Porter County, Indiana - Chapter 4: Internal Improvements, 1912

BANK VALPARAISO & LAPOKTE PLANK ROAD - ACT OP 1877 MACADAMIZED ROADS - FIRST SESSION OP THE CIRCUIT COURT - NO COURT HOUSE - - SUBSCRIPTION TO BUILD ONE - SECOND COURT HOUSE - THE PRESENT BUILDINfr^JAIL POOR FARM - THE COUNTY ASYLUM DITCHES DIFFERENT SYSTEMS DESCRIBED RAILROADS - TRUNK LINES RESOLUTIONS

As stated at the close of the preceding chapter, the organization of Porter county was completed with the selection of a location for the county seat in June, 1836. But the mere act of the state legislature, the report of a special committee to locate a county seat, or the acts of a board of county commissioners are small factors in the actual establisliment of a county upon a firm and permanent foundation. What the county needs first is an intelligent, industrious, law-abidmg population, numerically strong enough to produce a revenue sufficient to make the necessary improvements and place the public institutions upon a secure footing. In the beginning the population of Porter county was spar.se, only 260 votes being cast at the election in August, 1836. And most of

In November, 1836, the county treasurer, William Walkci-, inailc a report for the first three months of his incuiiilK'ney, showing liis receipts to have been during that period $26,361/4, of which there was tlien a balance on hand of $6.48%. This report was not very encouraging, but the men who settled Porter county were men of courage and cncrg}- - men who were not easily dismayed - and despite the financial conditions thej^ moved steadily forward in their efforts to build up a community in this then frontier region that shovild be a source of pride to their posterity. How well they succeeded the present conditions in the county bear tes- _^ timony. When the county was organized in 1836, all the territory between the western boundarj^ and the Illinois state line Avas attached to Porter, and the people in this region were placed upon the tax rolls. This territory was erected into a separate county by the act of the legislature, approved January 18, 1837, the principal provision of which was as follows :

"Sec. 1. Be it enacted 'by the General Assembly of the Stale of Indiana, That all that tract of country defined, bounded and designated the county of Lake, agreeably to an act to organize Porter county, and for other purposes, approved January 28, 1836, from and after the fifteenth day of Februaly, 1837, shall be entitled to all the privileges, powers and jurisdictions which belong to other separate and indejicndent counties of the state of Indiana ; and that John Sailor, of Porter county, John B. Niles, of Laporte county, Israel Rush, of St. Joseph county, John Newell, of^P.lkhart county, and William Allen, of Laporte comity, be, and they are hereby, appointed conunissioners to locate and establish a seat of justice in said county, who shall meet for that purpose as hereinafter provided."

By this act Porter county lost the taxes from the territory now included in Lake county, but at the same time was relieved from the expense of making improvements therein, so that the gain was equal to, if not greater than the loss. For some time the principal sources of rev- enue were the $1,200 reprosenlod by flie county scat bonds, and the proceeds arising from the sale of tlic alternate lots donated by the proprietors of the county scat. These lots were sold by an agent of the county, and in a majority of cases were sold on time, interest bearing notes being taken in payment, hence Ihe jirocecds were not always immediately available. Notwithstanding (his i)recarious condition of the county funds certain improvements were almost absolutely necessary''. One of the greatest of these needs was the opening and construction of highways. At the time the organic ael was passed the only authorized road in the county was the government road from Detroit to Fort Dearborn. This road, which was opened in 1831, has been described as a""'SviId, rude pathway, fatiguing in its roughness, abounding in dangers, and often uncertain in its course. Yet over this line the government opened a mail line, the mail being carried in knapsacks on the backs of soldiers, -and established a stage line througli contractors. The road ran through 'what are now Jackson, Westchester and Portage townships, and therefore v/as of no practical benefit to the inhabitants in the central and southern parts'' of the county. Aside from this road the pioneers depended chiefly upon the old Indian trails for their thoroughfares.

