Posey County, Indiana - Chapter 4, 1886 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter 4

Towns and Villages of the County - A Detailed History of the Origin, Growth and Present Condition of all the Towns, Showing, in Comprehensive Form, Their Industries, Mercantile Establishments, Secret Societies, Banks, Newspapers, Plats, Incorporations, and Giving a Sketch of Their Prominent Eesidents and important institutions.

Mount Veenon

DOUBTLESS, the first permanent settlers on the present site pf Mount Vernon were the McFaddins, and the date of location was about the year 1805. The spot, owing to its highness and dryness, was a conspicuous one on the river, and was familiar to voyagers on flat-boats, etc., who had found homes both above and below. The McFaddins had been residents of North Carolina, but had come to near Bowling Green, Ky. ; and, during the last decade of the last century, had examined the site of Mount Vernon, it is said, while on hunting excursions on this side of the river. The settlement was there made, as above stated, as soon after the land had been obtained, by cession, from the Indians and thrown into market, as was deemed safe and advisable. The McFaddins squatted on the land, intending to enter it as soon as convenient; but in this they were forestalled by Gen. William Henry Harrison, who bought all of fractional Section 8, Township 7 south, Range 13 west, comprising at that time 371.82 acres, on the 25th of May, 1807. This occasioned them much inconvenience and additional expense ere they were released from the claims of Gen. Harrison. Andrew McFaddin was the first, but was soon followed by William and "Slim" Andrew, all of whom, from their presence here, gave the name of McFaddin' s Bluff to the locality, by which it was known to all who had occasion to pass this way, and continued to be thus known until after the town started about ten years later. It soon became a landing for flat-boats etc., for supplies of wood, and a small ferry and a small woodyard were established, but not for general use. The first landing was at the rocks, but about 1812 was removed to about the site of the pres- ent wharf. The McFaddins first located on the old Oatman farm, but in 1806 removed to the present town site, and built a logcabin at the foot of Store Street. Soon after the arrival of the above families, others came and located in the vicinity, and during the war of 1812 built strong cabins as a defense against possible attacks of the Indians. At the time of first settlement, the town site and all the surrounding country was a literal wilderness, filled with wild animals. It is safe to say that scores of deer were killed upon the town site, some as late as 1825. It is said that Daniel Boone visited the settlement very early. William McFaddin was a noted and skillful hunter and trapper. He is said to have killed bears in this' county and across in Illinois. He had, at the time the town was founded, two pet beavers which he had captured when young. It was many years before any thought of a town entered the minds of the residents. About the year 1820, it is asserted a panther killed a young man named James Culbertson on the banks of a pond that was then on tlie present town site. It sprang upon him from a tree, so tearing him that he died in a few minutes.

Early Industries At Mount Vernon

It is said that Thomas Givens established a tavern at Mount Vernon before any lots were laid out; but it could not have been long before, possibly a few months. About this time, also, Darius North and William P. Bobinson, under the firm name of " North & Robinson," brought to the place a small assortment of general merchandise worth probably $500. This was the first store. After a few years Robinson sold out and North continued alone. Andrew McFaddin, about the year 1819, established a horse-mill in town where both flour and meal could be obtained. Before this the horse-mill west of town, owned and operated by James Black, was patronized, though the main supply came from the river. The McFaddins kept a small ferry. The principal crossings, however, were below at Dunn's Ferry, and above at Diamond Island, or what is now West Franklin. Samuel Aldridge was the first blacksmith at the Old Black Horse Mill. He made the iron door for the old jail. Samuel Jones, John Sewer, John B. Weir and Jesse T. Welborn were early in the town. William Hatfield was the first cooper, and Andrew McFaddin kept a woodyard and supplied boats on the river, for coal had not yet come into use. Solomon Nesler, a farmer, was an early resident ; Solomon Schnovel, a German shoe-maker, was another; John Moran was another early cobbler. Elijah Jordan started the first tanyard, sinking five vats. All the buildings at first were of logs, the doors, floors, etc., being whip-sawed at great time and labor. In 1817 about fifteen families lived in and near Mount Vernon. A Mr. McGonegal was the first tailor ; C. I. Battell and Richard Daniel, the first lawyers, and Dr. Park the first physician ; Jesse ' Y. Welborn was the second tavern keeper, and "William Crabtree, the third. As a matter of course, each kept a bar ; Mr. Welborn was also the first postmaster ; Nathan Ashworth was the first justice of the peace ; J. B. Weir kept a small grocery, and later operated a ferry and still later a small steam-mill. James Dunn opened a store after a few years, John Schnell opened an early tavern; Adam Lichtenberger made the first saddle in Mount Vernon beginning about 1820, and continuing many years with a large trade. In about 1832 Thomas Judd began the manufacture of woolen hats, securing his stock from lambs owned on the neighboring farms. He continued several years, and probably made as high as 150 in a single season. In about 1826, Daniel McDaniel built, and started in operation a cotton gin which he owned and conducted two or three years. Cotton, which grew well on new land, was found to be unprofitable, and its culturfr was abandoned.

Samuel Aldridge entered a tract on Section 6 (northwest of town), May 22, 1807; and on the same section, Thomas Givens bought, June 4, 1807. On Section 7, west of town, William Weir bought a tract May 22, 1807 ; and on Section 5, north of town, Samuel Jones bought, June 4, 1807 ; so that at the time the town started up there was quite a populous settlement in this vicinity. The northwest quarter of Section 9, upon which a portion of East Mount Vernon stands, was entered by H. P. Coborn July 28, 1818 ; and the southeast quarter of Section 5, upon which a portion of North Mount Vernon stands was entered by Samuel Gregg, August 15, 1814.

The Fiest Plat

of Mill Creek, March 11, 1816, and comprised sixty-six lots of the ordinary size, and a public square of two acres and four poles. March 23, 1816, Aaron Williams laid out thirty-two lots south and west to the river from the present Public Square, and also laid out the present Public Square. These lots bear their original numbers, 1 to 32. As soon as the lots were laid out and a public sale could be advertised, both Wagoner and Williams , offered their lots to buyers. Wagoner made the following sales in 1816: David Greathouse, George Graham, Isaac Koonse, Phillip Koonse, Charles Adams, Eli Curtis, John Prather, E. Enceminger, J. Davis, William Carson, and a few others. These sales were all made May 18, 1816, and were the first. Aaron Williams held his sale July 10, 1817, and among the buyers on that day were the following men : Andrew McFaddin, Beniah Moss, Matthew Williams, W. C. Carson, Barrett Moore, Aaron Bacon, John Wagoner, Henry Aldridge, Stephen Pool, Nathan Ashworth, Samuel Kennedy, James Black, John French, Samuel French, William Stewart, William Thacher, John Bell, Andrew Wagoner, James Wilson, and others. Within the next few years the following men became buyers of lots: Edmund Teafford, Hiram C. Bradley, Robert Castles, James Duckworth, Thomas Givens, James Moore, Robert Graham, James Piles, Heman Richardson, Darius North, William P. Robinson, David Love, Adam Moffitt, William Gardiner and others. Among those in 1819 and later, were Elias Rector, Thomas E. Castelberry, Thomas D. Heady, Sargent Moss, Samuel Erwin, Thomas Miller, Henry G. Luston, J. Y. Welborn, Barnet Halliman, Robert B. Smith, Richard and William Barter, T. C. Judd, James W. Swift, Augustine W. Welborn, Wilson Jones, John Webb, Adam Albright, Charles C. Givens, John Givens, William Downey, John Dunn, William Orabtree, John Shanklin and others. It must be observed, however, that the majority of the men named above were at no time residents of the town, but bought the lots with a view to speculation. The town of Mr. Wagoner on the west side languished from the start; while that of Mr. Williams began to grow and flourish. Both these men had laid out the lots on land owned by Gen. Harrison, and it was not until 1817 that Mr. Williams, for ^500, secured 185 acres at the junction of Mill Creek with the Ohio River, east of the creek. For some reason, now unknown.

at least uncertain, iFohn Givens, in Marcli, 1817, resurveyed and recorded a part of the land previously laid out on the west side by Mr. Wagoner. It is probable that he became the purchaser of the land from Mr. Wagoner, to which he laid out an addition. Much of this was vacated in 1833 upon petition of the citizens. Early in 1819 Jesse Y. Welborn, John Burlison, Matthew Williams, William Crabtree, Aaron Burlison, Samuel Gill, Aaron Baker, and Thomas E. Castelberry organized themselves into a stock company and bought of Aaron Williams seventy-two and one-half acres of the east bank of Mill Creek, comprising the heart of the present town, paying therefor $3,500; and on the 10th of May of the same year resurveyed and rerecorded all that part of the present town on the east bank of Mill Creek, from the river north to Fifth Street, and from Walnut Street on the east to Mill Creek, and Mill Street on the west ; including the present Public Square. These men, styling themselves the "Mount Vernon Company," thus became proprietors of the town. On the same day of the resurvey just mentioned, Jesse Y. Welborn laid out an addition ; but seems to have done this as an agent of the company, though nothing giving him this authority could be found. April 10, 1822, the company formally constituted Thomas Givens their agent to sell any of their lands, etc. November 26, 1822, Mr. Welborn laid out an addition from Walnut to Mulberry Streets and from Sixth Street on the north to Water Street on the south ; he also laid out another addition June 29, 1826, extending from Walnut to Main and from Sixth to Eighth.

