Porter County, Indiana - Chapter 6: Ivhlitaiiy Histojiy, 1912 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter 6: Ivhlitaiiy Histojiy

WHICH PORTER COUNTY WAS REPRESENTED - CAVALRY' AND ARTILLERY ORGANIZATIONS - ROLL tiP HONOR - WORK OF THE CITIZENS WHO REMAINED AT HOME TOTAL NUMBER OP PORTER COUNTY TROOPS STATE

The histoj'ic wars in which this country lias lieeii t'lignged were the War of the Revolution, the War of 1812, the War with ilexieo, the Civil war between the North and South - 1861-65, niul the Wiir with Spain in 1898. In the first, the English colonics in America rebelled against the tyrannj' and oppression of the Mother Country, and afler a struggle wliich lasted for eight years established their indeiiendoue and founded the government of the United States - the fir.st go\cinincnl on earth to derive its powers direct from the people. The War of 1812, lietween the United States and Great Britain, was brought on by the iiji])ressment of American seamen and other arrogant acts on tln' jtait of lb'' British authorities. It was concluded by the treaty of Cilicnl in Dteciiiber, 1814, which recognized iDractieally every claim of the Ameiieau government. The War Mexico resulted from the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845, and in this conflict tlie United .States were again victorious. For nearly half a century before the beginning of the Civil war, the slavery question had been a "bone of contciilion" between the North and Soutli. Compromise after compromise was tried, but when Abraham Lhacoln was elected president of the United States in 1860 the slaveholders of ^he South immediately began taking steps to withdraw from the Union and establish a government of their own, in which the institution of slavery should be recognized without (juestiou or dispute. The national administration, supported by the people of the North and West, denied the right of the states to secede and the Civil war followed. It lasted for four j'ears and was one of the mbst sanguinary and destructive wars in the history of the world. For many years Cuba was a dependency of Spain, and for the greater part of that time the people of the island were treated like slaves by the Spanish government and its agents. They, finally revolted, and about 1895 the citizens of this country began to demand that Cofigress recognize the beligereut rigbts of the Cubans. After three years of agitation and diplomatic efforts at reconciliation, war against Spain was declared in the spring of 1898. The War lasted but a few weeks, but in that short time the superiority of the American arms Avas fully demonstrated on both laud and sea.

At the time of the Revolution no white man had established a residence in what is now Porter county. In lact, it was nearlj' forty years after the close of that great contest before Joseph Bailly built his lonely cabin upon the bank of the Calumet river, and fifty-three years before the organization of the county. Hence, the county had no part in the War for Independence, though two men who served in the Continental army came to pass their declining years in Porter county, and the widow of a Revolutionary soldier also lived here for several years prior to her death. Henry Battan settled in Westchester towTaship about the time or soon after the county was^rganized. In ]\lay, 1910, Hark L. Dickover, of the Valparaiso State Bank, wrote to the United States

Bureau of Pensions to learn somctliiug of Mr. Battan's military I'ecord. Throiigh this medium it is learned that he M-as horn in C'hester county, Pennsylvania in 1750; that he enlisted in August or Scptcmlier, 1776, in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, as a member of Captain William llarrod's companj^, Colonel Thomas Gaddis' regiment of the rennsylvauia line, and served Avith that command until the following February. In April, 1777, he enlisted in Captain Cross' comi)auy and served Cor J'our months, when he became' a member of Captain Theophilus Phi]li]5s' company, under Colonel IMinor and served eight months. He was llieu for two months in the company commanded by Lieutenant McKinnley, after whicli he returned to Captain Phillips' company and served until in September, 1778, when he left the army. On March 11, 1833, he applied for a pension, being at that time a resident of Fountain county, Indiana. On July 3, 1840, he united with the Presbyterian church of Valparaiso by letter from a congregation in Virginia, and the records of the church show that his death occurred on February 1, 1845. His place of interment cannot be ascertained. A daughter accompanied him to Porter county.

Joseph Jones, the other Revolutionary veteran, came to Porter county from Holmes county, Ohio, in the spring of 184], and located at Boone Grove. Little has been learned of his military sei'vice, but it is believed that he was f)ne of those who came into the Northwest Territory with a Revolutiojiary land grant, and finally found his way with the tide of emigration into Porter county. He died at an advanced age a few years after settling at Boone Grove and his remains rest in an unmarked grave Ml the old Cornell cemetery.

Susannah P''ifield, the Revolutionary widoAv, came to Indiana from Enfield, New Hampshire, and located in Porter county at a comparatively early date. The records of the Valparaiso Presbytei'ian church show that she Avas received into that congregation by letter on August 22, 1852. She dreAV a pension, out of Avhich she gave annuallj^ ten dollars for foreign missions. She died in 1856.

lion of Porter county, Imt several veterans of tlial var afterward beeainc citizens of the county. Among these were Isaac (Cornell, Iiolieit Folsom, John and Eliphalet D. Curtis and Myron Powdl. Of the first Iw,. little is kno^\Ti, further tlian they are buried in the ( <^ra\(\ .nd, both having died within a few years after settling in Hi. coiinly. Joliii ('nrlis enlisted in New York, came to Porter counly jn 1836, .settled near Wheeler, and died there in 1865. E. D. Curtis nl.- > joiiiod tlu' army while living in New York. He came to the county \n 1<S;-!S, and s.'llled near Porter Ci'oss-rdlids, where lie died in the spring tif l.S6ri. ]\lyioM Powell enlisted in Vermoiii, came to the Western Eeserve in Ohio .slioi-tl.v after the war and from there to Porter county where lie lived nulil his death, Avhich occurred in 1865. Euel Starr and James il. iiuell served in the Black Hawk war and later settled in Porter county.

Ahont ten years after the oi'ganization of Porter ooiui1\ c;une the Mexican war. The population of the county >.'.as still rather sparse, and it does not appear that any attempt was mad.' to organize a company of volunteers within the county. Joseph P. Smi:h, at that lime clerk of Lake county,*^resigncd his office and in 1846 rcniited a conqiany, an old muster roll of which shows that when it was mustered into service in the spring of 1817, the following Porter county men were among the mem bers: Jacob Alyea, Daniel Brown Oliver Conklin, Hudson S. Farwell, M. Hopkins, Clinton Jackson, David Musselman, Simeon P. Patterson, Newell Pulsifer, Cj'rus H. Risden, John Sparks, Lewis P. Streeter an'd Gilbert Wariner. Daniel Bro«ii and Newell J^uLsifer were sergeants. Oliver Conklin, Cyrus H. Risden and John Sparks died while in service. The company was not assigned to either of tin three volunteer icgiments raised iu Indiana, but became Company II, Sixt(enlli United States infantry, which regiment was commanded liy Col. Jdlm \V. Til)- betts. While iu the service the principal duty of the comiiany was to guard wagon trains. Although not in any great hidtles, the eoinj)any Inst heavily through sickness, due to the climate, as only thirty-six men returned out of the 119 who went out. There were ;d,>o a few Portt r cnnnly

The political campaign of 1860 was one of the most bi11ci-ly cum tested in the histoi-y of the conntry up to that time. Tlie Democial ic party, which for several successive administrations had roiilnilh d llu' affairs of the nation, was rent in twain by the nomination of Suplicu A. Douglas and John C. Breckeuridge by two contending factions, and as a result Mr. Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected to Ihr pirsideiicy. "No extension of s^ave territory," had been the slogan of llie Republicans during the campaign, though the leaders of that pai-ly had declared they had neither desire nor intention to interfere wilii .-^laxcry , where it already existed. It seems the slaveholdei's doubted the sinci'rity of this declaration, for no sooner was the result of the ehclioii kiuiw n than they began preparations for seceding from the Union. This acticui had been threatened for years, in case the '.'Abolitionists" succeeded in gaining control of the national government, but the people of the North did not believe they would carry out the threat. There was therefore a rude awakening when, on the 20th of December, 1860, the telegraph flashed the message over the country that the State of South Carolina had just passed an ordinance of secession. Missis-ssisppi followed on January 9, 1861; Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas passefl ordinances , of secession during the next thirty days; a provisional Confederate government wa.s established by the convention at Montgomery', Alabama, on February 4, 1861; the foi-ts and ai-senals in the South were seized by the secessionists ; a large number of officei's -it3 the regular army resigned their commissions to join the movement for the establishment of the Southern Confederacy; so that when rresident Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he found the Union mciiac cd Avith disruption.

War develops or brings out the latent patriotism in the indi\)diial as no other influence can. Many good men, in times of peace, may tallc of war as unnecessary, barbarous and inhuman, and advocate iiileinational arbitration as a remedy for disputes; but let some ho.xlilr power assail their coiiiili\ nr its instil utions ;uul tlicsu lut'ii will be among the first to leave tlu'ii' pead'tul |iursui1s aiul take up arms in defense of their government ai)tl its laws. So it \vas ia 1861. At twenty minutes past four o'clock on tlic niniuiiii:- of A])iil J2th the first shot of tlie Civil war ^\ent crasliin^ ;i^aiiisi ihr snlid walls of Fort Sumter. It was fii'cd by Ediinind liufliu. a iiativt nl \'irgiuia and a personal and political friend of John C. That shot was "heard around the world." President LinL-olii was prompt to accept the cliallcngc, and on the fiftei'iith caMed for 7.">,I)(10 xolmilccrs ''tu suppress tlie rebellion." That day the 'piiblishers of tin- Vdtpnruisd Ihpiiblican issued an extra edition containing the followijig call for a meeting at the court liouse in the evening:

"AmericansI T^nion ]\len ! l!.ill\. TIil- war has begiru. Fort Sumter has fallen ! Our flag has been insullcd. fired ujjon and struck to traitors ! A Pelican and a Rattlesnake liamicr flivits in its stead! Let it be torn down and the Stars and Stiipes float in its place, or let us perish in the attempt. Davis, the ti'aitor, says that next the Secession flag shall wave over the Capitol at Washington Shall it be so? A thousand times NO I Then to-night let us rally at the coui-t house, burying all party names, and come to the rescue of the Kepublic against its mortal enemies. We are beaten at Sumter, but not contpiered, and must rally to preserve the inheritance left us by our fatliers. Come one, come all who love their country! To-night let us pledge our lives, our fortunes and our sacrecl honor to the defense of the proudest flag that ever waved over a free people."

