mouths ; Elder W. A. Clark, from April 1, 1872, to December 1, 1864, one year and nine months ; from December 1, 1874, to October 1, 1875, the church was without a pastor ; Elder E. S. Riley entered upon his pastorate October 1, 1875, and is still the pastor; Elder Harry Smith's pastorate was very prosperous. Under the ministry of Elder Maxwell, the church was prosperous. During this time the church purchased a bell, was free from debt, and increased in membership. During Elder M. T. Lamb's ministry, fifty were added to -the membership. During W. A. Clark's pastorate the parsonage was built at an expense, with the chapel, of $2,000.

During the present pastorate, which commenced October 1, 1875, 193 have been added to the church, and the present membership is 202. During this time, the present bell was purchased at a cost of $175, and the present house has been built at a cost of $7,000. The value of the present church property is about $12,000. At this time, the church's indebtedness is about $1,000, with a reliable subscription, which is now being collected, which equals this amount. By the 5th of October, at the annual meeting, it is expected to have the larger part of this collected. The church has enjoyed great harmony in its work during the entire time of the present pastorate, and closes the seventh year with brighter prospects than at any former period of its history.

From 1835 to 1844, the territory of Porter and Lake Counties was included in one pastoral charge, called first Deep River Mission, then Kankakee Mission, and afterward Valparaiso Circuit. It was served by Revs. Richard Hargrave, Aaron Wood, William H. Goode, Charles M. HoUiday, John Daniel and John L. Smith, Presiding Elders ; and Stephen Jones, Jacob Colclazer, Hawley B. Beers, Samuel K. Young, William J. Forbes, Isaac M. Stagg, William F. Wheeler, Wade Posey and

Warren Griffith as pastors. In the fall of 1844, Lake County was set off into a new charge, and Valparaiso Circuit was confined to Porter County, and remained so until the fall of 1852, when Valparaiso was set off as a separate pastoral charge. During this time it was served by C. M. Holliday, J. Daniel and J. L. Smith as Presiding Elders, and J. Cozad, T. C. Hackney, S. T. Cooper, William Palmer, W. G. Stonix, J. G. D. Pettijohn, L. B. Kent, Franklin Taylor, David Dunham, Abram Gary and Samuel Godfrey, as pastors.

The preaching places were Valparaiso, Salt Creek or Gosset's Chapel, Twenty-mile Grove, Indian Town (now Hebron), Melvin's, Lee's, White's and Pennock's. The appointments increased until, when the station was set off, they numbered fourteen, namely, Valparaiso, Morgan Prairie, Kankakee, Ohio, Hanna's Mill, City West, Jackson Centre, Griffith's Chapel, Horse Prairie, Hebron, Union Chapel, Twenty-Mile Grove, Salt Creek and Louis Pennocks'. In 1852, the station was organized, J. L. Smith, Presiding Elder, and David Crawford, pastor, who continued two years. Since the organization of the station, the following Presiding Elders have served the district, sometimes called La Porte, and at other times Valparaiso District : J. L. Smith, W. Graham, B. Winans, James Johnson, S. T. Cooper, W. R. Mikels, R. D. Utter and F. M. Pavey. The pastors have been D. Crawford, two years ; A. Fellows, one ; W. Hamilton, one ; G. W. Stafford, two ; S. T. Cooper, two ; A. Gurney, one ; B. W. Smith, one ; C. A. Brooke, one ; T. S. Webb, three ; N. Green, two ; G. M. Boyd, three ; L C. Buckels, three ; T. Meredith, two ; W. Graham, two ; N. L. Brakeman, three (he dying in the middle of his third year, and W. B. Stuts filled out the time) ; and G. M. Boyd, now in his second year. The first class in the city was organized in 1840, by W. J. Forbes, now a superannuate, and living here respected and loved as a Christian minister by all his neighbors. The only remaining member of that class is Mrs. Xenia Salyer, now advanced in years, but rich in faith and zealous in good works. Thfr house of worship was commenced in 1848, under the pastorate of W. G. Stonix, and finished under the labors of J. G. D. Pettijohn, in 1849.