The Fiest Mekchants, Etc

In 1825 the county seat was established at Mount Vernon, a full account of which will be found elsewhere. The town took a new lease of life and grew quite rapidly, and was the rival, and even ahead in numbers and commercial importance, of Evansville. Shanklin & Moffit engaged in merchandising, as did Dunn & McFaddin, Jesse Y. Welborn, North & Stewart, Eichard & James Barter, Aaron Baker, North, Dunn & McFaddin and Eobert J. Dunn; Henry G. Luston, tavern; McFaddin & Burlison, merchandise; Barter & Swift, grocery; North, Welborn & Weirberry and others. From 1830 to 1840 the leading business establishments were at times the most of the above, besides Presley Pritchett, tavern; E. Barter & Co., merchandise; Aaron Baker, merchandise; Bacon & James, merchandise ; John S. Dunn, grocery; John McMunn, grocery; Baldwin & Hogue, grocery; H. S. Wilson, merchandise ; McFaddin & Nettleton, merchandise ; T. S. Veatch & Co., merchandise; William Aldridge, grocery; H. H. Eichardson, merchandise; Adam Moffit, merchandise; Hector Craig, merchandise ; James & Lowery, merchandise ; Barter, Swift, & Barter, merchandise; J. B. Weir, grocery; Dunn & Harrison, merchandise; John Connor, tavern; David Spalding, grocery; Scarborough Pentecost, merchandise ; H. B. Dean, grocery ; Asa Bacon, tavern; Aaron B. Gill, merchandise; Beniah Moss, grocery ; Craig & Pollard, merchandise ; John Carson, grocery ; Felix Mills, tavern; John T. Gill & Co., merchandise; Daniel Arthur, merchandise and grocery ; T. J. Hinch, merchandise ; James F. Eeeder, merchandise; A. W. Welborn, grocery, and others. These men were not in businesss at the same time, necessarily, and several changed their groceries into general merchandise. The postmasters of Mount Vernon have been as follows: Jesse Y. Welborn, Darius North, Andrew McFaddin, Scarborough Pentecost, Hudson Parke, John D. Hinch, John B. Wilson, Harrison O'Bannon, John B. Chaffin, Harrison O'Bannon, W. M. McArthur, Joseph Moore, Harrison O'Bannon, George Kincaid, Sylvanus Milner, Edward Brown, C. J. Hovey.

The First Incorporation

On Saturday, November 17, 1832, pursuant to notice, the citizens of Mount Vernon gathered at the court house for the purpose of holding an election to decide whether the town should be incorporated. George S. Green was made president of the meeting and T. S. Veatch, secretary. A plan for the division of the town into five wards was presented by Jesse Y. Welborn, and formally accepted by vote. The election was then held with the selection of the following trustees: E. E. James, Moses Welborn, Eben D. Edson, Jesse Y. Welborn, and Aaron Baker. Votes were also cast for James McFaddin, A. S. Gamble, William Moore and Arza Lee. The following men polled their votes: Henry Holland, Presley Pritchett, T. J. Duncan, William Hall, John Knight, E. E. James, Asa Bacon, H. G. Luston, Sanluel

Scott, Jesse Y. Welborn, Adam Moffit, J. N. Hatcher, L. J. Larkin, Moses Welborn, Zachariah Baker, George S. Baker, Jolin C. Welborn, Francis De Sanchet, John Carson, Jeremiah SpiUman, Levi M. Eicksicker, Mason F. Green, Eichard Barter, William Moss, Andrew S. Gamble, James Barton, James B. Finch, H. H. Eichardson, George S. Green and T. S. Veatch ; total 31, several present not voting. The municipal wheels were set in motion by this town board. In the summer of 1833, Mr. Edson resigned his seat, and was succeeded by John Carson. In November, 1833, the election of trustees resulted as follows: Darius North, 11 votes; W. J. Lowery, 10; William Moore, 10; William P. Hatfield, 10 ; Samuel Scott, 7 ; John Carson, 3 ; John Knight, 1 ; Elijah Goodwin 1, and Hezekiah Holland, 1. The first five mentioned having received the highest number of votes were declared elected. Votes were polled by J. C. Welborn, J. Y. Welborn, J. T. Gill, Joseph Gill, E. E. James, William Moore, BMoss, Aaron Baker, A. S. Gamble, John Knight and Samiiel Scott. How long the corporate government was carried on cannot be stated, but probably not over two years, as all traces of it are then lost.

Residents During The Thirties

Among the residents of the town during the decade of the thirties were the following: John Dunn, Scarborough Pentfecost, B. Moss, Felin Mills, William Trafford, G. B, Green. Arza Lee, Moses Welborn, Thomas Knowles, John P. Davis, James Breese, Asa Bacon, E. E. James, Simeon Moore, James Barter, E. Daniel, John Carson, John Connor, John Cooper, William Moore, Presley Pritchett, Mason F. Green, John T. Gill, W. Pollard, W. James, Hector Craig, W. E. Stewart, A. S. Gamble, Isaac Williams, W. P. Hatfield, Aaron Baker, Francis AUyn, J. P. McGonegal, W. J. Lowery, John Noel, J. McFaddin, S. Moss, Yelverton Finch, Hezekiah Holland, J. B. Weir, W. A. L. Green, James Dunn, H. G. Luston, J. Y. Welborn, J. T. and Joseph Gill, Darius North, S. Nersler, A. Jenkins, H. B. Gano, M. Young, Eobert Young, E. P. McClanahan, D. McMuUen, Jesse Moore, John Cox, H. Nelson, H. Carter, Elihu Moore, Lewis Combs, John E. Evertson, Eheso Knoles, J. T. McKee, David J. Williamson, besides those named above and others.

Early Coen And Pobk Shipments

The early commercial business of the town was confined to the river. It brought in all supplies needed, and carried away all that could be spared. Flour and meal were obtained from flatboats ; and all needed store supplies from store-boats. The first product shipped from here was fire-wood to be used on the river vessels. Corn and pork were next sent away on flat-boats, and finally hoop-poles and barrels. North & Eobinson, as early as 1820, began to buy hogs and corn to be shipped to southern markets. A large demand for these products came from the large sugar and cotton plantations of Louisiana, Mississippi and Tennessee. Corn and pork were bought on credit, and were paid for when the cargoes were disposed of South. The shipments at first were very small, but gradually increased to several flat-boat loads per annum. It is probable that at no time North & Co. packed more than 400 hogs in a year. Dunn & McFaddin, and Richard & James Barter, both of which firms were in business early in the twenties, also packed pork, and, later, on a more extensive scale than North & Co., reaching about 600 hogs in a year. William Hatfield manufactured barrels for flour, pork, whisky, etc., and supplied hoop-poles for demand. The old Jordan tanyard served a useful purpose. It ran for many years, passing through the hands of John McKee, Andrew Moore and others. Darius North is said to have had the first frame house. Kichard Barter began as a blacksmith, and as soon as able, bought a barrel of whisky and a barrel of molasses, it is said, and after that, "coined money." Hinch & Leonard were early merchants who packed pork, etc. North & McFaddin were partners for many years and packed pork extensively. Lowery & James, Barter <fe Swift and Aaron Baker were prominent merchants and pork and grain buyers. In about 1834 North & McFaddin erected a steam saw-mill in town, and as soon as they could saw enough native lumber and do the work, built a three-storied grist-mill and a distillery, all three mills being attached and operated by steam. In addition to these mills they owned a large store, and bought pork and grain extensively. Their establishments combined lead the business enterprises of the town. The saw-mill had all it could do to furnish lumber for the frame houses going up in all directions in town and country ; the grist-mill had all it could do to furnish flour and meal for home consumption, the greater portion of the meal being used in the distillery in the manufacture of whisky ; and the distillery had all it could do to supply the local demand for whisky. The grist-mill had two sets of buhrs, one for wheat and one for corn. In 1837, while in the highest state of prosperity, the two mills and the distillery were destroyed by fire, entailing a heavy loss on the proprietors. In 1840-41 Rogers & Moore rebuilt the saw-mill and a twostoried grist-mill, but not the distillery. After a few yearsthey sold to John Baker, who likewise, a number of years later, sold to Mickey & Crowell, upon whose hands they were burned down. James & Mickey rebuilt the mills just before the last war, but after a few years became involved, and the property was sold at sheriff's sale under claims held by A. C. Williams, Milton Black, A. G. Crutchfield, et al. They disposed of it to others and it was soon burned down and was not rebuilt.

Soon after the removal of the county seat to Mount Vernon 1(1825), a leading business in the town was that of barrel-making, in which large numbers of hoop-poles were used. William Hatfield and John Cooper had extensive shops for that day. About 1833 on one occasion, some ten or fifteen flat-boats were at the wharf, while their owners, rough river men, were up in town at the taverns and groceries, drinking and making loud and merry. Several of them, so the story goes, became involved! in a quarrel with a number of town fellows, in which the latter were worsted and routed. They rallied, however, and securing heavy re-enforcements, fell upon the flat-boatmen in such numbers and in such fury, all fully armed with heavy hooppoles from the nearest cooper-shop, that the river-men, thougk fighting manfully, were forced back with many bruises and wounds, to their boats, and, fearing to return, continued on down the river. Their condition met the notice of residents and others along down the river and occasioned inquiry, and in the jests that ensued, the term "hoop-pole" was finally applied to a township in this county. The term has since become widely known, and many persons in all portions of the Union, really believe there is such a township in this county as "Hoop-pole," and that its residents are greener than any others on the earth.

First Plat And Additions

John Wagner's plat laid out March 11, 1816, and bounded by Mill, Water, Mulberry and Fourth Streets. Aaron Williams' plat laid out March 23, 1816, and bounded by Walnut, Store, Water and Third Streets. Jesse Y. Welborn's addition, May 10, 1819, ])ounded by Mill Creek, and Fifth, Walnut and Water Streets. J. Y. Welborn's addition, November 26, 1822, bounded by Walnut, Mulberry, Water and Sixth Streets. J. Y. Welborn's addition, June 29, 1826, bounded by Walnut, Mulberry, Sixth and Eighth; John Given's resurvey in 1840, bounded by Water, Chestnut, Pearl and Second. M. F. Green's addition, June 4, 1841, enlarged May 10, 1851. bounded by Main, Store, Seventh and Ninth. D. T.Kimball's, 1849, addition of Belleville. Eobert Dale Owen's addition, November 21, 1836,, and also in 1874. James & Hovey's enlargement, March 9, 1851, between Sixth and Ninth, and Mill and Store. W. C. Saunders' enlargement, March 15, 1851. W. J. Lowery's addition. May 25, 1851, from Mill to Store, and from Eighth to Ninth. E. T. Sullivan's addition, January 3, 1851, from Fourth to Fifth, and from Mulberry to Locust. W. J. Lowery's enlargement, December, 1852, from Mill to Main, and from Eighth to Eleventh. W. W. Welborn's enlargement, June 7, 1853, from Second to Third, and from Pear to Munchoft' Streets. Lowery & Larkins' enlargement, April, 1860, from Third to Sixth, and Munchoff to Mill Streets. Munch off & Wolflin's enlargement, April 22, 1866, from Water to Second, and Munchoff to Pearl. Company's enlargement, February and August, 1866, and Febru.ary 1868, east of Walnut Street. William Nettleton's enlargement, May 6, 1868, bounded by Wolflin, Nettleton, Second and Fourth Streets. J. M. Barter's enlargement, April 1868, on Walnut, between Eighth and Ninth. J. A. Mann's, May 1869, FirsttoSecond, and Wolflin to Barter. N. G. Nettleton's enlargement, August, 1869, Second to Fourth, and Pearl to Nettleton. School enlargement, September, 1869, Fourth to Fifth, and Canal to Locust. Man & Barter's enlargement, First to Second, and Wolflin to Barter. Mann & Barter's enlargement February, 1870, Eleventh to Lincoln, and Canal to Locust. W. P. Edson's subdivision, October, 1871, nine lots in Kimball's part. J. A. Mann's addition to William Nettleton's enlargement. Second to Third, and east of line between Sections 7 and