Porter county was aroused and the court-house was packed to its utmost capacity within a few miiuitcs after the doors were opened. Dr. E. Jones was elected to preside o\'cr tlie meeting, and J. F. McCarthy and A. J. Berry were chosen as sccrotarics. On motion of Dr. R. .A. Cameron, a committee of five was a[)]ioiiiled to draft resolutions indicative of. the feeling that pervaded the entire North. The committee consisted of Dr. Cameron, Jacoli P>i( wer. S. S. and J. X. Skinner, and '^'iark L. De Motte. It is rpiite prol)able tliat the resol\iti(iiis had been prepared.

"Whereas, A hand of traitors have eoniliiiied together to In'eak up and destroy our glorius Fnion, and have confederated themselves for that purpose; and M'hereas, they have attacked the American flag and boniharded Fort Sumter, causing the gallant Anderson and his little hand, exhausted hy fatigue and hunger,- to surrender; and whereas, they are now threatening to march upon the Nation Capitol if their independence is not acknowledged and their treason submitted to; therefore,

"L'esolccd, That we are unconditionally for the Union, now and hereafter, without regard to any sacrifice that we may he called upon to make.

"lirsolvr(], That now our countr.y is in peril, we will laiow no North, no South, no party names or times, hut stand bj' the Union men both South and North, and never be satisfied until treason and treachery are crushed.

"Resolved, That yet we believe in Republican institutions, and the right of free men to be heard at the ballot box, and that we do not despair of the Republic ; but in the name of our Ileavenl.y Father, appealing to ITim.as the God of nations, we promise and swear never to desert the flag which was in His name unfurled at Ticonderoga, and carried through the Storms of '76, and under which, for many years, civilization and Christianity have floui-ish-ed.

"Resolved. That we herebj' pledge to the Government our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor for the maintenance of the Constitution qpd the supremacy of the laws. ' '

The unanimous adoption of these resolutions showed that the people of Porter county were fully aroused. During the campaign of the preceding year they had differed in their political views, and in some instances bad felling was engendered by bitter personal argument. But now, when the government was menaced, when the Union was threatened with dissolution, all these personal animosities were laid aside, party affiliations were forgotten, and the spirit of loyalty M'as universal. At this meeting several patriotic speeches were made, the old Uuiou Jjiiiid played patriot airs, and at the close of the proceedings an opportuiiily was offered to tliose who might desire to answer the president's call for volunteers, to enroll their names upon the roll of a company which it was proposed to organize. The response was so general tliat within a few days a company numbering 130 men was ready for orgaiiixalion. At a meeting held at the court-house on the afternoon of the 18th, tlic men selected the officei's of the company, several addresses were made by distinguished speakers, and the following resolutions were adopted:

"Whereas, tlie United States are now engaged in a civil war, and wliereas that war lias been forced upon the Union by a band of trailoi^'; and whereas we do not recognize the right of an.y stale to secede, and whereas we are loj'al to the Union and pledged to its maintainav.ee, therefore,

"Resolved, That as we believe the citizens of Porter county, without regard to party, are loyal to the Union, that they are requested to procure and wear Union badges.

"Resolved. That if it is found that there are Secessionists in our . midst, that we will not encourage violence and bloodshed at home, but we will witlfdraw fi-om them our social relations, and, if business men, that we will not favor them with our patronage."

On Sunday, April, 21, a sermon was preached to the members of the company by Rev. Mr. Gumey, and that evening they left for Indi- -tmapolis, where they arrived early the following morning. A temporarj' camp was formed on the state house grounds at six o 'clock, where at nine o'clock they were sworn in by Judge Perkins of the supreme court, Governor Morton being present. The company was then ordered to Camp Morton, and having more men upon its muster rolls tlian the army regulations permitted, it was reduced to seventy-seven enlisted men. The surplus members were organized into a new company which took the name of. the "Valparaiso Guards." On the 23d the original company

After a few days .spent in drillini,' aiitl perfecting the regimental organization, the Ninth was ordered to wi'stein Virginia, where it was assigned to General Morris' eouiinand. ^vhieli was stationed at Beliugton mth instructions to prevent tlie Coni'ederale General Garnett from reinforcing General Pegram at Rich mountain. Hardly had the camp been pitched when the Coui'ederate sliai-])shootcrs began their work of firing upon the Union troops from the shelter of a piece of woods near by. Colonel ]Milroy asked for iieriiiission lo di'ivc them out of the timber, but was informed that the orders were uol lo bring on an action. On Sunday morning Sergeant Co[)p, the " fighting parson" of the Ninth, was preaching a sermon to "tiit boys," when tlie Confederates renewed thc&t deadly work. Qixickly putting his Bible in his pocket, the parson grabbed a gun and started for the woods. The congregation immediately followed his example. General Morris sent an officer to call back the. men. ^ few returned to the camj), but the majority accepted the leadership of Sergeant Copp and continued their way into the woods, driving the shaipshootcrs before them as they went. Colonel Barnett fired two percussion shells which exploded in front of the enemy's works, while a third shell went over the hill and in the midst of a cavalry trooii that was prepai'ing to attack llic Federal camp, causing consternation iu the ranks. This affair is known as ' ' the ])ji vates' battle of Belington. " It was fought without orders, l)y men of the Ninth Indiana and Fourteenth Ohio under command of a sergeant, Imt it showed the Confederates that the northern men wouhl light.

During the three months' service 1h<' reginioit was in several minor skirmi.shes in western Virginia, the nidst important one l)eing the battle of Laurel Hill, July 8, 1861, in wJiieli Jolni ^latlnws, of Compnny U, was wounded. Although in no lip.ivy oii<^r;meiih'ii1s, (lie willirfincss of the men to perforin a soldier's duly in iiny .'ictinn llmt might bo brought on gave the regiment the name of ilip "JUikjiIn Xinlh.'" At tli.' expiration of the three months' term, tin Xinlli w.is iir<lcnHl 1o Indianapolis, where it arrived on July 24, and was iiuisler< (.1 out on the 29th. On Augxist 27, 18G1, it was reor^ianized at I/;i]iortc fur the three years' sei-vice, and was there mustered in on Septi'iiibci' Otli, with Colonel Milroj' again in command. Company 11 was ofiinred l)y Isaac C. B. Sumaji as captain; DeWitt C. Ilodsdeu as Hist lieutenant; William II. Bcnney, second lieutenant. Again the regiment was ordered to westci^u Virginia, where it took part in the engagenn'nts at Green Brier and Alleghany, as well as a number of sliglit skinnislies. In February, 1862, it was ordered to join General Buell's army at Nashville, Tennessee, where it was assigned to General Nelson's di\ision. It pai-ticipated in the second day's battle at Shiloh, the campaign against Corinth, the pursuit of B)-agg's army through Kentucky, fighting at Perry ville, Danville and ^ild Cat mountain. It then returned to Tennessee, Avhere it took part in the battle of Stone's river, and later was in the battle of Chickamauga and the military operations a!)out Chattanooga. In the spring of 1864 it joined General Sherman in the Atlanta campaign. After the fall of Atlanta it returned to Tennessee with General Thomas and was in the battle of Nashville on December 15, 1864, pur-suing Hood's retreating army as far as Iluntsville, Alabama. Its next service was in Louisana and Texas as part of General Sheridan's command, mid was finally mustered out on September 28, 1865. Throughout the entire service of the Ninth, the Porter county company was on the firing line whenever the regiment was called into action.

The Valparaiso Guards - the surplus members of the original coni- , pany - were assigned to Company C, FiffcciiDi Indiana Infautrj', which was commanded by Col. George Wagner. This was one of six regiments of state troops which were mustered into the TTuited States; service in the summer of 1861. Company C vas conimanded by Capt. John I\I.

Comparet, of Fort Wayne. 0. H. Ray and John F. McCarthy, of I'orler county, were the first and second lieutenants, respectively. 'I'he first service of the Fifteenth was in western Virginia, wliere it was engaged at Rich mountain and Green Bi'ier, after which it joined P>ueirs army in Tennessee. It participated in the battles at Shiloh, Corinth, I'erryville, Stone "s river, tlie Tullahoma campaign, the operations around Chattanooga, and then marched to the relief of General T.uriiside, who was besieged at Knoxville, Tennessee. The main body of llie regiment was mustered out in June, 1864, the veterans and reci-uils rontiiiuing in the service until August 8, 1865.

Company 1, Twentietli Indiana Infantry, was coinposed aliiKW entirely of Porter county men. The officers of the regiiin'jit \vcre: \V. Ij. Brown, colonel; Charles D. i\Iurray, lieatenant-colojiel ; 1 liDJaniiii IT. Smith, major. When the regiment was mustered in on -Jidy 22, 1S61, the officei-s of Company I were as follows: Captain, "Willinm \^'. ilaeey; first lieutenant, Richard T. Henderson; second lieutenant, Jesse N. Potts. The regiment was mustered in at Indianapolis and left that city on August 2, for Maryland." It was then sent to Hatteras inlet and from there to Fo^ress Monroe, where it formed part of the land forces at the time the Merrimac made the attack on the Union fleet, March 9, 1862, and it was this regiment which prevented the capture of the gunboat Congress by the eijemy. On June 8, 1862, it was assigned to Jamieson's brigade, Kearney's division, Heintzelman 's corps. Army of the Potomac, with which it took part in the battles of Pair Oaks, the Orchards, the Seven Days' Battles, especially at Glendale, and was then ordered back to Alexandria, Virginia. Its next engagement was at jMana.ssas Plains, where Colonel Brown was killed, and it was also in the batik' of (!hantilly. It was with Franklin's corps at the battle of Fi'edcricksburg, December 13,- 1862 ; was with General Hooker in the battle of Chancellorsville in May, 1863; participated in the pursuit of General Lee's army from Gettysburg, where Col. John Wheeler was killed and 152 men of the regiment were either killed or wounded, ami sonn nllciwai'd was sent to New York to assist in quelling the drafts I'iots in 1li;it city.

11. rejoined the Army of the Potomac in time for the Wine Ik'im cmihpaign in the fall of 1863, and was with General Grant in the liiial laiupaign against Richmond, taking part in the battles of tlie Wildeniess, Spollsylvaina, Cold Harbor, the siege of Petersburg, and was presciil at the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, Ajiril 9, 1S(iri. It wns then ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was mnstered out on .luly 22, 1865, with 23 ofiieers and 390 enlisted men.