Before the establishment of highways the people depended to a large extent upon the water-courses and the Great Lakes as avenues of travel and commerce. Michigan City was the nearest lake port of importance to Porter county, and it was to that port that the settlers went for their supplies or to market their sui-plus produce. The roads leading to this port were inferior, and at some seasons were almost impassable. The streams were crossed upon pole or log bridges of the most primitive character. The longest of these bridges was over the Calumet river. It was sixty-four feet in length and was divided into, three spans, two cribs having been built in the stream to support the ends of "stringers."

To remedy this state of affairs and aff'ord better facilities for travel, the county commissioners at the June term in 1836, took the preliminary steps for the establishment of a number of highways. The first petition presented to the board at this session was for a county road "to extend from Portersville by the best and nearest route to the new crossway between Andrew Taylor's and James Bhiir's, thence to the county line, intersecting a road leading via Cathcart's Grove to Laporte. " In response to the petition the board appointed Wilson Malone, Morris Witham and James W. Turner viewers. At the same time Peter Ritter, Samuel Olingcr and William Thomas were appointed to view a proposed road from the northeast corner of section 24, towoaship 36 north, range 5 west, to the west line of the county via Casteel's mill on Coffee creek and Gosset's mill on Salt creek. In July the board appointed Joseph Willey, Samuel G. Jackson and Jesse Johnston to view a country road from the north line of the southwest quarter of section 30, to^vuship 35, range 5, to Sherwood's ferry on the Kankakee river. Several new roads were projected at the September term of the commissioners court, though not all of them were built. Isaac ]\Iorgau, Reason Bell and Andrew Taylor were appointed viewers for a road from Portersville (Valparaiso) to the county line near the mouth of Taylor's rim. This became kno-\vu as the Joliet road. Another road ran from the northeast corner of section 22, township 33, range 7, to Portersville - Henry Rinker, Isaac Morgan and John Shinabarger, viewers. Other roads ordered at this session were those running from Portersville to Thomas Snow's store; from Portersville to Elijah Casteel's mill; from Portersville to Athens, near Gosset's mill; from the new bridge on the Calumet river at the mouth of Salt creek to Deep river, and from Portersville to the county line in the direction of Michigan City. The last named was intended to form a link in a road from Michigan City west to the state line. Section 9 of an act relating to state roads, approved on February 0^1837, provided:

"That Daniel M. Learning, of Laporte county, William Prakes, of Porter county, and William Hatton, of Lake county, be, and they are hereby, appointed commissioners to view, mark and locate a state road from the town of Laporte, in Laporte county, on the nearest and best route to the town of Portersville (Valparaiso), in Porter county, thence west by. the way of the seat of justice of Lake county to the Illinois state line, in the direclion of Juliet, iu the stale of Illinois; Provided, however, That if the seat of ju.sticc in the said county of Lake shall not be located at the time of tlie local ion of the said state road, the commissioners aforesaid will pi-occcd to Jocate said road on the nearest and best ronte from the to\\'n of Portci'svillc west to the state line, in the direction of Joliet, in the said slate of Illinois."

Some time prior to tlic organization of Porter count}'', the state established what was known as the "three per cent, fund, to be disbursed by an agent of the state in making internal improvements, etc. The office of state agent was abolished in 1835, and the fund placed under the charge of the state treasurer. By the act of February 6, 1837, "for the equal distribution of the three per cent, fund," it was provided "That the sum of two thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of the three per cent, fund to each of the oi-ganized and unorganized counties in this .state as may accrue, for the purposes of improvement of such state roads or paiis thereof, or to the construction or repairing of bridges in said county as the said board may order and direct, unless otherwise provided by law. ' ' 4