8. Charles Leunig's enlargement, August, 1871, four acres north of Eleventh and west of Main. Benjamin Lowenhaupt's enlargement, 1880, one acre between Fourth and Fifth, and Mulberry and Locust. J. F. Welborn's enlargement, Fifth to Sixth, and Canal to Mulberry. The following is quoted to show the residents of the town at the date mentioned:

We, the undersigned; missioners of this county place, or its vicinity. David Phillips. S. Scott. James B. Finch. W. H. Bypon. O. W. Monroe. W S. Prince. E. T. Sullivan. James Donnovan. J. W. Whitworth. H. M. Stewart. John J. Prather. Richard Holland. J. W. White. A. L. Downey. William Nettleton. Joseph Showers. H. B. Gano. J. T. Nichols. James Barter. Andrew Dunn. J. W. Server. Sylvanus McFarland. Joseph Al lender. J. G. Houts. Joseph Spalding. William C. Milner. J. A. Routt. M. W. Rowe.

MoDNT Veknon, Ind., March 5, 1850. would respectfully remonstrate to the board of comagainst granting license to retail ardent spirits in this

The Second Incokporation

The second incorporation of the town took place in 1846, the election to decide the question being held October 1. The first trustees at this time were Thomas F. Prosser, Noble Craig, F. N. Mills, Walter F. Larkin and Thomas Newman. Seventy-two votes were polled, probably not over three-fourths of these in town, indicating a population of about 500. T. F. Prosser was first clerk; Seth M. Leavenworth, treasurer, and "Whipple White

Marshal. As the records from that date up to 1859 are missing, nothing of the acts of the board can be stated. In October, 1859, the trustees elected were Enoch R. James, T. F. Prosser, Charles Haas, W. D. Covington and Turner Nelson; Joseph P. Edson, clerk; E. E. James, treasurer; Harrison Carter, marshal; George W. Thomas, wharfmaster.^ The receipts from October 30, 1858, to October 19, 1859, were $7,385.82, and the expenses $6,978.82, leaving a balance on hand of $407. About one-half of this expense was in payment of principal and interest of the wharf debt, which had been contracted in 1851, the total amount of the debt at first being, it is said, $20,000. In October, 1859, the debt was $5,164.05. At this time, and for the succeeding two or three years, Main, Store and other streets of the town were macadamized at a large expense, the greater portion of which was paid at the time from special tax levies. T. and E. Schenk^ A. B. Galliger, Jean Febre and others were contractors. The officers elected October, 1860, were as follows: Noble Craig, G. W. Thomas, Otto Schaeffer, S. M. Leavenworth and John D. Hinch, trustees ; Leavenworth, treasurer ; Hinch, clerk, and Harrison Carter, marshal. The receipts for the year ending October 16, 1860, were $11,390.57, and the expenses, $10,652.18. This heavy expense was on the streets and the wharf debt. The receipts for the year ending October, 1861, were $4,533.41, and the expenses, $3,924.72. The officers elected, October, 1861, were John A. Mann, Charles Haas, Charles Leunig, Otto Schaeffer and Leonidas Cralle, trustees; Otto Schaeffer, clerk; Charles Leunig, treasurer; Isaac P. Lamb, marshal. The receipts for the year ending October, 1862, were $5,544.66, and the expenses, $5,399.07. At this time the wharf debt was $4,500. The officers of 1862-63 were B. F. Server, Charles Haas, J. M. Monroe, F. Schenk and W. P. Daniel, trustees; W. P. Daniel, clerk; F. Schenk, treasurer; J. M. Monroe, marshal. In April, 1863, the board donated $1,000 toward the new schoolhouse. The officers of 1863-64 were B. F. Server, W. P. Daniel, J. M. Monroe, Charles Haas and F. Schenk, trustees; Schenk, treasurer; Daniel, clerk, and H. Carter, marshal. In 1864-65 the officers were Josiah Forth, M. S. Blunt, Aaron Galliger, John Pf effer and Charles Haas, trustees ; Otto Schaeffer, clerk; W. Forth, marshal; Noble Craig, treasurer; James Ferguson, assessor. In August, 1864, upon petition, cor- porate bonds to the amount of |4,000 were sold to pay the wharf debt of $4,500, with what was in the treasury. They were all taken by the First National Bank, then just founded. The receipts of 1864-65 were $5,783.85, and the expenses, $5,509.60_ The officers of 1865-66 were Anton Haas, "W. P. Edson, Samuel S. Dryden, John PfefEer, John B. Gardiner and A. B. GalKger,. trustees ; J. F. Welborn, clerk ; 0. F. Leonard, treasurer ; Thomas Stevens, marshal; W. H. Larkin, assessor. A pesthouse was built in 1865.

Seceet Societies

The. first secret society in this county was organized about the year 1826, and was called Philanthropic Lodge, A. F. & A. M. In that year there appears in the commissioners' records an orderto the effect that the members of this lodge might have the use of the garret of the court house for a lodge room, provided they would cause to be made, at their own expense, four dormerwindows, with some other slight, but necessary, alterations- Nothing of this lodge could be learned except that it survived a. short time, and that Jesse Y. Welborn was a leading member;. In February, 1848, J. L. Carey, William Nightwine, D. S. Martel, L. H. Lloyd and John Couynston were organized into a lodge of ' Odd Fellows, by K W. Dunbar, D. G. M. of this district. Thelodge survived until about the beginning of the last war, having at one time a large membership. In March, 1867, it was reorganized as Mount Vernon Lodge No. 49, with the following charter members: John A. Mann, M. S. Blunt, W. P. Daniel, H. C, Chase, John Conyngton, J. D. Hinch, Absalom Mackey, Robert Whittlesey and Elijah Evison. The lodge prospered, and is now in excellent working condition.

The Masonic lodge here is known as Mount Vernon Lodge No. 163, and was organized in March, 1854, with the following; membership: Charles Fitch, Thomas Newman, John Barter, Richard Barter, Adam Lichtenberger, W. A. Twigg, H. d Cooper, D. A. Famsley, WiUiam Hubbell, Thomas Poindexter and W. A. McRae. It was organized under a dispensation, but; in May, 1854, was chartered. Charles Fitch was first Master; John Barter, Senior Warden, and Thomas Newman, Junior Warden. The lodge was very prosperous, and in 1867 erected th& structure known now as the "Masonic Building," at a cost o£

The German Aid Society was organized in 1857, the first officers being John Schiszley, president; Henry Brinkman, vicepresident; W. L. Stritter, secretary, and John Pfeffar, senior treasurer. Since its commencement to the present the society has been fairly prosperous.

The German Benevolent Society called Harugari Lodge No. 244, was organized in 1871, by H. Sittel, D. G. O. B., with the following charter members: John Pfeffer, Sr., Emanuel Wolf, W. L. Stritter, J. D. Dieterle, Charles Wasem, Phillip Fraudt, G. Brill, C. F. Tente, Charles Eosenhauer and Adolph Matzdorf. The following were the first officers: John Pfeffer, Sr., O. B. ; Charles Wasem, U. B. ; W. L. Stritter, secretary; C. F. Tente, treasurer; Phillip Traudt, Conductor; E. Wolf, Warden; A. Martzdorf, E. S. O. B.

The Black Township Cemetery Society was organized in 1880 with the following first officers: John Schiszley, president; W. L. Stritter, secretary; Charles Haas, treasurer. In February, 1860, the society bought of Valentine Shryock, two acres of land, and in April, 1863, bought two more - all about two miles north of Mount Vernon. The grounds are in good condition and the society is prosperous.

The Peess Of Mount Vernon

The first newspaper in Mount Vernon was established early in 1838, by Thomas F. Prosser, and was called the Mount Vernon Courier. It was a , small five-column folio, subscription $2 per annum, and was conducted until 1841, when it was suspended, owing to the election of Mr. Prosser to the county auditorship. From 1841 to 1848, the town though a lively and rapidly improving business place, was without a newspaper; but, at the last named date, Mr. Prosser founded the Southwestern Advocate, a paper which was conducted with unusual ability and prominence for that period, until about 1862, when it was permanently abandoned. It is said to have been, in many respects, one of the best, if not the best, newspaper ever published in the county. This paper had no sooner died than Charles L. Prosser, son of T. F., founded The Union, a stanch and loyal sheet, Eepublican in poll- tics, wMch, through the remaining years of the war, did more than any other one cause to encourage the enlistment of men. It was abandoned in 1869. A Kepublican paper called The Umpire was established by Bey. Thomas Abbott, in January, 1860, and after about a year was removed to Kockport. In 1861 a Mr. Huckeby founded The Democrat, which was owned successively by William Landon, V. B. Jolly and Charles Legge. After a few years it became defunct. Late in 1867 Thomas OoUins began to issue the Mount Vernon Democrat, a six-column folio, subscription price $2 per year. It soon became the leading paper of the county, and was the organ of the Democracy. It was well conducted by Mr. Collins until April, 1879, when it passed to the present editor and proprietor, Albert A. Sparks, under whose management it has prospered. It is an eight page quarto, is newsy and ably conducted, and has a large circulation, and a profitable job and advertising patronage. In July, 1871, Eev. Mr. Abbott founded the New Republic, but in December of the same year, sold out to S. T. Palmer, who changed the name to The Republican, and conducted the sheet until July, 1872, when it passed to Charles L. Prosser, and was soon leased to John Mason and Virgil Veatch. The lease was relinquished in the summer of 1873, and the paper was then conducted by Mr. Prosseir until 1877, when it was discontinued. In August, 1871, Bev. Abbott founded The Harbinger, a religious sheet devoted to the doctrine of Universalism. It was soon removed to St. Louis. A German paper called the Wochenblatt, was founded by John C. Leffel, in October, 1875, and conducted until October, 1881, and then abandoned. In February, 1877, J. C. Leffel established the Western Star, and soon afterward disposed of an interest to S. J. Williams. This paper is still issued, is prosperous, being well patronized, and is the only sheet ever printed here on a steampower press. The Weekly Sun was established in 1878, by James M. Barter, who is yet its owner, manager and editor. It is an eight-column folio, is well conducted and is well patronized in all departments, . The Posey County Republican made its appearance in June, 1880, under the editorship of C. F. Wertz. The Posey Banner was founded by Thomas Collins, in January, 1881. It was an organ of the Democracy.