A few Porter county men served in the Twenty-ninth Ji.diana infantry, which was commanded by Col. John F. Jliller at the time of llie iinister in. J. J-i^. IIeato)i was assistant surgeon of the regimeiil ; Sainutl

G. In the Thirty-fourth infantry Stephen L. Bartholomew, a Purler county man, w-as qiiartermaster, and S. C. Logan was cliai)lain. Rev. James C. Brown was chaplain of the Forty-eighth infantry inilil liis deatli at Paducah, Kcntuckj^, in 1862, and Tlieophilus Matott served as second and first lieutenant of Company D until he resigned from llie service on September 18, 1863. 'In Companj' B, Sixtj'-tbird Indiana infantry liiere were a number of Sorter county men. Henry 0. Skinner was mustered in as a sergeant and was promoted to the captaincy; La^n-euce Tompkins, John Teeter, Thomas H. Lewis and Allen W. McConnell served as corf orals,* and the oi'iginal muster roll beai-s the names of twenlytwo privates who enlisted from tlije county. John S. Williams Avas colonel of the regiment at the time it was mustered into service on August 29, 1862. The regiment was on' duty at Indianapolis until Christmas, when ii, was ordered to Kentucky to guard the line of the Louisville & Nasliviile railroad. On February 25, 1863, it w'as sent to Knosville, Tennessee, where it was assigned to the Second brigade, Third division, Twentythird army corps. It took part in the Atlanta campaign in 1RG4 ; then returned to Tennessee with General Thomas ; was in the battles of Fi-anl< lin and Nashville and the pursuit of Hood's army, after which it was ordered to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, and assisted in thT" reduction

The Seventy-third Indiana inf';!ii(ry \v;i,s liiiistciTd in on Augnst 16, 1862, with Gilbert Hathaway as i-oliiiirl ; Ikolio'L "W. Graham, of Valparaiso, as lieutenant-colonel, and IlivHiii S. Gncii, of Porter county, assistant surgeon. Company E of this vcgitm nt I'antaiucd a number of Porter county men, and Compan}' 1 was recruited ia the county. Of the latter company Rollin M. Pratt was the first captain ; liobert W. Graham, first lieutenant; Emanuel M. Williamson, seecmd lieutenant. Lieuteuaiit Graham became captain on October 2U, 1S62, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on February 13, 1863. Lieutenants Emanuel M. Williamson and William C. Eaton also served as captains of the company. The regiment was raised in northern Indiana and was mustered in at South Bend. On October 1st it was ordered to Ki^nlncky, wliere it was attached to Harker's brigade, Wood's divi.siou, oL' liuell's avniy, and immediately stai'ted in pursuit of General Bragg. Subsequently it fought at Stone's river; was captured while on the celebrated raid uiuler General Streight, and after being excljanged served in Teuiiessoe and Alabama until mustred out on July 1, 1865.

Nicholas E. M^ villa served for a time as chaplain of the Eightysixth Indiana infantry, and in the Eighty-seventh Indiana infantry John W. Elam was captain of Company D. This regiment .served under General Burbridge, and later formed pait of the Third brigade, Third division, Fourteenth army corps, which ^v;ls with lluell at Ferryville and with Sherman on the Atlanta campaign and the march to Savannah. It was mustered out at Louisville, jventueks-, July 21, 1865.

Porter county was well represent rd in thi' Ninety-ninth Indiana infantiy, Mhich was mustered into the United Slates service in October, 1862, with Alexander Fowler as colonel. About flii'ee-fourths of the men in Company C came from Porter county. Jacob P.rewer was captain of this company; Fred W. Drawans, tirst lieuten.iut ; William Harmon, Charles R. Loux and Daniel R. Lucas served as second licuitcnauts at different times. During the year 1863 the jcgiinent was in a number of engagemeuts iu Teunessee and Mississippi. In the fall nf tlial year it took part in the operations about Chattanooga, and iu ilic si>riug of 1864 joined Sherman's army for the advance upon Atlanta. After the fall cl' that city it was Sherman in the march to lln' sc a and the eampaign thi'ough the Carolinas. It was mustered out in .Innc, IKfij,

Then next infantry regiment in which Porter counts wiis represented was the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, which ^\as mustei-ed iu on January 12, 1864, with Richard P. DeHart as colonel. Ol' this regiment William H. Calkins, of Valparaiso, was quartermaster, and Max F. A. Hoffman, surgeon. Company E was made up almost eiitii'ely of Porter county boys. and was officered by Beujamin ShefTield, cai)tain''; John E. Ca.ss, first lieutenant; John Fitzwilliams, second lieutenant. This regiment served in the Atlanta campaign and later with General Thomas iu Tennessee, taking part in the engagements at Franklin and Nashville. ' It was mustered out on June 8, 1865.

In the spring of 1864 several regiments were raised and mustered into service for a tei-m of 100 days. One of these was tlie One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Indiana infantry', Mhich was commanded by Col. James H. Shannon. Thomas G. Lytle of Porter county was captain of Compa^' D ; Horace A. Goodwn was fii'st lieutenant, and there were several enlisted men in the company who came from Porter county. The regiment wasVmployed during its entire service in guard duty, but there is no doubt the men would have given a good account of themselves had they been given an opportunity to meet the enemy. There were several Porter county men in Company K, One Hundred and Forty-second Indiana infantry, of which John ]\I. Comparet Mas colonel. In the ecnupany mentioned George PI. Pierson was first sergeant; "William Clu'i.slie and James Johnson, corporals, and some eight or ten pi-ivatcs were credited to this covmty.

Two companies - B and E - of the One Hundred and Fifty-first Indiana infantry. Col. Joshua Healy commanding, were comixised largely of Porter county men. Anson H. Goodwin, who had served as siiond lieu tenant of Company I, Twenty-ninth infantrj% was commissioned caj^taiu of Company B; Jobu E. Moon was first lieutenant, and John JJ. Marshall was second lieutenant. Aaron W. Lytle was captain of Company E; Charles E. Youngs was first lieutenant, and Orlautlo R. Becbe, second lieutenant. All were from Porter county.

In the earlier infantry regiments there were iiuiiicri)us clian^es in the commissioned officers on account of deaths, resignations and j)roniotions. Dr. R. A. Cameron, who served as captain of Company 11, Ninth regiment, in the three months' service, reentered thr anny as lienfenantcolonelof the Nineteenth, but was transferi'ed to the Tiiirty-t'ouitli, of which regiment he became colonel on June 15, 1862, and on Aiigti.-it 11, 18C3, was made brigadier-general, United States volunleeTs. On iMarch 13,-1865, he received tlie rank of major-general by brevel "for galla'nt and meritorious services." Captain Suman, who was nuisii-nd in as captain of Company H. Ninth regiment, for the three years .sc:rvicc, was pi-omoted to lieutenant-colojiel, August 20, 1862, became eolonol on April 17, 1863, and was appointed brigadier-general by b)e\et on .Maicli 13, 1865. After his promotion to the lieutenant-colonelcy, DeWill C. lludsden and Stephen P. Hodsden served as captains of the comjiany, and there was also changes in the first and second lieutenants at various times... In the Twentieth infantry the captains of Company 1 - the Porter county company - were "William AV. Macey, Richard T. Henderson, James M. Lytle, Lorenzo D. Corey and Erasmus C. GalJjreath. In Company I, Seventy-third infantry, the captains in the order of succession were RvHin IM. Pratt, Robert W. Graham, Emanuel i\I. Williamson and William C. Eaton. As a rule, each promotion raised the commissioned officers of the company each one grade higher, and in a very few instances were the original officers mustered out with the company at tlie conclusion of its service.

Besides the companies mentioned in the foregoing accounts of (he infantry regiments, Porter county was represented in the cavalry and artillery of the volunteer army. In the Fifth cavalry, coiinuiiiiclcl liy Col. Robert R. Stewart at the time of the muster in on Augu.sl 2, 1S()2, .\r Unir M. Buell was first lieutenant of Company I; James ]\1. ]\7c(lill was first sergeant of the compaiij' until transferred to the Sixteenth Tennessee and eommissioned first lieutenant; Levi li. Mutchler was sergeant, and James Bell was a corporal. Most of the service of this reginient was in Kentucky and Tennessee. It took part in twenty-two batllrs .unl skirmishes and was miistered out on September 15, 18C5.

The Seventh cavalry, commanded by Col. John P. C. Shanks, was mustered in by companies from June to September, ISGl!. In this regiment Aaron L. Jones, of Porter county, was (iimrtermaslei'. Cnniiiany A was made up largely of Porter count.y enlistments and Mas oflicrird as follows: John C. Febles, captain; John R. Pannalee, iirst lieutenant; Henry S! Stoddard, second lieutenant. Captain Febles was promoted to major and lieutenant Parmalee became captain on October 27, 18G3. Henry S. Stoddard then was made first lieutenant and Jolm Daueli (or Douch, the name is si^elled both ways in the Adjutant-General "s reports) became second lieutenant. The last named was transferred to (Company A, and John C. Hanson took his place as second lieutenant, lie resigned on August 13, 18S4, and Charles H. Gleason served as second lieutenant luitil the regiment was mustered out. The Seventh Indiana cavalry was one of the ivgiraents whose members "lived in the saddle." On December 6, 1863, it was ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, and frojii tliere to Tennessee. It formed part of Gen. A. J. Smith's expedition iiito ilississippi, and waS with General Grierson's famous raid into the enemy's country. CoAipany C of this regiment also contained a numlicr of men from Porter county.

The Twelfth cavalry was organized in the early spring of .1804. It was under the command of Col. Edward Anderson. James H. Claypool, of Valparaiso, was chaplain of the regiment, and William II. Calkins, who had served as quartermaster of the One Hundred and Twentyeighth infantry, was promoted to major while it was in tlie service. A majority of the members of Company M came from Porter counly. Of this company Lewis Stoddard was captain; William Bissill, iirst lieutenant, and James M. Buell, second lieutenant. The first .set\ iee of the regiment was in guarding the lines of railroad and figliliuy,- I'orrest in

Tennessee and Alabama. It ^vai^ Uicu seiil (o New Oi'leans and in the spring of 1865 was ordered to Molvilc, wlnic it ixaticiiiated in tlie movements that resulted iia the fall of Sp^mish Fort and Fort Blakely and the surrender of the eitj'. It Avas then on diil v in various plaees until ordered to Indianapolis, where it was mustered out on November 22, 1865.

In the Fourth Indiana battery of light artillerj', which was organized in the summer and early fall of 1861, JNTark L. De Jlotte served as first lieutenant until eommissioned assislaut ((uartcruuister by Pi'esident Lincoln, April 14, 1862. Augustus A. Siai-r, who went out second lieutenant, resigned on July 1, 1863, and Henry J. Wdlets then served as second lieutenant until the battery was mustered out. This baltcry was with BuelFs army at Shiloh and Corinth; was then at Stone's river and on the Tullahoma campaign ; was next at Lookout mountain and in other engagements about Chattanooga. It was uuistered out on August 1, 1865.

