Vermillion County, Indiana - The whole text, 1888 (part 3 of 15)

December 25, 1862, he was placed in command of the Kanawha division, and for meritorious service in several battles was promoted Brigadier-General. He was also brevetted Major-General for distinguished

Mr. Hayes was first a Whig in politics, and was among the first to unite with the Free-Soil and Republican parties. In 1864 he was elected to Congress from che Second Ohio District, which had always been Democratic, receiving a majority of 3,098. In 1866 he was renominated for Congress and was a second time elected. In 1867 he was elected Governor over Allen G. Thurman, the Democratic candidate, and reelected in 1869. In 1874 Sardis Birchard died, leaving his large estate to General Hayes.

In 1876 he was nominated for the Presidency. His letter of acceptance excited the admiration of the whole country. He resigned the office of Governor and retired to his home in Fremont to await the result of the canvass. After a hard, long contest he was inaugurated March 5, 1877. His Presidency was characterized by compromises with all parties, in order to please as man}' as possible. The close of his Presidential term in 1881 was the close of his public life, and since then he has remained at his iiome in Fremont, Ohio, in Jeffersonian retirement from public notice, in stinking contrast with most others of the world's notables.

Ames A. Garfield

AMES A. GARFIELD, twentieth President of the United States, 1881, was born November 19, 1 83 1, in the wild woods o f Cuyahoga County, Ohio. His parents were Abram and EUza (Ballou) Garfield, who were of New - England ancestry. The senior Garfield was an industrious farmer, as the rapid improvements which appeared on his place attested. The residence was the familiar pioneer log cabin, and the household comprised the parents and their children - Mehetable, Thomas, Mary and James A. In May, 1833, the father died, and the care of the household consequently devolved upon young Thomas, to whom James was greatly indebted for the educational and other advantages he enjo3-ed. He now lives in Michigan, and the two sisters live in Solon, Ohio, near their birthplace.

As the subject of our sketch grew up, he, too, was industrious, both in mental aad physical labor. He worked upon the farm, or at carpentering, or chopped wood, or at any other odd job that would aid in support of the family, and in the meantime made the most of his books. Ever afterward he was never ashamed of his humble origin, nor forgot the friends of his youth. The poorest laborer was sure of his sympathy, and he always exhibited the character of a modest gentleman.

Until he was about sixteen years of age, James's highest ambition was to be a lake captain. To this his mother was strongly opposed, but she finally consented to his going to Cleveland to carry out his longcherished design, with the understanding, however, that he should Vxy to obtain some other kind of employment. He walked all the way to Cleveland, and this was his first visit to the city. After making many applications for v/ork, including labor on board a lake vessel, but all in vain, he finally engaged as a driver for his cousin, Amos Letcher, on the Ohio & Pennsylvania Canal. In a short time, however, he quit this and returned home. He then attended the seminary at Chester for about three years, and next he entered Hiram Institute, a school started in 1850 by the Disciples of Christ, of which church he was a member. In order to pa}' his way he assumed the duties of janitor, and at tunes taught school. He soon completed Ihe curriculum there, and then entered Williams College, at which he graduated in 1856, taking one of the highest honors of his class.

Afterward he returned to Hiram as President. In his youthful and therefore zealous piety, he exercised his talents occasionally as a preacher of the Gospel. He was a man of strong moral and religious convictions, and as soon as he began to look into politics, he saw innumerable points that could be improved. He also studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. November 11, 1858, iNIr. Garfield married Miss Lucretia Rudolph, who ever afterward proved a worthy consort in all the stages of her husband's career. They had seven children, five of whom are still living.

It was in 1859 that Garfield made his first political speeches, in Hiram and the neighboring villages, and three years later he began to speak at county mass-meetings, being received everywhere with popular favor. He was elected to the State Senate this year, taking his seat in January, i860.

On the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion in 1861, Mr. Garfield resolved to fight as he had talked, and accordingly he enlisted to defend the old flag, receiving his commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of tlie Forty-second Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantr}', August 14, that year, rle was immediately thrown into active service, and before he had ever seen a gun fired in action he was placed in command of four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, charged with the work of driving the Confederates, headed by Humphrey Marshall, from his native State, Kentucky. This task was speedily accomplished, although against great odds. On account of his success, F'resident Lincoln commissioned him Brigadier-General, January 11, 1862; and, as he had been the youngest man in the Ohio Senate two years before, so now he was the youngest General in the army. He was witii General Buell's army at Shiloh, also in its operations around Corinth and its march through Alabama. Next, he was detailed as a member of the general court-martial for the trial of General Fitz- John Porter, and then ordered to report to General Rosecrans, when he was assigned to the position of Chief of Staff. His military history closed with his brilliant services at Chickamauga, where he won the stars of Major-General.

In the fall of 1862, without any effort on his part, he was elected as a Representative to Congress, from that section of Ohio which had been represented for sixty years mainly by two men - Elisha Whittlesey and Joshua R. Giddings. Again, he was the youngest member of that bod}', and continued there by successive re-elections, as Representative or Senator, until he was elected President in 1880. During his life in Congress he compiled and published by his speeches, there and elsewhere, more information on the issues of the day, especially on one side, than any other member.

June 8, 18S0, at the National Republican Convention held in Chicago, General Garfield was nominated for the Presidencj", in preference to the old war-horses, Blaine and Grant ; and although many of the Republican party felt sore over the failure of their respective heroes to obtain the nomination, General Garfield was elected by a fair popular majority. He was duly inaugurated, but on July 2 following, before he had fairly got started in his administration, he was fatally shot by a half-demented assassin. After very painful and protracted suffering, he died September 19, 1881, lamented by all the American people. Never before in the history of this countrj- had anything occurred which so nearly froze the blood of the Nation, for the moment, as the awful act of Guiteau, the murderer. He was duly tried, convicted and put to death on the gallows.

The lamented Garfield was succeeded by the Vice-President, General Arthur, who seemed to endeavor to carry out the policy inaugurated by his predecessor.

Chester A. Arthur Ester Allen

ESTER ALLEN ARTHUR, the twcnhist Chief Executne of this growing icpublic, i88i-'5, was bom in Franklin C o u n 1 3' , Vermont, Octobei 5 1830, the eldest of a famih of two sons and five daiiThtei';. His father, Rev. Di Willi im Arthur, a Baptist clergyman, immigrated to this country from County Antrim, Ireland, in his eighteenth year, and died in 1875, in Newtonville, near Albany, New York, after serving many years as a successful minister. Chester A. was educated at that old, conservative institution. Union College, at Schenectady, New York, where he excelled in all his studies. He graduated there, with honor, and then struck out in life for himself by teaching school for about two years in his native State.

At the expiration of that time young Arthur, with $500 in his purse, went to the city of New York and entered the law office of ex-Judge E. D. Culver as a student. In due time he was admitted to the bar, when he formed a partnership with his intimate friend and old room-mate, Henry D. Gar. diner, with the intention of practicing law at some point in the West ; but after spending about three months in the Western- States, in search of an eligible place, they returned to New York City, leased a room, exhibited a sign of their business and almost immediately enjoyed a paying patronage.

At this stage of his career Mr. Arthur's business prospects were so encouraging that he concluded to take a wife, and accordingly he married the daughter of Lieutenant Herndon, of the United States Navy, who had been lost at sea. To the widow of the latter Congress voted a gold medal, in recognition of the Lieutenant's bravery during the occasion in which he lost his life. Mrs. Artnur died shortly before her husband's nomination to the Vice-Presidency, leaving two children.

Mr. Arthur obtained considerable celebrity as an attorney in the famous Lemmon suit, which was brought to recover possession of eight slaves, who had been declared free by the Superior Court of New York Cit}'. The noted Charles O'Conor, who was nominated by the " Straight Democrats" in 1872 for the L^nited States Presidency, was retained b\- Jonathan G. Lcm- mon, of Virginia, to recover the negroes, but he lost the suit. In this case, however, Mr. Arthur was assisted by William M. Evarts, now United States Senator. Soon afterward, in 1856, a respectable colored woman was ejected from a street car in New York City. Mr. Arthur sued the car company in her behalf and recovered $500 damages. Immediately afterward all the car companies in the city issued orders to their employes to admit colored persons upon their cars.

Mr. Arthur's political doctrines, as well as his practice as a law3'er, raised him to prominence in the party of freedom ; and accordingly he was sent as a delegate to the first National Republican Convention. Soon afterward he was appointed Judge Advocate for the Second Brigade of the State of New York, and then Engineer-in- Chief on Governor Morgan's staff. In 1861, the first year of the war, he was made Inspector-General, and next, Quartermaster- (xeneral, in both which offices he rendered great service to the Government. After the close of Governor Morgan's term he resumed the practice of law, forming first a partnership with Mr. Ransom, and subsequently adding Mr. Phelps to the firm. Each of these gentlemen were able law3'ers.

November 21, 1872, General Arthur was appointed Collector of the Port of New York by President Grant, and he held the office until July 20, 1878.

The next event of prominence in General Arthur's career was his nomination to the Vice-Presidency of the United States, under the influence of Roscoe Conkling, at the National Republican Convention held at Chicago in June, 1880, when James A. Garfield was placed at the head of the ticket. Both the convention and the campaign that followed were noisy and exciting. The friends of Grant, constituting nearly half the convention, were exceedingly persistent, and were sorely disappomted over their defeat. At the head of the Democratic ticket was placed a very strong and popular man ; yet Garfield and Arthur were elected by a respectable plurality of the popular vote. The 4th of March following, these gentlemen were accordingly inaugurated ; but within four months the assassin's bullet made a fatal wound in the person of General Garfield, whose life terminated September 19, 1881, when General Arthur, ex officio, was obliged io take the chief reins of government. Some misgivings were entertained by many in this event, as Mr. Arthur was thought to represent espe cially the Grant and Conkling wing of the Republican party ; but President Arthur had both the ability and the good sense to allay all fears, and he gave the restless, critical American people as good an administration as they had ever been blessed with. Neither selfishness nor low partisanism ever characterized any feature of his public service. He ever maintained a high sense of every individual right as well as of the Nation's honor. Indeed, he stood so high that his successor, President Cleveland, though of opposing politics, expressed a wish in his inaugural address that he could only satisfy the people with as good an administration.