Banking Enterpeise8

In the decade o£ the thirties an attempt was made to establish a branch of the State Bank at Mount Vernon, which failed, owing to the apathy of local capitalists. Hon. G. S. Green, then in the Legislature from this county, was at the head of the movement. Bvansville carried off the prize, and much of her subsequent prosperity is due to that fact. In 1854 a private bank was founded by George E. Booker and A. S. Curtis, and conducted by them until 1857, when it passed to William J. Lowery, Eich- «rd Barter, John A. Mann, Seth M. Leavenworth and Nelson G. Nettleton, who announced a capital of $14,000, and began to buy and sell exchange, shave commercial paper, etc. Deposits were received, and a limited quantity of the bank's bills were issued. A creditable business was done until 1864, when the bank wound Tip its affairs, and was incorporated under the new law as a National Bank, with a capital of $50,000, dating from April 5, 1864, with a charter for twenty years. The stockholders were John B. Gardiner, president; Seth M. Leavenworth, cashier; John M. Lockwood, Milton Black, Eichard Barter, M. A. Weir, S. S. Dryden, Charles Leunig, John A. Mann, A. G. Crutchfield, James ' F. Wfelborn, John E. Evertson, W. M. McArthur, James Carson and Aaron Lichtenberger. September 5, 1865, the capital was increased to $100,000. The bank has been highly successful, and at present has a capital of $100,000; surplus, $20,- OOO; and its officers are as follows: A. C. Williams, president; Milton Black, vice-president; E. W. Eosenkrans, cashier; George W. Eobertson, assistant cashier; A. C. Williams, John M. Lockwood, Milton Black, James Carson, O. L. McAllister, Michael Harlem and E. W. Eosenkrans, directors.

In 1856 the "Exchange Bank" was founded by Enoch E., De- Witt and C. and Lawrence James, with a capital of $15,000. They did a general banking business until 1863, including the issuance - of "shinplasters." In 1863 they retired.

In 1867 the Mount Vernon Banking Company was organized, -with the following stockholders: Seth M. Leavenworth, Joseph F. Welborn, Edward T. Sullivan and Charles A. Parke. They -started with a capital of $40,000. Welborn was president and Parke cashier. The latter became president in 1883. In 1868 Leavenworth sold his stock to his partners, and in 1869 Sullivan sold to Parke & Melborn. In 1876 Melborn sold out, and Alfred D. Owen, "William H. Owen, Eugene F. Owen and Horace P. Owen secured an interest each and so remain to the present. Mr. Parke is yet president, and A. D. Owen is cashier. Their capital is yet 140,000, and they do a general banking business, including foreign, and merit confidence and patronage.

The International Bank of Mount Vernon was established August 27, 1883, by John B. Gardiner, M. Harlem & Son, John PfefPer, Sr., O. T. Schultz, Charles J. Carpenter, Charles F. Leonard, V. Weckesser, C. Mutz and Mark F. Leonard. The only change in the stockholders to the present is M. Eosenbaum has the stock of Charles F. Leonard. The first and present officers are as follows: John B. Gardiner, president; Charles J. Carpenter, cashier; Mark T. Leonard, assistant cashier. The bank has a capital of |50,000, and although comparatively new has a good business and the confidence of the community.

The Plank Boad

In 1851 a plank road was built from New Harmony to Mount Vernon by a stock company consisting of John Pitcher, president ; Robert D. Owen, secretary and treasurer ; N. G. Nettleton, John Sweeney, Enoch R. James, Charles F. Leonard and Richard Barter and Pitcher and Owen, directors. The road was quickly built, toll gates were erected, and a brisker and larger business to the towns at the termini was the result. The population of Mount Vernon, particularly, soon increased 50 per cent, part of which prosperity was due to the plank road. But the travel was not sufficient to warrant the outlay, and after a few years the road was abandoned.

Visitation Op The Oholeea

In 1851 and 1852 the cholera visited Mount Vernon, as well as the county in general, and carried off about thirty -five persons in alL It again came down like a wolf on the fold in 1873, and for two dreadful months spread sorrow and death in all directions. People generally fled from it, but several instances of heroism are on record. Coal was publicly burned, and lime profusely scattered on the streets of Mount Vernon. , The following persons died: Joseph Pickles, Miss Muncy, Mrs. William Mil- ler, Mr. Eobert's child, Mrs. Sload, John Caldwell (colored), Lucy Kirk, Miss Snyder, Mrs. Collins, Mrs. Grant, Thomas Caldwell (colored), a negro woman and a pauper, Miss Sheldon, Miss Gordon, Mrs. George Wilbrenner, Miss Eeichert, Mrs. Barket, James Werks, three of the Bells, Mrs. Helen Gordon, Larkin Duncan, Alvin Hovey, Mrs. Coni-ad Shertz, William King, a child of McLain, Eobert Peters, Mrs. S. Huff, Taylor Woody, Orrin Johnson, child of J. C. Woody, Henry Osborne and wife, Robert Lyon, a pauper, Lewis Barton, Mrs. J. 0. Woody and child, Joseph Harris, Mary Shertz, Mrs. Barton, a son of Bonenberger, Kate Shertz, Mrs. Grace Crow, Litter Watkins (colored), Mrs. Timmons, Dr. A. Matzdorf, Mrs. Robert Lyon, Mrs. McLaughlin, Miss Eva Hovey, Lizzie Haas, Cook's son, Dixon's son, a negro, Miss McDowell, Davenport's son, Anton Haas, John Quick and wife and child, Mrs. J. D. Hinch, Mrs. Musselman, a pauper, Mrs. Latham, Jeff Hopkins, Isaac Newton's child, John Tier, Charles Kreis, Robert Moore, Mattie Stein, Henry Washington (colored), Joseph Olemmons and an unknown man; total, seventy-six.

Adoption Of A City Government

December 7, 1865, an election was held to decide whether the town should assume the dignity of a city government, 219 votes being cast for, and 130 against the proposition. The first officers and all since are mentioned elsewhere. The city was divided into three wards as follows : First Ward, all east of Main and south of Fourth ; Second Ward, all north of Fourth Street ; Third Ward, all west of Main and south of Fourth. In February, 1866, a city seal was adopted. 'The pest house was sold. The city ordinances were revised and new ones adopted. In April, 1866, a board of health, consisting of John Conyngton, M. D., Marcus L. Blunt, M." D., and Edwin V. Spencer, M. D., was established. In May, 1867, the town debt was $14,449.32, which included the wharf debt of $4,500. In May the school board asked for an appropriation of $15,000, to build a new schooUiouse. Extensive improvements were made on the streets. January 31, 1868, the council was petitioned by 285 persons to issue city bonds to the amount of $100,000, to aid in the construction of the Mount Vernon & Graysville Railroad, The petition was granted. In May, 1868, it was estimated that the new schoolhouse east of the creek would cost $17,269. About this time, E. B. Whittlesey contracted to supply the city with coal gas ; he failed to keep his contract. In July, 1868, the council issued and sold $10,000 worth of schoolhouse bonds, realizing about 96 cents on the dollar. In December, 1868, the council was petitioned to aid the Mount Vernon & Graysville Railroad with $200,000 in the city bonds ; granted, and the bonds ordered issued; and the former order for the issuance of $100,000 rescinded. For the fiscal year 1868-69 the receipts were $24,- 291.81 and the expenses $15,921.55; balance, $8,370.26; debt, $11,913.38; debt less balance, $3,543.07. In July, 1869, R. Fisher & Co., contracted to supply the city with gas, but failed to meet their contract.

In November, 1870, the council, pursuant to petition, ordered issued $110,000 worth of city bonds to aid in the construction of the Byansville, Carmi & Paducah Railroad. Soon afterward this order was so altered that $102,000 of aid was issued [and $5,000 for the right of way, in all $107,000. Of this amount $95,000 bore 10 per cent interest and $12,000 bore 7 per cent. These bonds were all issued. In 1871 bonds of $3,000 were issued to build a schoolhouse west of Mill Creek, they sold for $2,820, while the house cost $4,501.80. Certain manufacturing establishments worth over $20,000 were ordered ^mleased from taxation for seven years. In June and July the cholera came: over 200 pounds of copperas were sprinkled in the streets. In August, 1874, bonds of $4,000 were issued to pay the school debt. In June, 1875, bonds of $5,000 were issued for schoolhouse purposes. Salutes of guns were ordered fired July 4, 1876. In May, 1877, there were issued $25, 000 worth of bonds to be used temporarily for school purposes. In September, 1877,the city agreed to compromise her railroad bonded debt for 25 cents on the dollar. J. B. Gardiner was appointed agent to negotiate. In June, 1878, the city endeavored to prevent the removal of the iron from the Graysville Railroad. In September, 1878, the citizens subscribed $358 to be liSed in disinfecting the city against yellow fever, etc. May 11, 1880, the council agreed on a compromise of $52,167 to settle the railroad bonded debt. New bonds to that amount were ordered issued and all old bonds called in. As yet the city had paid nothing on the debt but interest,, had virtually repudiated her obligations, and by so doing had forced the holders of her bonds into this unfair compromise. This amount, $52,167, was made to cover all outstanding bonds to the amount of $137,000. The following suggestion from Mayor J. B. Gardiner, was spread upon record and duly acted upon: "That, as all the old bonds have been received with the exception of about $5,000 or $6,000, and that would be received in a few days, the Fourth of July be set apart as a day of rejoicing ; and that all the trades and professions turn out on that day to witness the burning of the old bonds, in honor of the great achievement of securing a compromise of our great bonded debt ; and that the council confer with the citizens, call a meeting and make the necessary arrangements for that occasion." Great achievement! It appears to the historian, that the deliberate repudiation of a just debt should be no cause of rejoicing in a community as intelligent, wise and just as that of Mount Vernon. One-fourth of the bonds were to be paid in five, ten, fifteen and twenty years, respectively. In December, 1880, $1,100 was paid for a fire engine and $352.80 for 500 feet of hose and other apparatus. The receipts of 1881-82 were $24,144.15 and the expenses, $28,986.70, leaving on hand $2,421.68. In July, 1882, bonds of $4,000 were issued to redeem outstanding city orders. School bonds of $2,000 were issued in November, 1872.