Henry Rankin, who was for many ^'ears the surveyor of Porter county, was a fijst lieutenant in the Fifth light battery, and in the Twentieth battery "Warren C Gilbreath served as .second lieuleuant from the time thejjattery was mustered in on September 19, 1 862, \intil it was mustered out on Jime 28, 1865. The Twentieth was at first stationed in the fortifications at Nashville, Tennessee. It was engaged almost daily in the Atlanta campaign, after which it returned to Tennessee with General Thomas and took part in the battle of Nashville, December 15, 1864. Like all Indiana troops, it was always ready.

Just how many volunteers from Porter county served in the Union army in the Civil war will probablj' never lie known. The official records of the adjutant-general's oflice - although coiupilcd with great care - are imperfect, especially in not giving to Indiana ci'edit for men who really belonged to the state, but who served in rogiujenls fiom other stales. The same is true of the several counties. Men IViMjunilly enlisted in a company which wa-s being organized in auotlni- i (Uinly and were ci'edited to that county instead of their owji. In additiiDi to the organizations mentioned above, it is known that thci'e wfw in ollut- I'egiments a numri/-.i'._; ,!'i !i:'-'n ''O '< " ber of men who should be credited to Porter conuiN'. Tlicn there were some in the regiihTr army and the navy. Nann's nl' I'cirler county soldiers are found on the i-olls of twenty-nine rcuimcnts of infantry, four regiments of cavalry and three batteries of artillery wliicli went from this state, and there were Porter county men in Illinois, Kiiitiuky and Tennessee regiments.

According to the adjutant-general's reports, the casualties suffered by Porter county troops wei'e 110 who died of disease; 24 killed in action; 13 died of wounds; 1 drowaied in the Mississippi river, and 1 accidently sliot, making a total of 149 deaths among those enlisted. The names of these men constitute the county's roll of honor, and it is deemed perfectly proper to include their names in this work, that future generations may learn from their example a lesson of nnselfish patriotism. In the hour of the nation's peril they did not hesitate to sacrifice their lives upon the altar of their country in order to preserve and perpetuate the institutions our forefathers established. Those who died of disease, with the place aiftl date of death, where the same can be ascertained from the records, were as follows:

The thirteen men who died of \\ounds were: Ei<jhlh injUntrij - Henry Powers, wounded at Stone's river, died at Padm-a1i, Ki'jituclcy, January 4, 1863. NiiitJi infantry - John Ablet, Paducali, l\eii1iic!;y, April, 1862, wounded at Shiloli ; Elias J. Axe, September 24, ISC::^ \\ ouuded at Missionary Ridge; W. II. II. Howard, July 25, lS(i4, AMiuiuicd at Keiiesaw IMountiiin; Le^ds Keller, wounded at Shiloh, date id' doatli not given. Eigklci-nih infantry - Charles Allen, Bellairc, Ohio, February 13, 18G2, action not stated. Sixt)j-third infantry - Preston Bauhm, "June 18, 1864; Jacob Jones, June 2, 1864. Seventy-third infantry - Daniel ICouts, January' 18, 1863, place of death and action in which wounds Avere re- -ceived not given. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth infantry - George "W. Hunt, wounded and lost from the command, sujiposed lo I)e dead; "William Marshall, Calumet, Indiana, January, 1864. Fiflli earalry - James Southward, Knoxville, Tennessee, October 13, 1863, adiou not given. Thomas Buchanan, credited to Porter comity but not assigned to any regular command, was wounded at Shiloh and died on June 13, 1862. ^

Those killed in action were: Ninth infantry - David Armitage, Shiloh, A*pril 7, 1862; William D. Brown and James Bullis, Chiel<amauga, September 19, 1863; Benjamin F. Huntington, Buffalo IMouulaiii. December 31, 1861; Thomas R. Mackey, also killed at Buffalo ^Mountain; David Thatcher, Shiloh, April 7, 1862; Manford Thatcher, Resaea, Georgia, May 14, li>64; Joseph Turner, Chiekamauga, September 20, 18(14. Seventeenth infantry - Asahel G. Carmen and Thomas W. Maxwell, Selma, Alabama, April 2, 1865. Twentieth infantry - John H. Cook and John Torpy, Gettysburg, Penn.sjivania ; Anton Fuller, Cliiclwahoiuiny, Virginia. Twenty-ninth infantry - John Oliver, Corinlli, Mississippi, May 9, 18G2. Thirty-fifth infantry - George Miller, Stone's liver. January 2, 1863. Seventy-third infantry - Robert FlucMan, Decadir, Alabama, October 27, 18G4; William II. Ileudee, Stone's Ri\iT, Tcunesk see, December 31, 1862; James McNall\ uiKi (hai-les yi,iu'4icoiab, also" killed at Stone's River; Robert Jackson, Day's Gap, Alaliama, April 30, 18G3. Nindy-ninth infantry- - James T^'dsler. Atlanta, Cieor^na, date not given. Fifth cavalry - Leander Lightfont, ^rnrrowhoiio, May 26, 1863; Lewis Walters, Resaca, Georgia, May 1'), ISCl, s^ivmih cavalry - John Marsh, Gnntown, Mississippi, June 10, IS(IJ.

While the "Boys in Blue" were battling- tor Ike nation upon the field, those who remained at home were not idlr. Ou May 1, 1862, a meeting was held at the residence of Rev. S. C Ijo^an. in Valjiaraiso, to decide upon some means of sending relief to tlir sick and wounded in the various hospitals that marked the army's line of march. A1 a meeting held at the court-house a little later a sanitary comiinssion was appointed. This commision consisted of Elias Axe, A. J. Buel, Joseph Pierce, S. W. Smith, M. A. Salisbury, R. Bell, Jr., and 11. J. Jones. An address to the people 'of uorthwestei'u Indiana was issui'tl by the commission, and the w^ork of relief was kept up until the close of the \\-»v. Altogether, the county paid for the work of the sanitary and Christian commissions and for the support of soldiers' families nearly .$55,000. Even more than this was paid for bounties. "Wlien the order of August 4, 1862, was issued, calling for a draft of 300,000 men to .serve for nine months, there w-as also a call issued for 300,000 volunteers. The issue was pi'omptly met by the people of Porter county. On August 10, a meeting was held at the court-house for th^purposc of raising money to pay bounties to those who would enlist. At that meeting Dr. L. A. Cass presided and Thomas Jewell acted as secretary. U was decided to pa.y a boimty of at least twenty-five dollars to each and every man enlisting from the county, and the subscriptions were both numerous and lilieral, son\e men giving as much as $100. During the war the county ]Kiid for bounties the sum of $65,227.50. Referring agaiii to the iinmber of troops furnished hy the county, Battey's History of PortiT coiuity, published in 1882, says: "The total credits by enrollment and draft to July 18, 1864, were 686. Total to be furnished by the second draft, sixty-nine. Under the draft ordered for December 19, 1864, there were 145 recruits; drafted luuii, seventy; total, 215. Thr rc^vibt'tl emollmeut, according to the Adjutant General's report, showed a total enroll tnent of 1,136 from Porter county. ' '

But, as stated in a preceding paraiji-aph, this enrollment does not show the enlistments in companies ciedilcl to dilier counties, or even other states, and it is doubtful if llie exael niimlvr of volunteers from Porter county will ever be learned.

"When the Civil war began the South was mucli better prepared for the conflict than was the North. In the early history of Indiana, as in most of the Northern states, consideral)]e attojitiou was paid to the organization and maintenance of the militia. This was necessary, as Indian outbreaks were liable to come at any time, and an organized and well drilled militia was a safeguard for the Re11li;r along the frontier. But with the treaties of cession and the removal of the Indian tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi river, the peoj.ile no longer felt the need of organized military companies, and about 1835 the militia system was practically abandoned. In 1852, when the new constitution of Indiana was adopted, the system was revived by an act of the legislature, and each Congressional district was required to organize its militia. Northern Indiana was required to organize the Ninth brigade, the Second regiment of which Avas apportioned to Porter county. Of this regiment L. A. Cass was colonel; H. E. Woodruff, lieutenant-colonel, and a man named Freeman Avas major. About half the townships formed companies and for a rew years meetings for drill and instruction were held regularly. Then the interest began to wane, and by 1859 the militia had again sunk into a state of inactivity. The same condition prevailed in nearly every Northern state. Not so with llie South. In the states which seceded the militia was kept u]) 1o a liigh standard of perfection in drill and military. tactics, and in addition to this the national administration for several years prior to the war liad laxored the South by storing large quantities of arms and aiiininnilidii in llie arsenals in that section of the country. These supplies anil nnuiiiions of war were promptly seized by the. state governments as soon as ordinances of seces- sion had been passed by the state conveutions called for that purpose. In the North volunteers were called from the ranks of citizenship. The lessons learned while members of the old militia companies proved of great advantage to some, but the majority of the volunteers were lilcrally "raw" recruits. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, the people of the North proved themselves ecjual to the emergency. Quick to learn and willing to submit to army regulations and discipline, they soon formed one of the greatest armies of citizen soldiery knc n to the liistory of the world. If they lacked in technical military skill, they were not deficient in courage, and after a four year's struggle thej' returiird to their shops, fields and firesides to resume their peaceful occupations, conscious in the fact that they had done their whole duty and bequoatlicd to their posteritj^ a reunited country.

About 1880 there was a revival of interest in the state militia, which took the name of the Indiana National Guard. In the fall of 1881 a company was organized in PoiiSer coimty, with A. W. Lytic as captain ; William E. Brown, first lieutenant; William C. Wells, second lieutenant, and sixty non-commissioned officers and enlisted men. The company was assigned to the Third regiment. Col. E. I. Kirk commanding. In 1882 George >S. Haste was elected captain; William C. AVells, first lieutenant, and L. T. White, second lieutenant, these officers receiving their commissions ?!rom Governor Porter. The company attended the camp of instruction at Peru in 1884, and not long after that Captain Haste Avas promoted to battalion major and commissioned as such by Governor Gray. Subsequently he wa^romoted to major, and still later to coloiu-l, i«, which capacity he served until 1892, when he resigned from the service. - The last record that can be found of the company was on January 19, 1887, when an election for officers M'as held at the armory. At that time S. L. Finney was chosen captain; L. T. White, first lieutenant; and E. C. Wood, second lieutenant. The company disbanded about 1889 or 1890.

