Wabash County, Indiana - Chapter 16, 1914

Military .Mattkrs

Col. AViLiJAM Steele - Cul. James Wiiitmoke - Gex. Joiix B. Rose - Cai'T. JosEi'ii EwLxc - Capt. Abraham IIACKLE^L\N - Other Soldiers OF THE War of 1S12 - ^Mexican AVar Soldiers - Fail to (Jet Into x\ctiox - Those from Wahash Cofxty - 1xdl\xa ix the Civil \y.\\{ - First War AIeetl\i:s ix Wabash Cofxtv - First A'olfxteers - Dei'artfre OF CoMi'AXY II, FuuiTH Kecilmext - (!eorge Cfbberly Takes the Oveflow - The Ijattle of Rich AIofxtaix - Hart's AccouxT - Death of Kmmett - AIkster-oft of Co.mfaxy II - The Sole Deserter - Dr. James Ford - Gex. Charles S. Parrish - The Reorgaxized Fiuhth Ixdiaxa - Battle of Pea Ridge - Losses to Local Compaxies - Ox Vetera x Fcrlough - Discharged - Company F. Senexteexth Regimext - Comi'axy II, Twentieth Infantry^ - First Comi-lete Ixdiaxa Cavalry Regiment - Capt. Alexander lli.>s - IJi:coi;d (^f the Secoxd Ixdiaxa Cavalry Coxtixi'ed - Capt. Hess Takex Prisoxer - llis Civil Jvecord - The Sevexty-fifth Ixfaxtrv - At ( "hicka.alvuga Creek - .Missiox Ridge - To Atlaxta - Throcgh the Carolinas to AVashixgtox - CoLoxEL Pettits Home Services - Ilox. Calvin Cowgill - Company A, Eighty-ninth I\F(;i.\n:xT - Camp I^ettit, at AVabash - Compaxies F and K, IUIst IvKGiMEXT - Dr. l^AziL B. Bexxett - Capt. B. F. Williams - Fierce Ficnrr with Morgax's AIex - At Cihckamauga - With Sherman's

The Alississiiu'wa expedition into AValiasli and (irant counties, as an eft'eetive means of i)roteeting the rear of the American army of invasion directed against Detroit and Canada, has already been described as an important feature of the AVar of 18P2. Lieut. -Col. John B. Campbell, with his brave little force of dragoons and infantry, taught the Indians of the AVabash A'alley a lesson which left Harrison '.s army free to operate against the British troops.

A Jiunil)LT of citizrns wiio al'tcrwaixl bccaiiR' re.sitleiits of Wabash Count;*- served hotii as ofticei's and privates in tlie war of 1812. Tlie eliaraeter best liuown to tlie local comniiinity was Col. William Steele. lie went from Eastern Indiana as a soldier, and mov(id to the Town of Wabash in 1834. He was the lirst justice of tbe peace in tin; cijunty, and at its civil or^'ani/.ation was elected clerk of the (Jircuit Court. Later he held other jjublie oftiees of local importance, and in 1851 was electetl a representative in the lower house of the State Legislature. Subseciuently Ik- served his constituents in the Constitutional Convention, anil for more than forty year.s preceding his death was a useful and honon-d citizen of Wabash County, lie died in the City of Wabash on the lidTli of August, 187(J, at the age of ninet\'-hve years.

Col. James Wiiitmoi"e left his native State of Virginia at the age of thirty and settled in jMadison, Ohio. While a resident of the lUick-eye .state lie was conuuissioned colonel of militia, and in the War of 1812 performed ef(icit;nt service in defending the frontier against the British and huliaiis. Jn after years he came to the county and died at Waba.sh in 1854.

Cell. John B. Rose was a lieutenant in the War of 1812, and received honorable mention by his commanding officer for gallant conduct at the battle of Plattsburg. He served as sheriff of Union County, Indiana, was a member of the State Legislature in early times, and spent the last two riecades of his life in Wabash County, where he died in May, 1875, at an advanced age.

