St. Joseph County, Indiana - 8t. Joseph County in the War. Response to the Call. - Remember, 1880 (part 1 of 2)

Buena Vista. Ninth Regiment Infantry. Fifteenth. Twenty Decoration Day

In 1860, when some of the Southern leaders threatened a dissolution of the Union in the event of the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency, there were very few men in the North who believed they were in earnest. In consequence of the division in the Democratic party, the election of Lincoln was an easy matter. In pursuance of their threat, one after another of the Southern States to the number of twelve passed acts of secession, and organized an independent government under the name of the " Confederate States ot America."

Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President of the United States on the -tth of March, 1861, and immediately took steps to strengthen the Government. Already the rebels were making preparations for the capture of Fort Sumter, then occupied by the gallant Major Anderson and a handful of men. On the 12th day of April, after first demanding its surrender, the rebels opened fire upon the fort. The first shot sent an electric thrill through every loyal heart in tlie Nortli, and immediately the cry went up for vengeance. The news of the fall of Sumter was received on Sunday morning, April 14. On that day the loyal people of the United States abandoned the field of argument and ceased to discuss measures and plans for the peaceable restoration of the national authority in the revolted States, and with singular unanimity and determination accepted the issue of war as the only means left to save and perpetuate the National existence and the priceless liberties so long enjoyed.

On behalf of the State of Indiana I tender to you, for the defense of the Nation, and to uphold the authority of the Government, ten thousand men. (408)

The same day tlie President issued his proclamation calling for the militia of the several States of the Union, to the number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress the Rebellion and canse the laws to be duly executed. The quota of Indiana was subsequently fixed by the Secretary of War at six regiments of infantry, or riflemen, comprising, in officers and men, 4,(JS3, to serve for a period of three montiis unless sooner discharged. Instructions were issued in general orders by the Adjutant-General of the State, for the formation of companies; the several military departments were speedily organized tor business, and all available measures taken to fill the quota with the least possible delay. In the meantime, every class of the community manifested the wildest eiithusiasiii and most intense excitement. Public meetings to facilitate the formation of companies, and to give expression to the sentiments of the people touching their duty in the pending crisis, were held in every city, town and neighborhood, and an ardent and unquenchable military spirit was at once aroused that bid fair to embrace in its sweep every able-bodied man in the State. The day after the call was made five hundred men were in camp, and the Governor, apprehensive (as was tlie whole country at the time) that an eflTort would be made by the rebels to take possession of the Federal capital, proposed to send forward half a regiment if required, althougli unable to furnish the necessary arms and equipments. Receiving no reply to this ofier from the "War Department, it was renewed the day following, and the number increased to one thousand men. Ey the 19th - three days after tiiecall - there were 2,400 men in camp, and arrivals continued by every train. So rapidly did volunteering proceed, in less than seven days more than 12,000 men, or nearly three times the quota required, had been tendered. Contests to secure the acceptance of companies were earnest and frequent. The question was not " Who will go?" but, " Who will be allowed to go?" In many cases companies came forward without orders, or rather in defiance of orders, in the hope that they could be received, or that a second call would at once be made, and frequently their enlistment rolls contained twice, and even thrice, the number of names required. Hundreds who were unable to get into companies at home, came singly and in squads to the general rendezvous on their own responsibility, and, by combining with otliers in like condition, and with fragments of companies having a surplus, formed new companies and joined in the clamor for acceptance. The response was as gratifying as it was universal, and left no doubt as to the entire and lasting devotion of Indiana to the fortunes of the Union. Like the sun-light the " war fever " permeated every locality. The " Old Flag " at once became sacred and was proudly displayed in every breeze from the highest peaks of churches, school-houses and private dwellings. The presentation of a stand of National colors by patriotic ladies to each company was rarely omitted, and, wherever practicable, brass bauds were provided to escort them to the general camp.

The excitement in South Bend, Mishawaka, and, in fact, all parts of the county was intense. Says a local writer: "South Carolina has courted the glor^' of lighting the torch of civil war. Forbearance on the part of the Government almost to the extreme of humiliation, has been met with arrogance and insult; until, unable to force the United States into any act of bloodshed and violence which they could make a pretext for their act, they have most wickedly precipitated the Republic into war. They have opened the fire of their murderous batteries upon the flag which Washington loved, and which Jackson, Scott and Taylor illuminated with so many glorious triumphs - a parricidal act as infamous as the ruffian who aims a death-blow at the mother who has borne and nurtured him. They have tramjiled the Constitution and the laws which tliey have sworn to support, under their feet, and they avow their purpose to overthrow the Government which they can no longer rule, by the force and power of arms. But the awakened and bounding patriotism of the American people proves that they have reckoned without their host. Henceforth it is evident that all party divisions are to be forgotten. The question whether our Government has a right to exist towers above all others. The only issue is to be between jjaLriots and traitors; and all men must range themselves under the reptile flag of disunion, or the resplendent stars and stripes, every thread of which has been consecrated by the blood of heroes who lived and died under its folds. There can be no neutrals in this struggle. He who is not for the American Union, American Constitution and the American Flag, against treason and rebellion, against perfidy and revolution, against the architects of ruin and tlie inaugurators of civil war, are in sympathy with the traitors, and will be known as the Cow-Boys of 1861, who, like the Cow-Boys of the Revolution, will be regarded in history as lower than the enemies whom they aided and abetted. While, with all loyal men, the motto, ' God and our country,' will unite them as witli one heart and soul, for the stern duties of the impending contest."

On Monday night, April 15, 1861, on a few hours' notice, the court house at South Bend was crowded with a mass of voters, irrespective of party, who hailed this opportunity of showing their determination to stand by the Government, the Union and the Constitution. John A. Henricks, president, A. E. Drapier, editor of the Forum, and Judge Robertson, were made vice-presidents; E. E. Ames, E. R. Farnum and W. H. Drapier, secretaries. Boyne's Cornet Band played the soul-stirring National airs which our fathers loved so well. Speeches were made eliciting the heartiest applause, by Messrs. Henricks, Colfax, Drapier, J^iller, George, Anderson, Lynch and Revs. Reed and Moore. A Volunteer Aid Association was organized to equip the company, to be formed at once, and to assist in the support of their families while they were absent, and a committee to solicit subscriptions.

At Misliawaka, the same ni^ht, a large and enthusiastic meeting was held, presided over by George Milburn. Patriotic speeches were made by Milburn, Niles, Merritield, Cowles, Hurlbut, Butterworth, Thomas, Fuller, Judson and Minzie.

A second meeting was held at South Bend on Friday evening, April 19, at which the following committees were appointed to solicit and collect subscriptions to aid in forming and equipping volunteer companies, and to provide for the families of such volunteers as may need assistance:

On Monday, April 23, a meeting was held at the court-house, presided over by Norman Eddy, which resolved to forthwith form a military organization composed of citizens over the age of fortyfive years, to arm themselves, and be drilled and held in readiness for duty. In a few minutes upward of SO names were obtained to the pledge. The compaii}' at once elected their ofiicers, as follows; S. L. Cottrell, Captain; Jacob Hardman, First Lieutenant; E. C. Johnson, Second Lieutenant; A. A. Webster, Third Lieutenant. The subordinate officers were then appointed. In the afternoon the company paraded for drill, and marched to the depot, where they saluted the Elkhart Volunteers, who were on the train bound to Indianapolis. This movement was headed by the best men in South Bend, and such was the ardor and enthusiasm manifested, that a number of the most venerable citizens, tliose who served in the war of 1812 and the various Indian wars, pressed forward with eagerness to join the ranks and tender their services again to their country.

The first company was soon raised in response to the call of the President and Governor, and left South Bend for the rendezvous at Indianapolis on Friday, April 19, 1S61, being the first volunteer company from Northern Indiana to take up its line of march. An immense crowd assembled at the depot, and eloquent and patriotic speeches were made by Rev. J. C. Reed and Schuyler Colfax. Many were the tears shed by fond mothers and loving wives as they bid farewell to the loved ones whom they might never press to theit

For four long years the organization of new companies and enlistment of men for old companies, whose ranks had been decimated by disease and rebel bullets, was carried on. Gray-headed men who had almost reached three-score years and ten, and boys not yet out of their teens, went to the camp, and through the most urgent solicitation, were accepted and sworn into tiie service. Neither age nor youth kept them back, and when rejected from either cause, or from physical inability, would insist on being received, believing themselves as capable of doing a soldier's duty as thousands who had already gone. More than two thousand of as brave men as ever handled a musket or drew a sword went out from this county, many, very many, never to return again. If one goes to the battle-fields of the South, he will see how these fell at Donelson, Shiloh, Mission Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Atlanta, Vicksburg, and other places, those who were the pride of fond fathers, loving mothers, and unselfish, devoted wives. He will see them dropping off, one by one, and often, without cofliin or burial shroud, thrown into the cold ground, there to await the resurrection morn, and the re-union upon the otiier side of the Eiver of Death. In many a home throughout the county will be found the vacant chair, and where you will see the mournful look of those ever watching for one that cometh not. Upon the streets, day by day, will be met those wearing sleeveless garments, or walking in a way that tells too plainly the sound of the footfall is not made by flesh and blood. Inquire the reason and it will be learned that while charging the enemies' lines at Vicksburg, Shiloh, or elsewhere, a cannon ball deprived them of a limb. But no word of complaint is heard, the only regret expressed being that it was not possible to do more for their country.