But the day of civil service reform had come in so far, and the corresponding reaction against " third-termism" had encroached so far even upon "second-term" service, that the Republican party saw fit in 1884 to nominate another man for President. Only by this means was General Arthur's tenure of office closed at Washington. On his retirement from the Presidency, March, 1885, lie engaged in the practice of law at New York City, where he died November 18, 1886.

ROVER CLEVELAND, the twentysecond President of the I'liited States, 1885 - , was born in Caldwell, Essex County, New Jersey, March 18, The house in which he was boin, a small two-story -^$jfX^- wooden building, is still stand- ^^Se^^^-^ ^"rt- ^^ ^^'-^s the parsonage of the Presbyterian church, of which his lather, Richard Cleveland, at the time was pastor. The family is of New England origin, and for two centuries has contributed to the professions and to business, men who have reflected honor on the name. Aaron Cleveland, Grover Cleveland's great-great-grandfather, was born in Massachusetts, but subsequently moved to Philadelphia, where he became an intimate friend of Benjamin Franklin, at whose house he died. He left a large family of children, who in time married and settled in different parts of New England. A grandson was one of the small American force that fought the British at Bunker Hill. He served with gallantry throughout the Revolution and was honorably discharged at its close as a Lieutenant in the Continental army. Another grandson, William Cleveland (a son of a second Aaron

Cleveland, who was distinguished as a writer and member of the Connecticut Legislature) was Grover Cleveland's grandfather. William Cleveland became a silversmith in Norwich, Connecticut. He acquired by industry some property and sent his son, Richard Cleveland, the father of Grover Cleveland, to Yale College, where he graduated in 1824. During a year spent in teaching at Baltimore, Maryland, after graduation, he met and fell in love with a Miss Annie Neale, daughter of a wealthy Baltimore book publisher, of Irish birth. He was earning his own way in the world at the time and was unable to marry; but in three years he completed a course of preparation for the ministry, secured a church in Windham, Connecticut, and married Annie Neale. Subsequently he moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, where he preached for nearly two years, when he was summoned to Caldwell, New Jersey, where was born Grover Cleveland.

When he was three years old the family moved to Fayetteville, Onondaga County, New York. Here Grover Cleveland lived until he was fourteen years old, the rugged, healthful life of a countr}' bo}-. His frank, generous manner made him a favorite among his companions, and their respect was won by the good qualities in the germ which his manhood developed. He attended the district school of the village and was for a short time at the academy. His lather, however, belie%'ed that boys should be taught to labor at an early age, and before he had completed the course of study at the academy he began to work in the village store at $50 for the first year, and the promise of $100 for the second year. His work was well done and the promised increase of pay was granted the second year.

Meanwhile his father and family had moved to Clinton, the seat of Hamilton College, where his father acted as agent to the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, preaching in the churches of the vicinit}'. Hither Grover came at his father's request shortly after the beginning of his second year at the Fayetteville store, and resumed his studies at the Clinton Academy. After three years spent in this town, the Rev. Richard Cleveland was called to the village church of Holland Patent. He had jireached here only a month when he was suddenly stricken down and died without an hour's warning. The death of the father left the family in straitened circumstances, as Richard Cleveland had spent all his salary of %\,ooo per year, which was not required for the necessary expenses of living, upon the education of his children, of whom there were nine, Grover being the fifth. Grover was hoping to enter Hamilton College, but the death of his father made it necessary for him to earn his own livelihood. For the first year (1853-4) ^e acted as assistant teacher and bookkeeper in the Institution for the Blind in New York City, of which the late Augustus Schell was for many years the patron. In the winter of 1854 he returned to Holland Patent where the generous people of that place, Fayetteville and Clinton, had purchased a home for his mother, and in the following spring, borrowing S-'5, he set out for the West to earn his living.

stock farmer, living at Black Rock, a few miles distant. He communicated his plans to Mr. Allen, who discouraged the idea of the West, and finally induced the enthusiastic boy of seventeen to remain with him and help him prepare a catalogue of blooded short-horn cattle, known as " Allen's American Herd Book," a publication familiar to all breeders of cattle. In August, 1855, he entered the law office of Rogers, Bowen ct Rogers, at Buffalo, and after serving a few months without pay, was paid $4 a week - an amount barely sufficient to meet the necessary expenses of his board in the family of a fellow-student in Buffalo, with whom he took lodgings. Life at this time with Grover Cleveland was a stern battle with the world. He took his breakfast by candle-light with the drovers, and went at once to the office where the whole day was spent in work and study. Usually he returned again at night to resume reading which had been interrupted by the duties of the day. Gradually his employers came to recognize the ability, trustworthiness and capacity for hard work in their yoimg employe, and by the time he was admitted to the bar (1859) he stood high in their confidence. A year later he was made confidential and managing clerk, and in the course of three 3'ears more his salary had been raised to $1,000. In 1863 he was appointed assistant district attorney of Erie Count}' by the district attorney, the Hon. C. C. Torrance.

Since his first vote had been cast in 1858 he had been a staunch Democrat, and until he was chosen Governor he always made it his duty, rain or shine, to stand at the polls and give out ballots to Democratic voters. During the first year of his term as assistant district attorne}', the Democrats desired especially to carry the Board of Supervisors. The old Second Ward in which he lived was Republican- ordinarily by 250 majority, but at the urgent request of the party Grover Cleveland consented to be the Democratic candidate for Supervisor, and came within thirteen votes of an election. The three years spent in the district attorney's office were devoted to assiduous labor and the extension of his professional attainments. He then formed a law partnership with the late Isaac V. Vanderpoel, ex-State Treasurer, under the firm name of Vanderpoel & Cleveland. Here the bulk of the work devolved on Cleveland's shoulders, and he soon won a good standing at the bar of Erie County. In i86g Mr. Cleveland formed a partnership with ex- Senator A. P. Laning and ex-Assistant United States District Attorney Oscar Folsom, under the firm name of Laning, Cleveland & Folsom. During these years he began to earn a moderate professional income; but the larger portion of it was sent to his mother and sisters at Holland Patent to whose support he had contributed ever since i860. He served as sheriff of Erie County, i87o-'4, and then resumed the practice of law, associating himself with the Hon. Lyman K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell.

The firm was strong and popular, and soon commanded a large and lucrative practice. Ill health forced the retirement of Mr. Bass in 1879, and the firm became Cleveland & Bissell. In 1881 Mr. George J. Sicard was added to the firm.

In the autumn election of 1881 he was elected mayor of Buffalo by a majority of over 3,500 - the largest majority ever given a candidate for mayor - and the Democratic city ticket was successful, although the Republicans carried Buffalo by over 1,000 majority for their State ticket. Grover Cleveland's administration as mayor fully justified the confidence reposed in him b}' the people of Buffalo, evidenced by the great vote he received.

The Democratic State Convention me( at Syracuse, September 22, 1882, and nominated Grover Cleveland for Governor on the third ballot and Cleveland was elected by 192,000 majoritv. In the fall of 1884 he was elected President of the United States by about 1,000 popular majority, in New York State, and he was accordingly inaugurated the 4th of March following.

Prehistoric Races

CIENTISTS have ascribed to the Mound Builders varied origins, and though their divergence of opinion may for a time seem incompatible with a thorough in- ^Cotigation of the subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt wliatever can exist as to the comparative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by some of them. That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients cannot be questioned; the results of all scientific investigations, down to the present time, combine to establish the fact of the co-existence of the two continents. Historians and learned men differ as to the origin of the first inhabitants of the New World; the general conclusions arrived at are, that the ancients came from the east by way of Behring's Strait, subsequent to the confusion of tongues and dispersion of the inhabitants at the time of the construction of the Tower of Babel, 1757 A. M. The ancient mounds and earthworks scattered over the entire continent tend to confirm the theory that the Mound Builders were people who had been engaged in raising elevations prior to their advent upon this continent. They possessed religious orders corresponding, in external show, at least, with the Essenes or Theraputse of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Therapntte, or monks, of the present.

The free copper found within the tumuli, the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper mines, with all the implements of ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels and hammer-heads, discovered by the explorers of the Northwest and the Mississippi, are conclusive proofs that these prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Mississippi Valley.

Within the last few years great advances have been made toward the discovery of antiquities, whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many small but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of pre- historic animals have been uneartlied from end to end of this continent, many of which are remains of enormous animals long since extinct. Many writers who have devoted their lives to the investigation of the origin of the ancient inhabitants of this continent, and from whence they came, have fixed a period of a second immigration a few centuries prior to the Christian era, and, imlike the first expeditions, to have traversed Northeastern Asia to its Arctic confines, then east to Behring's Strait, thus reaching the New World by the same route as the first immigrants, and, after many years' residence in the North, pushed southward and commingled with and soon acquired the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists.

The Esquimaux of North America, the Sanioieds of Asia and the Laplanders of Europe are supposed to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the affinity which exists in their languages. The researches of Humboldt have traced the Mexicans to the vicinity of Behring's Strait; whence it is conjectured that they, as well as the Peruvians and other tribes, came originally from Asia.

Since this theory is accepted by most antiquarians, there is every i-eason to believe that from the discovery of what jnay be termed an overland route to what was then considered an eastern extension of that country, that the immigration increased annually until the new continent became densely populated. The ruins of ancient cities discovered in Mexico and South America prove that this continent v>'as densely populated by a civilized people prior to the Indian or the Caucasian races.

The valley of the Mississippi, and indeed the country from the trap rocks of the Great Lakes southeast to the Gulf and southwest to Mexico, abound in monumental evidences of a race of people much further advanced

The remains of walls and fortifications found in Ohio and Indiana, the earth-works of Yincennes and throughout the valley of the Wabash, the mounds scattered over the several Southern States, also in Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin, are evidences of t!ie advancement of the people of that day toward a comparative knowledge of man and cosmol- . ogy. At the mouth of Fourteen-mile Creek, in Clark County, Indiana, there stands one of these old monuments, known as the " Stone Fort." It is an unmistakable heir-loom of a great and ancient people, and must have formed one of their most important posts.