At the time President ]\IcKinley was inaugurated in ilarch, 1897, there was a strong sentimeiit in the United Slates in favoi- of reeogiiizinK the belligerent riglit-s of Cuba, aud several state legislatures had passed resolutions to that effect, some of them even goiiij;' J'artlier and demauding that this government take steps to secure the indepeiideuee of the people of that islajid. The press of the country was practically a luiit in denunciation of the methods used by Spain's agents and (illiccrs in dealing with the Cubans, but it was not until the United States l)attleship Maine was blown up on the evening of h'ebruary 15, IS'JS, while lying peacefully in the harbor of Havana, that siilTicicnt pressure was brought to bear to induce Congress to take definite action. On March 29 a resolution was introduced in the United St at is seuatc recoinmending the recognition of Cuba's independence. Tlie president sent a special message to Congress on Apvil 11, asking- lur auUio)ity to intervene in behalf of the Cubans. Nine days later he sigjied the resolutions declaring Cuba free aud independent, aud directing the president "to use the land and naval forces of the United States lo carry these resolutions into effect." An immediate withdrawal of diplomatic relations between the United States and Spain followed this action, and on April 22 Congress passe.d an act "to provide for temporarily increasing the military establishment of the United States." On the 23rd the president called for 125,000 men froui the National Guard of the several states. Under that call the State of Indiana was required to furnish four regiments of infantry and two light batteries. A formal declaration of war was made on Api'il 25.

Soon after the call for 125,000 men was made, Capt. Charles F. Griffin, who was in command of a company at Uammond, Indiana, wrote to Capt. Stephen Li^^'Finney, of Valparaiso, suggesting the reorganization of the Porter county company and outlining a plan for the organization of a regiment in Northern Indiana, to be ready in case a second call for volunteers came. On April 27, 1898, a meeting was held at the armory on Franklin street to organize a company. Col. George S. Haste presided, communications from Adjutant-general Gore Mei'c read, and after some discussion it was decided to form a volunteer comiKuiy. So many men responded that two comiranies were formed. One known as the "Hill Coinpariy" was commanded by Capt. Wallace L. Wriglit, and the "Down Town Company," was commanded hy Cnpt. Stephen L. Finney. The former was not completed nutil May ;10, when an organization was effected with the following company cI'liciTs: Cai)lMin, Wallace L. Wright; first lieutenant, C. H. Merritt, of FJkliail ; second lieutenant, r. W. J\Iitchell, of Greenville, Illinois. The muster roll oC this company bore about fifty names, most of whom were slndents in (he Northern Indiana Normal School. The "Do^^-n Town Coinpaiiy" effected its organization of April 29, mth S. L. Finnej', eaplain; IJ. C. Jones, first lieutenant; E. E. Snudl, secpnd lieiitenanl, and a musler roll of forty-five members.

The second call for volunteers - 75,000 men - wa.s made by President McKinley on ]\Iay 25, 1898, and on June 6 Mayor Suman, of Valpa- I'aiso,- went to Indianapolis for a conference with Governor Mount. Colonel Suman formally tendered the services of the company to the governor and filed the completed roster of the company - 105 names - -vrith the adjutant-general. In furnishing the full quota of men required by both calls, the State of Indiana sent five regiments of infantry, two companies of colored infantry, two light batteries, and there were about 400 men from the state in the regular army. As lliere were but sixty-two companies of iufanti'y enrolled from the ninetj-t>vo counties of the state, it was impossible that every county could be represented by an organized companj^, and Porter coiintj' was one of the thirty ^\-hieh failed to secure such recognition. The j'oung men of the county had sho^ni their willingness, however, to auswci they.' country's call, and had the war lasted long enough to make another ^all for troops necessary, there is little doubt that Porter countj^ would have made as en^-iablc a record in the Spanish- American war as she did in the War of 18G1-65.

On Tuesday evening, July, 1898, there was a meeting at the mayor's office in Valparaiso for the purpose of oigaiiizing a local United States sanitary commission to look after tlie welfare of the sick and wounded. I. C. B. Suman was cho.sen pi'esidcnl of the connnission; E. E. Small, secretary; Claus Specht, treasnrt'i:, and Ihe other members were: "William Freeman, W. L. "Wright, Mrs. N. L. Agnew, Mrs. II. B. Brown, Mrs. J. E. Hall, Mrs. E. Ball, Mrs. H. M. Beer, Mrs. IT. M. Buel, Mrs. J. S. Louderhack, Mrs. J. "W. Blam, Mrs. Aaron Parks and Mrs. David Turner. The newspapers ol' the eily urged the juMiplc to mukc liberal donations to aid the Commission in its work, bnt not long atlrr it was organized peace negotiations were connnenced and it ne\er had an opportunity to do mueh active work.

Some years after the Civil war, the Indiana legislature jiassed aji act giving boards of county commissioners in the several eountics of the state authority to appropriate money for the erection of soldins' nionnments. About 1891 the Grand Array posts in various seetions of 'the state petitioned the legislature to change the law so as to juu-jiiit of ilnerection of memorial halls as well as monuments. In this: woih ( 'iiaj>l,iiii Bro'wn Post, of "\''"aIparaiso, was a pioneer, some of the uu'inhcr.s going (o Indianapolis and devoting some time to seciaring the change. The hnv was amended, and in Febi-uary, 1893, the members of Chaiilain Brown Post started a subscription list to secure money with which to erect a memorial hall in Valparaiso. The county commissioners had purchased the lot fronting on Indiana avenue, immediately south of the county jail, in November, 1881, for $1,750. The board now offered it to the Grand Ai-my post for a site for the hall. An association was organized and a charter obtained from the state giving it authority to raise money and build a hall. Of this asociation E. M. Burns was president; John "W. Ehim, secretary, and Aaron Parks, treasurer. Several thousand dollars were subscribed and the asociation employed an architect to make plans for the building. these plans were submitted to t^ commissioners tluy decided in favor of a larger and more pretentious building, and new ]>lans wcii' accordingly made in conformity with their views on the subject. TJimn the adoption of the plans, the board of commissioners ajjprojiriaicd about $2,000, which, added to the fund raised by the old soldicis, was thought to be sufficient for the completion of the hall. Sonic indelilcdness was incurred, however, and in 1901 this indebtedness \\as assunied by the count.v, the commi.ssione)'S issuing bonds for its li(|iii(l;il ion. The building was then turned over to the county, the Grand Armj"^ post reserving one room on the ground floor for the use of tlie Woman's Relief Corps, a room on the second floor for a post hall, and the privilege of using the main hall once a year for memorial services. Bj^ this means the old veterans of the great Civil war are assured of a home for their meetings, and after they have answered the last roll call the building will remain as a monument to their valiant deeds during the dark days when the Union was threatened with disruption

Porter county is an agricultural county, and as a rule the military spirit is never so )nanifest, in times of peace, in agricultural communities as in the larger towns and cities, where most of the militia companies' have their existence. But the farmer boys are not lacking in any of the qualifications that go to make good soldiers - courage, a ready submission to discipline, hardihood and patriotism - and when the occasion requires they are ready to cease their labors upon their farms and take their places among tfie country's defenders. This was demonstrated in 1861, when Porter county was one of the first in the state to raise a company for the preservation of the Union, and the record her gallant sons made during that great internecine conflict forms one of the brightest pages in the county's history.

Ill the cliapler relating to Settlement and Oi-ganizatiou, will be found Tlie order oP tlie board of county commissioners, issued in A]>ri], 183G, dividing the county into the ten townships of Lake, Jackson, Washington, Plea.sant, Boone, Center, Libert}', Waverly, Portage and Union. In the years following numerous changes were made in tjj.5, boundary lines, some of the original townships have disappeared; new ones were created and again disorganized, until 1880, when the present twelve townships were established.

At tlic May meeting of the board in ISiUi. only oiw month after the creetion of the first townships, the nortlieni Iwmmhiix of i'lcasant towusliip "was exteuded west to the center of the great msirsli dividing Horse and I\Iorgan prairies," and the western houndai'v extrndttd from that point "south with the center of the raarsli to 1lic K;lnl^-al^l>c river." The eastern bouudarj' of Boone township was lixcd "a1 (lif west side of said marsh." In June, 1836, the citizens of Lake and Wavcrly townships presented a petition to the board asking tliat the two townships be united. The commissioners granted the pctilion, Lake and AVaverly disap]ieared from the map of Porter county, and th(^ tei lilory comprising them was erected intc the township of "Westelieslei-.

The following year the west half of seetiou 29, township 35, range 5, was taken from "Washington and attaclied to Ccnler. In March 1839, the west half of sections 17 and 20 in the same towusliip and range was likewise taken from Washington and added to Center, but in May 1840, all this territory was restored to Washington towusliip.

By an order of the bJard in March, 1838, "all the territory of Porter county west of the marsh dividing Morgan and Horse prairies, and between the line dividing townships 33 and 34 and the line dividing townships 34 and 35" was organized as Pish Lake township. The name of this township was changed to Porter in June, 1.S41. In March, 3841, townsflij") 37, and fractional township 38, in range 5, were taken from Westchester township and erected into a new township called Berry. Tiiis arrangement did not please the people of Westchester, and at the June term they presented a petition to the board setting forth that the -^vision of the township was "injudicious and uncalled for, and is inconvenient for the citizens of your townsliip generally," and asking that the oi'der be revoked. This petition was signed ])y Eiios Thomas, W. P. AVard, Guffin Hulbert, William Knapp, Jolin :\til]ind ,Williain Coleman, David Price, William P. Jacobs, Brazilla ]\lillard, Rufus Pierce, Joseph Clark, Daniel Hulbert, Henry Ilageman, William Tliomas, John Thoma.s, Allen Blair, James Thomas, Samuel Wlieilrr, Tliomas Frazier, Vincent Tiiomas and Edmund Tratebas. After heai-iiig the petition, the board ordered "Tliat the above petition In liiantci], and tliat the order for the division of Westchester to\\ii.sliiji, ami ior the establishment of Berry towTiship, made at the March term of llii.s boai'd, 1841, be rescinded, and that the elections hereafter l)c held ai foriiicr place."

It was at that term tliaf the name of Fi.sli Lake township was changed to Porter, and the ImuiidaiN lijic Ijflwcon Pleasant, Boone and Porter was fixed as follows: "Coinini'iuint;' at the northwest corner of section 2, townshii^ 34, range 6 ; the)ice soutli to the southwest corner of section 14, township 33, range G; thence west on(t mile, and thence south to the Kankakee rivei*. "

Several changes were made at the l<'elirnaiy term in 1847. "Section 1 to 6, inclusive, in township 36. all of township 37, and fractional township 38, range 5, were taken to form a, new toMiiship to be known as Calumet. This included all of thr pli'M'iit tfiv.nship of Pine, a strip two miles wide oft' the east side of Wcstclusli'i', ;nid two square miles in the northei-n part of Jackson. At tlie same time Westchester township was defined as including all of town.shijj 37, range 6, and the east half of township 37, range 7. Liberty townsliii> was given its present form and dimensions, except that sections 1, 2, 3 and 4, township 36, range 6, then belonged to that township. These four sections were given to Westchester in December, 1852. In June, 1847, Westchester township was redjiced in size, "all that part lying west of the line dividing ranges 6 and 7, and sections 29 and 32, townsjiip 37, range 6," being attached to Portage township.