The same year a parsonage was purchased for $475, on the corner of Franklin and Monroe streets, but was after four years sold, and a new one erected in the rear of the lot on which the church now stands, at a cost of $900. Both church and parsonage have been enlarged and otherwise improved, and the charge is now one of the most desirable ones in the conference. From the commencement the members and congregation have done their full share in the benevolent work of the church, compared with other churches of equal strength financially, besides meeting their own expenses, which may be safely estimated for the last thirty years as follows: Salaries, $21,000; incidentals, $4,000; benevolent claims, $4,000; church building, $4,500; parsonage and repairs, $2,500; Sunday school expenses, $2,500 ; add to this several thousand dollars donated to the college building now occupied by the Normal College. The number of the membership is now 245, and 20 probationers.

Previous to the winter of 1839-40, there had probably been several sermons by Presbyterian ministers in the county, and possibly in this township. But on the 4th day of December, 1839, Rev. James C. Brown, then a young man, and only a licentiate, began a ministry which lasted continuously for more than twenty years, by preaching a sermon in the second story of the court house, the text being Luke, x, 42. It was about Martha and Mary. Having in the meantime been ordained to the ministry, he in company with Rev. W. K. Marshall, of La Porte, organized the Presbyterian Church of Valparaiso, July 3, 1840, with ten members, viz.: James Blair, Isabel Blair and Elizabeth Martin, their daughter, Nancy Buel, Elizabeth Marshall, Bathsheba E. Hamell, Abby Salisbury, Mary B. Brown, Henry Battan and M. B. Crosby. James Blair and M. B. Crosby were elected Elders. Judge Blair has been dead many years. Mr. Crosby has been an active Elder in the church since the day of its organization, now more than forty years. Jeremiah Hamell was elected Trustee. In the fall or winter following, the Sabbath school was organized by Mrs. Brown, and a brother of the pastor, Hugh A. Brown. It was a union school of eighteen pupils, and embraced every child of suitable age in the neighborhood. The services were held in the court house till the spring of 1841. Then a house was hired for the purpose on the southeast corner of Lot 8, Block 19, where the church worshiped two years. In 1842, they purchased Lot 7, Block 13, but the Methodists having purchased the adjoining lot six months later and declining to make any other choice, it was deemed best to relinquish that, and a church was erected on the lot where Prof. Boucher's residence now is. The building was 35x45, and cost $750 in money, and a large amount of labor by pastor and people thrown in. It was not till 1849 that the pews and bell were furnished, though it was occupied from 1844. Numerous revivals attended the ministry of Dr. Brown, the most notable occurring in 1847 and 1854, Mr. Avery an evangelist assisting. Dr. Brown was a man of such piety, zeal, activity and self-denial as to make an impression never to be forgotten by those who knew him. His character may be judged from the fact that when the church was to be built, he shouldered his ax and went out to Bartholomew's woods with the f est of the people to cut and hew the timbers and during the whole of his ministry, he not only taught in the Sabbath school and preached in Valparaiso morning and evening, but preached in the afternoon at Tassinong, Salem, or Twenty-Mile Prairie. In 1857, the church building was moved to its present location on Lot 3, Block 18, the lot having been deeded to the church by Dr. Brown, and at the same time, twenty-five feet were added to its length, making it 35x70. Additions have since been made in the rear of a lecture-room, 24x31 feet, and of an infant-class room, 18x24 feet. At present, a subscription is in circulation for the building of a new church, and more than $8,000 has been pledged for the purpose. In 1867, the Lot 1, Block 4, with the dwelling on it was purchased for $2,500, to be used as a parsonage, and has since been improved. Dr. Brown closed his pastoral connection with the church September 4, 1860. In 1862, he was appointed Chaplain of the Forty-eighth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and on the 14th of July of that year died in the hospital at Paducah, Ky. He had received during his twenty years ministry here and at Crown Point, Salem, Tassinong and Twenty-Mile Prairie, 475 members. He was succeeded as pastor by Rev. S. C. Logan, now of Scranton, Penn., October 14, 1860. His pastorate lasted through the trying scenes of the war. In July, 1865, he resigned. He was an able minister of the Word. He was succeeded on the 17th of December of that year by Robert Beer, the present pastor, whose ministry has lasted continuously from that time. During the pastorate of Dr. Logan, there were 134 additions to the church. From the beginning, much attention was given to Sunday school work. This department of labor was carried on most effectively under the superintendency of Hon. H. A. Gillett, which lasted from 1864 to 1877. From its organization to April 1, 1882, there have been received into the church a total membership on examination and by letter of 1,068. Of these, 459 have been received during the pastorate of Mr. Beer. Number of communicants at last annual report, 236. To April 1, 1882, the total amount raised for congregational purposes was $58,459. There are no reports of amounts paid for congregational purposes for the first ten years. These would doubtless increase the total to more than $58,000. The benevolent contributions of the church have been as follows : Home Missions, $1,916; Foreign Missions, $4,292 ; Education, $6,311; Publication, $300 ; Church erection, $688 ; Ministerial relief, $413 ; Freedmen, $329 ; Miscellaneous, $4,311. Total benevolent, $18,560. Add Congregational, $58,000, and the grand total is $76,560. Missionary societies have been organized as follows : Women's Foreign Mission Aid Society, 1871 ; Children's Mission Band, 1874 ; Women's Home Missionary Society, 1878.