The addition of $2,000 thus made to the local revenues proved to be a great benefit to the people of Porter county, and it stimulated the building of state roads. Pursuant to acts passed by the legislature of 1839, Philander A. Paine and William C. Talcott were appointed commissioners to locate a state road commencing at a point on the Valparaiso and Sherwood ferry road and running north on the line between sections 19 and 20, township 35, range 5, to City West ; A. S. Campbell and William C. Talcott were appointed to lay out a state road from Valparaiso west to intersect a certain state road at or near Preston Blake's; William C. Talcott was selected and authorized to lay out a state road from Valparaiso to City West via Thomas' mill, and Henry Rinker and William K. . Talbot were appointed viewers for a state road beginning in Laporte county and running to City West, thence to Long lake to intersect a state road near the head of the lake. Encouraged by the assistance of the state, through the distribution of the three per cent, fund, the commissioners of Porter county I. vied as heavy a tax as the citizens could bear for the purpose of bnildu.^^ county roads. The construction of the early highway was a comparatively simple matter. The greatest labor involved was in the removal of \]\c timber from the line of the road. Then the low places were filled up, ditches excavated along the side of road in places that needed di-aining, and crude bridges thrown over the streams. None of the early roads was more than what are known as "dirt" roads. Gravel being scarce and macadamizing too expensive for the treasury, it was several years before any attempt was made to construct an improved highway in the count}'. Probably the first effort of this nature was made in the fall of 1850. At a special session of the board of county commissioners on November 16, 1850, the following^ petition was presented :

"To the Honorable, the Board of Commissioners of the County of Porter: Your petitioners, the Board of Directors of the Valparaiso & Michigan City Plank Road Company, would humbly represent to your honorable body that a company has been organized for the purpose of constructing a plank road from Valparaiso to Michigan City, making a point on the Buffalo & Mississippi railroad or near the place where the line between Ranges 5 and 6 crosses the same. That the nearest and best route for the construction of said road would probably be to run on the road from Valparaiso to Michigan City between Valparaiso and the above named ^oint on the railroad, and thence running part or all the way to Michigan City on the road that leads from the above point to Michigan City, as far as the eastern line of the county of Porter, near Michigan City. Your petitioners, therefore, ask your honorable board to^-grant to said company the right of way on said road or roads from Valparaiso to the eastern line of the county of Porter, near Michigan City aforesaid, or to so much or such part of said road or roads as you may deem expedient and right."

This petition was signed by W. P. Ward, president of the board of directoi-s, and George "W. Turner, secretary. Michigan City was still the leading supply and receiving point for the people of Porter county, and.

remembering the impassable roads at certain seasons during the preceding fifteen years, they gave an ahnost unanimous support to the phiuk road project, hoping thereby to enjoy better transportation facilities. Consequently, upon the presentation of the above petition, the board promptly ordered, "That the right of way be granted to the Valparaiso & Michigan City Plank Road Company to construct a plank road from Valparaiso to Michigan City on, over, along or across any or all state or county roads which' they may desire. ' '

This order, broad and sweeping as it was iu its provisions, was probably the first franchise granted to a corporation by the authorities of Porter county. Foremost among the promoters and stockholders of the l^lank road company were Chauncey and Lyman Blair of Michigan City, where most of the stock was held. In connection with the construction of the road, the company organized a private bank and used bank bills of their own issue in paying for material and labor used in building the road. At that time there were numei'ous private banks scattered over the country, the issues of which were generally known as "wild-eat" money, because of the uncertainity of its redemption in specie. The plank road bank, however, maintained its circulation at par with gold, redeeming -the notes at any time upon demand. It is related that one man, having several thousand dollars in plank road bills, became alarmed and made a trip to Michigan City and demanded the redempti<fei of the notes. The demand was promptly met and he received gold, dollar for dollar. Finding that his paper money was good, he asked to have it returned to him instead of the coin, but at the time the bank was liquidating its business and was glad to redeem its notes, hence his reqiiest was not granted and he had to carry his gold home with him.

With a company so strong financially, it would naturally be supposed that the plank road would be promptly constnicted, but such was not the case. Work was commenced soon after the right of way -was se cured, most of the road between Valparaiso and Chesterton was planked but between the latter place and Michigan City there were stretches where a plank was never laid, the company depending upon the compact sandy soil to furnish a solid road lied witliout going to tlie expcns- of covering the surface with planks. Toll was collected for a lew \ .-.s upon the road, when the company ceased to exist and the mneli talkiil of plank road fell into decay.