The first company, as already stated, to go from this county to the tented field left South Bend in less than one week after the surrender of Fort Sumter. It became part of the 9th Regiment Indiana Volunteers, the muster roll of which will be found elsewhere in this work, accompanied by a historical sketch of the regiment. Among other regiments formed in part of St. Joseph county men were the 15th, 29th, 35th, 4Sth, 73d, 87th, 99th, 128th, ISSth and 155th Infantry, 4th and 12th Cavalry and 21st Battery, historical sketches of which are given where a full company is represented from the county. In the perusal of these sketches it will be seen that one and all bore an honorable part. The honor of Indiana was felt to be at stake by these brave men. The stigma cast upon the State by reason of the course of one of its regiments at the battle of Buena Vista was to be wiped out in blood. In one of the battles, a Captain in the 10th Indiana Regiment placed himself at the head of his company and said, " Remember Buena Vista, boys. There's a stain upon our battle-shield that must be wiped out to-day." This incident was taken as a theme for a poem

While the brave boys in the field were doing their whole duty, the patriotic men and women at home were not idle. Each and every one not only felt it a duty, but a blessed privilege, to render all the aid in their power to the families of the soldiers. Daring the four years of the war but little actual suffering was experienced by any at home on account of the absence of their natural pi'otectors, who were serving their country. Fairs and festivals were held for the purpose of obtaining sanitary supplies for those in the field, and Soldiers' Aid Societies were continually investigating and relieving the wants of the needy at home.

Ninth Eegiment Infantry

The first regiment in which St. Joseph county was represented was the Ninth Indiana Volunteers, the first enlistment being under the three months' call, and the second for three years, or during the war. The following is the original muster roll of Co. I, three months' men : Andrew Anderson, jr.,

Eobert H. Milroy as Colonel. This regiment was the first that left the State for Western Virginia, departing from Indianapolis on the 29th of May and arriving at Grafton on the 1st of June. From thence it marched toward Philippi, in the coliinin commanded by Colonel Kelley, and took part in the surprise of the rebel camp at that place on the morning of the 3d of June. Returning to Grafton, the Ninth was assigned to Gen. Morris's brigade and participated in all the marches and skirmishes of that command during its brief campaign, and in the engagements at Laurel Hill ana Carrick's Ford. The regiment returned home in tlie latter part of July, and was finally discharged at Indianapolis soon after.

Keturning home, steps were at once taken for its re-organization for the three years' service. A company was formed in this county principally from among those who had seen service. The following is the roster of officers and men as accepted and sworn into service:

The Ninth Regiment was mustered into the United States service at La Porte Sept. 5, 1861, for three years, or duringthe war. Soon after it was moved, in command of Colonel Robert H. Milroy, to "Western Virginia, proceeding by rail to Webster, where it disembarked and marched to Elkwater valley, and from thence to Cheat Mountain Summit, where winter quarters were built, the regiment remaining there until the 9th of January, 1862. During this time the regiment participated in the battles of Green Brier, Oct. 3, and of Allegheny on tlie 13th of December, 1861. It then marched to Fetterman, Virginia, where it remained until the 19th of February, when it was^'transferred to General Buell's army, being transported by rail to Cincinnati, and from thence by steamer to Nashville. Here it was assigned to General Nelson's division, and marched on the 29th of March, to the Tennessee river, reaching there in time to participate in the second day's engagement at Shiloh. From there it marched to Corinth, Mississippi, and after the evacuation pursued the rebels to Boonville. It then marched to Nashville, by way of Athens, Alabama, and Franklin and Murfreesboro, Tennessee. From thence it moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and back again to Nashville. From the latter place the Ninth marched to Louisville, Kentucky, and from there, in the pursuit of Bragg, through Bardstown, Perryville, Danville, Camp Dick Eobinson, Crab Orchard and London, to the Wild Cat Mountains, and returned to Nashville, through Crab Orchard, Somerset, Columbia and Glasgow. During this march the regiment was engaged in the battles of Perryville, Danville and Wild Cat mountain. The Ninth then marched to Murfreesboro, where it participated in the battle of Stone River, December 81, 1862, and Jan. 1 and 2, 1S63; after which it marched across the Cumberland mountains and the Tennessee river to Chattanooga. On the 19th and 20th of September, it was engaged in the battle of Chickamauga. After its return to Chattanooga it participated in the battles of Lookout Mountain, November 2-±th, and Mission Ridge on the 25th of November, after which it marched over the Cumberland mountains to Bridgeport, Alabama, and from there to Whiteside, Tennessee. At tlie latter place the Ninth reenlisted as a veteran organization, on Dec. 12, 1863. The regiment returned to the State on veteran furlough, and on the 21st of February, 1864, left Valparaiso, Indiana, for the front, passing through Indianapolis, Madison, Louisville, Nashville and Chattanooga to Cleveland, Tennessee. In the spring of 1864 the Atlanta campaign was commenced, the Ninth participating in all the marches of that campaign, through Ringold, Dalton, Resaca, Kingston, Calhoun, Cassville, around the Alatoona mountains, through Ackworth, Big Shanty, Marietta, the investment of Atlanta, in the flank movement around Atlanta, through Jonesboro andLovejoy, and back again to Atlanta, taking part in the skirmishing on the route, and in the engagements at Taylor's Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Dalton, Resaca, Cassville, Dallas. New Hope Church, Kenesaw mountain. Marietta, Peach Tree creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Lovejoy. It then participated in the retrogade movement in the pursuit of Hood's army, to Dalton, and thence through Snmmerville, Georgia, Galesville,

Bridgeport, Stevenson and Huntsville to Alliens, Alabama. From thence it marched to Pulaski, Tennessee, arriving there IS'^ovember, 1S64. Falling back before Hood's advance, ontlie 20th of November, it was engaged in the fight at Columbia, in the heavy skirmishing that followed on the route to Franklin, and in the severe engagement at that place. Dec. 1 the Ninth entered Nashville, and bee. 15, participated in the battle of Nashville; after which it set out with the army in pursuit of Hood's retreating rebels, following them to Huntsville, Alabama, when the pursuit was abandoned. It remained at the latter place from Jan. 16 to March 13, 1865, when it marched into East Tennessee beyond Bull's Gap, and back again, reaching Nashville on the 25th of May. Soon after it was transferred to the vicinity of New Orleans, and afterward to Texas, where it remained as part of General Sheridan's army of occupation until September, 1865, wlien it was mustered out of service and returned to Indiana.

The following promotions were made during the war: Isaac M. Pettit, from First Lieutenant to Captain; James Nutt, from Orderly Sergeant to First Lieutenant, then Captain; William H. Criswell, from Sergeant to Second, then First Lieutenant; Seth B. Parks, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant; Frank W. Childs, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant.

Co. I, of this regiment, had three officers killed in battle and one died of wounds received in battle; of the privates, three werekilled in battle, and fifteen died of wounds received, or from disease.

Fifteenth Regiment Infantry

The Fifteenth Regiment was originally organized as one of the six regiments of State troops, at La Fayette, in ilay, 1861, and was re-organized and mustered into the United States service for three years, at the same place, June 14, 1861, with George D. Wagner as Colonel. St. Joseph county was represented by Co. B, in this regiment, and by one member in Co. A. The following are the names of officers and enlisted men from this county:

Iiistoet Of St. Joseph Countt

Compaii)^ B lost in killed six men, while twelve died from di or of wounds received in battle. Capt. Alexander Fowler was promoted Major Oct. 21, 1861, and resigned Oct. 2S, 1862, for promotion to Colonel of 99th Regiment. John E. George was promoted Captain Co. B, and resigned May 21, 1864. Edwin Nicar was promoted from a Sergeant to Second Lieutenant ofCo. B, and then thirst Lieutenant Co. A. Joseph Haller was promoted Second Lieutenant Dee. 1861, and First Lieutenant July 24, 1862, and mustered out at expiration of term. Edwin Turnock was commissioned Second Lieutenant July 24, 1862, and Captain, May 22, 1864.

Soon after the organization of the Fifteenth Kegiment, it moved to Indianapolis, which place it left on the first of July, 1861, for Western Virginia, stopping at Cincinnati until the 4th of July. Proceeding by rail to Clarksburg, it marched from thence to Rich Mountain, where it arrived on the 11th, while the battle was in progress, and next day formed part of the pursuing force, assisting in the capture of many prisoners. The regiment was afterward stationed at Elkwater valley, where it remained until Nov. 19, taking an active part in the operations of General Reynolds that season, among which were the repulse of General Lee and battle of Green Brier. The Fifteenth left Huttonsville Nov. 19, and reported to General Buell at Louisville, the last of the same month. It took an active part in the campaign under General Buell, arriving at Shiloh during the battle, in time to render excellent service; was constantly' on duty during the siege of Corinth, and took part in the closing scenes of the battle of Perryville. In the pursuit of Bragg toward Cumberland Gap, the duty was arduous, forced marches and skirmishes being the daily routine for some time. In November, 1862, in connection with other troops, the regiment marched to Nashville, where the army of the Cumberland was reorganized under General Rosecrans. Col. Wagner was appointed a Brigadier General Nov. 29, and Lieutenant Colonel Gustavns A. "Wood was coniuiissioned his successor. In the march toward Murfreesboro it participated, and in the battle of Stone River, Dec. 31, 1S62, and January 1st and 2d, 1S63, it bore a conspicuous part, losing 197 officers and men killed and wounded, out of 440 engaged. After this the regiment remained at Murfreesboro until June 24, taking ]iart in the various expeditions sent out from that place. It then marched to Tullahoma, where, as part of Crittenden's corps, it aided in turning the rebel position on the left, compelling the evacuation of Tullahoma. The regiment then i-emained in camp at Pelham, Tennessee, until Aug. 17, when the army advanced on Chattanooga, General Wagner's brigade, of which the Fifteenth was a portion, being the first to enter Chattanooga. Here the regiment performed post duty from Sept. 9 until shortly' before the battle of Mission Eidge, in which engagement it participated, suffering heavily. Its loss was 202 out of 334 engaged, being over sixty per cent. The day after the battle it marched with other troops to the relief of General Burnside, at Kno.xville, marching the whole distance - over 100 miles - in 60 days; a great many of the men without shoes, and all on very short rations. Tlie regiment remained in the vicinity of Knoxville, on very severe duty, without baggage or tents, and with very little to eat, until February, 1864, when it was ordered to Chattanooga to do garrison duty. "While there a portion of the regiment enlisted, Feb. 15, 1864. It remained at that place, under General Steadraan, until June 16, 1864, when, in obedience to orders from General Thomas, it left for Indianapolis, to be mustered out of the service, its time having expired on the 14tli of June. A detachment of veterans and recruits were left behind, and these were transferred to the 17th regiment of Indiana Volunteers (mounted infantry) in the month of June, 1864, and served with that organization until Aug. 8, 1865, when it was finally discharged.