Any attempt to incorporate even a brief outline of the history of the Catholic Church in Porter, in a general history of the county, must be largely defective. The writer, therefore, confines himself to Valparaiso and those places at any time depending on it for Catholic services. St. Paul's Church, Valparaiso, received its name through Rev. Father Gillen, C. S. C, in honor of the great apostle of the Gentiles. The Holy Sacrifice of mass was first offered in or about Valparaiso, according to the most probable statements, very close to the center of the northwest quarter of Section 15, Township 35, near where the residence of Mr. P. T. Clifford now stands. The name of the priest is not remembered. For several years after, a few Catholics were found to be in Valparaiso. They were occasionally attended by the priests of the society of the Holy Cross, Notre Dame, Ind. Amongst the names of clergymen still remembered by older residents, are those of Father Curley, 0. S. C, Father Cointet, C. S. C, Father Kilroy, C. S. C, and Father Paul Gillen, C. S. C. Through Father Paul, as the people called him, St. Paul's Church building was begun and partially erected.

The " groves were God's first temples," and they, too, served for the first Catholic Church near Valparaiso. The first class of children prepared for Holy Communion was instructed by Father Paul, under the large oak trees then standing on what is now Bmmettsburg. Some of the members of that class still reside in Valparaiso.

When the State of Indiana was divided by cutting off the diocese of Fort Wayne from that of Vincennes, Valparaiso naturally fell in the diocese of Fort Wayne.

Immediately the newly appointed Bishop of Fort Wayne, Right Rev. J. H. Luers, D. D., attempted to locate a resident pastor in Valparaiso. We are told that the first resident pastor was Rev. Father Clarke, whoremained here but a few days. After him came Rev. George Hamilton, who was one of the ablest priests ever in this diocese. He remained but a short time ; Valparaiso was then unable to afford board and lodging to a resident pastor. A large number of Catholics in and about the place, about this time, were composed of that thoughtless, wild class of persons who follow public works. Others, more prudent and wise, remained, purchased lands, and thus became the founders of what will yet be one of the best Catholic congregations in the State.