In Posey County, on the Wabash, ten miles from its junction with the Ohio River, is another remarkable evidence of the great numbers once inhabiting that country. This is known as the " Bone Bank," on account of the human bones continually washed out from the river bank. This process of unearthing the ancient remains has been going on since the remembrance of the earliest white settler, and various relics of artistic wares are found in that portion of Indiana. Another great circular earth- work is found near New Washington, and a stone fort near the village of Deputy.

Yigo, Jasper, Sullivan, Switzerland and Ohio counties can boast of a liberal endowment of works of antiquity, and the entire State of Indiana abounds with numerous relics of the handiwork of the extinct race. Many of the ancient and curiously devised implements and wares are to be seen in the State Museum at Indianapolis.

The origin of the red men, or American Indians, is a subject which interests all readers. It is a favorite with the ethnologist, even as it is one of deep concern to the ordinary reader.

Tho difference of opinion concerning our aboriginals, among aiitliors M'ho Lave made a profound study of races, is both curious and interesting.

Blunienbach treats tiiein as a distinct variety of the human family. Dr. Latham ranks them among the Mongolidfe. Morton, Nott and Glidden claim for the red men a distinct origin.

Dr. Robert Brown, our latest authority, gives them as of Asiatic origin, which is certainly well sustained by all evidence which has thus far been discovered bearing upon the question.

Differences arising among communities produced dissensions, which tended to form factions and tribes, which culminated in wars and gradual descent from a state of civilization to that of barbarism.

The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction. The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strength, were furnished with a bow and arrow, and taught to shoot birds and other small game.

Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. When in council they usually sat in concentric circles around the speaker, and each individual, notwithstanding the iiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Laws governing their councils were as strictly enforced and observed as are those of similar bodies among modern civilized and enlightened races.

The dwellings of the chiefs were sometimes more spacious, and constructed with greater care, but of the same materials, which were generally the barks of trees.

for food, they also cultivated small patches of corn, the labor being performed by the women, their condition being little better than slaves.

Explorations By Tue Whites

The State of Indiana is bounded on the east by the meridian line which forms also the western boundary of Ohio, extending due north from the mouth of tho Great Miami River; on the south by the Ohio River, from the mouth of the Great Miami to the mouth of the Wabash; on the west by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash River from its mouth to a point where a due north line from the town of Yincennes would last touch the shore of said river, and thence directly north to Lake Michigan; and on the north by said lake and an east and west line ten miles north of the extreme south end of the lake, and extending to its intersection with the aforesaid meridian, the west boundary of Ohio. These boundaries include an area of 33,809 square miles, lying between 37° 47' and 41° 50' north latitude, and between 7° 45' and 11° 1' west longitude from Washington.

After the discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492, more than 150 years passed before any portion of the territory now comprised within the above limits was explored by Europeans. Colonies were established by rival European powers in Florida, Virginia and Nova Scotia, but not until 1670-'72 did the first white travelers venture as far into the Northwest as Indiana or Lake Michigan.

These explorers were Frenchmen by the names of Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon, who probably visited that portion of the State north of the Kankakee River. In the following year M. Joliet, an agent of the French Colonial Government, accompanied by James Marquette, a Catholic missionary, made an exploring trip as far westward as the Missis

In 1682 La Salle explored the West, but it is not known that he entered the region now embraced within the State of Indiana. He took formal possession of all the Mississippi region in the name of Louis, King of France, and called the country Louisiana, which included what is now the State of Indiana. At the same time Spain claimed all the country in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, thus the two countries became competitors for the extension of domain, and soon caused the several Indian tribes (who were actually in possession of the country) to take sides, and a continual state of warfare was the result. The Great Miami Confederacy ot Indians, the Miamis proper (anciently the Twightwees), being the eastern and most powerful tribe, their country extended from the Scioto River west to the Illinois Hi ver. These Indians were frequently visited by fur traders and missionaries from both Catholic and Protestant creeds. The Five Nations, so called, were tribes farther east, and not connected with Indiana history.

The first settlement made by the white man in the territory of the present State of Indiana was on tlie bank of the river then known as tlie Ouabache, the name given it by the French explorers, now the river Wabash. Francis Moi-gan de Vinsenne, who served in a military regiment (French) in Canada as early as 1720, and on the lakes in 1725, first made his advent at Vincennes, possibly as early as 1732. Records show him there January 5, 1735 He -was killed in a war with the Chickasaw Indians in 1736. The town which he founded bore his name, Vinsenne, until 1749, when it was changed to Vincennes.

letter from Father Marest, dated at Kaskaskia, November 9, 1712, reads as follows: " The French have established a fort upon the river Wabash, and want a missionary, and Father Mermet has been sent to them," Mcrmet was therefore the first preacher of Christianity stationed in this part of the world. Vincennes has ever been a stronghold of Catholicism. Contemporaneous with the church at Vincennes was a missionary work among the Ouiatenons, near the mouth of the Wea River, which was of but sliort duration.

National Policies

The wars in which France and England were .engaged, from 1680 to 1697, retarded the growth of the colonies of those nations in North America. The English, jealous of the French, resorted to all available means to extend their domain westward, the French equally active in pressing their claims eastward and south. Both sides succeeded in securing savage allies, and for many years the pioneer settlers were harrassed and cruelly murdered by the Indians who were serving the purposes of one or the other contending nations.

France continued her effort to connect Canada with the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of trading-posts and colonies, which increased the Jealousy of England and laid the foundation for the French and Indian M-ar.

This war was terminated in 1763 by a treaty at Paris, by which France ceded 'to Great Britain all of North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans and the island on which it is situated.

The British policy, after getting entire control of the Indiana territory, was still unfavorable to its growth in population. In 1765 the total number of French families within the limits of the Northwestern Terri- tory did not exceed 600. These were iu Bettlements about Detroit, along the river Wabash, and the neigliborhood of Fort Chartres on the Mississippi.

Of these families, eighty-five resided at Post Vincennes, fourteen at Fort Ouiatenon, on the AYabash, and ten at the confluence of tlie St. Mary and St. Joseph rivers.

The colonial policy of the British Government opposed any measures which might strengthen settlements in the interior of this country, lest they become self-supporting and independent of tlie mother country.

Thomas Jefferson, the shrewd statesman and then Governor of Virginia, saw from the first that actual occupation of western lands was the only way to keep them out of the hands of foreigners and Indians.

He accordingly engaged a scientific corps, and sent them to the Mississippi to ascertain the point on that river intersected by latitude 36° 30', the southern limit of the State, and to measure its distance to the Ohio. He entrusted the military operations in that quarter to General Clark, with instructions to select a strong position near the point named, and erect a fort, and garrison the same, for protecting the settlers, and to extend his conqiiests northward to the lakes. Conforming to instructions, General Clark erected " Fort Jefferson," on the Mississippi, a few miles above the southern limit.

The result of these operations was the addition to Virginia of the vast Northwestern Territory. The simple fact that a chain of forts was established by the Americans iu this vast region, convinced the British Commissioners that we had entitled ourselves to the land.

During this time other minor events were transpiring outside the territory in question, wliich subsequently promoted the early settling of portions of Indiana.

Two young men, Richard Rue and George Holman, aged respectively nineteen and sixteen years, accompanied Hinton as guards. When eight miles from Louisville they were surprised and captured by the renegade white man, Simon Girty, and twelve Indian warriors. They were marched hurriedly for three days through deep snow, when they reached the Indian village of Wa-proc-canat-ta. Hinton was burned at the stake. Rue and Holman were adopted in the trilie, and remained three years, when Rue made his escape, and Holman, about the same time, was ransomed by relatives in Kentucky. The two men were the first white men to settle in Wayne County, Indiana, where they lived to a good old age, and died at their homes two miles south of Richmond.

Expeditions Of Colonel George Rogers Clark

In the spring of 1776 Colonel George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, who resided in Kentucky at the above date, conceived a plan of opening up and more rapidly settling the great Northwest. That portion of the West called Kentucky was occupied by Henderson & Co., who pretended to own the land, and held it at a high price. Colonel Clark wished to test the validity of their claim, and adjust the government of the country so as to encourage Immigration. He accordingly called a meeting of the citizens at Harrodstown, to assemble June 6, 1776, and consider the claims of the company, and consult with reference to the interest of the country.

Many causes prevented a consummation of this object until 1778. Virginia was favorable to the enterprise, but would not take action as a State; but Governor Henry and a few other Virginia gentlemen assisted Colonel Clark all tliey could. Accordingly Clark organized his expedition. He took in stores at Pittsburg and Wheeling, and proceeded down the Ohio to the " falls," where he constructed some light fortifications.

At this time Post Vincennes comprised about 400 militia, and it was a daring undertaking for Colonel Clark, M-ith his small force, to go up against it and Kaskaskia, as he had planned. Some of his men, becoming alarmed at the situation, deserted him.

He conducted himself so as to gain the sympathy of the French, and through them the Indians to some extent, as both these people were very bitter against the British, who had possession of the lake region.

From the nature of the situation Clark concluded to take Kaskaskia first, which he did, and succeeded by kindness in winning them to his standard. It was difficult, however, for him to induce the French to accept the Continental paper in payment for provisions. Colonel Vigo, a Frenchman who had a trading establishment there, came to the rescue, and prevailed upon the people to accept the paper. Colonel Vigo sold coffee at $1 a pound, and other necessaries of life at an equally reasonable price.

The post at Vincennes, defended by Fort Sackville, was the next and all-important position to possess. Father Gibault, of Kaskaskia, who also had charge of the church at Vincennes, being friendly to the Americans, used his influence with the people of the garrison, and wow them to Clark's standard. They took the oath of allegiance to Virginia, and became citizens of the United States. Colonel Clark here concluded treaties with the several Indian tribes, and placed Captain Leonard Helm, an American, in command of Vincennes. On learning the successful termination of Clark's exjjedition, the General Assembly of Virginia declared all the settlers west of the Ohio organized into a county of that State, to be known as " Illinois '- County ; but before the provisions of the law could be made effective, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army of thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers and 400 Indians, and moved upon and took Post Vincennes in December, 1778. Captain Helm and a man named Henry were the only Americans at the fort, the only members of the garrison. Captain Helm was taken prisoner, and tlie French disarmed.