Capt. Joseph Ewing was a Pennsylvanian, and was a son of Judge John Ewing, who became a prominent citizen of Montgomery County, Ohio. In 1811 the former received a captain's commission from Governor j\Ieigs. At first his company (of the First Regiment, Ohio I\Iilitia) guarded the frontier settlements of the state, and in 1812 was traasf erred to the North under the immediate; command of General Harri.son. Subsequently he liceame a public character in Ohio, but

('apt. Abraham ITaekleinaii was born Septenil)er 25, 1775, at the foot of King's Mountain, North Carolina, near the jtlaee where the battle was fought toward the elose of the Kevolutionary war. In the AVar of \S\2 he was a member of Cai)tain P)ryson"s eompajiy, and lieUl a subordinate i>ositioii under that offieer in guarding the frontier of Kentueky, into whieh state he had moved in 1802. In tlie spring of 1801), then in his tliirty-seeond year, he moved to Franklin County, Indiana. He beeame a resident of AVabasli County in 184!), and died in the City of Wabash during Oetober, }SoS.

Conrad Saylors was a Carolinian by l)ii'tii and served as a private in the War of 1812. He was a pioneer of Franklin County, Indiana, Hiid represented tluit seetion of the state in one of the early sessions of tile Legislature. For several years before his death he was an honored citizen of Wabasli County, and died at Wabash in 1847.

William Kent re]n-esented tlie naval eoiitingent. As a l)oy he served in the I'nitetl States navy in the war with the Jiarbary States and was ])resent at the bombardment of Tripoli, Algiers. lie wa.s a sailor on the (Ireat Lakes at the outbreak of the War of 1812. at onee entered the navy again and ])artieipatt'd in the detV'Use of Forts Ceorge and Niagara. In after years he farmed in New York and Indiana, and died at Wabash on the 16th of Oetober, 1855. lie was buried by Ilanna Lodge No. Gl. A. F. &. A. M., of which lie was an at-tive member.

Jesse Shaw, for over thirty years a resident of La Gro Township, was a native of North Carolina, and saw service in Virginia during the later period of the War of 1812, coming to Indiana in 1830 and to WalKish in 185o. He died at his liome in La Gro Township in January, 1884. more than eiglity-sevcn years of age.

Other soldiers of the AVar of 1812, who have made their homes in \Val)ash County, were Robert McGee, an Irishman who served in a New York company; Josej)!! Pauling, who was adjutant in a Penn.sylvania regiment; Garnett llaydon, a Keiituckian who died at AVabash in 1865; Constance B. Jones, who is said to have assisted th(^ wounded Gen. Winfield Scott from the battlefield of Lundy's Lane; Triplet Loekhart, a resident of Favette and Wal)ash counties, Avho tlied at Wabash dur-

The j)resitlential ])roelauiatio]i aniiouneing a state of war l)etweeu the Unitetl States and ]\Iexieo was issued Mny 11, LS46, and on the 22d of tliat month Gov. James Whiteomh, of Indiana, issued hi.s eall for troo])s. .\.s tlie County of AVabash was then hut si)arsely sctlh'd, a eompan\- was not ex])eeted to he enlisted within its hor(U'rs. Its recruits united with the comi)any enlisted at Fort Wayne l)y Oai)t. Davis AV. Lewis, leaving AVahash the second week of June, 1846. They were transported on a packet canal boat 1)\' way of Fort Wayne for (Cincinnati, thence down the Ohio Kiver to New All)an\-, the ])laee of general I'eudezvous for Indiana trooi)s. Theri' they were mustei'ed into the service of the Fiiited States by Colonel Churchill, of the I'nited States army, on the 22d of June, 1S4(J, and sebsequently organized as Comi:)any F, of the First Regiment of Indiana A^olunteers, commanded by Col. James P. Drake of Indiana])olis.

The company roll was tiled in the office of the adjutant general of the state of the Idtli of June, 184t), being the tweiity-ninth company. An hour later, on the same day, the roll of anotlier company was filled, making the thirtieth, tlu;s tilling completely the requisition foi- three regiments. The first regiment was not fully e(iuipped until the secontl week of July, when it took transportation by steamboat foi; New Orleans en I'onte for the Rio Grande. Ai'riving at New Orleans, the regiment went into camp on the old battle ground - where (ieneral Jackson, on the 8th of Janiuiry, 18ir), defeated tiie British under General Pa'ekenham, the final engagement of the War of 1812.