We next hear of Father John Force, who died here. He was a man of rare literary ability, and an able preacher, but did not live long enough to organize a congregation ; after him came Rev. A. Botti. This priest was a man of great learning, but totally unfit to be a pastor. The natural consequences were troubles upon troubles. Unfortunately the records of the Porter County Circuit Court show more of the history of the church during his administration than the records of the church. Father Botti was constantly in " hot water " with his people, and at length with his bishop. We are glad to learn that in time he saw his mistakes. He

After Father Botti, the present pastor. Rev. M. O'Reilly, was sent here immediataly from college, after his ordination to the priesthood. For twenty years he has presided over the constantly growing congregation of Saint Paul's ; with his advent here the organized congregation of Saint Paul's properly begins. When Father O'Reilly came to Valparaiso, he found the affairs of the Catholic Church in the worst state possible - the church, poor as it was, closed under an injunction; law suits pending on every hand ; debts unlimited to be paid ; a bitter division of sentiment amongst the members of the congregation ; no pastoral residence ; no school for the youth. In a word, nothing that could give the least encouragement toward the important work of organizing a congregation.

However, in the face of all these difficulties he went to work. He walked through the deep snows of January, 1863, from house to house, and told the people as far as he could find them, that he was here to be their resident priest, and that he was determined to stay. He rented " Hughart's Hall," now the upper story of Wilson's hardware store, for $2 per Sunday. Here he celebrated mass on an extemporized altar, preached and taught the few children he could gather together. For mass on week days he went from house to house, as people who knew his wants might invite him. After a very unpleasant series of law-suits, on Easter Sunday, 1863, he first secured the use of the old church.

Before this building was ever finished, it was allowed to run into partial decay. The first step was to repair it, so that it could be used. As soon as the church was rendered habitable, the pastor at once opened a day school in it. This was the beginning of the present St. Paul's Schools, which from that time to the present were never closed one single day of the scholastic year. As soon as Father O'Reilly saw the possibility of establishing a congregation, he quietly purchased an acre of land in Outlot No. 20, where he determined to erect all future buildings for the use of the congregation. In due time, he erected St. Paul's School without any encouragement, as he received direct donations for that purpose only the small sum of $35. The building cost at that time about $8,000, as it was built during the time of the war of the rebellion, when gold carried its highest premium. The school was immediately opened with three teachers. During this time. Father O'Reilly lived in different rented houses, with great inconvenience, often quite far from the church and schools. He now determined to erect a pastoral residence. This was done with much labor on his part, but with far more assistance from the congregation. To continue the schools with secular teachers, as a larger number were required, was found to be very expensive, so he took steps to secure the services of a religious order of teachers, who could not only serve the congregation at less expense, but also teach music, drawing, painting and all styles of needlework. To this end, he secured the Sisters of Providence ; but first he was obliged to provide a dwelling house for them. This was done with very liberal assistance on the part of the congregation. The Sisters opened school on the first Monday of September, 1872. As the schools increased, further improvements were required. A music hall was soon erected. The school is now conducted in four departments and five divisions, requiring the services of six teachers. The pupils number about 250. No school in Porter County has sent out a larger number of good teachers, for its number of pupils enrolled, than St. Paul's. Besides the buildings erected, a large parish bell and a very fine pipe organ have been secured. During the time of Father O'Reilly's pastorate, he has baptized about 1,700 persons in his congregation. The total number of communions administered in St. Paul's Church is about 5,600 per annum. The regular Easter communions are about 700, which indicates that the Catholic population of the congregation is about 2,100 souls.

The congregation is composed of several nationalities - Irish, Americans, German, French, English and Polanders. All live in harmony, and their children are educated together in St. Paul's Schools. Steps were begun in 1880 to erect a new church. The plans already approved show that the church will be Gothic, 153 feet long, ninety-five feet transept and sixty-five feet nave, with a steeple 198 feet high. The building to be of hard brick trimmed with cut stone. In a few years, this beautiful building will be completed, and be an ornament to Valparaiso.