A company was organized in 1851 for the purpose of hnildiiKj; a plank road between Valparaiso and Laporte. No difficulty was experienced in obtaining a right of way over the public highways, and aliont seven miles of plank were laid, part of which M'as in Porter county iiud part in Laporte. For a few j'cars toll was collected, but opposition among the patrons of the road developed because it had not been completed according to the original plan, and the enterprise was abandoned. For several years after this time no efforts were made to build roads of an improved character. On March 3, 1877, Governor "Williams a]iproved an act authorizing county commissioners "to lay out, construct or improve, by straightening, or grading or draining, paving, graveling or macadamizing, any state or county road, or any part thereof, \\i11iin the limits of the county." Five freeholders might petition the board for such road' improvement, and if the petition was granted bonds siiould be issued, the contract let, and an assessment levied against the lands benefited by the improvement.

This act marks the actual beginning of the "good roads movement" in Indiana. Since the original law was passed it has been repeatedlj' amended, but the act of 1877 still remains as the basis of the gravel road laws of the state. The first macadamized road constructed in Porter county is that known as the Jones road in Union township. It was built about 1897. In building this road the experiment was tried of usin"g- iron slag as a paving material, but it was soon discovered that the soil contained a sulphurous element that dissolved the iron. Since then a little coarse gtavel, shipped in from Illinois, has been used, (bough most of the improved highways are laid with macadam, or finely broken stone, which has been found to be the most durable, and in the nd the cheapest material. About the time the Jones road was Imilt work was begun on the Flint Lake road, which has been macadamized all llie way to Chesterton and is oue of the fiuest roads in northern Indiana. In June, 1912, there were about 250 miles of macadamized road completed iu the county, and some sixteen miles were then under construction. The auditor's report for the year 1911 shows that Porter county has issued gravel road bonds to the amount of $948,580, of which $274,748.- 50 has been paid. Macadamized roads lead from Valparaiso to Chesterton, Laporte, Wheeler, Hebron, and southwest to within one mile of the village of Hurlburt on the Chicago & Erie railroad, and there is also an improved road running west into Lake county. In Portage to^vnslap, between the Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania railroads, nearly all the highways are macadamized, and other portions of the county are rapidly "getting into line.'' All the roads are built in the most substantial manner, and in a few 3'ears more Porter county will stand among the leading counties of the state in the character of her highways. The first session of the circuit court in Porter county was held at the residence of John Saylor in October, 1836, Judge Samuel C. Sample presiding. "When the time came for the jury to take up the consideration of a verdict, Jhere M'as no suitable room for their deliberations, and they conducted their "secret session" under a large oak tree near the house. This showed the necessity for a court house, but the condition of the county treasury was such that the erection of a building commensurate with the needs of the county was out of the question. In this emergency the citizens came to the rescue, and early in 1837 a subscription paper was circulated to raise funds with which to erect a court house and jail. The sum of $1,250 was soon realized and with this a frsjne court house 20 by 48 feet Avas Imilt on the west side of the square where the present court house stands. A log jail was built iu 1838 on Mechanic street (now Indiana avenue), a short distance southeast of the public square. On December 17, 1870, the county commissioners bought the lot on the southeast corner of Franklui street and Indiana avenue for $2,200 and on March 8, 1871, let the contract for the erection of a new jail to cost $24,325. Some twelve years later some new cells were added and a heat-

The old frame court house continued to do duty until 1850, altliough it was inadequate to the county's needs, and for several years court was held in an upper room over the postoftice. In 1850 a new court house was commenced.^ It was finished in 1853, the delay having been caused by the use of unsuitable material, a portion of the Iniilding having to be torn down and rebuilt, yet when completed it was considered one of the handsomest county buildings in the state. It was 40 by 60 feet, built of brick, and cost the county $13,000. As the county continued to grow, additions to this building became necessary, and by 1880 the question of erecting a new building came up for consideration. In December, 1882, the board of county commissioners ordered the erection of a new court house. The plans submitted by J. C. Cochrane, an architect of Chicago, w^ere accepted on April 10, 1883, and bids for the construction of the

"Whereupon, said proposals having been publiely read, the Board, on due consideration of all the said proposals^ do find that John D. Wilson of Valparaiso, Indiana, is the lowest responsible bidder, and it is therefore ordered hy the board that the proposal of the said John D. Wilson be, and the same is hereby accepted, and it is further ordered by by the Board that the contract to build the said court house be, and the same is hereby awardctl to the said John D. Wilson for the sum of one hundred and twenty-tivL- lliousand nine hundred ajid nine dollars ($125,- 909)." - . «