Colonel Clark was at Kaskaskia when he learned of the capture of Vincennes, and determined to retake the place. He gathered together what force he could (170 men), and on the 5th of February started from Kaskaskia, and crossed the river of that name. The weather was wet, and the lowlands covered with water. He had to resort to shooting such game as chanced to be found to furnish provisions, and use all the ingenuity and skill he possessed to nerve his little force to press forward. He waded tlie water and shared all the hardships and privations with his men. They reached the Little Wabash on the 13th. The river was overflowing the lowlands from recent rains. Two days were here consumed in crossing the stream. The succeeding days they marched through water much of the time, reaching the Big Wabash on the night of the 17th. The 18th and 19th were consumed trying to cross tlie river. Finally canoes were constructed, and the entire iorco crossed the main stream, but to iind the lowlands under water and considerable ice formed from recent cold. His men mutinied and refused to proceed. All the persuasions of Clark had no effect upon the half-starved, and half-frozen, soldiers.

In one company was a small drummer boy, and also a Sergeant who stood six feet two inches in socks, and stout and athletic. He devoted to Clark. The General mounted the little drummer on the shoulders of the Sergeant, and ordered him to plunge into the water, half-frozen as it was. He did so, the little boy beating the charge from his lofty position, while Clark, sword in hand, followed them, giving the command as he threw aside the floating ice, " Forward." The efl'ect v.-as electrical; the men hoisted their guns above their heads, and plunged into the water and followed their determined leader. On arriving within two miles of the fort, General Clark halted his little band, and sent in a letter demanding a surrender, to which he received no reply. He next ordered Lieutenant Bayley with fourteen men to advance and fire on the fort, while the main body moved in another direction and took possession of the strongest portion of the town. Clark then demanded Hamilton's surrender immediately or he would be treated as a murderer. Hamilton made reply, indignantly refusing to surrender. After one hour more of fighting, Hamilton proposed a truce of three days. Clark's reply was, that nothing would be accepted but an unconditional surrender of Hamilton and the garrison. In less than an hour Clark dictated the terms of sui'render, February 24, 1779.

Of this expedition, of its results, of its importance, as well as of the skill and bravery of those engaged in it, a volume would not suffice for the details.

has never been surpassed, if equalled, in modern times, when we consider that by it the whole territory now included in the three great States of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan was added to the Union, and so admitted by the British Commissioners to the treaty of peace in 1783. But for the results of this expedition, our western boundary would have been the Ohio instead of the Mississippi. When we consider the vast area of territory embracing 2,000,000 people, the human mind is lost in the contemplation of its eflects; and we can but wonder that a force of 170 men, the whole number of Clark's troops, should by this single action have produced such important results.

General Clark reinstated Captain Helm in command of Vincennes, with instructions to subdue the marauding Indians, which he did, and soon comparative quiet was restored on Indiana soil.

The whole credit of this conquest belongs to General Clark and Colonel Francis Vigo. The latter was a Sardinian by birth. He served for a time in the Spanish army, but left the army and engaged in trading with the Indians, and attained to great popularity and influence among them, as well as making considerable money. He devoted his time, influence and means in aid of the Clark expedition and the cause of the United States.

Government Of The Northwest

Colonel John Todd, Lieutenant for the County of Illinois, visited Vincennes and Ivaskaskia in the spring of 1779, and organized temporary civil government. He also proceeded to adjust the disputed land claim. With this view he organized a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Vincennes. This court was composed of several magistrates, and presided over by Colonel J". M. P. Legras, who was then commander of the post.

This court, from precedent, began to grant lands to the French and American inhabitants. Forty -eight thousand acres had been disposed of in this manner up to 1787, when the practice was proliibited by General Ilarmar.

In the fall of 1780 La Balma, a Frenchman, made an attempt to capture the British garrison of Detroit by leading an expedition against it from Kaskaskia.

He marched with his small force to the Britisli trading-post at the head of the Maumee, where Fort Wayne now stands, plundered the British traders and Indians, and retired. While in camp on his retreat, he was attacked by a bandof Miamis; a number of his men were killed, and the expedition was ruined. In this manner war continued between the Americans and their enemies until 1783, when the treaty of Paris was c'onchided, resulting in the establishment of the independence of the United States.

In January, 1783, the General Assembly of that State resolved to cede the territory to the United States. The proposition made by Virginia was accepted by the United States, and the transfer confirmed early in 1784. The conditions of the transfer of the territory fo the United States were, that the State of Virginia should be reimbursed for all expenditures incurred in exploring and protecting settlers in the territory ; that 150,000 acres of land should be granted to General Clark and his band of soldiers, who conquered the French and British and annexed the territory to Virginia.

After the above deed of cession had been accepted by Congress, in the spring of 1784, tlie matter of the future government of the territory was referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Jefferson, of Virginia; Chase, of Maryland; and Howell, of Rhode

Island; which committee, among other things, reported an ordinance prohibiting slavery in the territory after 1800, but this article of the ordinance was rejected.

The ordinance of 1787 has an interesting history. Considerable controversy has been indulged in as to who is entitled to the credit of framing it. This undoubtedly belongs to Nathan Dane; and to Rufus King and Timothy Pickering belongs the credit for the clause prohibiting slavery contained in it.

Mr. Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the Northwestern Territory excluding slavery therefrom. The South invariably voted him down.

In July, 1787, an organizing act without the slavery clause was pending, which was supposed would secure its passage. Congress was in session in New York. July 5 Eev. Manasseli Cutler, of Massachusetts, came to New York in the interest of some land speculators in the Northwest Territory. lie was a graduate of Yale; had taken the degrees of the three learned professions - medicine, law and divinity. As a scientist, in America his name stood second only to that of Franklin.

He was a courtly gentleman of the old style. He readily ingratiated himself into the confidence of Southern leaders. He wished to purchase 5,500,000 acres of land in the new Territory. Jefferson and his administration desired to make a record on the reduction of the public debt, and this was a rare opportunity. Massachusetts representatives could not vote against Cutler's scheme, ns many of their constituents were interested in the measure; Southern members M'ere already committed. Thus Cutler held the key to the situation, and dictated terms, which were as follows:

3. Be it forever remembered that this compact declares that religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the liappiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall always be encouraged.

Dr. Cutler planted himself on this platform, and would not yield, stating that unless they could procure the lands under desirable conditions and surroundings, they did not want it. July 13, 1787, the bill became a law. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin - a vast empire - were consecrated to freedom, intelligence and morality.

October 5, 1787, Congress elected General Arthur St. Clair Governor of the JSTorthwestern Territory. He assumed his official duties at Marietta, and at once proceeded to treat with the Indians, and organize a Territorial government. lie first organized a court at Marietta, consisting of three judges, himself being president of the court.

The Governor with the judges then visited Kaskaskia, for the purpose of organizing civil government, liaving previously instructed Major Ilamtramck, at Vincennes, to present the policy of the new administration to the several Indian tribes, and ascertain their feelings in regard to acquiescing in the new order of things. They received the messenger with cool indifference, whicli, when reported to the Governor, convinced him that nothing short of military force would command compliance with the civil law. He at once proceeded to Fort Washington, to consult with General Harmar as to future action. In the meantime he intrusted to the Secretary of the Territory, "Winthrop Sargent, the settlement of tlie disputed land claims, who found it an arduous task, and in his report states that he found the records had been so falsified, vouchers destroyed, and other crookedness, as to make it impossible to get at a just settlement, which proves that the abuse of public trust is not a very recent discovery.

The General Court in 1790, acting Governor Sargent presiding, passed stringent laws prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors to Indians, and also to soldiers within ten miles of any military post; also prohibiting any games of chance within the Territory.

Winthrop Sargent's administration was highly eulogized by the citizens. lie had succeeded in settling the disputed land question satisfactory to all concerned, had established in good order the machinery of a free, wise and good government. In the same address Major Hamtramck also received a fair share of praise for his judicious management of public affairs.

The consultation of Governor St. Clair and General Harmar, at Fort Washington, ended in deciding to raise a large military force and thoroughly chastise the Indians about the head of the Wabash. Accordingly Virginia and Pennsylvania were called upon for troops, and 1,800 men were mustered at Fort Steuben, and, with the garrison of that fort, joined the forces at Vincennes under Major Ilamtramck, who proceeded up the Wabash as far as the Vermillion River, destroying villages, but without finding an enemy to oppose him.

General Harmar, with 1,150 men, marched from Fort Washington to the Maumee, and began punishing the Indians, but with little success. The expedition marched from Fort Washington September 30, and returned to that place November 4, having lost during the expedition 183 men killed and thirtyone wounded.

as aroused the citizens in the frontier counties of Virginia. They reasoned that the savages' success would invite an invasion of frontier Virginia.

A memorial to this eft'ect M'as presented before the State General Assembly. This 'memorial caused the Legislature to authorize tlie Governor to use such means as he might deera necessary for defensive operations.

The Governor called upon the western counties of Virginia for militia; at the same time Charles Scott was appointed Brigadier- General of the Iventuchy militia, now preparing for defending their frontier.

The proceedings of the Virginia Legislature reaching Congress, that body at once constituted a board of war consisting of five men. March 9, 1791, General Knox, Secretary of War, wrote to General Scott recommending an expedition against the Indians on the AVabash.

General Scott moved into the Indian settlements, reached the Wabash; the Indians principally fled before his forces. He destroyed many villages, killed thirty-two warriors and took fifty-eight prisoners; the wretched condition of his hpj'scs prevented further pursuit.

March 3, 1791, Congress invested Governor St.Clair with the command of 8,000 troops, and he was instructed by the Secretary of War to march to the Miami village and establish a strong and permanent military post there. The Secretary of War gave him strict orders, that after establishing a permanent base at tlie Miami village, he seek the enemy Mith all his available force and make them feel the eftects of the superiority of the whites.