Twenty-Ninth Regiment Infantry

The next regiment of volunteers composed in part of St Joseph county men was that of the 29th Infantry Regiment. The following names comprise those who enlisted from the county:

Out of the various companies tliat went from this county, iive laid down their lives upon the field of battle, one was drowned in the Tennessee river, four died in Andersonville prison, and 28 others died from wounds or disease, among the latter being Capt. Frank A. Hardman. Among the promotions in Company F, John J. Traub was promoted from the ranks to 2d Lieutenant; Robert Shields, from Corporal to 2d and then 1st Lieutenant; Alden Whitney, from Corporal to 2d Lieutenant; Calvin R. Stillsom, from Sergeant to 2d Lieutenant; Henry E. Hain, from 2d to 1st Lieutenant; John Taylor, from Sergeant to 1st Lieutenant and then Captain.

The Twenty-Ninth Regiment was organized at La Porte, and mustered into service for three years, Aug. 27, 1861, with John F. Miller, of South Bend, as Colonel. October 0 it joined General Rosseau's command at Camp Nevin, Kentucky, and moved with the army to the vicinit}' of Mumfordsville, remaining there until the movement upon Bowling Green was commenced in February, 1862. Reacliing Nashville in March, it moved with McCook's division to tiie Tennessee river, and participated in the battle ot Shiloh on the 7th of April. In this engagement the regiment was under tire for more than five hours, suffering severely in killed and wounded.

In the siege of Corinth it took an active part, and upon the evacuation moved with Buell's army, through northern Alabama and Tennessee into Kentucky, and following in the pursuit ot Bragg through the latter State, returning to Nashville in December. Marching with Rosecrans' army toward Murfreesboro, it participated in the battle of Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862, and Jan. 1 and 2. 1863. losing many men and oiBcers. After the occupation ot Murfreesboro the regiment remained at that place until May, when it moved forward with Rosecrans' army to Tullahoma, and afterward to Chattanooga. In addition to the engagements before mentioned, the 29th, after joining Rosecrans' army, participated in the skirmishes had with the enemy at Levergne, Triune and Liberty Gai>. In the great battle of Chickamauga the regiment was engaged both days, and sustained lieavy losses. After this battle the regiment was stationed at Bridgeport, Alabama, where it reenlisted as a veteran organization Jan. 1, ISfii, and the same month proceeded to Indianapolis on veteran furlough.

On returning to the field the regiment was stationed at Chattanooga, wliere it remained until December, when it moved to Decatur, Alabama, and was engaged in a skirmish at that place Dec. 27, 1S64. Returning to Chattanooga it remained at that place until May, 1865, when it moved to Dalton, Georgia, where it participated in a skirmish with the enemy. Subsequently the 29th marched to Marietta, Georgia, where it was stationed in October, 1865. Jan. 5, 1864, Colonel Miller (who, since the month of February, 1862, had been serving as Post and Brigade Commander at Nashville and elsewhere) was promoted to Brigadier-General, whereupon Lieutenant-Colonel David M. Dunn was commissioned Colonel.

Forty-Eighth Regiment Infantry

This regiment was represented by three entire companies of St. Joseph county volunteers, - B,, E and F. The following are the names of those in the original roster, together with the recruits:

Many promotions were made in the various companies, among whom Thomas J. Collins was promoted from First Sergeant to First Lieutenant, and then Captain ; Jacob Augustine, from Sergeant to

First Lieutenant and then Captain; Albert D. Jaquitli from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant; Enoch F. Buckles, from Corporal to Second Lieutenant; David F. Spain, from First Lieutenant to Captain; George W. Hart, from Second to First Lieutenant, and Captain; William B. Spain, from Sergeant to Second and then First Lieutenant; William H. Miller, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant and Captain; Oliver E. Siusser, from private to Second Lieutenant; John A. M. Lapierre, from Corporal to First Lieutenant and Adjutant; Charles T. Chaudonia, from First Lieutenant to Captain; George W. Coquillard, from private to First Lieutenant; Barnett Byrkett, from Captain to Major, and then Lieutenant Colonel; William A. Judkins, from First Lieutenant to Captain; Crawford McDonald, from Second to First Lieutenant; Barney Uhline, from Musician to First Lieutenant; William Caldwell, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant and then Captain; Charles Mason, from Corporal to Second Lieutenant. The loss of the companies from this county were 8 killed, and 48 died of diseases or of wounds received in battle.

The Forty-Eighth Regiment was organized at Goshen on the 6th ot December, 1861, with Norman Eddy as Colonel, and left for- Fort Donelson by way of Cairo, Feb. 1', 1862, where it arrived the day after the surrender. It then moved to Paducah, where it remained until May, when it moved up the Tennessee river and engaged in the siege of Corinth. After the evacuation of Corinth it was assigned to the First Brigade, Second Division of the Army of the Mississippi, and took part in marches and countermarches in pursuit of General Price. On the 19th of September it participated in the battle of luka, losing 116 men in killed and wounded, out of 420 engaged. Oct. 3 and 4 it was engaged in the second battle of Corinth, under Rosecrans, and lost 26 killed and wounded. The regiment next moved down the Mississippi Central railroad as far as Oxford, Mississippi, and on its return marched to Memphis, where, in January, 1863, it was assigned to the First Brigade, Seventh Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps. After remaining here two months it was transported down the Mississippi, and joining the army of General Grant, marched with it to the rear of Vicksburg. Daring this campaign the regiment participated in the skirmish of Forty Hills, May 3; the battle of Raymond, May 13; the battle of Jackson on the 14th, and the engagement at Champion Hills on the 16th, losing in the latter battle 33 killed and wounded. It was actively engaged in the trenches during the long siege of the rebel works at Vicksburg, and took part in the assault May 22, losing 38 in killed and wounded.

At the surrender of Vicksburg it remained in that vicinity until August, and then moved up the river to Memphis, and from thence marched across the country to Chattanooga, and while in that vicinity engaged the enemy at Tunnel Hill. From the latter place it marched back to Huntsville, Alabama, and while stationed there in January, 1 864, the regiment re-enlisted as a veteran organization, and returned home on veteran furlough, reaching Indianapolis Feb. 6, with 369 veterans, and on the 8th were publicly received in welcoming speeciies by Governor Morton and others. After the expiration of its furlough it proceeded to Huntsville, Alabama, where it remained until June.

The Forty-Eighth then m.oved to Cartersville, Georgia, and was kept on duty in that vicinity, looking after the guerrillas and protecting General Sherman's railroad communications during the campaign against Atlanta. It was continued on this duty until Hood's invasion, when it joined Sherman's army, and marched with the First Brigade, Third Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps, in its campaign from Atlanta to Savannah. From Savannah it first moved to Beaufort, and then on the campaign through the Carolinas, going through Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and Goldsboro to Raleigh. From Raleigh it moved northward, after the surrender of Johnson's army, making the distance from Raleigh to Petersburg, 165 miles, in six days. From Petersburg it marched to Washington, and soon after its arrival was transferred to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was mustered out of service July 15, 1865. Returning to Indianapolis it was present at a public reception given to a large number of returned troops in the capitol grounds, on the 18th, on which occasion addresses were made by Governor Morton, General Hovey and others.

While at Washington about 250 men were transferred to the Forty-Eighth from the Twelfth, Eighty-Third, Ninety- Seventh and Ninety-Ninth Regiments, being retained recruits whose organizations had been mustered out. Tliese transferred men served with the Forty-Eighth until its final muster-out, and were discharged with it. During its term of service the regiment lost in battle 213 men, in killed and wounded.

Seventy-Third Reoiment Infantry

St. Joseph county was represented by one full company in this regiment, together with a few in other companies. The following are tlie names and rank at date of enlistment:

Albert B. Wade was promoted from Adjutant to Major, then Lieutenant-Colonel, and afterward Colonel; John A. Richley, from First Lieutenant to Captain ; A. N. Thomas from Corporal to First Lieutenant; John T. Slick, from private to Second Lieutenant.

The loss of this resjiment from St. Joseph county was 26, of whom two were killed in battle, two accidentally killed, one killed in military prison, and the remainder died of disease or wounds received in battle.