St. Paul's cemetery, purchased from the city of Valparaiso in 1872, and consecrated by the present Bishop of Fort Wayne, Rt. Rev. J. Dwenger, D. D., in the same year, is the best laid out and handsomest cemetery in the county. The following places received the services of the pastors of St. Paul's, chiefly in the beginning of their organization as congregations, i. e., Plymouth, Chesterton, Hobart, Pierceton, La Crosse, Lake Station, Walkerton, Otis, Bourbon and Hebron. These places have now churches. Besides, several small stations have been at some time attended from here - such as Morgan, Cassello, Marshall Grove, Wheeler, Tollestone, Clarke Station and Horse Prairie. Regular services have been discontinued at present in these places. At present, the following places are attended from Valparaiso, i. e., Westville, Kouts' Station, Wanatah, Wellsboro, Hanna Station, Whiting, Edgmore, and such other places wherein one or more Catholic families may be found.

Men's Sodality, fifty members; Holy Angel's Society, sixty members, and Confirmation Sodality, 160 members. The secular societies are : The Columbian Society, thirty members, and St. Paul's Cornet Band, fifteen members.

The Christian Church was permanently organized in Valparaiso in 1847, by Peter T. Russell, with about eight members, although there was preaching before by Lewis Comer and others, but no organization. Since that time, the church continued to meet on every Lord's Day, with few exceptions. The meetings, for a time, were held in private or hired rooms, sometimes in the court house, and several years in the first brick schoolhouse built in the town, purchased by one of the brethren, and used for that purpose till it became unfit. Then the church rented a house built by the Germans, and occupied it about two years, and in 1874 built the brick house which the church now occupies. The house and lot cost $3,200. The preachers have been P. T. Russell, Lewis Comer, Charles Blackman, W. W. Jones, W. Selmser, Lemuel Shortridge, R. C. Johnston, W. R. Lowe, I. H. Edwards, H. B. Davis and others. The church now numbers 120 members.

In the year 1852, the first Germans settled at Valparaiso. Their number increased rapidly to 1856, until in about 1865 there were about fifty families of Germans in and around Valparaiso, the most of whom were Lutherans. In 1862, Mr. W. Jahn came from Holstein, and was engaged by the Germans as their pastor. A division occurred in the congregation, a number going to the Reformed Church, but a respectable congregation remained Lutheran, and employed Rev. J. P. Beyer pastor to fully organize the church. Beyer came on, and after four months (during which time he preached here, and also, several times. Rev. Tramm, from La Porte) - the Lutheran congregation sent a call to Rev. C. Meyer, in Bainbridge, Mich. Having accepted the call. Rev. Meyer arrived in November, 1864. Until 1865, the services were held in a rented schoolhouse. Then a frame building was erected on the northwest corner of Pink and Academy streets, to be used for services and school also. In 1872, after Rev. Meyer had resigned. Rev. W. J. B. Lange, at that time in Defiance, Ohio, received a call, and arrived in August, 1872, and resides with the congregation up to the present time. It is customary with the Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States, to which both the before-named ministers belong, to pay special attention to parochial schools in every congregation. In conformity with this, Rev. C. Meyer started a school soon after his arrival, of which he was the teacher himself for three years. By that time, Mr. C. Peters, who had finished his studies in the Teachers' Seminary, at Addison, 111., took , charge of the school, which numbers at present 130 scholars. As the number of members increased every year, and the school enlarged also, the congregation found it necessary to provide themselves with more room and convenience in their church, so they intended to buy a lot and build a new church, when an offer was made to them to buy the Unitarian Church, which was to be sold on Sheriff's sale. This was done in 1880, so they have a pleasantly situated, newly refitted church for services only, while the former frame church is exclusively used for a schoolhouse. Last year the congregation also bought the dwelling house of Mrs. Urbahns for their minister, which is on the same lot with the church. At present the congregation numbers about eighty families which are members, and about fifty more as guests.

At the present time, there is no organization of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the township or county, but on the 2d of June, 1861, Bishop Upfold was present at the organization of a church, services having been held every other Sabbath for some time previous. The name of the organization was the " Church of the Holy Communion." The membership was small, and during the changes caused by the war and the visitations of death, it soon became extinct. Messrs. Fables and Thompson, lawyers, with their wives, were among the members. Subsequently, as appears from the history of the Lutheran Church, elsewhere given, an effort was made to organize a German Episcopal Church. This effort was subsequently continued as late as 1865-66, but on the occasion of a visit from Assistant Bishop Talbott, in the winter of 1866-67, for the purpose of organizing the church, he deemed it not advisable to do so.