A petition was presented to the board of connnissiouers in August, 1848, asking for the erection of a new towusliip to be composed of territory taken from Jackson, Liberty, Westchester and Pine, but a determined opposition developed and the board refused to grant the petition and issue an order for the formation of the township. No more changes were made until in February, 1850, when sections 29, 30, 31 and 32, township 37, range 6, and sections 25, 20, 27, 34, 35 and 36, township 37, range 7, were added to the townshij) of Portage. These sections constitute a strip two miles in width across the southern part of the present township. At the same session of the board Essex townsliip was rnalcd by taking a strip one and a half miles wide off the east si<k' of Moiitau township. Essex was so named for the vessel commanded by Coniinodore David Porter in the War of 1832. As originally crealcd it contained but niiie square miles, being a mile and a half wide from c;ist 1o west and six miles long from north to south. Subsequently the wcnlcni l)i)uudary w^as extended to a line marking the center of townsbip ii-J, llius giving it an area of eighteen square miles.

Pine township was established in June, 1852, when "\Ves1i; .ster was divided "by a line commencing at the southwest corner of seetioii 5, township 36, i-ange 5, thence running north on the section line to Tjake Michigan," all the territory east of that line being allached 1o Pine township and that west of it remaining as "Westchester.

Sections 23, 26 and 35, township 36, range 6, were added to Porter township by order of the board in March, 1855, and no further alterations were made in township lines until in March, 1864, when for some rea.sou a strip a ciuarter of a mile wide and a mile long - the east half of the east half of section 30, township 35, range 5 - was taken from Center and added to Washington. This strip was restored to Ccnler in December, 1868. In September, 1864, sections 3 and 4, to\\nship 36, range 5, wcjre taken from Pine and added to Jackson. In 1880 a petition signed by sixty-seven citizens of Essex and Morgan townships was presented to the board asking for the consolidation of the (wo townsliips. Essex was accordingly abolished, the territory attached to I\lorgan. and since that time there has been no change in township lines. The twelve townships of Porter county are Uoone, Center, Jackson, Liberty, Morgan, Pine, Pleasant, Portage, Porter, Union, Washington and AVestcheslei-.

Boone township, situated in the southwest corner of the county, was created by the county commissioners at their first meeting in April, 183G, though the boundary lines were changed several times before the township assumed its present form. It is hounded on the north hy Porter township; on the east by Pleasant; south by the Kanlcakee river, which separates it from Jasper county, and on the west by Lake county. Its area is approximately thirty-six sipiare miles. The surface slopes gently tow-ard the Kankakee river on the tioulh. At first, the township was a fine prairie, with fine groves of timber scattered liere and there, soft maple, elm, hickory and black walnut being the principal varieties of forest trees. Some of the land lies iu the Kankakee swamp region, but by scientific and systematic ditching much of this land has been reebumed, and practically the entire township is under cultivation. There are no mineral deposits worthy of mimtion, hence agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. The soil is above the average in fertility and large ci'ops of hay, cereals, potatoes and other vegetables are raised.

. The first permanent settlers in the township -ivere Jesse Johnston, Isaac Cornell and Simeon Bryant, all of whom came in the year 1836 in the order named. The next year Thomas IDinwiddie, Absalom Morris, Orris Jewett, Solomon and James Dilley brought their families and settled near those who had come the preceding ^ear. Other early settlers were John Priu, Thomas Johnson, Jennings Johnson, Frederick Wineinger, William Bissell, George Eisley, William Johnson, A. D. McCord, John, Moore, John W. Dinwiddle, John Oliver, Amos Andrews, Joseph Laird, T. C. Sweeney, E. W. Palmer and a man named Bricer, all of whom had located in the township by the close of the year 1837.

When the board of county commissioners established the first townships, an election was ordered in Boone for the last day of April for one justice of the peace. This election was held at the house of Jesse Johnston and seven votes were cast, of which Mr. Johnston received six and Aschel Neal, one. Another election was held at the same place on September 24, 1830, for one justice of the peace, when John W. Uinwiddie -was elected without opposition, receiving the seven votes cast. At this election Jesse Johnston was inspector; Jose])h Laird and William Bissel were judges; John W. Dinwiddie and Isaac Cornell, clerks.

Besides these five members of the eleetioii l)oard, the only two voters were A. D. JMcCord and John ]\Ioore, tlioiigli tliere were then in the township twenty men who were entitled to vote.

The first birth was that of jMargaret Bryant - April 16, 1837. Harriet Dinwiddle, the youngest child in a large family, died the same year and was the first death in the township. The first marriage is believed to be that of James Dilley and Sarah Richards, though the date cannot be ascertained. Orris Jewett, one of the early settlers above mentioned, was a blacksmith, and for several years his shop was the only one in Boone township. The few settlers Avho brought then- families with them felt the need of educational facilities for their children, and In 1837 they erected a log school house of the most primitive pattern in which a school was taught in the fall of that yeai-, but the name of the teacher seems to have been forgotten. A Presbyterian church was organized in July, 1838, by a minister named Hannan, and after a few years the old school house was abandoned and the churcii building used for school purposes. In 1840 a second school house was built about a mile and a half southwest of the present town of Hebron. It was also a log structure, about 18 by 20 feet in size. The third school hou.se in the township was built on the northeast corner of section 15, township 33, range 7, in 1842, and Mary Grossman was the first teacher. Two years later the building was burned. Some of the early teachers were Ellen Hemes, Amos Andrews, James Turnei", Eliza Russell, Sarah Richards, Rhoda Wallace, George E.spy and Alexander Hamilton. ]\Ir. Hamilton afterward studied law and became a prominent attorney in the city of "4-!hicago. The first frame school house in the township was located two miles east of Hebron. In May, 1853, a meeting was held for the purpose of determining whether a special tax for the support of- free schools should be levied. Fourteen votes were cast, ten of which were against the levy and four in favor of it, so the proxiosition failed to carry and the old school system was continued in operation. In 1854, the highest amount received from the state school fund b}' any district in the township was $43.00, and the lowest was $12.62. For the school year of

At the time the first white ineii came to Boone township, there were still a iinml;:n' of Indians liviir;- there, and in a few instHuces they showed a disposition to make trouble for the settlers, notwithstanding they had ceded their lands to tlie United States in 1832. A story is told of how old chief Sha\v-ne-i|no-ke came to the cabin of Simeon Br3''ant one day in 1836 wliile the "men folks" were abseirt and demanded that the white men varate the Indian "hunting grounds." Takiug a piece of chalk, the old chief drew a rude circle upon the floor, and then explained in the Indian tongue that all the land within a radius of five miles belonged to the people of his tribe. As Mrs. Bryant made no move toward giving u]i her frontier home, the Indian grew incensed, and seizing a butcher knife threatened to kill her if she did not If ave immediately. The \\oman 's screams awakened two large dogs that lay asleep in the cabin, and this fortunate circumstance doubtless saved her life. The dogs attacked the Indian with such vigor that his designs upon Mrs. Bryant were thwarted, and as soon as he could get away from the ferocious animals he beat a hasty retreat to the Indian encampment. A few years lalei- llie I'ed men were removed to their reservations west of the Mississij)])! livei-, leaving the white men in undisputed possession of their homes.

For a quarter of a century after the first settlement, the population increased but slowlj', with the exception of a tide of immigration in the latter '40s. Dr. Griffin, who settled at Walnut Grove in 1838, was probably the first phy.sician in the township. When the railroad came through in 1863 a large number of people came with it, most of tlii'iii sctlliiin; in the vicinity of Hebron. Since then the growth has brrii ^'radunl but substantial.

The town of Hebron had its beginning in 1844, \\'he)i .Johu Alyea laid out three lots of one acre each at the cross-roads a mile east of the Jjake county line, where the Presbyterians had erected a small ebureli some four of five years before. The next year a man najurd I'.aglcy l)uilt a log house there - the first dwelling in Hebron. That year Mr. Blain, the Presbyterian mininster, succeeded in havijig a jjostoflicc located at the "Corners," as the place had been known up to that time, and the name of Hebron was given to the postoffice, i\Ir. Blain being appointed the first postmaster. In 1846 Samuel Alyea built the second liouse and jnit in a small stock of goods. His store was about forty yard.s lioiu tbr cross- I'oads, but a year or two later he formed a pai'tno'sbip witli E. W. Palmer and a new store was erected near the junction of tbc roads. An addition was made to the town in 1849 by Mr. James, who laid out several half-acre lots south and east of the cross-roads. West of this addition the Siglar brothers laid out a tier of lots in section 15 in 1852. In 1864, when the railroad was completed "through the town, the Siglars also laid out a considerable addition in sections 10, 11 and 15. Three years later, Patrick's addition was laid out in the southeast quarter of section 10. The first brick building in Hebron was the residence of Daniel Siglar, which was built in 1867. Sweeney & Son built the first brick business building in 1875. It was two stories in height, the upper story being used as the tovni hall. The first hotel was opened by Samuel McCune in 1849. »- After him the house was succes.sively conducted by Tazwell Rice, Harvey Allen and John Skelton. In 1865 the Pratt House was opened by Burrell Pratt. About two years later he sold the house to anotlier Sir. Pratt - no relation of hi.s - who kept it for two years. The house then changed hands several times, being conducted by John Brey, John Gordon, Harvey Allen and John Siglar, the last named taking chai-ge in 1879, when he changed the name to the Bates House. Henry Smitli stai'tcd a hotel near the railroad station in 1866. He was succeeded by a Mv. Winslow, and when he went out of business the house was purcliiised hy ;i man named Poole, who converted it into a dwelling. The Cential House, built in 1878 by John Skelton, was operated as a hotel i'oi' ovei' Iwo years, when it was also turned into a residence. Bumstead's County Directory for 1911-12 gives but one hotel in Hebron - the Conimercial, kept by Otto Wharton. A newspaper called the Free Press was slarlcd at Hebron in September, 1878, by H. R. Gregory. The ne.xt \iar I he name was changed to the Local News, and in 1880 the publication office was removed to Lowell, Lake county. Dr. John K. Blackstonc A\as th(! "^rst physician to locate in the town. He was soon followed by Di'- H. R. Pratt. Other early phj'sicians were Andrew J. Sparks and Dr. Sales. In July, 1838, Bethlehem church of Associate Reform Presbyteiians was organized by a minister named Hannan. The Methodists had been bold ing meetings for a year or more previous to that date, and a eoi]<^iega tion was regularly organized by Rev. Jacob Colclasier in the latter pari of 1837. The Old Style Presbyterians organized in 1860; llie Union Mission Church in 1877; a Congregational church in 1882, and a Chris-