City Ofpicees

This town has been singularly free from great fires until the last two decades. There was a considerable fire in 1845, but no very valuable property was destroyed. In the winter of 1872-73 four large business houses standing near the corner of Main and Water Streets were destroyed. On the 26th of February, 1873, the large mill and distillery owned by Munchoff <fe Wolflin was burned. October 19, 1880, all the buildings fronting Main, between Second and Third Streets, were burned, except the one on the corner of Main and Second, entailing a loss of $150,000, of which $100,000 was covered by insurance. The owners of the property destroyed were Mount Vernon Banking Company, Tuher, Boyce & Co., George Henrich, Elwood Smith, Henry Moll, John D. Hinch, E. W. Eosenkrans, C. F. Leonard, M. Harlem and Mrs. John Burtis.

Peesent Business Of Mount Veknon

In the decade of the fifties were the following business houses : J. Lowery & E. E.. James, Eichard Barter, Eosenbaum & Bro., Eichard Barter & Son, Hector & Noble Craig, dry goods, groceries, etc. ; John H. Barter, blacksmith shop ; flouring-mill, D. C. James & George Muggs ; saw-mill by Sarvers ; hotel, Turner Nelson. During the war period there were: Dry goods, Eichard Barter & Son, Craig & McAllister, Eosenbaum & Bro., John A. Mann, E. T. Sullivan and J. T. Welborn ; grain and stock, John A. Mann, Washington Boyce; wharf -boat, G. W. Thomas & Son; groceries, G. M. Weilhenner; blacksmith shop, wagon and buggy factory, John M. Barter; mills, Munchoff & Wolflin and Henry Schnur; boot and shoe-makers, Zimmerman and C. Stallman; merchant tailors, C. S. Fuelling; drugs, M. Cronbach & Bro., and Black & Conyngton; banks. First National and Mount Vernon Banking Company; saddler, H. Schneidel; saw-mill, Charles Springer; grain dealers. Thorp & Pefferday.

Business men of the last decade and the present have been as follows: Dry goods, groceries, clothing, etc., Eosenbaum & Bro., Eaben & Naas, A. M. Lewis, A. C. McAllister, A. W. Uri & Son, Jacob Naas, S. Jarodzki & Son ; groceries and provisions, Eaben & Naas, S. & N. Hartung, Frank Smith, V. Weckesser, M. Eosengart, Eosenbaum & Bro., G. P. Waller, P. Espenscheid, Phillip

Yunker, G. M. Weilhenner; blacksmiths and wagon-makers, Miller & Pearson, George Thompkins, Magill & Bro., Cralley & Greenfield, Louis Kaiser, John H. Barter (forty years), Eugene Wilson, Acuff, & Hieronemus & Dugan; mills, Henry Schnur (Belleville Mills), Pfeffer & Traudt, and Mill and Elevator Company; hardware and cutlery, H. Brinkman & Son, Barter, Neal & Fuelling; stoves and tinware, S. H. Gronemier; Barter, Burtis & Templeton and E. B. Schenk; bakeries, Henry Dexheimer and G. H. Franck ; cigar factory, A. Fogas ; saddlery and harness, C. Kreie, M. Scheidel and Charles Schmutz ; boot and shoe-maker, Zimmerman, E. Leukroth, Charles Gronemeire, C. Stallman and William Beste ; fancy goods. Miss E. Tischendorf ; merchant tailors, C. S. Fuelling, H. Kluga, Phillip Mann, M. Harlem and Conrad Maier ; barbers, George Peldman, J. McFall, George Hen rich. Collier & Barter and W. S. Hinch; dry goods? clothing, boots and shoes, Rosenbaum & Bro., Raben & Naas, S. Jarodzki & Son, Jacob Naas, A. M. Lewis and A. C. McAllister; photography, L. W. Jones; fruits and confectionery, Odestin <fe Eaves and Preston Loveland; musical instruments and sewing machines, E. W. Noel; sewing machines, S. Potter; insurance agency. Union Insurance and Collecting Agency, A. Hutchinson and L. L. Rosenkrans; dentistry, Elwood Smith; newspapers. Mount Vernon Democrat, Western Star and the Sun; millinery, Mrs. Dismer, Miss Wagner & Co.,. Mrs. S. C. Williams and Mrs. Uri ; clothing, boot& and shoes, Myer Rosenbaum ; butcher shops, Ike Wolf, L. Hueffling, John Pfeffer and Henry Kreie; hotels, Brettner House, St. Nicholas, Central House and Kahn's European ; livery stables, J. K. Gregory and W. S. Spillman; boarding houses. Farmer's House, G. P. Waller and Mrs. Overton; brickyards; Ed. Browne and Charles Fors chee; grain Union Elevator Company, Rosenbaum & Bro., Thorp & Pefferday and Hem-y Schnur; notions, boots and shoes, Peter Imboden and B. F. Chenem & Co. ; bottling pop, John Forthoffer ; drugs, W. L. Hollis, M. Cronbach & Bro., William Mc Arthur and Thomas M. McArthur, W. H. Fogas & Co. and C. P. Wier; banks. International, Mount Vernon Bank and First National Bank; seed and feed stores, Henry Schnur and H. Zell & Co. ; tin shop, John Sheperd; marble works, C. & G. Loerch; saw-mills, Ford & Mc- Gregor and Charles Springer; coal dealers, Thomas & Bro. and W. T. Peckinpaugh; coal and lumber, tile, H. Brinkmann.

New Habmony

There is no place in Indiana, perhaps no place in the United States, about which there centers more historic interest to the scientist, the socialist or the moralist, than about New Harmony. The place has been praised by some in effulgent, and at times by almost fulsome, eulogies; at other times it has been traduced by the tongue of scandal. This has all occurred from the different views of its very peculiar society. Situated as it is in a bend of the Wabash, and surroimded as it was at first, by the forest primeval, with scarcely a single tree removed by human hands, and no human inhabitants save a few lingering red men who remained as monuments of almost extinct confederacies, it might seem strange that such a place was chosen as the abode of an intelligent and prosperous people. The founders of the place were the Rappites, and the leader and the moving spirit of this peculiar people was George Eapp. No history of New Harmony would be complete without a history of George Eapp and his people. George Eapp was the son of Adam Eapp, a farmer of Wurtemberg. He was born October 28, 1757, and was married to Christina Benzinger. He was the father of Eosina and John Eapp. Eosina died of old age in 1849 at the home of the society at Economy, in Pennsylvania. John Eapp was the father of Gertrude, who is still living in the society.

The story that John Eapp suffered a nameless punishment even to death, at the hands of his father, is most bitterly denied by the society. From a manual or history sent out by the society it is learned that John Eapp received a severe strain while Working at the company's warehouse, which threw him into a quick consumption, of which he died in 1812. A post mortem was held on his body and the testimony of witnesses was taken, all of which showed the above mentioned cause to have led to his death. Frederick Eeichert, who is known as Frederick Eapp, was really no kin to George Eapp. He was a stone-cutter by trade, and, when on a visit to the neighborhood of George Eapp, became acquainted with him, and was soon an earnest and zealous follower. George Eapp saw in Eeichert the mechanical skill and business qualification necessary for carrying out the scheme he then had under contemplation. Eeichert soon became the business manager and confidential agent of Eapp, and was known as his adopted son, and was always called Frederick Rapp, and lie so signed his name to legal documents. These were days of great religious intolerance in Germany, and Kapp became a dissenter from the doctrines and practices as taught by the Lutherans of Wurtemberg, and not being willing to submit to the persecution necessary in carrying out his ideas of religion and practice of domestic economy, determined to seek a home more suited to his plans. In 1803 he came to America and purchased 5,000 acres of land of Dr. D. Basse, of Butler County, Penn. In the spring^ of 1804 the "Aurora" sailed from Amsterdam for Philadelphia, with 300 immigrants ; six weeks later the "Atlantic" sailed with 300 more, and in the fall of the same year the "Marquette" brought the remainder. They, however, did not all settle in the same locality. The evil eye of their neighbors was upon them. They lived down suspicions and calumny by well-doing, and soon made the wilderness around them blossom as the rose. In 1807 they adopted celibacy, but this could not have been rigidly enforced, as will be shown "further on. In other things they were far from being ascetics. Music, painting, sculpture and other of the liberal arts flourished under them. Their museums and gardens were the wonder and delight of those around them. Desiring a warmer climate and other moi'e favorable influences, in 1812 Frederick Eapp visited six of the Western States and Territories, and was so favorably impressed with Posey County that he concluded to move the colony to what is now New Harmony. They accordingly sold their possessions in Pennsylvania, amounting at this time to about 6,000 acres of land, with their flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, and their f actories ; f or these they obtained about $100,000. In 1814 a part of their number arrived at New Harmony, and in 1815 the remainder came, consisting of about 125 families and about 700 persons. Here they bought vast tracts of land, the most of which was in Harmony Township, but they obtained some in Bethel and a considerable amount in Point. They also held lands in Illinois and some in Knox County. All these lands were entered in the name of George Eapp and associates, or in the name of Frederick Eapp, individually.