The comi)any failed to get into action, although the boys were ready. After bt'iiig ti-ansported across the (iulf of ]\Iexico, at one time they were within five miles of Alonterey, but were finally ordered back to New Orleans and were mustered out of the service June IG, 1847. The members of the company then took passage on a steam])oat for Cincinnati, whence they were transferi'ed by canal to AVabash, arriving at the home dock late in the month of June, 1847, after having been ab.sent a few days more than one year.

Elijali Ilaeklciiiaii has compiled a list of those who volunteered in Captain Lewis' company from Wabash County, a few of whom never returned.

Moses W. Ross went out as corporal of the company, and returned to enjoy a long and lionored life. He was a native of Dec^atur County, Indiana. Levi Ross, a younger l»rotlier and a native of Hancock County, was also a mendjer of Company F, First Regiment, and at the expiration of his year's service reenlLsted for three years as a regular. In August, 1861, he assisted in recruiting Company F, of the Second Cavalry, and entered tlie Union service in the Civil war as first lieutenant of that comnmnd. After the battle of Pittsburgh Landing he was promoted to the captaincy of his company for meritorious conduct, but died while at Louisville, Kentucky, on official business, ]\larch 7, 1863.

Aljijali A. Cox served a.s corporal during the full term of liis enlistment, and a few years after his return to Wabash moved to Grant County. Clinton Lafavour became a resident of Kansas, and John Kizer, of La Gro, who was sergeant, moved to California a few years after returning to Wal)ash County.

Charles Rozelle, also of La Gro, moved to Sacramento City, California, and Ebenezer Rozelle, a brother, left his body on the l)anks of tlie Rio Grande, where he died October 23, 184G. William Rozelle, another brother, became a California gold hunter, while Isaac B. Rozelle, a fourth bi-other, died at the mouth of the Rio Grande on the 23d of August, 1846.

Thomas Hurley also went from La (h-o, where he. dii'd many years after, and Tiiomas Benge enlisted from North Manchester, where he died long afterward.

In September, 1846, several months aftei- the departure of the volunteers for the seat of war, Capt. Spier E. Tipton, son of Gen. John Tipton, a recruiting officer of the regular army, sent two or three days in Wabash and enlisted the following men: William M. Hackleman, son of Dr. James Hackleman, who immediately went to New Orleans, was mustered into the regular army and died in April, 1847, as the result of injuries received at the storming of Vera Cruz; Ab Van Dyne, who participated with the United States army in the siege and capture of Mexico City and died a few days later from sunstroke.

No state ill the niiion was more prompt or genei-ous in furnishing troops and money than Indiana. A striking eom])arison of her eontributions in life and treasure with those furnished l>y the country at large has been made by William H. Smith in his "History of Indiana," from which we quote: "Five of the first six regiments were sent to operate in West Virginia, and there fought the first battles of tlui war. The remaining regiment, the Elleventh, was sent to Cumberland, Maryland, and it was a scouting party from that regiment that shed the first blood in battle on the soil of Old Virginia. Thus it was that Indiana was the first to the front in West Virginia and Old Virginia. The Legislature met and promptly provided for the borrowing of $2,000,000 to aid in the support and organization of troops for tlie defen.se of the [Tnion. It will be in place, at this point, to say that so energetic was the governor, so patriotic were the people, that every call made on Indiana for troops was filled in the shortest space of time by volunteers until after war liad been raging for three and a half years, with the single exception of a small draft uvddo in 18(52, in a few localiti('S, for the purpose of equalizing tlie burdens; these localities having been a little slack in furnishing their quota of volunteers. At every call Indiana had some troops standing to her credit. No state in the Union was more prompt in this matter.

"It is also proper to state that to preserve the Union Indiana furnislied more soldiers than did the original thirteen colonies to establish it. For the war with Mexico the United States called into service 112,000 soldiers, or 9G,000 less than Indiana furnished during the Civil war.