The first attempt to incorporate the town of Hehroii was in llu: year 1874. This was followed by two other unsuccessful ell'oi'is. mul il was not until 1886 that the town was incorporated. On Aiijiisl 1, 1880, a census was taken by Aaron W. Fehrmau, and a petition sigiud ]>y s<'Venty-four residents was filed with the county commissioners pi-aying for incorporation. With the petition was also filed a map of Hie projjosed town, embracing 186.08 acres in the southeast quarter of scclioii 10, tlie southwest quarter of section 11, tlie northwest quarter of sictiou 14, niul the northeast quarter of section 15, all in township 33, range 7. The census report showed a population of 668 within the corpoialc liniils as defined by the map. At the September term the board of coinmissiouers granted the petition, subject to a vote of the people, and ordered au election to be held for that purpose on Saturday, October 2, 1886. At Hint election a majoi-ity of the electors expressed themselves as in favoi- of the project, and Hebron became an incorporated town. Since llial time the growth of Hebron has been gradual, the United States ci'usus reports showing a population of 689 in 1890; 794 in 1900, and 821 in 1910. A number of the leading secret orders are represented in the town, to wit: Hebron Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons; Spencer-Baker Chapter, Order of th^ Eastern Star; Hebron Tent, Knights of the ^laccabecs; Court Hebron, Independent Order of Foresters; Hebron Camp, ^lodern Woodmen of America; Hebron Lodge, Knights of Pythias; Hebion Temple of the Pythian Sisters; Shiloh Camp, Sons of Veterans, and Post, Grand Army of the Republic. A lodge of tlie Independent Order of Odd Fellows was organized there at a comparatively early date, but it was allowed to lapse, and the records concerning it have apparently been lost. According to Bumstead's County Directory, already referred to, the to^vn government for 1911-12 was C(>in])Osed of A.. W. Blanchard, president; Roy Rathburn, clerk; 0. B. Ba-I.y, treasurer; I. V. Fry and B. F. Nichols, trustees, and E.F. riiillips, marshal. Among the business concerns are the Citizens' Bank, tlie lli 'ndii Teles.-Cf

Boone township is well supplied with tr;iiis|X)rtation facilities by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Uailroad Company, which operates a double track line through tlie township, entering on the east two miles south of the northern Ijoundary mid running due west to Hebron, where it turns northwest and eiosses the west line of the county one mile north of Hebron. Aylesworth is a flag station on this road, four miles east of Hebron, and with the exception of a small portion of the southwest corner, no part of the township is more than three miles from the railroad. There are over twenty miles of macadamized road in the to^^oiship, most of the lines leading to Helu'on, so that the farmers have splendid opportunities for marketing their produce.

Center Townsuii'

This township, one of the original ten organized on April 12, 1836, was so named because it occupies the ceidral portion of the coiinty. Several changes have been made in the original boundaries, and at the present time the dimensions of the township iwc. five ndles east and west and six miles north and south, 'giving it an area of thirty square miles. It is bounded on the north by .thetowiiship of Liberty; east by Washington; south by Morgan and Porter, and west by Union. Being situated upon the high ridge or moraine that separates the valley of the Calumet river on the north from the valley of the Katikakee on the south, the surface is undulating and the soil is gejierally of clay, or of clay and sand alternately. Marl beds and peal liogs are found in the Salt creek valley, and iron ore exists in small ijiKintiiics; near the cit.y of Valparaiso, but none of these deposits has Imth (Ii'V( Icipcil. Flint Lake lies near the northwest corner. Bull's Bye or Jiound 1/ake is just west of the Chesterton road, about two miles northwest df \'iili)araiso, and Sager's Lake is situated in the southeastern suburhs of that city. "When the first white men came to the township, they I'onnil ciiiisidciable forests of hard and soft maple, black and white walnut, liickdi'y, elm, basswood and several varieties of oak, but most of the native limlier has been cleared off to make way for the fields of the husbandmen. Agriculture is the chief ocQupation of the inhabitants, and the crops grown are of the same general character as those of the other to\\iisliij)s in the central and southern parts of the county.

During the Indian occupancy of the region now comprising Porter county, there M'as in the western part of Laporte county nn opening between two tracts of timbered^aud. To this opening the early French traders gave the name of La Porte - -"The dale." Over the prairie thus named ran the trail leading from the Kankaliee river in Illinois to the

Great Lakes. Later the Englisli eonferred upon it the name Door Pi'airiv , and the little town which grew up there took the name of Door Village. Some of the early settlers, as they worked their way westward into Porter county, passed through the "Door" and established their frontier homes, some of them locating iji Center township. At that time there was a small Indian village of some dozen lodges located on the west side of section 19, township 35, range 5, between the present Laporte ])ike and the Grand Trunk railway, less than one mile east of Valparaiso. This village was known as Chiqua's To^^^l, from an old Pottawatomie Indi.-m bearing that name. Chiqua had at one time been an influential chief in his tribe, but a few years before the treaty of 1832 his love for 'ii rewater" had led him to indulge in a protracted drunk, and while hiloxi Gated his hut Avas destroyed by fire, his squaw losing her life in the flames. For his dissolute habits he was deprived of his ehieftnntslii]), but a fe-w of his friends I'emaiued true to him, and these, seceding from the main bod.y of the tribe, established the village under Chiqua's leadei-- ship.

Some time in the l9te summer or early fall of 1833 Seth Hull located a claim on or near the site of this village, thereby becoming the first white settler in Center township. He remained but a short tiuu',, selling his claim to J. S. Wallace and going on farther west. Thomas A. E. Campbell tpok a claim east of Hull's, near the Washington township line, and built a cabin, but soon afterward went back to New York state, where he remained until 1835. Some of the settlers who eame in the year 1834 were Benjamin McCarty, who settled on section 22 on the Joliet road ; Ruel Starr, who located his claim in the eastern part of the tovsTiship; "^Philander A. Paine, who built his cabin on the northeast qiuirter of section 23, and his father, who located east of the Salt creek, bridge on the Joliet road and began the ereetic^n of a sawmill, which was never finished. The same year a man named Nise settled on the northwest quarter of section 24, about three-quarters of a mile northeast of the public scjuare in Valparaiso, but soon afterward sold out to a German by the name of Charles Minnick. In this year came also J. P. Ballard, who creeled the first building within the present city limits ul \',ilp;ir;iiso. Among those who came in 1835 may be mentioned ('. A. I'.alhivd, Alansou Finney and Samuel A. Shiglcy. The first scttli'd on llir jiorthwest quarter of section 25, Mr. Finney located his claim west ol' Kucl Starr's, and Mr. Shigley built a sawmill on the site ailcrward (icinpiiMl by William Sager's flour mill, the first sawmill in the townsliij) AN'licn Tliomas A. E. Campbell returned to the county in 18'ir), insliad of inrTccting title to his claim in the eastern part of Center townsliip, he bou^'bt out Philander A. Paine and settled on the northeast qiiaiicv of .section 23, where he passed the remainder of his life.

1836, for justices of the peace. In Ccnlcr towjisbiii Ihe election was held at the house x)f C. A. Ballard. Thirteen votes wei-e jiolled, of which Ruel Starr received nine votes and was declared elected. His opponents were G. Z. Salyer and John McConnell. At the May meeting of the board it was decided to give Center .township an additional justice of the peace, and an election* was held at the same place on May 28, 1836, when G. Z. Salyer received eight out of fifteen votes. At the presidential election on November 8, 1836, General Harrison leceived fifty-nine votes and Martin Van Bureji received forty-five. At the state election in August,

1837, there were 126 votes cast, of wliicji David "Wallace received 101. In 1840 the total number of votes cast at the presidential election was 287, General Harrison receiving 149. This increase in the voting'strength during the first five years of the township's history will give the reader some idea of the growth in population diii-iii<,' the same period.

The first birth and the first death in the township are uncertain. The first marriage was that of Richard Ilcnthoi-ne to .lane Spiirlock, May 5, 1836, Rev. Cyrus Spurlock, who was also county recorder, officiating. About 1838 a man named Kinsey ])nt uji a wool carding mill about a mile and a half south of Valparaiso. It was operated by water power, the water being conveyed through a large hollow log to an overshot wheel. Mr. Kinsey also put in a small pair of buhrs for grinding wheat and corn on certain days. A year or two later a second carding niill was erected by Jacob Axe on Salt ci-eek, ii short distance above Shigley's sawmill. The- flour mill later owiud by William Sager was built by William Cheney in 1841. Eleven years later Mr. Cheney and Truman Freeman built a small flour mill in the southern part of Valparaiso, though at that time the mill site was outside the corporate limits of the town. Another pioneer mill was a steam sawmill at Flint Lake, ei-ectcd by a man named Allen, though the exact (i.ite cannot be learned. It was supplied with two boilers, each tweuty-cight feet long and forty-four inches in diameter. In 1863 one of the boilers blew up, the boiler being thrown some 500 feet and landing in th'^ mnrsh at the lower end of the lake. The remaining boiler was subsci|iiciitly I'emovcd to Valparaiso to be u.sed in the paper mill. The flrst taii-yaitl in the township, and probably the first in the county, was establishoil b.y a Mr. Hatch just south of Valparaiso in 1843. A steam tannery was started by a man named Gerber on a lot south of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad about a year before the beginning of the Civil war. The entire plant was destroyed by fife in 1874, and since that date there has been no tanning "done in the city.