Previous to marching a strong force to the ]\nami town, Governor St. Clair, June 25, 1791, authorized General Wilkinson, with 500 mounted men, to move against the Indians on the Wabash. General Wilkinson reported the results of this expedition as follows: " I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiatenon nation, and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the King; I have burned a Kickapoo village, and cut down 400 acres of corn in the milk."

Expeditions Of St. Clair And Wayne

The Indians had been seriously damaged by Harmar, Scott and Wilkinson, but were far from subdued. The British along the Canada frontier gave them much encouragement to continue the warfare.

In September, 1791, St. Clair moved from Fort Washington with a force of 2,000 men and a number of pieces of artillery, and November 3 he reached the headwaters of the Wabash, where Fort Recovery was afterward erected, and here the army camped, consisting of 1,400 effective men ; on the morning of November 4 the army advanced and engaged the Indians 1,200 strong.

The Americans were disastrously defeated, having thirty-nine officers and 539 men killed and missing, twenty-two officers and 232 men wounded. Several pieces of artillery and all their provisions fell into the hands of the Indians; estimated loss in property, S32,000.

Although no particular Llame was attached to Governor St. Clair for the loss in his expedition, yet he resigned the office of Major- General, and was succeeded by Anthony Wayne, a distinguished officer of the Revolutionary war.

He proposed an offensive campaign. The Indians, instigated by the British, insisted that the Ohio River should be the boundary between their lands and the lands of the

General Scott, of Kentucky, joined General Wayne with 1,600 mounted men. They erected Fort Defiance at the mouth of the Auglaize Eiver. August 15 the army moved toward the British fort, near the rapids of the Maumee, where, on the morning of August 20, they defeated 2,000 Indians and British almost within range of the guns of the fort. About 900 American troops were actually engaged. The Americans lost thirty-three killed and 100 wounded, tlie enemy's loss being more than double. AVayne remained in that region for three days, destroying villages and crops, then returned to Fort Defiance, destroying everything pertaining to Indian subsistence for many n;iles on cacli side of his route.

September 14, 1794, General Wayne moved his army in the direction of tlie deserted Miami villages at the confluence of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, arriving October 17, and on the following day the site of Fort Wayne was selected. The fort was completed November 22, and garrisoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery commanded by Colonel John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the new fort the name of Fort Wayne. General Wayne soon after concluded a treaty of peace with the Indians at Greenville, in 1795.

Organization Of Indiana Teeeitoey

On the final success of American arms and diplomacy in 1796, the principal town within the present State of Indiana was Vincennes, which comprised fifty houses, presenting a thrifty appearance. Besides Yincennes there was a small settlement near where Lawrenceburg now stands. There were several other small settlements and trading-posts in the present limits of Indiana, and the number of civilized inhabitants in the Territory was estimated at 4,875.

The Territory of Indiana was organized by act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the material features of the ordinance of 1787 remaining in force, and the inhabitants were invested with all the rights and advantages granted and secured by that ordinance.

The seat of government was fixed at Yincennes. May 13, 1800, William Henry Harrison, a native of Yirginia, was appointed Governor, and John Gibson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Territory ; soon after William Clark, Henry Yanderburg and John Griffin were appointed Territorial Judges.

Governor Harrison arrived at Yincennes January 10, 1801, when he called together the Judges of the Territory to pass such laws as were deemed necessary for the new government. This session began March 3, 1801.

From this time to 1810, the principal subjects which attracted the citizens of Indiana were land speculations, the question of African slavery, and the hostile views and proceedings of the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet.

Up to this time the Sixth Article of the ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery, had been somewhat neglected, and many French settlers still held slaves; many slaves were removed to the slave-holding States. A session of delegates, elected by a popular vote, petitioned Congress to revoke the Sixth Article of the ordinance of 1787. Congress failed to grant this, as well as many other similar petitions. When it appeared from the result of a popular vote in the Territory, that a majority of 138 were in favor of organizing a General Assembly, Governor Harrison, September 11, 1804, issued a proclamation, and called for an election to be held in the several counties of the Territory, January 3, 1805, to choose members of a House of Represent- ativcs, who should meet at Yincennes February 1. The delegates were elected, and assembled at the place and date named, and perfected plans for Territorial organization, and selected five men who should constitute the Legislative Council of the Territory.

The first General Assembly, or Legislature, met at Vincennes July 29, 1805. Tlie members constituting this body were Jesse B. Thomas, of Dearborn County; Davis Floyd, of Clark County; Benjamin Park and John Johnson, of Knox County; Shadrach Bond and William Biggs, of St. Clair County, and George Fisher, of Piandolph County.

July 30 the Governor delivered his first message to the Council and House of Representatives. Benjamin Park, who came from New Jersey to Indiana in 1801, was the first delegate elected to Congress.

The Western Sun was the first newspaper published in Indiana, first issued at Vincennes in 1803, by Elihu Stout, of Kentucky, and first called the Indiana Gazette, and changed to the Sun July 4, 1804.

The total population of Indiana in ISIO was 24,520. There were 33 grist-mills, 14 saw-mills, 3 horse-mills, 18 tanneries, 28 distilleries, 3 powder-mills, 1,256 looms, 1,350 spinning wheels. Value of woolen, cotton, liemp and flaxen cloths, $159,052; of cotton and woolen spun in mills, $150,000; of nails, 30,000 pounds, $4,000; of leather, tanned, $9,300; of distillery products, 35,950 gallons, $16,230; of gunpowder, 3,600 pounds, $1,800; of wine from grapes, 96 barrels, . $6,000, and 50,000 pmnds of maple sugar. During the year 1810, a commission was engaged straightening out the confused condition of laud titles. In making their report they, as did the previous commissioners, made complaints of frauds and abuses by oificials connected with the land department.

The Territory of Indiana was divided in 1809, when the Territory of Illinois was erected, to comprise all that part of Indiana Territory west of the Wabash River, and a direct line drawn from that river and Vincennes due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada. For the first half century from the settlement of Vincennes the place grew slowly.

The necessaries of life were easily procured ; tliere was nothing to stimulate energy or progi-ess. In such a state of society there was no demand for learning and science; few could read, and still fewer could write; they were void of public spirit, enterprise or ingenuity.

Ooveenok Harbison And The Indians

Immediately after the organization of Indiana Territory, Governor Harrison directed his attention to settling the land claims of Indians. He entered into several treaties with the Indians, whereby, at the close of 1805, the United States had obtained 46,000 square miles of territory.

In 1807 the Territorial statutes were revised. Under the new code, the crimes of treason, murder, arson and horse-stealing were made punishable by death; burglary, robbery, hog-stealing and bigamy were punishable by whipping, fine and imprisonment.

The Governor, in his message to the Legislature in 1806, expressed himself as believing the peace then existing between tlie whites and the Indians was permanent. At the same time he alluded to the probability of a disturbance in consequence of enforcement of law as applying to tlie Indians.

observe them. They trespassed on the Indian's reserved rights, and thus gave hira just groTinds for his continuous complaints from 1805 to 1810. This agitated feeling of the Indians was utilized by Law-le-was-i-kaw, a brother of Tecnmseh, of the Shawnee tribe.

He used all means to concentrate the combined Indian strength to annihilate the whites. Governor Harrison, realizing the progress this Prophet was making toward opening hostilities, and hoping by timely action to check the movement, he, early in 1808, sent a speech to the Shawnees in which he advised the people against being led into danger and destruction by the Prophet, and informed them that warlike demonstrations must be stopped.

Governor. Harrison, Tecnmseh and the Prophet held several meetings, the Governor charging them as being friends of the British, they denying the charge and protesting against the farther appropriation of their lands.

While the Indians were combining to prevent any further transfer of lands to the whites, the British were actively preparing to use them in a war against the Americans.

Governor Harrison, anticipating their designs, invited Tecnmseh to a council, to talk over grievances and try to settle all differences without resort to arms.

Accordingly, August 12, 1810, Tecumseh, with seventy warriors, marched to the Governor's house, where several days were spent without any satisfactory settlement. On the 20th, Tecumseh delivered his celebrated speech, in which he gave the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or meeting them in battle. In his message to the Legislature of 1810, the Governor reviewed the dangerous attitude of the Indians toward the whites as expressed by Tecumseh. In the same message he also urged the establishment of a system of education.

In 1811 the British agent for Indian affairs adopted measures calculated to secure the Indians' support in a war which at this time seemed inevitable.

In the meantime Governor Harrison used all available means to counteract the British influence, as well as that of Tecumseh and the Prophet, with the Indians, but without success.

The threatening storm continued to gather, receiving increased force from various causes, until the Governor, seeing war was the last resort, and near at hand, ordered Colonel Boyd's regiment to move to Vincennes, where a military organization was about ready to take the field.

The Governor, at the head of this expedition, marched from Vincennes September 26, and encamped October 3 near where Terre Haute now stands. Here they completed a fort on the 28th, which was called Ftirt Harrison. This fort was garrisoned with a small number of men under Lieutenant Miller.

Governor Harrison, with the main army, 910 men, marched to the Prophet's town on the 29th, where a conference was opened, and the Indians plead for time to treat for peace; the Governor gave them until the following day, and retired a short distance; from the town and encamped for the night. The Indians seemed only to be parleying in order to gain advantage, and on the morning of November 7, at 4 o'clock, made a desperate charge into the camp of the Americans. For a few moments all seemed lost, but the troops soon realizing their desperate situation, fought with a determination equal to savages. The Americans soon routed their savage assailants, and thus ended the famous battle of Tippecanoe, victoriously to the whites and honorably to General Harrison.

The Americans lost in this battle thirtyseven killed and twenty-five mortally wounded, and 126 wounded. The Indians left thirty -eight killed on the field, and their faith in the Prophet was in a measure destroyed. November 8 General Harrison destroyed the Prophet's town, and reached Vincennes on the 18th, where the army was disbanded.

The battle of Tippecanoe secured peace but for a short time. The British continued their aggression until the United States declared war against them. Tecumseh had fled to Canada, and now, in concert with the British, began inroads upon the Americans. Events of minor importance we pass here.