The Seventy-third Regiment was organized and mustered into service Aug. 16, 1S62, at South Bend, with Gilbert Hathaway as Colonel. The regiment was recruited entirely from the Ninth Congressional District, of which St. Joseph county then formed a part, and entered the service one thousand and ten strong, in less than three weeks from the day recruiting commenced. It was ordered at once to Lexington, by way of Louisville, Kentucky. The defeat of the Union forces at Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30, necessitated the evacuation of Le.xington, and the regiment made a long and weary march to Louisville, distant ninety miles. On the 1st of October the Seventy-tliird was assigned to the Twentieth Brigade ( Barker's) of the Sixth Division (Wood's) of Buell's army, and commenced the pursuit of Bragg. October 8 it was deployed in line in reserve and witnessed the battle of Chaplin Hills, losing one man, killed. It then pursued Bragg as far as Wild Cat with slight skirmishing. Returning, it marched to Glasgow, Kentucky, and from there to (jallatin, Tennessee, where Nov. 7, it surprised the

November 26 the regiment marched into Nasliville, having previously encamped for several days at Silver Springs, and engaged in an expedition to Lebanon. AYhile foraging on the 1st and 25th of December it skirmished with the enemy, and on the 26th marched with the army under General Rosecrans to engage the enemy. Pressing him back with skirmishing the army reached Stone river on the 29th. and on the evening of that day the Seventythird, with the Fifty-first Indiana, was the first of the whole army to cross Stone river under the fire of the enemy. The Twentieth Brigade, encountering Brecken ridge's whole division, was compelled to re-cross, which vvas efiected after dark without serious loss. On the 30th the day was passed in artillery firing and sharp skirmishing. On tlie 31st most terrific fighting occurred. The right wing of our army was driven back two miles, and the Twentieth Brigade was double-quicked a mile and a half to reinforce it, and taking position on the extreme right of the whole army, immediately engaged two rebel brigades. The Seventy-third fought for about twenty minutes at very close range, losing more than onethird of the number engaged; and then, charging down, drove the force in its front from the field, and in turn was compelled to turn back a short distance by a rebel brigade on its fiank. But the enemy's advance was checked and the right wing of the army saved by the desperate fighting made at this point. General Rosecrans complimented the regiment in person, immediately after the battle, and recognized these facts. More or less fighting with some loss to the regiment occurred Jan. 1 and 2, 1863. During these operations the regiment was at the front and under fire for six days, and Jan. 3, being completely exhausted, it was placed in reserve. The enemy retreated the same day. During this battle the regiment occupied, at different times, the following important positions: The extreme right of the whole army, the extreme left, and the center. Every member of the color guard except the color bearer was either killed or wounded. The regiment lost 22 killed, 46 I wounded and 36 missing.

On the 10th of April the regiment was assigned to Colonel A. D. Streight's "Independent Provisional Brigade," organized and mounted for the purpose of penetrating into the enemy's country and cutting his communications. Embarking at Nashville on the steamer, it moved down the Cumberland and up the Tennessee river, disembarking at Eastport, Mississippi. The brigade was mounted by impressments from the country, and moved by land to Tuscumbia, Alabama, in company with General Dodge's Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. On the 2Sth of April the " Independent Provisional Brigade" left Tuscumbia on its perilous expedition. General Dodge's Division was to have co-opei'ated with the movement eastward, but failed of success. On the mornina: of

April 13, at Day's Gap, Alabama, the Provisional Brigade, numbering fifteen hundred, was attacked by four thousand cavalry, under Generals Forrest and Roddy. The Seventy-third occupied the left flank of the line formed, and gallantly repulsed a tierce charge made by the enemy, some of whom charged within twenty feet of its colors. The whole brigade then charged the enemy's line and drove him from the tield, capturing two fine pieces of artillery. The brigade at once pushed southward to execute its mission, but the enemy, having collected its scattered cavalry, overtook and attacked tl'.e Brigade late in the afternoon, at Crooked Creek, Alabama. A spirited engagement was kept up until night closed the battle, with a loss to the Seventy-third during the day of 23 killed and wounded. The enemy, however, was repulsed with heavy loss.

On the 2d of May the brigade was again attacked at Blount's Farm, Alabama. The Seventy-third bore the brunt of this fight, and here the gallaiit Colonel, Gilbert Hathaway, fell, mortally wounded, while at the head of, and cheering on his men. On the 3d of May Colonel Streight, being nearly out of ammunition, and exhausted by five days' incessant traveling and skirmishing, and surrounded by superior forces, surrendered his brigade to the enemy, at Cedar Bluffs, Alabama, on most honorable conditions, which, after surrender, were basely violated by the enemy. The men were soon forwarded North and exchanged. The officers were kept in close confinement nearly two years with the exception of a few who were specially exchanged or escaped.

The men of the regiment were kept in parole camp for several months and then sent to Tennessee, where, March 28, 1864, Major Wade, being released from rebel prison, assumed the command of the regiment. During the spring of 1864 the regiment was engaged in guarding the jSTashville & Chattanooga Railroad, and during the summer it was placed on duty picketing the Tennessee river from Draper's Ferry to Limestone Point, with headquarters at Triana. While performing this duty many encounters occurred between parties of the enemy and detachments from the regiment, in nearly all of which success attended the Union arms. For its bravery and efficiency in this line of duty, the regiment was several times complimented by General Granger. During this time, and until April, 1S65, the regiment was attached to the First Brigade, Fourth Division, Twentieth Army Corps.

In the latter part of September, 1864, the regiment, after having been engaged in defending Prospect, Tennessee, during Wheeler's raid, was ordered to Decatur. Alabama, which place Forrest had captured a few days before with a garrison of 600. The enemy abandoned the place; Lieutenant-Colonel Wade was ordered to hold it, and at once went to work to put it in condition for defense, constructing a bomb-proof in the fort, etc. At three o'clock in the afternoon of the 1st of October, the pickets of the Seventy-third were driven in by the enemy, who numbered 4,000 cavah-y and four pieces of artillery, under command of General Buford. The garrison numbered 500 men and two pieces of artillery. Skirmishing continued during the rest of the day. At six o'clock next morning the enemy opened with a fierce artillery fire, which was kept up without intermission for two hours. The rebel firing was extremely accurate. Our artillery spiritedly replied, inflicting much loss on the enemy, wliile the bomb-proof aflurded ample protection to our forces: no loss was sustained by the garrison. At eight o'clock a. m. General Buford sent in a flag of ti'uce and demanded the surrender of the place, which was promptly refused. So soon as the flag of truce disappeared, the fire upon the enemy was resumed. The enemy, repulsed at every point, retired in haste.

Oct. 26 General Hood appeared before and invested Decatur, Alabama, with an army of 35,000 men. The Seventy-third had previously been ordered to that place to assist in its defense. The Union garrison numbered 5,000, and so stubborn was the resistance they made to the large army investing the place, that after four days' fighting, Hood raised the siege and withdrew his army, saying* that " it would cost more to take the place than it was worth." In the engagement the Seventy-third bore an honorable part, losing one killed and six wounded.

Part of the winter of 1864: was passed in Stevenson, Alabama, and in January, 1S65, it was moved to Huntsville and then placed on duty along the line of the Mobile & Charleston railroad, with headquarters at Larkinsville, Alabama. While upon this line, skirmishing with the enemy was of almost daily occurrence. Feb. 16 a detachment of 20 men repulsed an attacking party of rebel cavalry, killing and wounding five, and taking one wounded prisoner. On the 30th of April, 15 men from Company " D " attacked 30 rebel cavalry, killing two and wounding two, without loss to themselves. Other skirmishes occurred in which the regiment lost four killed and two wounded. The regiment remained on this duty until the summer of 1865, when it proceeded to Nashville, where, on the 1st of July, 1865, it was mustered out of service. Returning home the Seventy-third was publicly received in the State House Grove, at Indianapolis, and addressed by Governor Morton and General Hovey.

Eighty-Seventh Regiment Infantry

The Eighty-seventh regiment was represented by Co. K and one or two others. The following are the names as recorded in the Adjutant- General's Report and credited to St. Joseph county:

The loss from this county were four killed; five died from wounds; one died in Andersonville prison; and ten died of disease - a total of twenty.

The companies composing the Eighty-seventh regiment were recruited in the Ninth Congressional District. The regiment was organized at South Bend Aug. 28, 1862, and at once moved to Indianapolis, where, on the 31st of August, it was mustered into the three years' service, with Kline G. Shryock as Colonel. On the day of its muster it left Indianapolis aitd proceeded to Louisville, Kentucky, where on the 1st of September, it was assigned to General Bnrbridge's Brigade. October 1st it was transformed to the Third Brigade, Third Division, of the lith Army Corps, and with it took part in General Buell's campaign through Kentucky. It was under fire at Springfield on the 6th of October, and on the 8th of that month engaged in the battle at Perryville.

After marching and counter-marching through Kentucky, the regiment encamped near Mitchellville, Tennessee, in November. During this campaign the loss to the regiment was light, not exceeding six killed and wounded. After this the Eighty-seventh occupied camps at Tunnel Hill, Pilot Knob and Gallatin, Tennessee, and Jan. 29, 1863, it moved to Concord Church, south of Nashville. On the 4-th of March it engaged in a skirmish at Chapel Hill against General Forrest's command, after which it moved to Triune. On the 2Sth of March Colonel Shryock resigned, whereupon Lieutenant-Colonel Newell Gleason was promoted Colonel,

June 23 the Eighty-seventh moved with the Army of the Cumberland, and engaged in the summer campaign against Tullahoma, being under fire at Hoover's Gap, and being with that part of the army which entered Tullahoma. It then marched to Winchester, Tennessee, and thence over the mountains to Battle Creek, on the Tennessee river. In the fall campaign against Chattanooga, the regiment participated, crossing the Tennessee and marching over several high mountain ranges. It bore a conspicuous part in the bloody battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, losingof its number 40 killed, 142 wounded, and 8 missing, among whom were eight officers killed and four wounded - being more than half of all the officers and men engaged. Tiie regiment remained at Chattanooga during the siege of tliat place, and upon the reorganization of the Army of the Cumberland, it formed a part of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Fourteenth Army Corps. Nov. 25 the regiment was in the front line of its brigade in the storming of Mission Bidge, and lost in killed and wounded sixteen men. After the victory it engaged in the pursuit of the enemy to Ringold, Georgia. Feb. 22, 1S64, it participated in an expedition against Dalton, and skirmished with the enemy in front of Buzzard's Iloost, near that place. Returning from this expedition, it went into camp at Ringold, where it remained until the 7th of May.

In the laborious campaign against Atlanta, the Eighty-seventh participated in all the principal battles and skirmishes, confronting the enejny at Rocky Face, Resaca, Cassville, near Dallas, Kenesaw. Peach Tree Creek, and before Atlanta. In a charge upon the enemy's works at Utoy's creek in front of Atlanta, on the 4tli of August, the loss of the regiment was seventeen killed and wounded. It also participated in the battle of Jonesboro, on the Ist of September, and then moved into Atlanta, where it went into camp for a brief period.