For a short time, there was also a German Reformed Church, whose services were held in the building now owned and occupied by the Lutherans, but they discontinued their efforts about 1871, and all the Germans who attend church are now connected with the Lutheran organization, except such as are found in the German Methodists, an organization which has existed here for more than twenty years, and which has a commodious church building and a good parsonage.

The Unitarians formed an organization in 1872, and bought the building of the Reformed Church. They have been ministered to by Revs. Powell, Carson Parker and others ; but at present are not active, and the church building is owned by the Lutherans.

There is also a Reformed Mennonite Church, which was organized in 1850. Ten years ago or more, they purchased one of the brick schoolhouses owned by the city and located in Powell's Addition, where services are held every other Sabbath, and the Lord's Supper is administered twice a year. Their present membership is about thirty. They have no resident pastor.

or Brethren, and commonly known as Plymouth Brethren, who hold services every Sabbath morning and evening, their meetings being held at present in a room in the third story of the store building owned by S. S. Skinner, on Main street.

It is forty-eight years since the history of the township under its white inhabitants began. Since that time there has been advance all over the Christian world. It would be impossible to note these as they have taken place, in the space allotted. The majority of the original settlers are now in their graves, and the remainder are hastening on to that end. Many that have been born here since 1835, have grown up through boyhood and maidenhood to be the staid members of society. These joyous days of youth were passed here before the day of railroads and telephones. But they enjoyed life nevertheless. Some amusing tales are told, by those who participated in them, of merry doings that were transacted by some who are not yet too grave to enjoy a good laugh at the practical jokes then played upon them. A long time ago Valparaiso was frequently visited by an apostle of phrenology, a very worthy man, and, like all phrenologists, he was of imperturbable good nature and boundless selfcomplacency. On one occasion he said, "Gentlemen, there have been only three great heads in America." " Whose were they ?" " One was Benjamin Franklin, and the second was Daniel Webster." " And whose was the third ?" "Gentlemen" (with a bow) "modesty forbids me to say." Once the boys arranged with him to give a lecture on phrenology in the old brick schoolhouse that stood just east of Mrs. Hamell's residence. The price of admittance was one shilling. Mexican shillings, well worn, were then in circulation. A tinner was kept busy coining shillings that afternoon. In the evening the Professor was at the door, hat in hand, to take in the money. The house would scarcely hold the audience. At length the Professor came to the desk, turned over the hat and took a look at his receipts. He picked up one shilling and looked at it and felt it, and then another and another. He surveyed the pile, and then exclaimed, " Gentlemen, close that door ! There's been a fraud committed here !" In a quarter of a minute the Professor was alone with his tin shillings to sigh over " man's inhumanity to man." Another time he was to lecture at Malone's Schoolhouse, and the boys were in force with a supply of cigars. He was soon almost invisible amid the cloud of smoke, and being an antitobacconist he broke for the door, for once almost losing his urbanity. .We have among us a venerable banker and capitalist, who, by "accommodating " his friends and building houses to rent, has made a kind of local Astor of himself. He came here thirty years ago, " from the East," you know, and the boys took especial pains to show him round. He heard them tell wonderful stories about catching snipe, and was interested. He wanted to catch some. They took him out about two miles to some lovr grounds through which ran a ditch. There were not less than a score in the crowd. As they approached the place where one of the number had seen " an acre and a half of snipe " that morning, they all provided themselves with clubs for driving snipe. The novice was unanimously chosen to hold the bag. This he declined to do on account of his not being acquainted with the kind of snipe that grew in this country, but agreed to hold it the second time. Another was appointed in his place to first hold the bag, and he, being urged to provide himself with a club for driving snipe, went into a thicket to cut one, and as soon as he was hid from, view, lit out for town leaving them to finish the game. He arrived in town about an hour before the rest, and occupied a good position from which he could hear their comments on the expedition. The same banker once started an oyster saloon which was largely patronized by the "Jeunesse doree" of Valparaiso, and their patronage resulted largely to his profit. If you wish to know how, ask him, for he enjoys telling it.