The contract was signed on July 25, 1883, Mr. Wilson began work at once, and on October 24, ]883, the corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, uudei- the auspices of Porter Lodge, No. 137, Free & Accepted Masons. The city was gaily decorated and all business was suspended during the ceremonies. Seven Masonic lodges, several commanderies of Knights Templars, the Grand Army of the Republic, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the city fire department and a number of brass bands participated in the proceedings. The corner-stone, 3 by 7 feet and about 22 inches thick, was laid by A. P. Charles, of Seymour, Deputy Grand Master of the Indiana Grand Lodge. In the center of the stone is the inscription: "Laid bj' the Masonic Fraternitj^, Oct(>ber 24, A. D. 1883, A. L. 5883." To the right of this are the names of the commissioners and the county auditor, and to the left the names of the architect and contractor. Within the stone M'ere deposited samples of Porter county grain, a court calendar, copies of the county newspapers, a catalogue of the Northern Indiana Normal School, a roster of the JIasonic bodies and the fire companies, historical and statistical reports of the several townshijis, photographs of the county and city ofiScials, etc.

The dimensions of the court house are 128 feet from east to west, 98 feet from north to south, and 1G8 feet to the top of the dome. It consists of two stories and ba.sement, the outer walls being constructed of oolitic limestone from Elletsville, Indiana. On tlic, last day of ]\l.i\-, 1886, W. E. Bro\^'ii, then auditor of the county, made liis final icjioi t hs to the cost of the building, which was .'iil57,3'18.10. Tliis was more Hum $30,000 in excess of the original contract, but a number of things \v<-rr included in the auditor's total that were not a part of the contract, mhIi as $1,451.88 for a clock and bell, and some $10,000 for fniniluic niul office fixtures. (See Frontispiece.)

Prior to 1855, the poor of the county were taken care of by snih responsible persons as were willing to undertake the charge, the conmiissionci's paying from one to two dollars per week for each indigent person. On June 7, 1855, the board of commissioners bought from William C. Pennock, for $3,000, a tract of 120 acres of land in sections 2G and 27, township 35, range 6, for a poor farm. Soon after the purchase was made, a contract was entered into with George C. Buel to erect a frame house, 32 by 45- feet for a poor house, the consideration being $2,4H2, of which $500 was to be paid on Jamiary 1, 1856, $1,000 on March 1, 185G, and the remainder in county bonds payable in one year and bearing six per cent, interest. The building was completed and ready for use at the time specified in the contract - September 1, 1856, and, with several additions continued to be the county poor house for nearly half a century. Eighty acres - the west half of the southeast quarter of section 26 - were added to the farm in 1866, at a cost of $3,200, and in June, 1875, the comissioners purchased of "W. C. Hannah, for $1,200, ' ' all that part of the northeast quarter of Section 35, Township 35, Range 6, Which lies north and east of Salt creek and south of a line drawn parallel with the north line of said quarter, and distant seventy rods and thirteen feet south therefrom, the same to be an addition to the poor farm." Another addition was made on June 9, 1876, when the commissioners bought for $1,200 the southeast quarter of the southwest quarlci' of section 27, except ten acres off the south side.

Early in 1905 the commissioners took the preliminary steps lor the erection of new buildings upon the farm by employing an arclnii'ct to make plans for a "county infirmary." The architect subniitfod plans foi" a building to cost $35,000, but the counly council reduced the amount to $25,000. Consequently the plans were changed to bring the estimate within this figure, and on August 7, 1905, bonds to the amount of $25,- 000, bearing four per cent, interest, were issued and the proceeds applied to the erection of the building upon the tract of land hitherto known as the poor farm. A few citizens were dissatisfied with the building on account of the changes in the plans to bring the cost within the amount allowed by the county council, and there M^as some talk of a suit to enjoin the county from paying the bonds, but nothing came of it. Since then a barn costing $4,000 has been erected on the farm. The term "poor house" has become obselete. With the legislation directing the commissioners of the several counties in the state to provide suitable quarters for certain insane persons, along with the paupers, the name "county asylum" has been adopted. Porter county has one of the best institutions of this nature in northern Indiana.