"To show the magnitude of tlie struggle and the part Indiana bore in it, a few figures will suffice. The American loss in killed during t^e last war with (Jreat P>ritain was 1,877; in the war with Mexico, 1,1)5;^, making a total in killed in two great wars, of 13,830. Tiiis includes those who died from wounds. In the last war Indiana lost in killed, 3,4;J4, died from wounds, 2,883 - a total loss of 5,817, or 2,000 more than the total loss of the whole country in two great wars. In the War of 1812-15 the loss to the American armies from killed and wounded was 5,614, or 203 less than Indiana lost in killed outright and died from wounds, in the Civil war. The total loss of American troops (killed and fatally wounded) in the Mexican war was only 4,373, as against the total loss of Indiana soldiers during the Civil war of 5,817. Indiana also lost, during that period 10,392 from disease, making a total loss during the war of 24,416.

Considering: her population, AVabash County has a bright record in the Civil war, and no section of the state evinced more pronounecd individual patriotism. Fort Sumter was attacked April 12, 1861, the news reaching Wabash at noon the next da\-, through the agency of a telegraphic dispatch sent liy (ieorge E. Gordon, then at Indianapolis, to "William K. Thurston. A call was immediately issued for a meeting at the courthouse in the evening of that day.

The town was wild excitement and every man and ])oy was eager for action. Speeches were made and applauded, but what was more to the point a n\iiid)ei' of volunteers eagerly stejiped into the recruiting office opened by Chaides S. Parrish and Joseph AI. Thom])son. On the following day (Sunday, the 14th) Sumter surrendered to the Confederacy, and on Monday, the loth, (iovernor Morton called for 10,000 men to defend the nation. The same day Pi'esident Lincoln, called forth the militia of the several states to the number of To, 000. The war was on; liut neither North nor South knew what an awful conflict was before the country.

On receipt of the dispatch from Air. Gordon, Captain Pari-ish called upon lion. Elijah Ilackleinan, then somewhat familiar with military atYairs, and especially conversant with conditions in the county, stated that he liad decided to join the armv and asked for his assistance in arousing the sentiment which would lead to the raising of troops. That night, after they had attended the meeting at the courthouse in Waliash, they went to Ashland (now La Fontaiin'), made the first war speeches in that part of the county and several volunteers offered themselves for service.

On Alonday, the 15th, after the fall of Fort Sumter, notices for another meeting at the courthouse in the evening were posted throughout the town. AVhen night came every inch of standing room was taken and. the enthusiastic and determined citizens were addressed by lievs.

This tirst company from AVabash County would have hd't for Indiauiipolis, the geiiei'al i-eiidezvous for Indiana ti'oops, on Saturday nu)rning, the LlOth of June, had n(jt the patriotic ladies of \Val)ash urged them to remain until Tutsday mornijig and accept a sui)per a)id a haiuier which they proposed to present to tlwin on Monday evening.

Thi.s program was not carried out to the letter, for on Saturday afternoon at 2 o'clock the company assendjled at the courtroom ^vith closed doors and elected the following officers: Charles S. i'arrish, captain; Joseph M. Thompson, fii'st lieutenant; Frank Dailey, second lieutenant, and John R. Polk, third lieutenant.

At 4 o'clock on Tuesday morning, x^jtril 2.'>, LSiil, these first volunteers from Wa])asli County left by i-ail for Indianapolis, and two days afterward were mustered into the service of the Fnited States as ConipauN- n, iMghth Regiment, Fidiana \'olunteei' Infantry.

Jhe men frou) Wabash County had offered their services so freely that there wei'e twenty-tive more than the Fighth Regiment could receive. Accordingly (ieorge Cubberly, of Fa Cro, with this excess as a luieleus, began recruiting for .some other regiment. He ^vas tirst eonunissioned as first lieutenant in Cai)tain Parrish's eomiiany, but on the r2th of June was assigi\ed to the same rank in the new company ( F, of the Seventeenth Regiment), and was subsequently ])romoted to the captaincy of Company F of iiieliinoml. Company II remained in eamp with its regiment until tlie 19th of June. On the morning of that day the Eightli and Tenth regiments went by rail to Clarksburg, West Virginia, thenee marched to Buckhannon, thirty miles distant, where the enemy were reported to be encamped. Upon arriving at that point, it was learned that the Confederates had moved on to Rich Mountain. At Buckhannon, the Eighth and Tenth Indiana regiments were assigned to the brigade commanded by (Jt'iH'i-al William S. Rosecrans. On the 10th of July the entire Union force marched toward Rich -Mountain, where the enemy had concentrated, and on the following morning the battle opened.