Moving with its corps from Atlanta on the 3d of October, it participated in the campaign in the pursuit of Hood through Northern Georgia, marching to Resaca, and thence through Snake Creek Gap to the Chattanooga valley. From thence it marched to Gaylesville, Alabama, and then returned to Atlanta, going by way of florae and Kingston, Georgia. Nov. 16, the regiment left Atlanta with the Fourteenth Corps, and marching through Decatur and Covington, took the road to Milledgeville. On the 24th the march toward Savannah was resumed, the regiment moving by way of Black Spring, Fair Flay and Long Bridge, to Saundersville, which was reached on the morning of the 26th. The advance guard of Wheeler's cavalry was met near that place and skirmished with, but offered no serious opposition. Marching to the left of the Georgia Central railroad, and crossing the Ogeechee, the regiment reached Louisville on the 28th, where it rested until the 1st of December. It then moved toward Jacksonboro, going by way of Reynolds,

Uistoet Ok St. Joseph Co0Ntt

Tlioinas' Station and Waynesboro, destroying a portion of the railroad and skirmishing witii Wheeler's cavalry, near the latter place. From Jacksonboro it marched to Hudson's Ferry, on the Savannah river, reaching there on the 0th. On the Ittii Ebenezer Church was reached, and on the 10th the immediate defenses of Savannah were approached and the siege begun. After the evacuation of Savannah, on the 21st of December, the Eighty-seventh marched into the city and remained there until Jan. oO, 1865.

The regiment participated in the campaign made through the Carolinas, marching with the Fourteenth corps to Goldsboro, ]\orth Carolina, where it remained in camp until April 10, 1865. It then moved to Smithfield and took part in tlie capture of that town. From thence it proceeded to Ilaleigh and then to a point near Holl}'' Springs, wherejt camped until after the surrender of General Johnston's rebel army. From North Carolina the regiment marched to Richmond, Virginia, and thence to Washington city, where it participated in the grand review of Sherman's army. June 10, 1865, the Eighty-seventh was mustered out of service at Washington, and proceeded to Indianapolis, where, on the '21st, it was publicly welcomed home by Governor Morton, in behalf of the State, at a reception meeting held in the capitol grounds, at which addresses were also made by Generals Ilovey and Gleason.

Tiie promotions in Company K were, James M. Holliday, from Second Lieutenant to Captain; Andrew J. Chrisman, from private to First Lieutenant.

Corapan}' D of this regiment was made up entirely from St. Joseph county. In addition to this company a number of men from the county enlisted in other companies, the names of all being given.

Only one of the foregoing number was killed in battle, two were killed bv railroad accident, and nineteen died from woimds received in battle or from disease.

Tiie One Hundred and Twentj'-eiglith Eegiinent was recruited from the Ninth Congressional District, during the fall and winter of lvS63, rendezvoused at Michigan City, and was mustered into service March IS, 1S64. On the 23d the regiment left Michigan City by rail, and proceeded by way of Indianapolis and Louisville, to Nashville, where the division commanded by General Hovey was organized, and the regiment assigned to the First Brigade. April 6 the regiinent starte.l on a march to the front, and, moving by way of Stevenson. Bridgeport and Chattanooga, - through a section of country famed for the beauty of its mountain scenery, where the hills kiss the clouds, and the silver streams laugh iu the sunshine, - reach Charleston, East Tennessee, on the 2ist. General Hove3''fi division was then designated as the First Division, and assigned to the Twentj'-third Army Corps, under command of General Schofield.

May 4 the regiment marched with its corps from Charleston, and entered immediately on the campaign against Atlanta. Sherman's moving columns were concentrating in the vicinity of Chattanooga, preparatory to moving with deterinined vigor upon the forces of the rebel General Johnson, who, apparently secure behind the inaccessible ridges of Rocky Face, challenged our advance through the dangerous defile of Buzzard's Eoost Gap, leading to Dalton. But Sherman decided to take another route, and not expose his men to certain destruction from the lire of plunging shot, or tlie deep waters of tlie creek by which the enemy flooded the pass. The pass was unapproachable, and the " Great Flanker" turned to the left, and left the enemy in position.

May 9 G-eneral Schofield moved with his corps close to Daltouj while General Thomas demonstrated with vigor against "Rocky Face Ridge. Meanwhile McPherson reached Snake Creek Gap, surprised a force of the enemy and held the gap. On the 12th the whole army, save one corps, moved tlirough the gap on Resaca. The battle of Resaca followed. Thus constantly moving, threatening, flanking and fighting, the approaches to Atlanta were won, the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth taking part in the principal movements, culminating in such battles as Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro.

From May 8 until Sept. 5, under the broiling sun by day and the pestilential dews by night, through difficult ravines, skirmishing in dense forests, drenched by heavy rains, struggling through mud and mire, our troops pressed on. Some portion of the regiment was on the skirmish line nearly every day lor four months.

June 9 General Hovey retired from the command of the First Division, and the First Brigade was assigned to'the Third Division (Cox's) of the same corps. "'June 6, Colonel De Harb having been disabled b}' wounds, Lieiitenant-Colonel Packard assumed command of the regiment. Aug. '.) the First Brigade was re-organized, and the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth assigned to the Third Brigade of the same division, the brigade being under command of Colonel I. N. Stiles, of the Sixty-third Indiana. After the fall of Atlanta the regiment marched from Jonesboro to Decatur, Georgia, where it went into camp with the rest of the corps. ,

Oct. 1 tlie rebel General Hood crossed the Chattahoochee river with his army, and marched north by way of Dallas. Sherman's armj^, with the exception of the Twentieth Corps, moved in pursuit. The regiment left Decatur with its corps on the 4th, and, crossing the Chattahoochee, moved toward Dallas, threatening the flank and rear of the enemy's forces then assaulting Alatoona. The rebels being defeated at Alatoona, moved rapidly to the northwest, striking the railway at Resaca on the 12tli, and capturing Tilton and Dalton. The army of Sherman meanwhile made a march to Rome, where the Twenty-third Corps crossed the Oostaunaula and drove a brigade of the enemy through the narrow entrance of the valley of the Ciiattanooga, capturing two guns. Then learning that the enemy had moved for Resaca, the pursuit was continued through Resaca, Snake Creek Gap, Villanow, Dirt Town and Grover's Gap to Gaylesville, Alabama, which place was reached on the 20th. The regiment marched in this pursuit over three hundred miles.

Thomas. The regiment marched with its corps to Chattanooga, and was moved from thence b^' rail to Pulaski and Nashville. So soon as it was ascertained that Hood was moving to invade Tennessee, the regiment moved with its corps to Colnmbia. Nov. 24 the skirmishers of the One Hundred and Twentj'-eighth encountered the advance of the enemy. I'or six da^'s severe skirmishing was had with the enemy's line at Columbia, one-half of the regiment being alternately on the skirmish line. The enemy's line pressed onr line strongly but did not assault. Meanwhile General Schofield made preparations to fall back to Franklin. During the ' night of the 29th the regiment marched twenty-six miles, and readied Franklin at day-break of the 30th. The enemy followed closely, and repeatedly assaulted our line at Franklin as soon as we had formed, but General Schofield had chosen an excellent position, and repulsed the rebel onslaught witli decisive results. The regiment lost several officers and men in this battle, which was fought with great fury and obstinacy, the enemy continuing his assaults until late on the night -of the 30th. The battle of Franklin was the tirst severe check of Hood's invasion of Tennessee.

Tlie regiment fell back the night after the battle, to Brentwood Hills, and the next morning marched to Nashville and took position in its defenses. For two weeks the array of General Thomas faced the rebel force of General Hood, who occupied the southern approaches to JS'ashville.

December J 5 Genera! Thomas' army moved upon the enemy in his chosen position, and, after two days' fighting, utterly defeated the buasttul foe, and drove his demoralized command beyond the waters of the Tennessee. This battle closed the existence of Hood's army. From that time it ceased to exist as an organized body. The regiment was actively engaged in the closing up of Hood, and joined in the pursuit as far as Columbia, Tennessee, arriving at that place on the 2*jth. Here the command rested for a short time preparatory to another campaign which was to strangle the last army of the Kebellion.

Jan. 5, 1805, the regiment left Columbia and marched by way of Mount Pleasant and Waynesboro to Clifton, on the Tennessee river, where it embarked on transports and sailed to Cincinnati, Ohio. From thence the regiment moved by rail to Washington city, and thence to Alexandria, Virginia. February 20 it embarked on the steamer Atlantic, and sailed to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, and from thence, without landing, sailed to Morehead City, North Carolina, where the regiment disembarked and was conveyed by rail to Newburn.

Early in March the regiment set out with its division, and marched along the Atlantic & North Carolina railroad, in the direction of Kingston, repairing the railroad as the column moved. March 8 the enemy was encountered in force, at Wise's Fork, four miles below Kingston. The enemy had met with success in capturing two regiments of Eastern troops, by surprise, and was pushing on, confident of easy victory, when it was met and checked bj' liogers' division, just arriving on tlie field. For two days heavy skirmishing; resulted, and on the lOtli the enemy made a heavy assault, but was repulsed and fled in great disorder from the field. The regiment took an active part in this fight, losing severely in killed and wounded. The whole command then moved to Kingston, which was occupied without resistance from the enemy.

On the 20th the regiment left Kingston, and after a march of thirty miles, reached Goldsboro on the evening of the next day. On the 25th it left Goldsboro and marched to L(! Noir Institute, where the regiment was employed in protecting the railroad until A]n'il 9. The regiment then returned to Goldsboro, and was assigned to duty in that city. It soon after was sent to Kaleigh.

April 29, 1S65, Colonel De Harb being mustered out by order of the AVar Department, Lieutenant-Colonel Packerd was promoted to the Colonelcy. Subsequently Colonel Packerd was promoted to the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General of volunteers, by the President, to date, March 13, 1S65. The regiment was mustered out in IStlG.

The promotions of the St. Joseph county men. were as follows: John M. Pierce, from Captain to Major; Erastus A. Harris, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant, and tlien to First Lieutenant; George O. Finch, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant.