Town Of The Eappites

be their future home. Their home in Pennsylvania had been very properly called Harmonie, i. e. Harmony and this new home for the same reason was called New Harmonie, New Harmony. They at once entered upon the work of clearing away the forest and building houses, and putting in place machinery, and making such other improvements as were necessary for the prosperity of a vigorous and prosperous colony. An extensive water-mill was erected at the "cut off" about two miles below the town, this not only did the work for the community but furnished meal and flour for the entire surrounding country for several years. The place was well selected] for a mill site as the fall in the river gave excellent power. A large vineyard of eighteen acres furnished an abundance of the finest grapes, these grew on the hills south of the town, and Strock, the vinedresser, carefully economized the fruits of his labor. He is said to have remained after the departure of the Rappites and is still remembered by the old settlers. Not far from the vineyard was the wine-press, this consisted of a circular tank or trough in which the grapes were placed and a large circular stone was rolled upon them to bruise them and to extract the juice. The remains of the old press are still to be seen. The wine was stored in cellars near by to await a suitable market. At the head of Brewery Street stood a large brewery from which the street was named. They also had a distillery for making whisky. Possibly not very consistent, yet while Rapp encouraged the manufacture of wine, beer and whisky as an article of commerce, he rigidly prohibited intemperance in the community.

The large flocks and herds were watchad by old Straheli the herdsman, who rode to the pastures in " Noah's Ark," a small house as it were placed upon wheels and drawn by cattle. In this Straheli. sheltered himself and tended his flocks and herds. These were driven to the fields, to the hills south of town, and to the island for pasturage in the daytime and at night they were driven intO' the barns and sheds for protection. A large steam grist-mill was built about 1820 near where Mott's house now stands; to this was added a cotton and a woolen factory for spinning ; coloring, weaving, dyeing and fulling cloth. A cocoonery and silk factory was in operation for a time and some very fine articles of silk were made. There was also a saw-mill a short distance southeast of town, the power being from a stream running down the hillside; vast quantities of lumber were sawed by hand with "whip saw.'' About two and one-half miles from town on a small Creek stood an oil-mill for the manufacture of castor oil ; there was a brickyard in the south part of the town. Instead of grinding the mud by wheel or mill it is said that men tramped the mud in the pit.

They had blacksmiths, masons, tinners, physicians and men of almost every craft. They raised almost every article of produce from the garden or orchard to extensive fields of grain. They cleared away the forest, and ditched the land. They built houses and barns and fenced their fields. They were slow in movement, painstaking, orderly, industrious. They were taciturn and courted not the society of strangers except for business. They were peaceable; in the main honest and sober,- little given to literary pursuits, yet not wanting aesthetic tastes, as evidence of which they built a conservatory near where Dr. Owen's residence now is, in which were to be seen orange and fig trees and many rare ornamental shrubs. The most curious of all was the labyrinth, which was located across the street not far from Mr. Wheatcrofs residence. This was entered by mazy, winding passages which made several circuits before reaching the center, where was placed a curiously carved rustic house. The passages were enclosed by espaliers covered by hedges of currant, hazel and various fruit and ornamental trees. In addition to the buildings already mentioned they erected many private residences and a large brick house for Father Kapp. This stood on the ground were Dr. Owen now resides, but unfortunately the Eapp building was burned a few years ago. They also built a frame church not far from Father Eapp's residence, this had a tall steeple in which was placed two bells for calling the devoted followers of Eapp to worship.

Those bells regularly pealed forth their solemn tones, inviting the worshipers who were always led by Father Eapp. Later they built a huge hall in the form of a cross, the plan of which, according to Father Eapp, was given to him three different times in a dream. This building was 123 feet in length and was twentysix feet to the ceiling of the first floor, and was two stories in height. The upper story was, however, not of the full size of the lower story. The building was of brick and was entered at the ends of the wings. The building stood almost on the same ground on which now stands the institute building. The old building having fallen into decay by neglect and abuse was torn down a few years ago and the institute erected in its stead. The stone facing surrounding the main entrance of the old hall has been preserved and now fills the same place in the institute building. Overhead is a rude bas-relief of a rose surrounded by a wreath, at the sides of which*is the date, 1822, and beneath is the inscription, "Micha 4, &. 8." This was the work of Frederick Rapp. In the side of the building is a tablet on which is inscribed "In memoriam of the Harmony Society founded by George Eapp,1805." Near Rapp's residence stands the old granary which was built of stone, the walls being two feet thick and the roof of tile, thus making the building fire proof. In the walls of the granary were cut loop-holes, thus rendering the granary a good fortress, and it is usually known as the "old fort." This was connected with Rapp's residence by a subterranean passage, which is now closed up, but the old fort stands almost as perfect as the day it was finished. About the only changes that have been made are, the port holes have been enlarged to windows, and some slight changes have been made to accomodate the machinery that has been placed in it. It is now used as a grist-mill.

The Rappites erected four other large brick buildings, each about 40x80 feet, except one, which was 45x90. Of these one has been torn down ; one is used as a public hall, ball room and theater; another, where the Veets House noAv stands, was partially destroyed by fire, and the fourth is occupied by Fretageot & Co. as a business house. These buildings were used as common lodging rooms or boarding halls. William Herbert, who visited the place in September, 1823, thus describes it: " The place is characteristic of the society and the people settled there. This singular community consists of about 700 individuals, chiefly from Wurtemburg and neighboring places, and have been here seven years. They have relinquished a similar society in Pennsylvania because it was too thickly settled to suit their peculiar tenets, or the peculiarities of their society. These good people have literally made the barren wilderness to smile. The town is regular- ly laid out into squares, the streets crossing each other at right angles. The log-cabins are giving way as fast as possible to commodious brick and frame buildings. The brick {houses, from their bright red color, afford a very pleasing contrast when compared with the houses of London. The house of Eapp has large parlors, a fine garden and out-buildings attached. The streets were planted with Lombardy poplars, but from a peculiarity of the subsoil they soon died and were replaced by mulberry, the effect of which is very pleasing to the eye. Being such rigid economists they doubtless planted the mulberry to afford leaves for their silk-worms. They have mills, public ovens, granaries, factories, barns and a church with a tall steeple.

Customs Of These People

The members encourage celibacy, but do not compel it. They think the celibates stand higher in morals than the married. When a superintendent was asked how long since they had had a marriage he replied that it had been three years, although there were then 100 in the community of marriagable age. They punish by verbal reproof or withholding social intercourse. They observe order and decorum, and are industrious and sober. They work from sun to sun, and those in the brewery and distillery work till late at night. The sounds of conviviality are rare, and there is little talk or mirth, unless while trading with their neighbors. They are adverse to communicate or explain their tenets. They discourage the learning of the English language. They have a superintendent over each department, a general store, their own doctor, saddler, blacksmith, and keep a house of private entertainment (tavern). Each superintendent receives the money in his own department, and each individual is credited with what he does, and is charged for what he receives.

They raise everything they use, except groceries, and they get these by exchange. Frederick Rapp is general business manager, and he has agents in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Everything is entered in the name of Frederick Rapp, or George Eapp and associates. Seeing that celibacy was reducing their numbers a head of one of the departments was asked if they did not desire an increase of their number, he replied: 'Not by strangers.' The question was again asked if they would not like an increase from their own countrymen, and again the answer was given that they did not desire an increase by ' strangers,' evidently considering all strangers who were not of their own faith. When asked about their old home, he said: 'We are happier here.' " The same eye-witness further describes the appearance of the church with its tall white steeple, and the sound of its bell calling together the worshipers, and the band of music which furnished music for worship and pastime. He further says he saw men, women and children march to the harvest field to the sound of music to gather in their ripened grain, their numbers being so great that a field of a hundred acres would be gathered in a single day. The women dressed in long, close fitting jackets and gipsy bonnets, all of uniform make. From their sallow skin they did not seem to be very healthful. In March, 1822, the community was increased by the arrival of about 123 immigrants from Wurtemburg, the old home of most of the members. These were soon assigned their places in the community, and all things moved on smoothly again.

It is mentioned here as coincident of the time that the visitor mentioned above speaks of millions of wild pigeons flying over New Harmony and filling the air as far as the eye could reach, and many settling down to roost in the neighboring forest; so thick were they that the inhabitants killed many with sticks or clubs.

Othek Incidents Of Inteeest

The Harmony Society, viewed from whatever standpoint, were a peculiar people. They have existed for nearly 100 years, and their numbers are gradually diminishing, and but a few years more they will be known only in history, yet perhaps no other people have lived lives more consistent with their doctrines, or have been more uniformly successful in business. It is stated on good authority that in 1807 these people were worih on an average $25 per head, and in 1825 they had $2,500 for every man, woman or child in the community. The community was sorely vexed by an impostor called " Count Leon," who caused dissensions among them and robbed them of about one-third ccE their wealth ; but happily, his true character was found out, and he was placed on a keel-boat and set afloat on the Ohio River. He went down the Mississippi to Alexandria, La., where, in 1833, he died of cholera. Rapp lias been criticised for not encouraging popular education more, and for living such exclusive lives. It is questionable if the community could have succeeded in anyother way. The society was moved by one sentiment, guided by one mind, and that mind was Father Eapp's. There was sometimes bitter feeling toward the Eappites by their neighbors, whether from jealousy at their greater prosperity or otherwise, is not known. From some cause they became dissatisfied, and concluded to make another move. Several theories are given for this change: DiiBculty with their neighbors, sickness in the community and a preference for isolation. To the first it might be said that the bitterness was not likely to lead to danger; the second might seem reasonable from the amount of malaria that is known to have existed there at that time, yet the extravagant statement was published shortly after their departure that the death rate was only one and one-half per cent annually. The third cause doubtless had something to do with their intended change. Mr. Richard Flower, of Albion, 111., acting as agent, found a purchaser for the property at New Harmony in the person of Robert Owen, of New Lanark, Scotland. Mr. Owen was a man of talent, wealth and a philanthropist by nature. He was manager of a large manufacturing establishment that he had run successfully on the community plan, and he desired to try the experiment on an enlarged scale. Pending the negotiation of sale, on the 2d of March, 1825, the community, individually and severally, made Frederick Eapp "their true and lawful attorney in fact " for the sale of their property. The article was signed by George Rapp, Christina Rapp, Rosina Rapp, Johana Eapp and 497 others, all of whom except thirty-nine were able to make their own signature. The sale was finally consummated on December 25, 1825, by which Mr. Owen came in possession of 19,997.87 acres of land, 800 of which were in White County, 111. The consideration of said sale was $125,000 " in hand, paid of lawful money, the receipt, etc." This, however, did not embrace all the lands owned by the Rapps. Before dismissing the subject of Rapp it is thought proper to append the following memoradum of Rapp' s doctrine: 1. - He believed in the doctrine of future punishments and rewards. 2. - He did not teach everlasting punishment. 3. - He taught that the end was nigh - could not be later than 1837. 4. - He believed there should be no carnal intercourse between the married or unmarried. 5. - He thought only those who had abstained could occupy the highest places. 6. - He believed in a literal coming of Christ. In the infirmity of George Eapp, Frederick frequently officiated at worship, and before the death of George Eapp he was duly installed their spiritual head. Eapp was their priest and king. The only authority wanted on any question was "Father Eapp says it." The remnant of these people live at Economy, Penn, the most of whom are growing old. Messrs. Leutz and Henrico are now their teachers. It is said that when their numbers are reduced to less than three their vast wealth is to revert to the State of Pennsylvania.