The following account of the engagement is taken from the statement of David L. Hart, a famous scout and tlie guide to (ieneral Rosecrans' column, who afterward became well acquainted in AVabash County ; "I was with General Rosecrans as guide at tlie battle of Rich Mountain. The enemy - 4,000 strong - were strongly intrenched at the foot of the mountain on tlie west side. Tliey had rolled whole ti-ees from the mountain side and lapped them together, tilling in with stones and earth from a trench outside. General McClellan, after recoinioitering their position, sent General Rosecrans with the Eighth, Tenth and Fifteenth Indiana regiments, the Nineteenth Ohio and the Cincinnati Cavalry, to get in their rear. I went with them as a guide.

"We sturteil about daylight, having lirst taken soiiu'tbing to eat (but got nothing more until G o'clock next night, when some of tiiem got a little beef) and turned into the woods on our right. I led, accompanied by Colonel Lander, through a pathless route in the woods by which I had made my escape about four Aveeks before. AVe pushed along through the bush, laurel and rocks, followed by tlie whole division, in pc'i-fect silence. The ])ushes wetted us thoroughly and it was very cold. Our circuit was al)Out five miles. About noon we reached the top of the mountain, near my father's farm.

"It was not intended that the enemy should know of our movements, but a dragoon with dis})atches from General ]\IcClellan, who was sent after us, fell into the hands of the enemy, and they thus found out our movements. They immediately dispatched 2,500 men to the top of the mountain witli three cannon. They intrenched themselves with earthworks on my father's farm just where we were to come into the road. We did not know they were there until we came on their pickets and their cannon opened fire upon us. We were then about a quarter of a mile from the house and skirmishing began. I left the advance and wt'iit into tile main l)()(ly of the army. [ liad no arms of any kind. Tlie rain bi-jran poni'inj:^ down in tori'i'iits, \vlnli' the enemy iircd his cannon, cntting off tlie trectop.s over onr lieads quite lively. They tired rapidly. I thought from the tiring that tliey had twenty-live or thirty pieces. We had no cannon with us. Our boys stood still in the rain about half an hour.

"The Eighth and Tenth then led ot¥, bearing to the left of our position. The bushes were so thick we could not see out, nor could the enemy see us. Tlie enemy's nuisket balls could not reach us. Our bo\s, keeping u[) a tire, got down within sight and then pretended to run, but they only fell down in the bushes and behind the rocks. This drew the enemy from their inti'enchments, and when our boys let into them with their lOntield and ]\linie rifles T never heard svich screaming in all my life. The Nineteenth, in the meantime, advanced to a fence in a line with the breastworks and fired one round. The whole earth seenu'd to shake. They then gave the Indiana boys a tremendous cheer, and the enemy l)i-oki' from their intrenehments in evei-y way they could. The Indiana boys had prt'viously ))een ordered to 'fix bayonets.' We coidd hear the rattle of the iron vei'y plainly as the oi'der was obeyed. 'Charge bayonets' wa.s then ordered, and away went our boys after the enemy. One man alone stood his gi'ound, and fii-ed a cannon until shot by a I'cvolver. A general race for about thi'ee hundred yards followcnl through the bush, when our men were recalled and reformed in line of battle to receive the enemy from the intrenehments at the foot of the mountain, as we supposed they woukl certainly attack us from that point; but it seems that as soon as they no longer heard the firing of the cannon they gave up all for lost. They then deserted their works and took off whatever they could. A re-enfoi'cement, which was also coming from Ueverly to the aid of the 2, ;")()(), retreated for the same rt'aswn.