Tliis regiment was /composed of one hundred days men, and was mustered into the service May 27, 1861, with James H. Shannon as Colonel. St. Joseph county was represented in this regiment b}' company 11, the muster roll of which follows:

Hundred And Fifty- Fifth Regiment Infantry

This regimeiit was composed of men enlisting for one year. Company"!" was composed principally of St. Joseph county men, while a number joined other companies, the names of which are given as compiled from the Adjutant-General's report:

The loss was only one, Francis Sauls, who died at Indianapolis May 6, 1865. The following are the names of those mustered out as Sergeants: David M. Miller, Alexander J. Bodkin, "William A. Eobinson, Josiah F. Smyser, William Turner. The following are the names of the Corporals on mustering out: Andrew Apey, John T. Morgan, Peter McManus, Joseph S. Ordway, Daniel Stonebill. George V. Williams and Henry Berg were mustered out as musicians.

The regiment was organized at Indianapolis on the 18th of April, 1865, with John M. Wilson as Colonel. April 26, the regiment left for Washington, and upon its arrival there it was sent to Alexandria, and was assigned to the provisional brigade of the Third Division of the Ninth Army Corps. May 3 it was transferred to Dover,

Delaware, at which place companies were detached and sent to Centreville and Wilmington, Delaware, and Salisbury, Maryland. On the return to the regiment of two of these companies, a railroad accident occurred by which a number were severely injured. The regiment being brought together was, Aug. 4, 1865, mustered out at' Dover, Delaware. Arriving at Indianapolis on the 10th with 32 otficers and SOO men, for iinal discharge, it was publicly welcomed home, at a reception meeting held in the State House Grove, at which addresses were made by Lieutenant Governor Baker, General Benjamin Harrison and others.

Twelfth Cavalry

Compan}' H, of the Twelfth Cavalry, was composed of men from the county of St. Joseph. Following will be found the original muster, as taken from the report of the Adjutant General:

The loss of Company H was eleven, of whom five died from wounds, and the remainder from disease. In the line of promotion First Lieutenant Joseph Turnock was promoted to Captain; Henry R. Fields, from Second to First Lieutenant; Alden Whitney, from the ranks to Second Lieutenant; Daniel N. Dressier, from the ranks to Second Lieutenant and then First Lieutenant; Hansom M. Beck, from the ranks to Second Lieutenant. William Augustine, Josiah Morrow, William M. Reece, were mustered out as Sergeants; Daniel M. Castetten, as Q. M. Sergeant; John Noel, as Com. Sergeant; Andrew J. Crutliers, as Bugler; David Augustine, David Baker, Daniel H. Cotton, Peter W. Herman and George W. Wright, as Corporals.

The Twelfth Cavalry was organized at Kendallville, Indiana, March 1, 1SG4, under Colonel Edward Anderson. Early in May, 1864, it left camp at Kendallville, and proceeded to Indianapolis, and, on the 6t]i of the same month, the regiment left that city for the field, under orders to proceed ta Nashville, Tennessee. But six companies of the regiment were mounted, and all of the companies were armed as infantry, for want of cavalry arms, until the regiment arrived at Louisville, where the infantry arms were turned over by the six mounted companies, and cavalry arms were issued instead. Tiie mounted portion of the regiment marched from Louisville to Nashville, under the command of Colonel Anderson, while the dismounted portion proceeded to Nashville by rail, under the command of Lieutenant Alfred Reed.

The regiment remained at Nashville, in camp of instruction, for about three weeks, when it was ordered to Huutsville, Alabama, for which place it started May 29, the dismounted portion proceeding thence by rail, under command of Colonel Anderson, the mounted portion marching from Nashville under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel Reed. Colonel Anderson was assigned to the command of the railroad defenses from Decatur, Alabama, to Point Rock, Alabama, a distance of about sixty miles, and to the command of all that district of country lying between Iluntsvillc and Point Rock, and between the Tennessee river and the Memphis & Charleston railroad, tliat portion of the country being, at the time, infested with several bands of guerrillas and " bushwhackers."

The dismounted companies were assigned to the especial defense of the raili'oad, and to the erection of block-houses, under the command of Major Orris Blake, and the six mounted companies (which were the only mounted cavalry then at or near Huntsville), nnder command of Colonel Anderson, were employed very actively in fighting and ridding the country of guerrillas and "bushwhackers," in which numerous skirmishes and engagements were fought, and quite a large number of the regiment were killed and wounded.

For about a niontli after the arrival ot" the regiment at Hiintsville, the headquarters of the regiment were at that place, when they were removed to Brownsborough, where they remained until Sept. 15, l.St)4, when the regiment was ordered to Tullahoma, Tennefsee, to garrison that post, where it arrived on the night of the same day, and reported to Major-General Milroy. Colonel Anderson was assigned to the command of the post, and also retained command of the regiment. Sept. 23d Colonel Anderson was relieved by orders from the Secretarv of War, and was ordered to Indianapolis to report to Governor Morton for special service, soon after which he joined his command in the field. In the absence of Colonel Anderson, Major Blake was assigned to the post of Tullahoma and of the regiment, during which time the regiment was constantly employed in watching movements of the rebel General Forrest, who, with a large force, was then threatening Tullahoma and several other points along the line of the Nashville & Chattanooga railroad. In the meantime the regiment had several skirmishes with a part of Forrest's command, and with bands of guerrillas. In the month of October, 1S61, Major Blake was ordered by the Secretary of War to report for duty to the Acting Assistant Provost Marshal General at Indianapolis, as assistant.

Three mounted companies - C, D and II - stationed at Huntsville, under command of Captain M. D. Williams, participated in the defense of that place, with the Tliirteenth Cavalry, on the 1st of October, 1S<34, against the attack of a portion of the i-ebel Forrest's command. These companies subsequently joined the regiment at Tullahoma, and Nov. 26th, upon the evacuation of that post, the regiment proceeded to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and participated in the battle of Wilkinson's Pike and Overall's Creek, and was employed in the several skirmishes in the defense of Murfreesboro against the command of Forrest, in December, 1861, Lieutenant-Colonel Reed commanding the regiment, and Colonel Anderson commanding the brigade to which the regiment was attached; soon after which the regiment proceeded to Nashville and went into winter quarters, and there received new arms, and was assigned to the Second Brigade, Seventh Division, Cavalry Corps.

Feb. 11, 1865, the regiment embarked on board transports and steamers, under orders to proceed to New Orleans, which orders were subsequently countermanded, and the regiment disembarked at Yicksburg, by order of Major General Canby, to engage in a raid along the Mobile and Ohio railroad. These orders were sul)- sequently countermanded, and the regiment was newly mounted, arms changed and embarked again for New Orleans, where it arrived March 12, 1865, whence it proceeded to Navy Cove, Mobile Bay, reported to Major General Canby, and participated in the operations against the forts and defenses of Mobile, Alabama, a portion of the regiment acting as escort to Major General Canby, and the balance engaged in running a courier line into Florida from near Fort Blakely, A labama.

After the fall of Mobile the regiment reported, on the 17th of April, to Major General Grierson, and under the command of Major William H. Calkins, participated in the raid of over eight hundred miles through Alabama, into Georgia, and then across the State of Alabama to Columbus, Mississippi, where it arrived on the 28th day of May, 1865. The regiment was highly and specially complimented by Major General Grierson, in a letter to Governor Morton, for its gallant conduct and military discipline. Here the regiment remained under the command of Major Blake until about the middle of July, when Colonel Anderson rejoined his command, after a temporary absence, and proceeded with a portion of the regiment to Grenada, Mississippi, establishing the headquarters of the regiment there. Three companies, - D, K and L, - proceeded to Austin, on the Mississippi river, in command of Captain D. M. Graves, where they remained about two months, employed in protecting Government cotton and other property, and again reported for duty to Colonel Anderson, at Grenada, where tliat portion of the regiment remained, until orders were received for muster out.

The remaining six companies remained at Columbus, Missis sippi, and vicinitj', engaged in protecting Government cotton and other propertj^ under the command of Major Blake, until they were ordered to proceed to Vicksburg, Mississippi, to join the balance of the regiment, which had proceeded there. These companies arrived Nov. 2, and Nov. 10, 1865, the regiment was mnstered out of the service at Vicksburg, and ordered to proceed to Indianapolis, where it arrived November 16, and on the next day was honored with a public dinner by the citizens of the city, and was welcomed home by a public reception at the State House Grove, where addresses were delivered by Governor Baker and Colonel Tr ussier, Secretary of State, and were responded to by Colonel Anderson, Lieutenant-Colonel Reed, Major Calkins and Major Blake. The regiment was finally paid off, and its members received their discharges Nov. 22, 1865.

Twenty-Fiest Battery

This battery was made up principally from St. Joseph and La Porte counties. By reference to the report of the Adjutant-General of the State it will be found the following named are credited to St Joseph county, with their rank at date of enlistment:

The Twenty-first Battery of Light Artillery was organized and mustered into service at Indianapolis Sept. 9, 1862, with William W. Andrew as Captain, and immediately left for Covington, Kentucky, then threatened by the invading forces of Kirby Smith. From Covington it moved to Lexington, and from thence marched to Eichmond and Danville, and then to Louisville. At the latter place it remained until Feb. 2, 1S63, when it proceeded to Nashville, Tennessee. From tliere it moved to Carthage, Tennessee, from wlicnce it marched with an expedition to Kome, Georgia, and there skirmished with the enemy March 19 and 20, and after capturing a number of prisoners returned to Carthage. While on duty at this place they engaged in other expeditious, skirmishing with the enemy at Gainsboro on the 5th of April, and at Carthage May 4 - place and advancing with it June 24, toward Manchester. In the engagement at Hoover's Gap the battery participated, and during the summer and fall marched with the army in the campaign against Chattanooga. After crossing the Tennessee it engaged the enemy at Catlett's Gap, Georgia, and participated in the great battle of Chickamauga. Falling back with the army from that field, it remained at Chattanooga until the 5th of December, during which time it was engaged in the storming of Mission Eidge Nov. 25. Proceeding to Nashville, the battery remained there during the winter and the following spring.