When the corner-stone of the court-house was laid in October, 1883, Aaron Parks was township trustee; Temple Windle, John Dunning and Morris B.obinson, justices of the peace, and David G. Herr, assessor. These officers were elected in April, 1882, before the spring elections were abolished by laAV. At that time there were eight school districts in the township outside of the city of Valparaiso. In the school year of 1911-12 there were six districts in the township, the schools being taught by the following teachers: District No. 1 (l<'iiiit Lake), Grace Banta, No. 2 (Cook's Corners), Mabel Laforee; No. 3 ^St. Clair), Rebecca Bartholomew; No. 4 (Clifford), Hazel McNay; No. 6 (Hayes), Stella Bennett; No. 7 (Leonard), Kathryn Anderson.

persons who tan remember tlie conditions, the labors nud llie amusements of those early days. Game was abundant and tlic trusly rifle of the frontiersman was depended upon to furnish a goodly iioitioii of the family's meat supply. The log-i-olling, the house-raising and the holiday shooting match afforded opportunities for the settlers lo get together, and on such occasions there were wrestling or boxing malches and other tests of physical strength. The few Indians who rcniaiued in the country were generally peaceful, and tliei'e were no hair-raising exjieriences of savage raids, accompanied by burning cabins, murdered women and children, or stolen live stock. Upon the whole the life of the Center township pioneers ^,-as uneventful. Through the spring and summet they toiled amid their crops. When the wheat was threshed - with the flail or the old "ground-hog" - it was hauled to Michigan Oily, where it was rarely sold for more than fifty cents per bushel.

Now, all is changed. The market is at the farmer's door. The Pittsburg, Fort "Wayne & Chicago, the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and the Grand Trunk railways traverse the county, all passing through Valparaiso, and in the township there are more than forty miles of excellent macadamized highwaj^, most of the roads centering at the county seat. AVhere the farmer formerly hauled twenty bushels of wheat thirty or forty miles to Michigan City, he can now take sixty linshcls over an improved, modern highway a distance of from two to four miles, and in a few hours that wheat is in the great grain mart of Chicago, where it commands the highest market price. The log cabin has given way to the brick or frame dwelling house; the tallow candle has been sHp]'lanted by the kerosene lamp, acetylene gas or the electric light, and the automobile now skims across the country where the ox-team was -' wont to plod its weary way. Such has been the march of civilization ''' ^' and progress in Center township. Including the city of Valparaiso, ' '>fl';ithe population of the township in 1850 was 1,012; in 1860 it was 2,745; by 1870 it had increased to 4,159; in 1880 it was 5,957; in 1890 it was 6,062; in 1900 it had reached 7,222, and in 1910 it was 7,971.

-Jacksou township, one of the ea«torii tier, is lioumlctl on tin- nortli by the- townships of Pine and Westchester; on the east by Laporte county; on the south by Washington townshii), and on the west by Liberty and Westchester. Its greatest extent iJxmi noiih to soiilh is six miles, and from east to west, five miles. The norlhcrn Ijoundary is somewhat irregular, two sections in the northeast eonicr luiviiig been given to Pine township when it was organized, and one seition in the northwest corner has been added to the township of Wcslchrster. The township was esta])lished by the first I)oard of county eoimnisfiioneis on April 12, 1836, and with the slight changes in boundary lines as above noted remains as oi'iginally created. The area* of the township is twenty-seven square miles. As Jackson towiiship lies in Ihc irioi-.-dnir belt,, the surface is hilly, and in some places broken. Especially is this true of sections IB, 14 and 15, where the many bowlders show the glacial origin of this section of the county. On section 16 there is a small lake, some five acres in area, the waters of which are quite deep. South of the Cady marsh in the same section is another small lake. Through the southern part of the township runs the water-shed Avhich divides the basin of the Great Lakes from the Mississippi valley. The soil is variable, owing to the rough, hilly surface and the glacial formation, several kinds of soil often bein^ found in the same field. As a rule, the to\raship is better adapted to fruit growing and stock raising than to the ri'gular lines of agriculture, though in some portions good crops of wheal, oals and corn are raised -wathout difficulty. Heavy timber covered the entire surface at the time the first settlers came to the to\vqiship. Tin's timber was in the way of the pioneer farmer and much of it was felled and burned to bring the land under cultivation. After the completion of tlie Wabash and Baltimore & Ohio railroads, a great deal of cord wood was slil])ped to Chicago. There is sfill some timber, but enough has been wasted to buy all the land in the township, had a suitable market been a\ailable in the early days. According to the historical sketch deposited in the corner-stone of the court-house in 1883, the towusliip was named "for ami in hoiidi- of an old settler, Lemuel Jackson." This statement has been ((ucsliomil liy old settlers, who claim that it was named for Andrew Jaekson, the Ikio of New Orleans and president of the United States at the lime Porter county was created. The latter theory is borne out by the follow iu^' from the Western Ranger of August 11, 1847: "The strong Pnlnal 1o\viislii)i in this county is called Jackson. This is disgraceful. A townsliip in which three-fourths of the people are Federalists and Abolitionists should never bear the name of the illustrious Jackson ! Some of our friends have suggested that the name be changed to Tom Corwiu, and we go for it distinctly. No name would be more suitable." Early in the year 1834 Asahel K. Paine selected a claim and built the first cabin in Jackson, thereby becoming the first settler in the lownshij). The second settler was John P. Noble, who came in April, 1834, and in June H. B.' Woodruff located in the township. 'Befoi'e the close of the year the colony had been increased by the addition of Calvin Crawford, Joseph Wright, Jolmson Crawford, Samuel dinger, Lemuel Jackson, E. Casteel and a few others. A number of settlers came in 1835, among them William Barnard, Benjamin Malsby and William Eaton. Pursuant to the order of the board of county commissioners, an election foi' justice of the peace was held at the house of Asahel K. Paine on April 30, and H. E. Wdodruff was elected to the office. Lemuel Jackson, who had been elected associate judge, resigned his position, and on Decend:ier 24, 1836, a special election was held at the hou.se of William Eaton to choose his successor. At that election forty Votes were cast, showing the steiidy ti4.e of immigration, to Jackson toAvnship during the preceding two Vfars. Seneca Ball received every one of the forty votes. In 1837 Jesse ]\le('oid arrived in the township and established a blacksmith shop on section 2n, about a mile and a half southwest of Clear Lake. The first tavern «as opened by a man named Page in 183G. It M-as located south of I'age marsh, M'hich was named for him, was a log structure, and hail in connection a large log stable for the accommodation of the horses ridck'n or driven by travelers. George A. Garard says this was tiic only tavern

The first school was taught in a \u<j; ea.lnn locati d on section 26, on the farm afterward owned by John !'. Wililc. I'lie first regular school house was erected in 1838, alwut a inih and a lialf easi of the center of the to^mship. It was a log cabin, 16 by IS feet in si/.c, equipped M'ith the customary "Yankee firei^laee" ami gr-cascd jiajier for windows. Jane Jones was the first teacher in this iKuise. The second school house was built in 1846. ,In 1883, when the eorner-stone of the court house was Igid, there were seven districts in the township. Tlie liistorical sketch deposited in the corner-stone was written by Oliver Stell, who was at that time trustee of the township. He was horn in AVarriii county, Ohio, December 30, 1816, came with liis parents to Indiana in 1821, and to Jackson township, Porter county, in lS-14. In tlie conrsf of that sketch he says: "In the year 1882 the acrea^" <>\' wlu-al was l2,(J43; oats, 755; corn, 2,468, and potatoes, 150. The mnnlior of iiomuls of pork raised was 931,400 ; wool, 4,593, and butter, 36,450. At I lie elc.'t inn of 1882 there were 263 votes polled; at the election of 1836 tlaTe wvvi J2 votes polled, showing an increase of 221 votes in forty-six years."

central location therein. A postoffice was eshiMislird Diore in ISHO, with. E. H. Johnson as postmaster. The first stoiv thcie was 0]>rni'd l)y J. S. Sanders in 1874. Two years later he sold out 1o a I\Ir. Hill, who in turn sold to John Sacknian in 1881. Steainliiii;;' was Im-ated near the southern boundary, aliout two miles west of 1h'' ]j;i|i(ir1r line. "When the Raltiinore & Ohio railroad,was l)uilt, about IST'i. ;i railroad station wfis established at Coburg, just across the line in "\\ ashiuLitcin township. The people of Steamburg nearly all moved over to the new station, and Steamburg ceased to exist. Suman, or Suniauville, is a small station on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, altout three mill s iioi-thwest of Coburg. It was established as a postoflice about the timr the railroad was com-" pleted, with Col. I. C. B. Suman as postmaster, from wliom it derived its name. A store was started by a man named Jones when the railroad was built, but npt meeting with the patronage he expected, he gave up the enterprise after a few months. Another store was started in 1881 and met the same fate. Burdick is the most important village and the only postoffice in the township^,, the other offices having been discontinued upon the introduction of the rural deliveiy system. It is located on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroad in the northwestern part of the to^\^lship and has a population of about seventy-five. A public school is located here, the postoffice is authorized to issue money orders, and the village is a trading and shipping point for the surrounding rural districts.

For the school yeai-s 1911-12 there were nine teachers employed in the public schools. In the township high school at Jackson Center Ida Reckteuwall was principal and Hazel Bundy, assistant. In the district schools the teachers Avere as follows: No. 1 (Quakerdom), Louisa Malchow; No. 2 (Carter's), Judith Lindwall ; No. 4 (Taylor scliool), Ethel Rands; No. 6 (Coburg), Liicy Mander; No. 7 (Rogue), Alia Ilerrold; No. 8, (Burdick), Mary Belger; No. 9 (County Line), Carolyn Whitlock.

School No. 1, known as the Quaker scliool, or Qualcerdom, takes its name from the fact that at an early date a nuinber of Fi-iends, or Quakers, as they are commonly called, settled in that locality and estaljlished a church. It was a double hewed-log structure and was used for a number of years as a "meeting-liouse." Little can be learned concerning this old Quaker settlement, as the old settlers are all dead and most of their deseendanis have removed to other fields of labor. Some years before the Civil war, the Methodists purchased the old school liouse at Jackson Center and enlarged it by an addition so as to render it available for church puri)oses. Chancey Moore, one of the early leacliers, was class leader here for several years.

Two lines of railroad cross the towiiship in a northAvestrrly direction, almost parallel to each other. The Wabash crosses the eastern boundary of the county near Clear Lake, runs thence northwest to Morris, and thence we.st, leaving the township near the northwest corner. The Baltimore & Ohio entei's the township on the south, two miles west of the Laporte county line and runs northwest, crossing the western boundary one mile east of Woodville. A third railroad - the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern - crosses the extreme northern part, through Burdick. These lines, with the stations of Coburg, Suman, Monis, Burdick and "Woodville within easy reach of all parts of the townsliip aft'oul ample transportation facilities. There are about twelve miles of macadamized road in Jackson township. For some time after the organization of the township there was a gradual increase in the population, but in the last twenti^ years there has been a slight decrease. This is due to the same causes that have affected so nuiny rural communities. Young men leave the farms to seek their fortunes in the cities, and othens, lui'ed by the prospects of cheap lands in the West, have removed to the newer states beyond the Mississippi. In 1890 the population of the township was 1,009 ; in 1900 it was 938, and in 1910 it had fallen to 894.