"We took all their wagons, tents, provisions and cannon, many guns which they left, many horses, mules, etc. In short, we got everything they had, as they took nothing l)ut such horses are they were on. We found several of tliem in the woods. One hundred and thirty-five of the enem\' were l)uried before I left. They were for the most part shot in the head and hai'd to be i-ecognized. Some .six hundred, who had managed to get down to the river at Caplinger's, finding no chance for escape, sent in a flag of truce, and on Saturday morning they were e,scorted into Beverly by the Chicago Cavalry which had been sent after them. "

Tin- loss of Coiiij^aiiy J I in tliis lii'st suhstjuitial a<tiou in whieli Jiiiliaiia ti-oops itai-ticipatcd was oik- killr.l - Jaiurs JI. JOiniiictt - and two wouiult'd - J.cmurl Jiusick and -Jacob Sailors. The Kiylith iicginiL'iit, witli the othrr eoumiands of tlic brigacU', (_Mi(;aiui)ed the succeeding niglit on the hattletield and tlu' day following- marched for Beverly. There the entire hrigade Went into canij) and I'eiuained until the -_:4tli of duly, when the Eighth and Ninth started for Jndiaiuii)olis. They arrived at the state capital on the 2(jth, and Company 11, of the Eighth, reached Wabash the following day. Its membei's who had so well acquitted themselves, although then so new to the grim business of war, were gi-eeted by hundreds of fi-iends and ivlatives at the (b-pot, the city bells were ringing and the entire connuunity was proud both of the home-comers and of the brave p]nnaett, who had been the fir.st to sacrifice his life in Wabash County for the L'nion cau.se.

The Eighth Indiana Regiment was mustered out of the service at the conclusion of the three months' term of eidistnient, August Gth, but a lai-ge proportion of the men - at least, of those from Wabash County, for whom we speak - subsequently re-eidisted in the three years' service.

Comj)any II comprised three commis-sioned of'hcers, ten who were non-eonuuissioned and lifty-eight privates, all of whom were mustered oftt with honors except John Ballinger, the sole deserter. James II. Emmett was called for muster befoie the Almighty Father on tlie battlefield of Rich Mountain, and the G. xV. R. i'ost of AVabash proudly bears his name.

Although not a member of the company, Dr. James Ford, one of the ablest of the pln'sicians of Wabash County and City, went to the front with the three months' men of the Eighth as regimental surgeon. As stated elsewhere, he liad charge of the hospital on the battlefield of Rich Mountain, re-entered the three years" service in his former

Charles S. Parrish, c;iptain of tlie company, developetl into one of the al^h'st L'nion ymerals of the (.'ivil wnv and a strong citizen of widi- i)rominence in pulilie affairs. lie \vas born in Columbus, Ohio, and named Chai'ies Shei'man Parrish, after -Judge Sherman, father of tlie general. After attending the Ohio Wesleyan Pniversity and Kenyon College, he studied law at Zanesville, under Hon. S. S. ("Sun.set") Cox, the famous congressuum and literatteur, and was admtited to tlie liar in 1851. After praeticing for a time at ( iret'nsbui'g, Indiana, in LS.jl, he located at tlie Town of AVabasli and at once entered substantial practice. He was elected i)rosecuting attorney of Wabash County in 1S5G and at the commencement of the Civil war was a law i)artner of Hon. J. D. Conner. He had jireviously been interested in military nuitters, having oi-ganized the Wabash Guards in 1857.

Cl)on hi.s j'eturn to Waliash at tlie expiration of his three montiis' service, Captain Parrisli recruited two companies for three years, or "during tlie war," and in Septembei-, LSGl, was commissioned major in the Eighth Indiana Kegiment. He was with his regiment at the l^attle of I\'a Kidge, Arkansas, fought in .March, ISii:], and in the ^fay succeeding was promoted to be lieutenant colonel. He was engaged in the pursuit of Marmaduke in the Southwest and was in command of his regiment at the siege of Vicksliurg, in the spring and summer of 180:3. At the battle of Fort Gibson, ^May 1st, he led the charge wliich decided the day in favor of the Union troops. After the battle lie was sent to the hospital, but returned to his regiment in June and from that time was in tlie trenches until the hnal surrender, July 4, 180:5. After tlie surrender he participated in the operations before Jackson and, with his command, wa.s afterward identified with vai'ious expeditions in Louisiana and Texas. In Septemlier, 180:}, while at Heswiidc Pay, Ti'xas, he was ordered to leave the Eighth, return to ^Val)ash and assume command of the One Hundred and Thirtieth Indiana Regiment. In IMarch, 1864, he was commissioned colonel, assigned to that regiment and participated in all the battles of the Atlanta campaign.