lands. These ditches are constructed under a hiw similar to that providing for the building of gravel or macadamized roads. When a certain number of freeholders, whose lauds will be affected by the proposed diteli, petition the countj"^ commissioners for the construction of such ditch, a survey is made, the cost estimated, and if the petition is granted bonds are issued and assessment levied upon the lands. The oldest ditch in the county is the Reeves ditch, which begins in section 24, toNNTiship 33, range 5, and runs south to section 3G, thence west to the Kankakee river, draining an area of some eight square miles in Pleasant township.

The Koselke system of ditches embraces practically the entire Crooked creek valley. It begins in Washington township, about two miles east of the city of Valparaiso, absorbs the old Hunt and Lyon ditches, and includes some seven miles of new ditch along Crooked creek. This system drains a large area in Washington, Morgan and Pleasant townships. Connected witLthe Koselke sj'stem is the Hutton ditch in the eastern part of tlie county. It receives the Cain ditch, which begins near Prattville, and the Orr ditch, beginning about three-fourths of a mile south of Clear lake. East of the Hutton ditch is the Wa.shington and Morgan township ditch which drains an area of about ten square miles in the to^\aiships from which it takes its name.

Another large system is the Phillips ditch and its branches, beginning about a mile north of Boone Grove and running southward to the Kankakee river, draining about fourteen sections of land in Porter and Boone townships.

Between the Koselke and Phillips ditches is the Pleasant township system, which has its source a short distance north of the Panhandle railroad, about two miles east of Kouts. The main ditch, with its numerous ramifications, trends southwestward and enters the Kankakee river about half a mile west of the Koselke ditch in section 35, township 33, range 6.

To the west of the Phillips ditch is the I'.i lyfo^dc jiad Cornell ditches in one system. The Cornell ditch begins near llic villat^c of Iturlburt and runs southeast to section 9, township ;>:), lan^r G, Uienec south to section 21 of the same township and range, where il joins llie Breyfogle ditch, which empties into the Kankakee i-i\eL- abont a mile and a half east of the Lake county line.

In the southwest corner of the county is the .Moirow system, in which about one mile of dike has ben built - tin' only ilike in I'orter county. This system runs westwaixl into Lake count\'.

The Cook.ditch has its beginning in Laporte county, on the line between townships 32'and 33. It drains a small area in the soulhea.st comer of Porter county where it is being rebuilt and wlien eoni[)!eted will be known as the Keller ditch.

Near the center of the county is the I'arkev diteli, which begins on the line between "Washington and Center townships and follows the course of old Salt creek for over six miles. It takes its name from the fact that Charles H. Parker was one of the principal factors in securing its construction. When this ditch was opened it was noticed that it materially affected some of the wells in the southern part of the city of Valparaiso. It forms an outlet for the sewers of that city.

Comparatively little ditching has been done in Ihc Calumet region in the northern part of the county. _ The Tratebas diteli drains a small ai-ea of lowland about a mile north of Woodville, in the vicinitj' of Mud lake. The Robbins ditch runs through sections 18, 19 and 30, township 36, range 6, and the Samuelson ditch runs througli sections 28, 29, 30 and 31 of the same township and range. The McDoiuild ditch runs through sections 14, 15, 23 and 24, township 37, range f), and the Voitilit ditch drains a small area in the northciistern part of tlie county between the Michigan Central railroad and Lake Michigan. However, several large projects for draining this portion of the county are under consideration. The greatest of these is the Burns or Calumet system, involving an ex- peuditure of about $300,000. At this w^i1in,^' (June, ]i)12) the matter is in the hands of the Indiana Supreme Court. If that tribunal renders a favorable decision, and the work is couifilotcd accordiiig- to the on^nal designs, the course of the Calumet river will he changed. The main ditch of ths system will enter Lake ]\Iieliigan about three-quarters of a mile west of Dune Park.