In September, 1812, Indians assembled in large numbers in the vicinity of Fort Wayne with the purpose of capturing the garrison. Chief Logan, of the Shawnee tribe, a friend to the whites, succeeded in entering the fort and informing the little garrison that General Harrison was coming with a force to their relief, which nerved them to resist the furious savage assaults.

September 6, 1812, Harrison moved with his army to the relief of Fort Wayne. September 9 Harrison, with 3,500 men, camped near the fort, expecting a battle the following day. The morning of the 10th disclosed the fact that the enemy had learned of the strong force approaching and had disappeared during the previous night.

Simultaneous with the attack on Fort Wayne the Indians also besieged Fort Harrison, then commanded by Zachariali Taylor, and succeeded in destroying considerable property and getting away M-ith all the stock. About the same time the Indians massacred

The war now being thoroughly inaugurated, hostilities continued throughout the Northwest between the Americans and the British and Indians combined. Engagements of greater or less magnitude were of almost daily occurrence, the victory alternating in the favor of one or the other party.

Thus the war of 1812 was waged until December 24, 1814, when a treaty of peace was signed by England and the United States at Ghent, which terminated hostile operations in America and restored to the Indiana settlers peace and quiet, and opened the gates for immigration to the great and growing State of Indiana as well as the entire Northwest.

Civil Matters

The Legislature, in session at A'incennes February, 1813, changed the seat of government from Vincennes to Corydon. The same year Thomas Posey, who was at the time Senator in Congress, was appointed Governor of Indiana to succeed Governor Harrison, who was then commanding the army in the field. The Legislature passed several laws necessary for the welfare of the settlement, and General Harrison being generally successful in forcing the Indians back from the settlements, hope revived, and the tide of immigration began again to flow. The total white population in Indiana in 1815 was estimated at 63,897.

General Review

1787. they were far from eiijo^-iiig a full form of republican government. A freehold estate of 500 acres of land was a necessary (junlification o become a member of the Legislative Council. Each member of the House of Representatives Wiis required to possess 200 acres of land; no man could cast a vote for a Representative but such as owned iifty acres of land. The Governor was invested with the power of appointing all civil and militia officers, judges, clerks, county treasurers, county surveyors, justices, etc. He had the power to apportion the Representatives in the several counties, and to convene and adjourn the Legislature at his pleasure, and prevent the passage of any Territorial law.

In 1809 Congress passed an act empowering the people of Indiana to elect their Legislative Council by a popular vote; and in 1811 Congress abolished property qualification of voters, and declared that every free white male person who had attained to the age of twenty-one years, and paid a tax, should exercise the right of franchise.

The Legislature of 1814 divided the Territory into three judicial circuits. The Governor was empowered to appoint judges for the same, whose compensation should be S~00 jier annum.

The same year charters were granted to two banking institutions, the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Madison, authorized capital 8750,000, and the Bank of Vincennes, $500,000.

Okganization Of The State

The last Territorial Legislature convened at Corydon, in December, 1815, and on the 14th adopted a memorial to Congress, praying for authority to adopt a Constitution and State Government. Mr. Jennings, their delegate in Congress, laid the matter before that body on the 28th; and April 19, 1810, the President approved the bill creating the State of Indiana. The following May an election was held for a Constitutional Convention, which met at Corydon June 15 to 29, John Jennings presiding, and "William Hendricks acting as secretary.

The people's representatives in this Assembly were an able body of men, and the Constitution which they formed for Indiana in 1816 was not inferior to any of the State constitutions which were existing at that time.

The first State election was held the first Monday of August, 1816, and Jonathan Jennings was elected Governor, Christopher Harrison, Lieutenant-Governor, and William Hendricks .was elected Representative to Congress.

The first State General Assembly began its session at Corydon November 4, 1816, John Paul, Chairman of the Senate, and Isaac Blackford, Speaker of the House of Representatives.

This session of the Legislature elected James Noble and Waller Taylor to the Senate of the United States; Robert A. New, Secretary of State; W. II. Lilley, Auditor of State, and Daniel C. Lane, State Treasurer.

The close of the war, 1814, was followed by a rush of immigrants to the new State, and in 1820 the State had more than doubled her population, having at this time 147,178. The period of 1825-'30 was a prosperous time for the young State. Immigration continued rapid, the crops were generally good, and the hopes of the people raised higher than ever before.

In 1830 there still remained two tribes of Indians in the State of Indiana, the Miamis and Pottawatomies, who were much to being removed to new territory. This state of discontent was used by the celebrated warrior, Black Hawk, who, hoping to receive aid from the discontented tribes, invaded the frontier and slaughtered many citizens. Others fled from their homes, and a vast amount of property was destroyed, This was in 1832, and known as the Black Ilawk war.

The invaders were driven away with severe punishment, and when those who had abandoned their homes were assured that the Miamis and Pottawatomies did not contemplate joining the invaders, they returned and again resumed their peaceful avocations.

In 1837-'38 all the Indians were removed from Indiana west of the Mississippi, and very soon land speculations assumed large proportions in the new State, and many ruses were resorted to to bull and bear the market. Among other means taken to keep out speculators was a regular Indian scare in 1827.

In 1814 a society of Germans, under Frederick Eappe, founded a settlement on the Wabash, tifty miles above its mouth, and gave to the place the name of Harmony. In 1825 the town and a large quantity of land adjoining was purchased by Robert Owen, father of David Dale Owen, State Geologist, and of Robert Dale Owen, of later notoriety. Robert Owen was a radical philosopher, from Scotland.

Indiana In The Mexican Wae

During the administration of Governor Whitcomb, the United States became involved in the war with Mexico, and Indiana was prompt in furnishing her quota of volunteers.

The soldiers of Indiana who served in this war were five regiments, First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth. Companies of the the three first-named regiments served at times with Illinois, New York and South Carolina troops, under General Shields. The

The Fourth Regiment comprised ten companies; was organized at Jefl'ersonville, by Captain K. C.^Gatlin, June 5, 1847, and elected Major Willis A. Gorman, of the Third Regiment, Colonel; Ebenezer Du mont, Lieutenant-Colonel, and W. McCoy, Major. They were assigned to General Lane's command, and the Indiana volunteers made themselves a bright record in all the engagements of the Mexican war.

Indiana In The War For The Union

The fall of Fort Sumter was a signal for an uprising of the people, and the State of Indiana M-as among the first to respond to the summons of patriotism, and register itself on the national roll of honor. Fortunately for the State, she had a Governor at the time whose patriotism has seldom been equaled and never excelled. Governor Oliver P. Morton, immediately upon receiving the news of the fall of Sumter, telegraphed President Lincoln, tendering 10,000 troops in the name ot Indiana for the defense of the Union.

The President had called upon the several States for 75,000 men; Indiana's quota was 4,683. Governor Morton called for six regiments April 16, 1861.

Hon. Lewis Wallace, of Mexican war fame, was appointed Adjutant-General; Colonel Thomas Morris, Quartermaster-General, and Isaiah Mansur, of Indianapolis, Commissary- General. Governor Morton was also busy arranging the finances of the State, so as to support the military necessities, and to his appeals to public patriotism he received prompt and liberal financial aid from publicspirited citizens throughout the State. On the 20th of April Major T. J. Wood arrived from Washington, to receive the troops then organized, and Governor Morton telegraphed the President that he could place six regiments of infantry at the disposal of the Government; failing to receive a reply, the Legislature, then in extra session, April 27, organized six new regiments for three months service, and notwithstanding the fact that the first six regiments were already mustered into the general service, were known as " The First Brigade Indiana Volunteers," and were numbered respectively: Sixth Eegiment, Colonel T. T. Crittenden; Seventh Regiment, Colonel Ebenezer Dumont; Eighth Eegiment, Colonel W. P. Benton; Ninth Eegiment, Colonel E. H. Milroy; Tenth Eegiment, Colonel T. T. Eeynolds; Eleventh Eegiment, Colonel Lewis Wallace. The idea of these numbers was suggested from the fact that Indiana was represented in the Mexican war by one brigade of five regiments, and to observe consecutiveness the regiments comprised in the first division of volunteers were thus numbered, and the entire force placed under the command of Brigadier-General T. A. Morris, with the following stafi": John Love, Major; Cyrus C. Hines, Aid-de-camp, and J. A. Stein, Assistant Adjutant-General. They rendered valuable service in the field, returned to Indianapolis July 29, and the six regiments, with the surplus volunteers, now formed a division of seven regiments. All organized for three years, between the 20th of August and 20th of September, with the exception of the Twelfth, which was accepted for one year, under the command of Colonel John M. Wallace, and reorgaiiized May, 1862, for three years, under Colonel W. H. Link. The Thirteenth Eegiment, Colonel Jeremiah Sullivan, was mustered into service in 1861, and assigned to General McClellan's command.

The Fifteenth Eegiment organized June 14, 1861, at LaFayette, under Colonel G. D. Wagner. On the promotion of Colonel Wagner, Lieutenant-Colonel G. A. Wood became Colonel of the regiment in November, 1862.

The Sixteenth Eegiment organized, under P. A. Ilackleman, of Eichmond, for one year. Colonel Hackleman was killed at the battle of luka. Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas J. Lucas succeeded to the command. The regiment M-as discharged in Washington, D. C, in May, 1862; reorganized at Indianapolis May 27, 1862, for three years, and participated in the active military operations until the close of the war.

The Seventeenth Eegiment was organized at Indianapolis June 12, 1861, under Colonel Hascall, who was promoted to Brigadier- General in March, 1862, when the command devolved on Lieutenant-Colonel John T. Wilder.

The Nineteenth Eegiment organized at Indianapolis July 29, 1861, and was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, under Colonel Solomon Meridith. It was consolidated with the Twentieth Eegiment October, 1864, under Colonel William Orr, formerly its Lieutenant-Colonel.

The Twenty-first Eegiment was organized, under Colonel I. W. McMillan, July 24, 1861. This was the first regiment to enter New Orleans, and made itself a lasting name by its various valuable services.

The Twenty-second Eegiraent, under Colonel Jetf. C. Davis, joined General Fremont's Corps, at St. Louis, on the 17th of August, 1861, and performed gallant deeds under General Sherman in the South.