After Sherman left Atlanta for his march through Georgia, Colonel Pari'ish joined Thoma.s' army, Avas in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and afterwai-d followed Hood and his remnant of a still defiant army. In ^Nfarcli, 18G5, he wasln-evetted brigadier general. He rejoined Sherman's army at Goldsboro, and was mustered out of the service in Decemlier, 1805.

General Parrish at once resumed tlie practice of his profession at Wabasli ; in 18f]7-68 served as state senator for Waba.sli and Koseiusko counties; was registered in l)ankruptey for about a year, and from 18G1) to 1873 insiK'Ctor of customs at New Orleans. He then returned to Wabash, and until his death continued to be one of the city's leaders in all legal and public matters. He ably served as mayor from 1878 to 1883. His widow died about three years ago. Oidy two children were born to this couple. Mrs. Porter who lives at Geneva, Indiana, and Miss Anna Pari-isli, a valued teacher in the i)ublic schools of Wabash.

The reorganized Eighth Indiana Regiment (three years) contained two entii'e companies from Waljash County, composed largely of the Volunteers that iiuule up Company K, the three-months' men under the president's tinst call.

After recruiting 200 volunteers in the county, Captain Parrish and Lieut. Joseph M. Thompson started for Iiulianapolis on the 20th of August, 18G1. Tlie same evening tht- two i'omi)anies were organized at Camp Benton, with John R. Polk as captain of F and Joseph M. Thompson, captain of Company I. Captain Polk was afterward promoted to major and lieutenant colonel of the regiment, while Captain Thompson w'as mustered out of the service as major. Colonel William P. Benton, at the head of the regiment under the first call, was in command.

The Eighth remained in camp for less than a week, on the 10th of September leaving for St. Louis, whence it was assigned to General Fremont's ai-my of the Southwest, brigade of Colonel Jeff C. Davis. In that connection the Eighth participated in a numlx'r of movements against .scattered })ands of Confederates in Southwestern Missouri. !f inally Colonel DavLs and General Curtis combined their forces for an attack on the Confederate Price, who had concentrated his ti'oops near Springfield, but were not able to bring al)0ut a general engagement. Price was pursued into Arkansas and, having l)een joined by Van Dorn with 30,000 men, he precipitated the battle of Pea Ridge. The army of General Curtis, the ranking officer, occupied the heights near Sugar Creek.

The battle commenced on the 6th of :\Iarch, 1862, by the attack of the combined Confederate forces upon General Sigel's division, then stationed at Bentonville. Sending his train ahead and reserving one batter}', with Ix-twuen eight hinulred and one thousand men, Sigel commenced one of those masterly ivtreats for whieli hi.s name hceame famous in the annals of thi- Civil war. Planting a portion of his guns, with his infantr\- to sustain tlinn, he would pour the grajx- and shell into the advancing enemy until, quailing hefore the murderous hre, tliey would break in confusion. Before they could reform, Sigel would lindier up ami fall liack behind another portion of his l)atteiy i)lanted at another point in the I'oad. Here tlie same maneuver wouhl occur and be rej)eated coutiiuiouslv for a (h)zen miles. Ciuhjubtcdly th<-se tactics .saved (ieiiei-al Sigel's division and enal)led him to reac-h the west end of Pea Jiidge, ^\-here he formed a junction with (Jeneral (Jurtis' main body.

During the day the opposing armies lined into j^osition, aiul early on the morjiing of the 7th the battle eonniienced on the right of the I'nion forces, the brigade to which the Kightli was attached attacking the enemy ncai- Mlldioi-n Ta\'ern. The lighting soon became desi)erate ami it was continued with varying success during the entire day. At night the lines of the contending arnnes wei'e not more than three hundrt'd yards apart, the tired soldiers throwing themsel\-es on the ground and .sleeping U{>on tlieir arms without tires.