Chapter

Westchester Township - An Inteeesting First Family - The Pioneer Piano - First Place of Worship - List of First Settlers - Early Items - The Stanes Murder - Schools - Secret Societies - Churches -Justice - Villages - Chesterton - Industries.

WESTCHESTER TOWNSHIP is the historic ground of Porter County. Here the first settlement was made. Here civilized and savage joined hands and trod together the paths of peace. Here white and red were blended under the azure sky that bends its dome over all races and nations.

In 1822, a solitary "pale face" was seen by Indian eyes as he wended his way through the wilderness round about Lake Michigan. He walked without fear, for the red men knew him as a friend. Safety and a warm welcome were before, while weary leagues stretched away behind him toward his white friends. In his pocket was the following : To All Ofpickbs Acting Under the United States: Detroit, 15 March, 1814.

The bearer of this paper, Mr. Joseph Bailly (Ba-y6), a resident on the border of Lake Michigan near St. Josephs, has my permission to pass from this post to his residence aforesaid. Since Mr. Bailly has been in Detroit, his deportment has been altogether correct, and such as to acquire my confidence ; all officers, civil and military, acting underthe authority of the American Government will therefore respect this passport which I accord to Mr. Bailly, and permit him not only to pass undisturbed, but if necessary yield to him their protection. jj. Btitler

During the war of 1812, the person to whom this passport was granted was taken prisoner by both the United States and the British soldiers, but did not enlist in either army. In his wanderings, he sought safety and opportunity to trade with the Indians. As the Indians slowly retired before the " Star of Empire " rapidly rising in the Bast, Joseph Bailly, the French Canadian trader, followed. In 1822, he halted on the north bank of the Calumet, in what is now Porter County. On the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 27, Township 37, Range 6 west, upon a beautiful bluif he constructed of unhewn logs the first cabin that was raised in the county. The Calumet here is clear and has high banks. It is here very unlike itself throughout the greater part of its course; for little more than a mile farther down begin the marshes and morasses, through which it creeps for the remainder of its sluggish and crooked course. Here this solitary settler drew around him the natives from whom he purchased furs and other articles, for which he paid them articles of use and ornament. His business increased and his buildings multiplied until, in 1833, there were six or eight log cabins clustered about the first one that was built. The place is spoken of in "A Winter in the West," by a New Yorker, published in 1835.

Monsieur Bailly had wooed and won an Ottawa maid and brought his bride to reside at the post on the banks of the Calumet. Here they reared a family of four beautiful and accomplished daughters. Eleanor, the eldest, "took the veil" and was for a number of years Mother Superior of St. Mary's in Terre Haute. The second daughter married Col. Whistler, a resident of the county ; the third married Mr. Howe, a Chicago banker, and now, a widow, resides with a maiden daughter upon the old homestead. Hortense, the youngest, married Joel Wicker, who was the first merchant at Deep River, Lake County. They had besides these four daughters, a son, who was born in 1817, and died in 1827. The whole family were devout Catholics and maintained their worship in the wilderness. For ten years, Joseph Bailly* and his hired Frenchmen were the only white persons in the township. The trading business was a species of barter, for the only money of the frontier was the skins of fur-bearing animals. A mink skin was usually $1, and raccoon, muskrat and other skins were some fractional part of a dollar. The values were, as they everywhere and always are, relative, and the various kinds of skins fluctuated in value as paper money does. The furs and other articles bartered from the Indians were transported to the lake and coasted to Mackinac in what were called Mackinac boats. These were row-boats, usually about thirty feet long. In " Wau-bun, or The Early Day in the Northwest," by Mrs. J. H. Kinzie, these boats are described as having in the center a framework of alight posts supporting a cover of canvas, with curtains at the side that could be raised or lowered after the fashion, perhaps, of those of a modern summer car. These small craft were run by man power and were forced to follow the sinuous shore line. A day s travel in one of them was from river mouth to river mouth, whether the distance was short or long.