The Twenty-third Battalion was organized, xinder Colonel W. L. Sanderson, at New Albany, July 29, 1861. From its unfortunate marine experiences before Fort Henry to Bentonville it M-on unusual honors.

The Twenty-fifth Regiment was organized at Evansville, for three years, under Colonel J. C. Yeach, August 26, 1861, and was engaged in eighteen battles during its term.

The Twenty-sixth Battalion was organized at Indianapolis, under W. M. Wheatley, September 7, 1861, and served under Fremont, Grant, Heron and Smith.

The Twenty-seventh Regiment, under Colonel Silas Colgrove, joined General Banks September 15, 1861, and was with General Sherman on the famous march to the sea.

The Twenty-eighth Regiment, or First Cavalrj', was organized at Evansville August 20, 1861, under Colonel Conrad Baker, and performed good service in the Virginias.

The Twenty-ninth Battalion, of La Porte, under Colonel J. F. Miller, was organized in October, 1861, and M'as under Rousseau, McCook, Rosecrans and others. Colonel Miller was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, and Lieutenant-Colonel D. M. Dunn succeeded to the command of the regiment.

The Thirtieth Regiment, of Fort "Wayne, under Colonel Silas S. Bass, joined General Rousseau October 9, 1861. The Colonel received a mortal wound at Shiloh, and died a few days after. Lieutenant-Colonel J. B.

The Thirty-second Regiment of German Infantry, under Colonel August Willich, organized at Indianapolis August 24, 1861, and served with distinction. Colonel Willich was promoted to Brigadier-General, and Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Yon Trebra succeeded to the command of the regiment.

The Thirty-third Regiment, of Indianapolis,was organized, under Colonel John Coburn, September 16, 1861, and won a series of distinctions throughout the war.

The Tliirty-fourth Battalion organized at Anderson, under Colonel Ashbury Steele, September 16, 1861, and gained a lasting reputation for gallantry during the M-ar.

The Thirty-fifth, or First Irish Regiment, oi'ganized at Indianapolis, under Colonel John C. Walker, December 11, 1861. On the 22d of May, 1862, it was joined by the Sixtyfirst, or Second Irish Regiment, when Colonel Mullen became Lientenant-Colonel of the Thirty-fifth, and soon after its Colonel.

Tiie Thirty-sixth Regiment was organized, under Colonel William Grose, at Richmond, September 16, 1861, and assigned to the army of the Ohio.

TheThirty-seventh Battalion was organized at Lawrenceburg, September 18, 1861, Colonel George W. Ilazzard commanding, and was with General Sherman to the sea.

The Thirty-ninth Regiment, or Eighth Cavalry, was organized as an infantry regiment, under Colonel T. J. Harrison, at Indianapolis, August 28, 1861. In

The Fortieth Eegiment was organized at La Fayette, under Colonel W. C. Wilson, December 30, 1861, and subsequently commanded by Colonel J. W. Blake, and again by Colonel Henry Learning, and saw service with Buell's army.

The Forty-first Eegiment, or Second Cavalry, the tirst complete regiment of horse raised in the State, was organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel John A. Bridgland, September 3, 1861; was with General Sherman through Georgia, and with General "Wilson in Alabama.

The Forty-second Regiment was organized at Evansville, under Colonel J. G. Jones, October 9, 1861, and participated in the Sherman campaign.

The Forty-third Battalion was organized at Terre Haute, under Colonel George K. Steele, September 27, 1861, and assigned to Pope's army; was the first regiment to enter Memphis, and was with Commodore Foote at the reduction of Fort Pillow.

The Forty-fourth Regiment was organized at Fort Wayne, under Colonel Hugh B. Reed, October 24, 1861, and attached to General Cruft's Brigade.

The Forty-sixth Regiment organized at Logansport, under Colonel Graham N. Fitch, in February, 1862, and was assigned to General Pope's army, and served under Generals Sherman, Grant and others.

The Forty-seventh Regiment was organized at Anderson, under Colonel I. R. Slack, early in October, 1862, and was assigned to General Buell's army, thence to General Pope's. In December, 1864, Colonel Slack was promoted to Brigadier-General, and Colonel

The Forty-eighth Regiment was organized at Goshen, under Colonel Norman Eddy, December, 6 1861, and made itself a bright name at the battle of Corinth.

The Fifty-first Regiment, under Colonel Abel D. Streight, was organized at Indianapolis December 14, 1861, and immediately began service with General Buell.

The Fifty-second Regiment was partially raised at Rushville, and completed at Indianapolis by consolidating with the Railway Brigade, or Fifty-sixth Regiment, February 2, 1862, and served in the several campaigns in the South.

The Fifty- third Battalion was raised at New Albany, with the addition of recruits from Rockport, and made itself an endurable name under Colonel W. Q. Gresham.

The Fifty-fourth Regiment organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel D. J. Rose, for three months, June 10, 1862, and was assigned to General Kirby Smith's command.

The Fifty-sixth Regiment, referred to in the sketch of the Fifty-second, was designed to be composed of railroad men, under Colonel J. M. Smith, but owing to many railroad men having joined other commands, Colonel Smith's volunteers were incorporated with the Fifty-second, and this number left blank in the army list.

The Fifty-seventli Battalion was organized by two ministers of tlie gospel, the Eev. I. W. T. McMullen and Eev. F. A. Hardin, of Kichmond, Indiana, November 18, 1861, Colonel McMullen commanding. The regiment was severally commanded by Colonels Cyrus C. Haynes, G. W. Leonard, Willis Blanch and John S. McGrath.

The Fifty-eiglith Kegiraent was organized at Princeton, under Colonel Henry M. Carr, in October, 1861, and assigned to General Buell's command.

The Sixtieth Eegiment Avas partially organized at Evansville, under Lieutenant- Colonel Eichard Owen, in November, 1861, and perfected its organization at Camp Morton in March, 1862, and immediately entered the service in Kentucky.

The Sixty-first Eegiment was partially organized in December, 1861, under Colonel B. F. Mullen. Li May, 1862, it was incorporated with the Thirty-fifth Eegiment.

The Sixty-third Eegiment, of Covington, under Colonel James McManomy, was partially raised in December, 1861, and immediately entered upon active duty. Its organization was completed at Indianapolis, February, 1862, by six new companies.

The Sixty-fourth Eegiment was organized as an artillery corps. The War Department prohibiting consolidating batteries, put a stop to the movement. Subsequently an infantry regiment bearing the same number was raised.

The Sixty-sixth Eegiment organized at New Albany, under Colonel Eoger Martin, August 19, 18.62, and entered the service immediately in Kentucky.

The Sixty-seventh Eegiment was organized in the Third Congressional District, under Colonel Frank Emerson, and report. "1 for service at Louisville, Kentucky, in August, 1862.

The Sixty-eighth Eegiment organized at Greenburg, under Major Benjamin C. Slia\\ , and entered the service August- 19, ISf. ,', under Colonel Edward A. King, with Maj-r Shaw as Lieutenant-Colonel.

The Seventieth Eegiment was organized at Indianapolis, August 12, 1862, under Colonel B. Harrison, and at once marched to the front in Kentucky.

The Seventy-first, or Sixth Cavalry, was an unfortunate regiment, organized at Terre Haute, under Lieutenant-Colonel Melville D. Topping, August 18, 1862. At the battle near Eichmond, Kentucky, Colonel Topping and Major Conklin, together with 213 men, were killed; 347 taken prisoners; only 225 escaped. The regiment was reorganized un-' der Colonel I. Bittle, and was captured by the Confederate General Morgan on the 28th of December, same year.

The Seventy-third Eegiment, under Colonel Gilbert Hathaway, was organized at South Bend, August 16, 1862, and saw ser vice under Generals Eosecrans and Granger.

Tlio Seventj-fourtli Regiment was partially organized at Fort Wayne, and completed at Indianapolis, August 22, 1862, and repaired to Kentucky, under command of Colonel Charles W. Chapman.

The Seventy-fifth Regiment was organized within the Eleventh Congressional District, and marched to the front, under Colonel I. W. Petit, August 21, 1862.

The Seventy-seventh, or Fourth Cavalry, was organized at Indianapolis, August, 1862, under Colonel Isaac P. Gray, and carved its way to fame in over twenty battle-fields.

The Seventy-ninth Regiment organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel Fred. Ivnefler, September 2, 1862, and performed gallant service until the close of the war.

The Eightieth Regiment was organized within the First Congressional District, under Colonel C. Denby, August 8, 1862, and left Indianapolis immediately for the front.

The Eighty-first Regiment, under Colonel W. "W". Caldwell, organized at New Albany, August 29, 1862, and was assigned to General Buell's command.

The Eighty-fourth Regiment organized at Richmond, Indiana, September 8, 1862, Colonel Nelson Trusler commanding, and entered the field in Kentucky.

The Eighty-fifth Regiment organized under Colonel John P. Bayard, at Terra Haute, September 2, 1862. and with Coburn's Brigade surrendered to the rebel General Forrest in March, 1863.

The Eighty-seventh Regiment organized at South Bend, under Colonels Kline G. Sherlock and N. Gleason, and left Indianapoplis for the front August 31, 1862, and was with General Sherman through Georgia.

The Eighty-eighth Regiment organized within the Fourth Congressional District, under Colonel George Humphrey, and moved to the front August 29, 1862, and was present with General Sherman at the surrender of General Johnston's army.

The Ninetieth Regiment, or Fifth Cavalry, organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel Felix W. Graham, August to November, 1862, assembled at Louisville in March, 1863, and participated in twenty-two engagements during its term of service.

The Ninety-first Battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel John Mehringer, organized in October, 1862, at Evansville, and proceeded at once to the front.

The Ninety-sixth Regiment could bring together but three companies, which were incorporated with the Ninety-ninth at South Bend, and the number left blank.

The Kinety-seventh Kegiment organized at Terra Haute, under Colonel Kobert F. Cattersoii, September 20, 1861, and took position at the front near Memphis.