New Haemony Under The Owenses

Mr. Owen believed with Mr. Eapp in the community system of property, but differed widely in policy of management ; instead of. absolute control himself and keeping his own council, as did Mr. Eapp, he seems to have allowed every one a share in the deliberation. From every State in the Union, except one or two of the most southern, and from every civilized State of Europe flocked the people to Mr. Owen's community. Such a conglomeration of people, and such a variety of ideas could hardly be conceived. That such a community could succeed seemed hardly possible. That Mr. Owen was in earnest is evident from the fact that he spent such a vast sum of money in the enterprise. That he was honest, was evident from his opening his heart to every one and taking every one into his confidence. That he was enthusiastic is evident from his first lecture to the community, in which he said, " I am come to introduce an entirely new state of society; to change it from the ignorant and selfish system to an enlightened social system which shall remove all causes of complaint and reconcile all differences between individuals." That he had charity, is evident from the New Harmony Gazetfe, his organ, the motto of which was "If we cannot reconcile all opinions, let us endeavor to unite all hearts." On the 4th of July, 1826, Mr. Owen pronounced the death knell to the " Trinity of evils," irrational religions, individual property and inconsistent marriages. He certainly felt that he had accomplished the work, for there appeared ever afterward for a year or two, at least, on the title page of the Gazette, in italics, " The first year of Mental Independence, and of American Independence the fifty-first," and so on through the second year of " Mental Independence," and fiftysecond of "American Independence."

The first form of government was the " Preliminary Society," which was established May 1, 1825. This invited people of every nature and tongue to share the benefits of the society, except persons of color, and these might be admitted on certain conditions. The preliminary society provided for the admission of members, the general duties of members, general privilege of members and the dismission of members. February 25, 1826, the new constitution for the government was adopted. - It was called the " Constitution of the New Harmony Community of Equality." Its object was stated to be happiness; its principles - equality of rights, union in business, community of property ; and demanded freedom, sincerity, kindness, courtesy, order, obedience and economy. The committee on constitution consisted of Phillip M. Price, president; Thomas Pearce, secretary; W. "W. Lewis, James O. Wattles, John Whitley, William Owen, Donald McDonald, R. L. Jennings and K. D. Owen. The community was divided into six departments, viz. : Agriculture ; manufacture and mechanics; literature, science and education; domestic economy; general economy and commerce. The superintendents of the departments were Thomas Pearce, agriculture; J. K. Colidge, manufactures and mechanics; Thomas Say, literature, science and education; Richardson Whitby, domestic economy; Feldman Whitwell, general economy, and William Owen, commerce. The property embraced at this time, 8,000 acres of improved lands adjacent to the town, and nineteen detached farms embracing about 300 acres more. In 1826 Mr. Owen sold to William McClure, about one-third of the town, 490 acres in all, for $40,000. Although the constitution seemed liberal and good, it was soon found necessary to modify it to suit the clamors of the community. In January, 1826, there was a modification; in April it was allowed that twenty-five persons might move out and form a separate community. In May there were made three distinct divisions. The first, or New Harmony proper, was Community No. 1, called Ipba Veinul; the second was McCluria, or Community No. 2, called Ipad Evinle; the third was Community

No. 3, called Feiba Peveli. These terms were invented by Stedman Whitwell, who endeavored to establish a new nomenclature to indicate latitude and longitude. There seemed to be a growing disposition on the part ot the community to acquire individual property and everything seemed drifting that way. In a short time there was the fourth community established. Many began to acquire individual property and the " beginning of the end" was nigh. An individual store had been established in opposition to the general store, and the courts had established its rights to sell goods within the community. McCluria was not governed in the same manner as No. 1. The continuance of the community, as a community, was found impossible and was soon abandoned, not by any formal declaration, but rather by common consent.

A glance at the two communities will be of interest. The Rappites were of one nationality, one tongue, and all of nearly the same rank in society, the common walks of life, and all looked upon Father Kapp as an oracle. Few, if any, had more than a passable education. Of the latter community, many of the highest talents were attracted to it by Mr. Owen's influence. Under the Rappites there was little gayety or mirth ; there was little attention given to education ; no assemblies or town meetings, except when called to worship by the solemn peals of the church bells. Under Mr. Owen there were frequent assemblies; one every week to discuss the interests of the community; balls or concerts or lectures were held almost every evening in the week. Sunday was usually given to the discussion of some scientific subject, but no provision was made for religious worship, yet Such was not forbidden. Instead of celibacy was taught that marriage was a simple rite and facility of divorce should follow from incompatibility or inconsistency of make up - ^but not free lovism. In religion Mr. Owen held great freedom, he regarded charity in all things as the foundation of the purest morals. In these matters he has been more " sinned against than sinning." The business condition of the town at this time was^ about as follows: There were four streets running from north to south, six from east to west, three dividing the town into six wards. There were 35 brick houses, 45 frame buildings and 100 log-cabins. The boarding school contained 160 children, the machinery of the factory was moved by a fine sixty horse-power engine ; the woolen factory was not doing much for want of good hands ; the fulling and dressing departments were suffering from the same cause ; the dye house was of brick and had copper vessels capable of holding 1,500 to 2,000 yards of cloth; the cotton spinning department was employing three or four good hands. Soap, candles and glue were manufactured in excess of the demand by the community ; these employed eight men. There were 17 good boot and shoe-makers, 36 farmers, 4 tanners, 2 gardeners, 2 butchers, 2 bakers, 2 distillers, 1 brewer, 2 watch-makers, 4 black and white smiths, 2 turners, 1 machine-maker, 4 coopers, 3 printers, 1 stocking weaver, 3 sawyers, 7 tailors, 12 seamstresses and mantua-makers, 9 carpenters, 4 bricklayers, 2 stone-cutters, 4 wheelwrights, 1 cabinetmaker, 3 cloth weavers, 3 tobacconists and 2 paper-makers; the remaining trades were not represented. From this time on the history of New Harmony has not differed greatly fi'om other towns of its size with this exception, there is a certain freedom and ease in the social relation of New Harmony that is peculiar to it, and something that strikes the stranger very forcibly. The name and fame of Mr. Owen drew together a class of talented men and women that, perhaps, have never been equaled in a place of its size. It would be unpardonable not to mention some at least of these.

Distinguished Individuals

Mr. Owen was himself the central figure at first. He was known as an author, a lecturer and philanthropist. Robert Dale Owen* was for a time member of the State Legislature, to whose influence to a great extent does Indiana owe her school fund. He was also trustee of the State University, member of Congress, regent of the Smithsonian Institute, and American Minister to . Naples. Dr. David Dale Owen was United States geologist for six or seven years, also State geologist of three different States. He frequently gave free lectures to the inhabitants of his native town. ' William Owen was for a time one of the editors of the New Harmony Gazette. Richard Owen was at one time State geologist, and ilntil recently held a chair in the

^Pending the struggle between the United States and Mexico over the annexation of Texaa > Gen. Santa Anna, who was then Dictator of Mexico, offered the whole State of Texas to Mr. Owen to be used by his community, provided he would prevent the annexation and exclude all religions except the Catholic. The last proviso was the rock on which they split.

State University. He is now devoting his energies to investigations in electricity and the cosmic forces. William McClure, mentioned before, was a geologist, one of the principal founders of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. He made collections in geology and mineralogy in Europe and America, was the author of "McClure' s Opinion," consisting of sixty-two different articles; "Essay on the I'ormation of Eocks," "Outlines of the Geology of the United States," and "Geology of the West India Islands." He was the founder of the McClure Libraries that are found scattered over the country. He died in Mexico after willing his property to charitable purposes. Thomas Say, who with three of the McClures, lies buried in Dr. Owen's yard, was the husband of Lucy Sistere, a lady of talent. He accompanied the United States expedition to the Pacific Coast under Maj. Long, as naturalist. He was pronounced by Louis Agassis to be the best entomologist of his day and was the author of "Conchology of North America." C. A. Le Sueur accompanied as naturalist Le Perouse in his tour around the world. Le Sueur stopped off at Australia and the remainder of the crew were lost. He was compelled to reside in France to obtain a pension which the French Government gave him as the only survivor of that expedition. E. H. Fauhtley was one of the principal officers of the United States coast survey and a son-in-law of Eobert Owen. Joseph Eeef was a coadjutor of Pestalozzi, and for a time taught at the- falls of Schuylkill. He was the teacher and friend of Admiral Farragut and the father-in-law of Dr. Eichard Owen. Gerard Troost became State geologist of Tennessee. William Phiquefal D'Arnsmont, commonly known as William Phiquefal, an eccentric Frenchman, became the husband of Frances Wright. Madame Fretageot came to New Harmony at the request of William McClure. She was an educated French lady, and assisted Mr. McClure in his work and was for a time his financial agent. She was the grandmother of A. H. Fretageot of New Harmony. She died in Mexico in 1831. Frances Wright was a woman of extraordinary talent as a lecturer and author. She was a companion of Gen. Lafayette and the founder of Nashoba, a colony which she tried to establish on a body of 200 acres of land near Meinphis, Tenn. The object of this society was the ameleoration of the condition of the poor and the freedom of the slave "on a just and equitable basis." Her plan was something as follows: She would purchase the slave, say for $400. She would place him at work upon the farm and feed and clothe him. At the end of the year the product of his labor was sold and the cost of living taken out and the balance was given to his credit on the purchase price, which when paid he would become free. If the product of his labor was worth in the market $150 and the expense of feeding and clothing him was $50 he would then get a credit of $100, and would t^en work out his own freedom in four years. It is not necessary to say that the enterprise was a failure.