March 26, 1864, it moved to Columbia, at which place it was engaged with the rebels under General Forrest on the 1st of October. Sept. 17 Capt. William W. Andrew was discharged for disability from wounds and Lieutenant Abram P. Andrew was Sroraoted his successor. On Hood's advance the battery moved to Cashville, and was under fire in the engagement before that place on the 15th and 16th of December. After the battle it remained at 'Nashville as part of the reserve artillery until it was ordered to be mustered out of service. Arriving at Indianapolis from Nashville June 21, 1865, with five officers and one hundred and fortytwo men for final discharge, it was present at a public reception given to the returned soldiers at the State House, at which welcoming speeches were made by Governor Morton, Generals Hovey and Wilder, and others. On the same day the battery was formally mustered out of and discharged from service. The Twentyfirst Battery entered service with one hundred and forty-one men and five oflicers, and during its term of service received sixty-nine recruits. Its losses were as follows: Killed in action, two; died of wounds received in action, one; died from injuries received by explosion of ammunition, two; died of disease, twenty-one; discharged, twenty-nine; deserted, seven.

In the line of promotion William E. Chess was promoted from Second to First Lieutenant; William M. Whitten, from Sergeant to Second Lieutenant; Alfred B. Miller, from Quartermaster Sergeant to Second Lieutenant.

Eoll Of Honor

" It is sweet and honorable to die for one's country." Thus it may be written over the graves of the following named, who freely gave their lives to save the Union, and whose memory will ever be kept green by those who remain behind :

Capt. James Houghton - Killed at Battle of Shilob, Tenn., April 7, 1862. Capt. Isaac M. Pettit - Died of wounds received in action, March 19, 1863. Capt. Frank A. Hardman - Died March 15, 1802, near Nashville, Tenn. Lieut. Seth B. Parker - Killed at battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, Sept. 19,186 Lieut. William H. Criswell- Killed at battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863.

Non-Commissioned Officers And Privates

River. Lucia, Sheffield - Died Jan. 25, 1863, from wounds received at Stone River. Lenegar, Isaac - Killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. Lane, Ephraim T.-Killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. Litchtenberger, William - Died at South Bend, Ind., March 36, 1864. Lahman, Henry - Killed at Kingston, N. C, March 10, 1865. Miller, Jesse - Killed at Shiloh, April 7, 1862. Michael, Solomon - Died at Mishawaka, Ind., July 11, 1863. McDonald, Michael - Killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 35, 1863. Markel, Benjamin F. - Killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, 18G2. Mangus, Elias - Died at Danville, Va., prison, April 15, 1862. Mangus, Peter - Died inPlorence, South Carolina, prison, Oct. 10, 1864. Mangus, Eli - Died at Tullahoma, Tenn., Sept. 8, 1862.

The First Maktyk

John Auteu, a member of Co. I, Nintli Regiment Indiana Yolnnteers, was killed in a scouting expedition the afternoon of July 10, 1861, being the first man from St. Joseph county killed by the enemy. He was a son of Abram Auten, of Portage township, and was in the 22d year of his age. His energy, patriotism and bravery were evinced in that he was not detailed to go with the expedition, but ot his own accord joined the scouting party, who were taken from another company. He could not brook the idea of being inactive when there was work to be done, or an enemy to fight. His death was well avenged, and his friends and relatives, in their anguish at his loss, had at least the consolation of knowing that he fell bi-avely fighting in the sacred cause of his country, " with his feet to the field, and his face to the foe." He was loved and respected by all who knew him, and his death was deepl_y mourned by all the citizens. His body was sent home for interment, and his funeral at South iiend, on Friday, Aug. 2, 1861, was attended by at least 5,000 people, testifying their respect for the deceased, and their sympathy for the noble canse in wliich he had sacrificed his life. The services were held in the court-house, and an eloquent and appropriate sermon was preached by Rev. J. C. Reed. Tlie coffin was enveloped in the national flag, and was tastily ornamented with evergreen. Upon the top of the coffin were laid the revolvers captured by the deceased from a rebel officer. His body was escorted to the grave by a large number of his brotlier soldiers, marching with arms reversed and to the sound of military music. Three rounds of eight guns were fired over his grave by the military squad under command of Lieutenant Blowney, and the vast assemblage then retired.

Hlack Ha.Wk War

The great event in this locality in 1832 was the Black Hawk war. One morning John Defrees came into our house and told us that the Indians had broken out into open hostility against the frontier people way beyond us. This was the fii-st we had heard of it. It was not long, however, before fugitives from the west came dashing through pell-mell, as if they expected every instant to hear the dread war-whoop of Black Hawk beliind them. Many of them were so frightened they hardly took time to take up their women and children before starting, and went sailing througli South Bend without stopping to inform us of our danger. Others had come so far and fast they were compelled to stop and feed and rest their horses, and while so employed embraced the ojiportunity to circulate the most frightful stories of savage brutality perpetrated by Black Hawk and his followers upon the unoftending and unprotected inhabitants just beyond where the fugitives came from. The continuance of this flight and its increase in volume, together with the enlarged area of Indian hostilities, and the apprehension that the Pottawatomies, who tiien more than equaled the white population of this county, might be in sympathy with the warring tribes under Black Hawk, began to alarm a great many people in our locality, especially people not familiar with frontier life.

Difl'erent localities immediately organized, drilled military companies, and built forts for tiieir protection. The people on Portage Prairie and vicinity were among the first to build a block house. It was situated on old Daniel Miller's farm. It was understood here (South Bend) to be occupied by a military force, and was regarded as an advance guard that would have to be overcome before the enemy would reach us. It was understood there was a night picket guard kept up around the block house, so that we need not apprehend a night surprise from the enemy. Many people reposed in confident slumbers, believing that the lives of themselves and little ones were protected by tlie watchful diligence of the night guard. On one occasion when the excitement was up to the highest pitch, the guard was set at proper distance and duly cautioned as to their responsibilities, and what their country expected of them. Among the rest was an old fellow who had lived on the frontier all his life, and knew about what reliance was to be placed in such rumors; and having no fear of the Indians, and believing the whole thing so far as there being any danger to the people of this part of the country a childish fear of the Indians, with such feelings he took his station as a watchman for the night. After the night began to wear away he got sleepy, and entertaining the opinion he did of the folly of the whole performance, it was an easy matter to give way to liis drowsy feelings, so he stood his gun up against a tree, and quietly laid himself down and went to sleep, and was soon oblivious to all danger from the tomahawk and ecalping-knife of the red-skins. At the proper time an officer in charge of the picket-guard passed around to see that all were in the strict discharge of their duty, when to his great astonishment and utter disgust he found this man not only asleep on his post, but actually snoring away as unconscious of danger as if Black Hawk and his followers were in a similar condition in the bottom of Lake Michigan. This was a fearful breach of military law; a reckless disregard of human life; a capital offense. Such a willful disregard of duty could not be overlooked. It must be punished, or all military subordination would be at an end. Without enforcing strict military discipline no efficient defense could be ex])ected, and all would be inevitably lost. With all these thoughts flighting through the mind of the officer, he indignantly and in no gentle manner aroused the unconscious sleeper into a realizing sense of the enormity of his crime, and in an unceremonious manner marched him off" to the guard-house, duly admonishing him of his inijieuding fate. It is easier to imagine than to describe what must have been the feelings of this poor, thoughtless soldier while waiting in the guard-house to hear his doom announced.

When the officers assembled in the block house in the morning, his case was reported in all its naked deformit}'. They all felt it was a grievons thing to inflict the extreme penalty of the law, but duty was their imperative master, and they were not the men to shirk duty. So with one voice it was declared that the delinquent should be shot. It was a painful duty, but it must be done. Before this resolution could be carried out, it occm-red to some of them that it was unlawful to put a man to death without a trial - that there must be ajudgment or sentence pronounced by a competent court, or the taking off" would be murder. Then they were all in a quandary. Who was to compose such a court? How was it to be organized? Did it have a jury? Were they to be selected from soldiers or citizens? Was the criminal entitled to be present by himself and counsel? Was the trial to be public or secret? All these questions were discussed. They searched the revised statutes and consulted ex-justice of the peace, but no light was tlirown upon the vexed question. It had never been revealed to them that there was such a thing as a written military code, and tliey were all left in the dark and perplexed as to what they should do, and in that condition of mind concluded it would be better to let the poor culprit go than to run the risk of putting a man to death without due process of law. So the victim was permitted to enjoy a whole hide for many years afterward, and died a natural death. I will not swear this story is all true, but it is in substance as it was reported at the time, and as it took place so long ago I do not believe it can be disproved, and therefore I have recorded it as veritable history. My own personal observations were more strictly confined to South Bend and its immediate neighborhood. It could hardly be expected that one could note and remember all the military operations in a distant field like around the block house on Portage Prairie, and remember them after the lapse of 49 years.