The Ninety-eighth Eegiment failed to organize, and the two companies raised were consolidated with the One Hundredth Regiment at Fort Wayne.

The JSTinety-ninth Battalion organized in the Ninth Congressional District, under Colonel Alex. Fawler, October 21, 1862, and operated with the Sixteenth Army Corps.

The One Hundredth Regiment organized at Fort "Wayne, under Colonel Sanford J. Stoughton, and joined the army of the Tennessee November 26, 1862.

The One Hundred and First Regiment was organized at Wabash, under Colonel William Garver, September 7, 1862, and immediately began active duty in Kentucky.

The One Hundred and Third Regiment comprised seven companies from the counties of Hendricks, Marion and Wayne, under Colonel Lawrence S. Shuler.

The One Hundred and Fourth Regiment was recruited from members of the Legion of Decatur, La Fayette, Madison, Marion and Rush counties, under Colonel James Gavin.

The One Hundred and Fifth Regiment was formed from tlie Legion and Minute Men, furnished by Hancock, Union, Randolph, Putnam, Wayne, Clinton and Madison counties, under Colonel Sherlock.

The One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, under Colonel Isaac P. Gray, was organized from the counties of Wayne, Randolph, Hancock, Howard and Marion.

The One Hundred and Eighth Regiment, under Colonel W.C.Wilson, was formed from the counties of Tippecanoe, Hancock, Carroll, Montgomery and Wayne.

The One Hundred and Ninth Regiment, under Colonel J. R. Malion, was composed of companies from La Porte, Hamilton, Miami and Randolph counties, Indiana, and from Coles County, Illinois.

The One Hundred and Tenth Regiment was composed of companies from the counties of Henry, Madisun, Delaware, Cass and Monroe ; tliis regiment was not called into the field.

The One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, from Montgomery, La Fayette, Rush, Miami, Monroe, Delaware and Hamilton counties, under Colonel Robert Canover, was not called out.

The One Iliindred and Thirteenth Regiment, from the counties of Daviess, Martin, Washington and Monroe, was commanded by Colonel George W. Burge.

These twelve last-named regiments were organized to ineet an emergency, caused by the invasion of Indiana by the rebel General John Morgan, and disbanded when he was captured.

The One Hundred and Nineteenth Eegiment, or Seventh Cavalry, Avas organized, under Colonel John P. C. Shanks, in October, 1SG3; made an endurable name on many fields of battle. Many of this regiment lost their lives on the ill-fated steamer Sultana.

The One Hundred and Twenty-first Eegiment, or Ninth Cavalry, was organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel George W.Jackson; this regiment also lost a number of men on the steamer Sultana.

The One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Eegiment, under Colonel James Burgess, organized at Eichmond March 10, 1864, and served under General Sherman.

The One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Eegiment, or Tenth Cavalry, under Colonel T. M. Pace, completed its organization at Columbus, May, 1863, and immediately moved to the front. This regiment lost a number of men on the steamer Sultana.

The One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Eegiment, or Eleventli Cavalry, organized at Indianapolis, nnder Colonel Eobert E. Stewiirt, in March, 1864, and entered the field in Tennessee.

The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Eegiment organized at Michigan City, under Colonel E. P. De Hart, March 18, 1864, and served under General Sherman in his famous campaign.

The One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Eegiment organized at Michigan City, nnder Colonel Charles Case, in April, 1864, and shared in the fortunes of the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth.

The One Hundred and Thirtieth Eegiment organized at Kokomo, under Colonel C. S. Parish, March 12, 1864, and served with the Twenty-third Army Corps.

The One Hundred and Thirty-first Eegiment, or Thirteenth Cavalry, moved from Indianapolis to the front, under Colonel G. M. L. Johnson, April 30, 1864.

The One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Eegiment, composed of companies from Bedford, Noblesville and Goshen, and seven companies from the First Congressional District, entered the field, under Colonel W. C. Wilson, May 25, 1864.

The One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Eegiment, from the First Congressional District, moved to the front, nnder Colonel J. W. Foster, May 24, 1864.

Eistobt Of Indiana

The One Hundred and Thirty-eiglith Regiment perfected its organization at Indianapolis, under Colonel J. II. Shannon, May 27, 1864, and marched immediately to the front.

The One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Regiment was composed of companies from various counties, and entered the field, under Colonel George Ilumphrev, in June, 1864.

The One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment, from Indianapolis, under Colonel W. A. Adams, joined General Steadman at Chattanooga, February 23, 1865.

The One Hundred and Fifty-second Regiment organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel W. W, Griswold, and left for Harper's Ferry March 18, 1865.

The One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment organized at Indianapolis, under Colonel O. H. P. Carey, and reported immediately at Louisville for duty.

The Twenty-eighth Regiment of Colored Troops was recruited throughout the State of Indiana, and placed under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles S. Russell, who was subsequently Colonel of the regiment. The regiment lost heavily at the "Crater," Petersburg, but was recruited, and continued to do good service.

ville, under Captain Martin Klauss, August 16, 1861, and immediately joined General Fremont's army; in 1864 Lawrence Jacoby was promoted to the captaincy of the battery.

The Fourth Battery recruited in La Porte, Porter and Lake counties, and reported to (ieneral Buell early in 1861. It was first commanded by Captain A. K. Bush, and reorganized in October, 1864, under Captain ]>. F. Johnson.

The Fifth Battery was furnished by La Porte, Allen, Whitley and IN'oble counties, couimanded by Captain Peter Simonson, reported at Louisville November 29, 1861; during its term it participated in twenty battles.

Tlie Ninth Battery, under Captain N. S. Thompson, organized at Indianapolis in January, 1862, and began active duty at Shiloh in January, 1865; it lost fifty-eight men by the explosion ot a steamer above Paducah.

The Eleventh Battery organized at La Fayette, and left Indianapolis for the front, under Captain Arnold Sutermeister, December 17, 1861 ; opened fire at Shiloh.

The Twelfth Battery, from Jeffersonville, perfected organization at Indianapolis, under Captain G. W. Sterling; reached Nashville in March, 1862. Captain Sterling resigned in April, and was succeeded by Captain James E. White, and he by James A. Dunwoody.

The Thirteenth Battery, under Captain Sewell Coulson, organized at Indianapolis during the winter of 1861, and proceeded to the front in February, 1862.

The Fifteenth Battery, under Captain I. C. II. Von Schlin, left Indianapolis for the front in July, 1862. The same year it was surrendered with the garrison at Harper's Ferry, reorganized at Indianapolis, and again appeared in tlie field in March, 1862.

The Seventeenth Battery organized at Indianapolis, under Captain Milton L. Miner, May 20, 1862; participated in the Gettysburg battle, and later in all the engagements in the Shenandoah Valley.

The Nineteenth Battery, under Captain S. J. Harris, left Indianapolis for Kentucky in August, 1862, and performed active service until the close of the war.

The Twentieth Battery, under Captain Frank A. Kose, left the State capital for the front in December, 1862. Captain Rose resigned, and was succeeded by Captain O shorn.

The Twenty-second Battery moved from Indianapolis to tlie front, Tinder Captain B. F. Denning, December 15, 1862, and thi-ew its first shot into Atlanta, where Captain Denning was killed.

The Twenty-fourth Battery, under Captain J. A. Simms, moved from Indianapolis to the front in March, 1863, and joined the Army of the Tennessee.

The Twenty-sixth, or " Wilder's Battery," was recrui'^ed at Greensburg in May, 1861, and became Company " A " of the Seventeenth Infantry, with Captain Wilder as Lieutenant-Colonel. Subsequently it was converted into the " First Independent Battery," and became known as " Eigby's Battery."

The part which Indiana j^erformed in the war to maintain the union of the States is one of which the citizens of the State may well be proud. In the number of troops furnished, and in tiie amount of contributions rendered, Indiana, in proportion to wealth and population, stands equal to any of her sister States.

The State records show that 200,000 men entered the army; 50,000 were organized to defend the State at home; that the number of military commissions issued to Indiana soldiers was 17,114, making a total of 267,- 114: men engaged in military afi'airs during the war for tlie Union.

Financial

In November, 1821, Governor Jennings convened the Legislature in extra session, to provide for the payment of interest and a part of the principal of the public debt, amounting to $20,000. The state of the public debt was indeed embarrassing, as the bonds executed in its behalf had been assigned.

This state of aftairs had been brought about in part by mismanagement of the State bank, and by speculators. From 181G to 1821 the people liad largely engaged in fictitious speculations. Numerous banks, with fictitious capital, were established; immense issues of paper were made, and the circulating medium of the country was increased four-fold in the course of three years.

In 1822 the nev/ Governor, William Hendricks, took a hopeful view of the situation. In consequence of good crops and the growing immigration, everything seemed more promising.

In 1822-'23 the surplus money was princijjally invested in home manufactures, which gave new impetus to the new State. Noah Noble was Governor of the State from 1831 to 1837, commencing his duties amid peculiar embarrassments. The crops of 1832 were short. Asiatic cholera came sweeping along the Ohio and into the interior of the State, and the Black Hawk war raged in the Northwest. All these at once, and yet the work of internal improvements was actually begun.

The State bank of Indiana was established January 28, 1834. The act of the Legislature, by its own terms, ceased to be a law January 1, 1857. At the time of organization

The State's interest in the bank was procured by issue of State bonds, the last of which was payable in 1866, the State thus placing as capital in the bank $1,390,000.

The nominal profits of the bank were $2,780,604. This constituted a sinking fund for the payment of the public debt, the expenses of the Commissioners, and for the cause of common schools.

Governor Whitcomb, lS43-'49, succeeded well in maintaining the credit of the State and effecting a compromise with its creditors, by which the State public works passed from the hands of the State to the creditors.

In 1851 a general banking law was adopted, which again revived speculation and inflation, wliich culminated in much damage. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and the large gains of the State in that institution were directed to the promotion of common school education.

October 31, 1870, found the State in a very prosperous condition; there was a surplus in the treasury of $373,249. The receipts of the . year amounted to $3,605,639, and the disbursements to $2,943,600, leaving a balance of $1,035,288. The total debt of the State in November, 1871, was $3,937,821.