As prosperity followed industry, Mr. Bailly found means to gratify to some extent the refined tastes that had so long feasted upon nature unaided by art. In 1830, a guitar added its mellow notes to the orchestra of nature, and, in 1836, the pioneer piano found its way with much difficulty to this frontier home. This instrument is still in existence. Mr. Bailly bought a large amount of land and planned to found a city. In 1834, the first lots were surveyed and some of them sold ; but the death of Mr. Bailly in 1835, followed by the panic of 1837, caused the plan to be abandoned by his heirs. Bailly Town is now known only in history and tradition. The old homestead is preserved with great care by Mrs. Howe and her daughter. Miss Frances R., who live a life of refinement upon the sequestered spot, surrounded by the antique and the picturesque. Miss Frances R. Howe, and her sister Rose, who died some years since, have devoted their lives to the church, and their religious writings are quite widely read by Catholics. Here the family chapel that was built about 1826, and used for some years as a kitchen, is kept as a sanctuary and repaired to daily by mother and daughter for purposes of worship. The bell is rung as if a congregation were to convene at its call ; and here the " two or three gather together " to feel the presence of the Spirit. This chapel is of logs, and by its excellent state of preservation indicates that it is able to stand the storms of half a century yet. Here stands the old home, built in 1834 of logs, but now looking younger than it did years ago to the casual glance, because of the mask of weatherboarding that it wears, and with which the "mistress of the Manse" seeks to save it from the ravages of time. Standing near are other buildings hoary with age, among which is a log hut in which the Indians used to store their property for safe keeping in the care of Mr. Bailly. Many heirlooms are here carefully preserved, among which are a bread pan or bowl made of the knot of a tree which has already seen its threescore and ten, and still seems "just as good as new;" a number of carved wooden ladles showed the Indian eye to beauty as well as use ; a hexagon patchwork quilt sixty years old and bright enough to grace a " spare bed," attested alike the industry and frivolity of our grandams. Half a mile north of the house is the family cemetery in which are interred the Catholic members of the family. Here, in 1827, Mr. Bailly buried his only son, a lad of ten years, and to his memory " he erected a huge cross of oak timber some thirty feet high, and which towered above the surrounding forest; inasmuch as it was on a knoll or knob of land. Travelers used to see this cross in the wilderness, and often it was the first indication to them of the vicinity of civilized persons." Beside this cross, he built a small log cabin which he called " the chapel," to which he obliged all the family to repair on Sundays for prayer, for the purpose of forming in them the habit of going somewhere out of the home for worship, so that when churches came to be established they would not feel like staying away from services. The above-mentioned cross bore this inscription: "To-day, my turn; to-morrow, yours;" and also "Jesus Christ Crucified; have mercy upon us."

For almost ten years, Joseph Bailly was the only white settler in what is now Westchester Township. In 1833, Jesse Morgan and his family came. In 1884, came William Thomas, Sr., and family, William Gosset and family, Jacob Beck and family, John Hageman and family, John I. Foster and family, William Frame and family, Pressley Warnick and family, Elhanan Ranks, Alfred Marvin, Mr. McCoy, William Coleman, and Mr. Abbott. In 1835, a mulatto named Landy Gavin, who had paid $600 for his freedom, and who moved later to Michigan City, came and settled here. In the same year, Eli Hendricks, R. Cornell and others came. In 1833, a French fur trader located at what is now Sand Creek, or Morgan's Schoolhouse. His currency was of the liquid form known among the Indians as " fire-water." Of this, it is said that he bartered away eleven barrels in one winter ; and it is further stated that only one death resulted directly from this large quantity of liquid fire. This death was the result of an affray.