Large sums of money have been e.xjicinlecl in the county in the construction of ditclies, and still others are eontemiilatcd. But for every dollar thus invested the crops from the fertile soil of the reclaimed lands have demonstrated that it has been a profitable investnient.

Railroads are not internal improvements iu the sense that they were built by appropriation of the piiblic funds, but in Porter county they have played an important part in the development of the couuty's resources. Of the 7,220 miles of railway in the state, nearly 200 miles are in Porter_ county. Lines of eight great systems pass through the county, and branches of still other systems cross some portion or terminate within the county limits. In 1850 the j\Iichigan Central and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railways leached the eastern border of Porter county. There was a spirited rivalry between the two companies to see which line would first be completed to Chicago. The Michigan Central won the victory, but by a narrow margin! The Michigan required nearly eleven hours. Some idea of the "eoml'orls" oi' traveling on these early railways may be gathered from the following deserijjtive article taken from the Valparaiso Observer of iNovcinhcr 5, 1853:

"The cars of the night express train on the ]\li(lii!^;iii Ceiitrnl railroad are furnished with high-baeked seats, to enable a pei-soii to lay back his head and sleep as well as an easy rocking ehaii-. If one ha.s a wliole seat, he can find pretty comfortable room to lie down, atid then after becoming accustomed to the noise, can sleep very well.

The cars are lighted with what one would at first view take to be lamps, but prove to be very large candles, probably near two inches hi diameter. The candlestick has a spring which coiistaijly pi'esses the candle upwards, and a cover with a hole in the middle for the wick to stick up through, which screws on at the top, and only allows the candle to be raised up by the spring as fast as it burns away. This seemed to be a piece of ingenuity worthy of remark. ' '

That was written less than sixty years ago, and the progre.ss made in railroading since then has been a greater "piece of ingenuity" than the invention of the large caudle with its spring candlestick. The passenger of to-day on the Mchigan Central may ride in Pullman sleeping or drawing room cars, lighted by electricity, and take his meals in a dining car as well equipped as the best restaurants in our large cities.

The completion of the two roads above mentioned gave to the northern fart of the county improved mail, transportation and traffic facilities, but the central and southern portions of the county received but little direct benefit from their construction. Consequently, an agitation was started for a line to cross the county near the center, the citizens of Valparaiso being especially active in the movement. By the middle of the Nineteenth century it was aji'parent that Chicago was dcsliiied to be the great commercial metropolis of the Middle West, and it was not a very difficult matter to interest capitalists in a proposition to build a line of railway from Chicago eastward, with a view of ultimately touching the Atlantic seaboard. The agitation culminated in the organization of a company to build a road froui Port Wayne to Chicago. A Valparaiso paper of April 7, 1853, announced lliat Mr. I'ieree and Mr. Anthony were just baek from Fort Wayne and bi-oughl the cheering news that work on tlie road would begin in a montli, and tliat it was expected to have trains running to Chicago by the beginning of winter. This "cheering news" was a little premature. In September, 1853, a new board of directors was elected, S. I. Antljony, of Valparaiso, being one of the number, and the new board announced tlint it was hoped to have the road completed by the fall of 1854. Again the M'ork was delaj'cd by various obstacles and three years elapsed before the work really was actively begun. In August, 1856, some eastern men became interested in the project, a new board of directors was cho.scn, and tlie name of the road was changed to the "Pittsburgli, Fort Wayne & Chicago." Early in 1857 the contracts for construction were relet, and about April 1st work was commenced at Valparaiso. Later in the summer it became rumored about that an effort was being made to have the road leave the original survey and run by waj' of Laporte. This aroused the indignation of the Valparaiso people, and late in Julj' a meeting was held, T. A. E. Campbell presiding, and-the following resolutions were unanimously adopted :

"Resolved, That on account of the local interests involved in the abandoning the completion of the Pittsburgli, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad, it is ta duty of every property holder in this county to use every exertion to expedite the work so far as his means will admit.

"Resolved, That it is now in our power to insure the completion of the road at an early day if we come up with our purses and energies united.