Col. Hiram Dayton was quite a noted man of that period. He lived where Adam Baker now resides. He was not only willing to sacrifice all his wife's relations upon the altar of his country, but was willing to sacrifice himself. In our present peril he volunteered to lead a company against the enemy. He beat up for volunteers, and the fighting men soon flocked to his standard. A company was immediately organized. The Captain drilled his men until he was satisfied with their proficiency, and then dismissed them with his compliments to meet again at one minute's call. Hence they were called minute men. Allow me to whisper in your ear that I was one of that Spartan Band. Still the people were not satisfied that all had been done for their protection that ought to be done. No one doubted the courage or skill of Captain Dayton and his company, but not long could such a short wall of flesh stand against the concentrated forces of the enemy under Black Hawk. It was a question of too much importance to be postponed or trifled with. A large majority insisted on building a fort. They said other exposed places were protecting themselves in this way, and we must also. So it was agreed on all hands that a fort should be bxiilt. At first there was some difficulty about its location. But after consulting the best military experience it was concluded to occupy that triangular piece of ground bounded by Jefferson street on the south, St. Joseph on the west, and Pearl on the northeast. Some objected to this location because they said the Indians might conceal themselves in the brush under the hill just above where Menssel's old brewery now stands, and slip up at night and cut oft" the picket guard, but their criticisms were disregarded, and we went on with the construction of the fort in good earnest on the location described. The ground was to be enclosed by a wall of timbers made of split logs or puncheons, to be set in the ground three feet deep and rising above nine or ten feet. This wall was to be pierced at proper places with port-lioles to fire from. I cannot for the life of me recall the name of the military engineer who designed the fort. I have no recollection of seeing Captain Dayton there. It was before Lathrop M. Taylor had been elevated to the Colonelcy of the 79th Regiment, or Francis R. Tutt to the Lieut.-Colonelcy of the same; nor had Dr. llardman yet become Major of that regiment, and it is ver}' doubtful whether that regiment had been organized, and it is certain that neitlier Taylor, Tutt, nor Hardman had then risen above the rank of a private; so that there is no certainty that the plan of the fort sprang from the fertile brain of either of them. It is feared that the name of the designer of this fort will forever be lost to the history' of South Bend.

The people of the town went to work earnestly to build the fort, according to the plans and specifications. Tlie excitement was then up to fever heat. The county was full of the wildest and most improbable stories of Indian atrocities, and yet a great many peeple would believe them and insist that the Pottawatomies were secretly hostile and only waiting a favorable opportunity to break out into open warfare. As an illustration of the feeling then existing, I remember while we were at work on the fort, a Pottawatomie came sauntering along by us, looking through the cracks between the puncheons, and as soon as it was noticed, it was earnestly asserted by many that lie was a spy, and ought to be arrested and shot at once. One man was particularly tierce on the subject. After awhile the work on the fort began to lag. People were coming to thoir senses and regarded the danger as much fartlier off than at first supposed, and besides, the United States Government was now earnestly engaged in suppressing Black Hawk and his hostile tribes. Still there was a lurking fear in the minds of some, and it was thought best to send out a party of our own people to make a reconnoisance sixty or seventy miles west. These men went out on the expedition. I think it was made up of Jonathan A, Listen, Elisha Egbert and Dr. Stoddard; but I am not certain as to the persons, though I saw them on their horses as they started off.

After several days' absence tliey returned and reported to the people in front of Johnson's tavern. Among other things they said they had been sixty or seventy miles west and liad made diligent inquiries as to the whereabouts of Black Hawk and his warriors, and they felt perfectly sure there was not a hostile Indian within one hundred and fifty miles of us, and that no apprehension need be felt of any danger from the Pottawatomies; that the chief, Po Ivagon, was undoubtedly friendly, and as evidence of it he kept the American flag flying over his cabin, and that if any of his tribes were unfriendly they would remain neutral. At the announcement of this word neutral Joe Hanb}', an erratic kind of a Pennsylvania Dutchman, cried out, "Tam old Neutral; he is mit Black Hawk now!" The fears of the people were well quieted by this time, and they raised a great laugh at Joe's blunder. Tiiis was the end of the Black Hawk excitement in this part of the country; but there was a little breeze sprung up in South Bend a short time afterward growing out of it. The Governor of this State had called out a battalion of three hundred cavalry, and started them uuder command of Col. Rupel to tlie front. They never got nearer than one hundred miles of the place where their services were needed, and while they were dallying along between Lafayette and Chicago, John Defrees, without expecting them to return by way of South Bend, had the temerity to say in his paper, " That it was not to be expected that this holiday battalion would ever be found within a hundred miles of a hostile Indian," and other hostile things not very complimentary to their bravery or efficiency. In a short time afterward these fellows lit down on us suddenly as if thej' had dropped out of the sky. They were going to make mince-meat of .John Defrees right off. I saw a company overhaul and surround him as he was passing along the street. Judging from the threatening language and manner of his captors, I expected to see him depart life in about three seconds, but some of the prominent officers rushed in and kept the furious ones at bay. Notwithstanding his perilous situation, Mr. Defrees stood up manfully before them and insisted upon his right as an editor of a newspaper to criticise the conduct of this battalion. But the men swore if they were not permitted to lynch him, his press and type should go into the river. The printing office was in the second story of a hewedlog house, accessible only bj' an outside stairway. A squad started for it, but in the meantime Capt. Anthony Defrees had collected around him, in the printing office, five or six men all well armed. As soon as one of the squad put his foot on the stairway, the Captain warned him that if he came any further it would be at the peril of his life ; then he would back out, and another would come as if he intended to go right up, but as soon as he saw five or six guns leveled at him, he would suddenly conclude that it would not be a healthy undertaking and would back out. The squad would leave and another would come more determined and threatening than their predecessors, but as soon as the old Captain and his men would level their guns on them, their courage would ooze out and they would retire in good order. And so they kept coming and going for three or four hours. The}' had swords and pistols, but no guns, and they knew some one would get hurt before they could get Captain Defrees and his men out of that hewed log-house, and considering discretion the better part of valor, marched off without exterminating John D. Defrees or his printing office, and were always afterward recognized and known as "the bloody three hundred."

This closes the history of our connection with the Black Hawk war. The unrequited services of that valiant corps under Captain Dayton is but another instance of the ingratitude of a republic.

Chapter Yiii

The citizens of this county early took an interest in railroad matters, and were determined at the earliest practical moment the iron horse should speed over the prairies and through the timber of the beautiful St. Joseph valley. Notwithstanding a large number were favorable to a railroad enterprise, there were yet those that opposed it and favored the less expensive canal. Tlie same argument offered by farmers and breeders of horses throughout the country, was made here: the building of a railroad would destroy this industry, and horses, which then commanded a good price, would be worthless in the markets.

In February, 1S35, the Legislature of the State passed an act incorporating the Buffalo & Mississippi Railroad, it being the design of the company to build a railroad from Buffalo, New York, to some point on the Mississippi river. Under this act a company was organized in 1S3S, to build a road through this State from some point on the eastern line of the State to Michigan City on the west. G-en. Joseph Orr, of La Porte county, was made president of the company. During this same year a survey was made from Michigan City to South Bend, and the contract let for grading the road from the former place to La Porte. Some three or four miles were properly graded, when the company ran out of money, and the work was abandoned.

Everything in the direction of railroad building now lay dormant for a number of years. In the spring of 1847 the discussion of the question was again commenced, and in August of that year a meeting of all interested in a line from Toledo, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois, was called at Mishawaka. A large number of leading men from Chicago and Toledo, as well as many other points, met according to the call. Judge Stanfiield, of South Bend, presiding. Great interest was manifested by all in having the road built, but nothing was directly accomplished at that meeting.

A party of capitalists in New York, about that time, purchased the Michigan Southern railroad, then running from Toledo, Ohio, and Monroe, Michigan, to Hillsdale, in the latter State. It was now thought the objects of the people in this county, as well as in the entire St. Joseph valley, could be accomplished by uniting with that company, having them build the road in this direction. (454)

Uistoky Of St. Joseph County

To this end correspondence was opened between interested parties who responded to the call at Mishawaka, and the officers of the Michigan Southern. The latter party responded favorably, and made a proposition to build their road to the Indiana State line on the east, provided a company was organized to build through the State to the Illinois line, and from thence to Chicago.

Agreeably to this proposition a company was organized in Indiana and a charter obtained for a road, under the name of the Northern Indiana Railroad Company. Soon after this object was effected, an effort was made to consolidate the two companies into one, which effort was successful, the consolidation taking effect in 1850 under the name of the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana Eailway Company. The united company now proceeded to let contracts and build the road through Northern Indiana to La Forte and from Michigan City to Chicago, in the meantime making a further survey and leaving open the project for building the road between La Porte and Michigan City.

It being the desire of the company to reach Chicago by the easiest, shortest and most practicable route, and the grade between La Porte and Michigan City being so great, as well as the line being lengthened in reaching Chicago in that wa}-, it was determined to abandon the charter of the Northern Indiana Eailroad Company, under which they were operating, west of La Porte, and adopt that of the Buffalo & Mississippi Company. Under the charter of this latter company the road was then constructed from La Porte to Chicago as it now runs. About 20 miles of track west of Michigan City was taken up, the present line intersecting the road as built from that point to Chicago at this place.

It must not be inferred from what has already been said that the railroad company was pursuing this work without serious obstacles being thrown in the way of accomplishing their ends. At the same time this road was being constructed, the Michigan Central was also being built, and this was upon an almost parallel line. Each road had for its terminus Chicago, and each wished to reach the city first, and if possible prevent the other from reaching it at all. It was not thought possible there could be business enough to pay both roads. The friends of the Michigan Central could not, of course, prevent altogether the building of the Michigan Southern, but did manage to have incorporated into the charter of the latter road, by the Michigan Legislature, that it should not go nearer than two miles of the Indiana line until after it reached Constantine, in Michigan. This did not suit the Michigan Southern Company. They did not care about taking in Constantine, but did wish to reach Indiana as quickly as possible, and thence by the shortest route into Chicago. As " love laughs at locksmiths," so railroad companies laugh at legislative enactments designed to throw obstacles in their way.

south, but four miles in the direction they were running. At this juncture Judge Stanfield, of South Bend, proposed to the company, if they would furnish the money he would undertake to buy the right of way, get the roads vacated by the county authorities, and build it the four miles from White Pigeon to the Indiana line. His proposition was accepted, and he lost no time in carrying out his contract, this road being known as the Portage railroad. For ten years the Judge held this line in his own name, the Michigan Legislature refusing to amend the charter allowing them to run into Indiana east of Constantine. When the charter was amended, however, the Judge assigned all his right and title to the company, which, of course, had been operating it all this time under a lease from Mr. Stanfield.