On her leaving Nashoba she deeded her lands in trust to Gen. Lafayette, R. D. Owen, Camilla Wright Whitby, Richardson Whitby, husband of Camilla Wright, and some others. Frances Wright was editress of the Nashoba Gazette, which was soon after combined with the New Harmony Gazette. William Michaux, an Frenchman ' of means and talent, lived for a time in New Harmony. Prof. E. T. Cox, for many years State geologist, is a native of the town. Mr. James Samson, the fatherin-law of Prof. Cox, and the intimate friend of William McClure, has been for many years collecting fresh water shells, fossils and of these he now has an extensive and well selected collection. Besides there were Mr. and Mrs. Chapellsmith, who were recluses and very abstemious vegetarians.

Items And Incidents

In 1826 New Harmony could boast of a fine military display, for she had one company of infantry, one of artillery and of riflemen, one of veterans and one compaiiy of fusileers. In the same year the society was compelled to give notice through the Gazette that no more immigrants could be accommodated for the present.

Notice was given that on the night of December 1, a military ball would be given, to which the staff officers of Illinois and Indiana were invited and that the New Harmony Light Infantry would serve as an escort. March 26, 1826, the steamboat "Highland Laddie" arrived at the wharf bound from Louisville to Vincennes, under command of Oapt. McCuUum; owing to the storm prevailing the passengers were compelled to remain on board till next morning, among them were Joseph Neef and family who came to join the community, also Mr. Smith's family. But a short time before the "William Tell" had borne the last of the Rappites away. On Sunday Phillip M. Price of Philadelphia, and Matilda Greentree of "Washington City, and Eobert Robson and Eliza E. Parvin were married in the hall, according to the custom of the society. They were married by or in the presence of the Rev. Burkitt. The usual questions were propounded and were answered by the father. They, however, stated that they did this not because they thought it was necessary, but because it was the law. May 13, the Duke of Saxe-Weimar arrived in New Harmony, where he remained some time on a visit. At a little later date Baron Bransfeld from a little province on the east bank of the Rhine, arrived in the place and remained a welcome guest of the citizens. May 31, 1827, during a storm the lightning struck the old frame church which was then used as a workshop. At the time there were sixty boys in the building and the wires supporting the stovepipe were melted and other damage done to the building, but no one was injured. The house containing the boarding school, in which were 100 children, was struck, but slight damage was done to the building and no one was seriously hurt, yet some narrowly escaped with their lives. January 11, 1828, the first number of the Disseminator was issued. It was begun by the New Harmony School of Industry, under the direction of William McClure and Samuel Bolton. In 1828 Mr. Owen leased to Taylor, Fauntlesay & Co., for the period of 10,000 years, the cut off and lands to the amount of 3,000 acres. The conditions were that the children should be sent to school for a certain time, the place should remain as community property and they should pay all taxes on the land, and should pay a nominal sum to Mr. Owen, if called upon, and should manufacture only certain articles of commerce, and the company should have an interest in the general store. Taylor proved to be a rascal, and set up a distillery in opposition to Mr. Owen, and it was only by great sacrifice that he was got rid of. In 1828 the educational society reconveyed certain of these lands to Eobert Owen, who transferred it to Oliver Evans for a period of 10,000 years, "to be completed and used" for the purpose of establishing an iron foundry. The establishment was started but did not prove successful.

Cueious Items Of Interest

In the year 1828, the New Harmony Gazette and Nashoba Gazette were consolidated and called the Free Enquirer, with R. D. Owen and Frances Wright as editors. The paper was soon moved to New York. The persons who had served on the editorial staff of the New Harmony Gazette up to this time were Eobert L. Jennings, William Owen, William Pelham, Thomas Palmer, Frances Wright and R. D. Owen. About this time this curious advertisement appeared in the Gazette: "One hundred dollars reward for a human soul. Proof by the Bible. George W. Brock, Salina, 111." In the same year the New Harmony Thespian Society presented their first play, the "Poor Gentleman."

New Harmony has to this day been favorably known for her dramatic talent, and has always kept in the front rank for entertainments by home talent. In 1835 the first agricultural society was formed. It was duly incorporated and had the following officers: Jacob Schnee, president; William Casey, vice-president; John Cooper, treasurer; R. D. Owen, recording secretary, and Louis Gex, corresponding secretary. Curators were appointed for the various townships. The society was called the Agricultural Society of Posey County. It was intended for the improvement of stock and to provide for their sale. To encourage improvement in produce private premiums were offered by different individuals. Owen & Fauntlesay offered $25 for the best bushel of castor beans.

In the same year was made an attempt to establish the New Harmony College of Manual Labor. President, vice-president, bursar and other necessary officers were duly elected, and the most prominent men of the town were enlisted in the cause but it did not prove a success.

The Time Store

In 1842 Josiah Warren, who had been a member of the community of 1825, and a somewhat eccentric character, started his celebrated time-store. He was a man of some ability and was the author of what was known as "Equitable Commerce." He considered one man's time worth as much as another's, and endeavored to prove the correctness of his theory by experiment.

The following extended description of his store is given: "A portion of a room was divided ofE by lattice work, in which were many racks and shelves containing a variety of small articles. In the center of this lattice an opening was left through which the storekeeper could hand goods and take pay. At the back of the storekeeper against the wall was a time-piece, and underneath this was a dial. In othe> parts of this room were such articles as are usually kept in a general store. There was a board hanging on the wall conspicuous enough for all to see, on which was placed the bill that had been paid to the wholesale merchant and the price intended for them, to which was added a small per cent for risks. I entered the store one day and walked up to the wicket and asked the storekeeper for some glue. I was immediately asked if I had a "labor note?" On my saying no, I was told I must get one. I then traded in the following manner : I made or presented a written labor note promising so many hours labor at so much an hour, to Mr. Warren. I went to the time-store with my note and cash and informed the keeper that I wanted a few yards of Kentucky jeans. As he commenced business with me he set the dial which was underneath the clock and marked the time. He then attended to me, giving me what I wanted and taking from me as much cash as was paid the wholesale merchant including expressage, and taking out of my labor note as much time as he had spent with me. If we had been twenty minutes in trading I received forty minutes in change." Mr. Warren was sometimes imposed upon by unprincipled persons who overcharged for their own labor. The notes of such persons soon depreciated in value at the time-store. Mr. Warren continued his store about two years, and demonstrated to his satisfaction its practicability.

In 1844 the town contained twelve stores, two steam-mills andtwo tanneries, the streets were raised and the sidewalks graveled and enclosed by hand-rails. A high levee was built to the river so as to make a passable road to it at any season, and at the sides of this levee were canals sufficiently large to admit keel-boats and flat-boats into the city during high water.

all, the town was duly incorporated in August, 1850. The board was organized by electing James Sampson president, and proceeded to pass the customary ordinances and by-laws regulating saloons, pedlars, the rate of taxation, etc. The tax duplicate for the town for 1865, shows a total value of $225,353 of property. April 11, 1867, the town board 'at their meeting adjourned sine die, and their charter was allowed to lapse. In 1881 the town was reincorporated. J. W. Miller was elected trustee of the First Ward ; O. N. Fretageot of the Second ; Henry Hunsdon of the Third; John Walz of the Fourth, and W. M. Ford of the Fifth. John Walz was chosen president of the board. W. S. Boren is the present clerk. The school trustees chosen were Richard Owen, John Corbin and Thomas Munford. June 13, 1882, the city was provided with a fire engine and a hook and ladder company. It is but justice to say that New Harmony has practically never been in debt.

The first enlargement added to the town was Robert Owens' September 6, 1832; McClure's enlargement was added in 1841, and an additional part was added in 18M; Victor C. Duclos' enlargement was added October 9, 1857 ; Samuel Arthur's March 15, 1858; John Wiley's March 2, 1871, and Richard Owen's additional enlargement September 12, 1871.

This well known organization was founded by William Mc- Clure. He believed "Ignorance was a fruitful cause of human misery " and he intended to devote his fortune to the improvement of mankind. January 29, 1837, at the American consulate at the City of Mexico, in the presence of W. D. Jones, the American consul, and other witnesses, he made a will giving certain of his property at New Harmony to Alexander, Anna and Margaret McClure, some to Miss McClure of Galway, and some to Mrs. Thomas Say. After the death of those the remainder should be devoted to founding libraries for persons who work at "manual labor." He gave all his property in Spain to George W. Ewing, John Wilbard and John Speakman for libraries for workingmen of Pennsylvania. In a codicil added he made Alexander, Anna and Margaret McClure his sole executors, but gave them power to appoint new trustees, but added, that they should hold no connection with law, church, or State. As soon as any number of workingmen should organize themselves into a body and collect 100 volumes they should be entitled to $500 to increase their library. " Unless the millions have some idea of the value of instruction and useful knowledge, it is labor lost to attempt giving them needful information. Should any dispute arise by any one as to the meaning and intent of this will, then the power of that one shall cease." In a second codicil he says: "But on reconsidering the melancholy state of morals which prevent dead men's wills from being fulfilled, I discharge George W. Ewing, John Hilbank and John Speakman and appoint my brother, Alexander McClure," etc. It is rather a melancholy fact that the very thing he tried to guard against occurred, and a large portion of the estate was squandered in litigation. Mr. McClure intended to endow the Workingmen's Institute at New Harmony very liberally, but died before it was done. As it was, only one wing of the hall and an order for £200 on a book dealer of London were received. The library was duly incorporated April 2, 1838, and a constitution drawn up and signed by thirty members. Mr. McClure took great interest in the infant institution till his death, which occurred March 22, 1840, at St. Angel near the City of Mexico. On receipt of the news, addresses and eulogies were made in honor of his worth. The first officers elected were Thomas Braun, president; A. E. Fretageot, treasurer; C. H. White, secretary; John Beal, William Cox, John Cooper, 8r., and James Samson, trustees. The catalog contains a list of 3,400 volumes, this with miscellaneous articles, papers, magazines, etc., is thought would make a total of 6,000 volumes. William Michaux, an Frenchman who resided at New Harmony for a time, left by will, $1,000 for the library, and an additional $200, the interest of which was to go to the librarian. Alexander McClure also left a number of books for the library and various other parties have, at different times,. left books and papers. The subscription price has always been so low that any one can have access to the library. The library is open every Thursday and Sunday evenings, and all day Saturday. A person can be accommodated at any time by calling on the librarian. One thing struck the writer as a peculiar characteristic of New Harmony, and that was the great number of boys and o-irls of tender age who patronized the library, and read such books as would hardly be expected of persons of their years.