"Resolved, That the reception by the Board of Directors and the entertaining of any pi-oposal to abandon the direct route is injurious to the interests of the road and the acceptance of such proposals would be a breach of faith which we would condemn as unwortliy the character of gentlemen and managers of a corporationu of such extent and influence as the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Company.

the road has already been expended, and but a comparativelj' small amount needed to complete the work, it sliould prompt us to take action lest the influences operating against us take from us the advantages we are about to receive. We will therefore use our influence and advance our means to keep the work moving on the present route."

T. A. E. Campbell, S. C. Haas, J. N. Skinner, Mj'ron Powell, Philip Hall and (Greorge Earl were appointed a coraniittee to canvass Porter and Lake counties and the southern part of Laporte for money to prepare the road bed for laying the track. Not long after the Valparaiso meeting the work was suspended "for want of Luuds, " but the contractors given the privilege of continuing the work, provided thej' would take the bonds of the company at seventy-five cents on the dollar. The committee used the funds collected and subscribed to take the bonds and the work \vent on according to the original plans. The track was com-

' In the meantime railroad lines were i>ro.i('eted from Joliet to Lai^orte and from Lo^ansport to Chicago, to pass through Valparaiso. The former was never built and the latter passes through the southern part of the county as the Logansport division of the Pennsylvania system.

The Peninsular railroad reached Valparaiso in 1874. It soon passed into the hands of the Chicago & Port Huron Railroad Company and not long afterward became a part of the Grand Trunk system. The road was completed to Chicago in 1875. About the time this road was being built through Porter county the Baltimore & Ohio also came through the county. This road enters the county on the east near the northeast corner of Washington township and runs northwest until it crosses the western boundary about two miles south of Lake Michigan. Some trouble occurred when this line reached the Michigan Central at Crisnian in the fall of 1874. The Michigan Central disputed the right of the new road to cross its right of way and stationed a number of men there to prevent the Baltimore & Ohio from putting in a crossing. The latter company hurried a force of armed men to the scene and for a little wliil"

In 1881 the New York, Chicago & St. Louis line was completed through the county to Chicago. This road is i)opularly kno\\ii as the "Nickel Plate," which name it is said to have received from the following incident : The road was built by Calvin Bricc, at that time the head of the Lake Erie system, and, as soon a.s it was completed, he offered it for sale to the Vanderbilt interests. When asked to name his price he suggested a figure that to Mr. Vanderbilt seemed exorbitant and lie replied : "Why, Brice, I wouldn't give that for your old road if it was nickel plated." However, Brice held the whip hand, the road was threatening to become a dangerous competitor to the Vanderbilt lines, and in the end Mr. Vanderbilt purchased at the original figure. Mr. Brice then told the story, and since that time the road has been known as the Nickel Plate. It crosses the county from southeast to northwest through Valparaiso and Wheeler.

Not long after the building of the Nickel Plate came the Chicago & Erie, which enters the county about three miles north of the southeast corner and runs northwest into Lake county. The principal stations on this road in Porter county are Kouts, where it crosses the Panhandle, Boone Grove and Hurlburt.

The Wabasli railway (formerly the Montpelier & Chicago) enters the county from the east near Clear Lake, runs northwest to Morris, thence west via Crocker and McCool, and crosses the western boundary a short distance south of the Baltimore & Ohio.

About the beginning of the present century the Chicago, Cincinnati & X/ouisville (now the Chesapeake & Ohio) was built through the county parallel to and about four miles north of the Erie. Maiden and Beatrice are the leading Porter county stations on this road

In addition to these main lines the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern enters the county on the west, about a mile north of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, and runs northeast to Chesterton; a branch of the Pere Marquette system runs from Chesterton northeast into Laporte county; the

Chicago & Eastern Illinois crosses the exti-eme southeast corner, and a branch of the New York Central lines has been extended to Dune Park. Then there are the Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend and the Valparaiso & Northern electric lines, the former ruiiniug almost parallel to the Michigan Central across the county, and the latter running from Valparaiso to Chesterton, ^vhere it connects mth a line running to ]\Iichigan City. Other electric lines are under construction or tontemplated. These numerous steam and electric roads furnish excellent transportation facilities to all sections of the county.