At (hiylight on the niorinng of the 8th the lines of the Cnion army wei'e quietly rtd'ormed. It was realized by both sides that the crisis had arrived. The Confederates, who outmnnbered the Cnioiusts three to one, held tlie only line of ri'treat for the army of tlie North - the Fa\etteville I'oad - and were contident of a crushing victory. About a thousand of the Cnion troops had already been put out of action, and all wi'i-e cold and exhausted.

I)id Colonel Davi.s again connnenced the attack at break of day. From all accounts it was Sigel who saved the desperate situation witii his masterly combination of artilhuy and infantry as.saults. He lirst (wdei'cd the Twenty-lifth Illinois to take a position along a fence in open view of the enemy's batteries, which at once opened lire upon that regiment. Immediately a battery of six guns were thrown into line 100 paces in the rear of the advanced infantry on a rise of ground. The Twelfth .Mi.ssouri then wheeled into line with the Twenty-fifth Illinois on its hd't, ami another battery of guns was similarly disposed a short distam-e l)ehind that comnuiml. Then another reginu-nt and another battei-y wheeled into position, until thirty pieces of artillery, each fifteen or twiuity paces from the other, were in a continuous line, with infantry lying down in front. Each piece opened fire as it came in position. The tii-e of the eidii-e line was directed so as to silence battery aftei- l)attery of the enemy.

ranks of the enmiy wi-re tlrcimattHl, tli,' lioiscs shot at tlifir ^'uiis and lai'LH. ti'.M's literally (leniolislicd. lUit the ( '(.nfcdcratcs stood bi'avvly to tlicir j)ost. although foi- two iioiirs and ten luiiiutcs Sif^vl's dt'adlv storm of iron hail swcj.t throuj^di their ranks. P,nt one hy one the (Jonfcderate iiattci'ics wwv silcji. and onward rvr\>t tin' I'nicjn ijifaiitry and Sigel's awful giin.s. Shorter and shorter l)eejn,ie the ranuv, and the Confederate lines linally erunihled. A--ain Si-el advane.'d his line, niakino- another I»artial elian-v of front. Then eanie the order to charge tlie enemy in the woods, and those brave boys who had lain for hours with the shot of the Confederates fallini^' upon them and the eannon of Sigel ])laying over them, arose and dressed their lanks as if on eveidng parade in some peae(dul village street. The Tw.Mitydifth Illinois moved in eoml)aet line, supported on the left by the Twelfth .Missouri acting as skiriidshers, and on the right by the Twenty-second Indiana. As they passed iiito the (K'tise brush they weiv met by a terrible volley, and answered b\- one as tei'rible aiul far more deadly, as they had tlh' advantage of now seeing their .-nemy. After a tierce resistance, the Confederate ranks bi-oke, and Pea KMdge was woii for the Union .sokliers.

Hi this liattle the Uighth lost heavily in killed and wounded. Hi Company H. Corporals Michael Hogan antl Thomas Leatherland were wounded, and of the privates John Coburn, John Stiles ami Henry Hardbarger were killed, ami Henry Critfy, J\obert 1). Hite, and Joseph lu'])]) wouiuletl.

Hi Comi)any I, Sergeant Kobert E. Torrence was wounded, as well as Privat.'s l^davius J. Brewer, Jethro :\I. Hall and AVilliam A. Garrison,, the last named dying of his wounds.

- After the battle of Pea Kidge the Eighth endured with soldierly fortitude some weai'ing nuirclics in .Missouri and Arkansas, and tinally joined (! rant's aj'uiy at .Milliken's Jiend, Eonisiana. H participated in the engagement at Port Cili.son, .Missouri, the action at Jackson, .Mississippi, the l»attle of Champioii Hills and the .siege of Vieksburg. Hi the a.s.sault made by iMcClerland's corps, to which the Eighth belong(;d, the regiment lost 117 in killed and wounded. Those of Company E who were killed during the siege of ^'icksburg were Sergeant Isaac A. Blakely and Privates AVilliaui H. Hoke, John A. Khodes and John L. Swafford.

The Eighth partieiinited in the liaiiks expedition and in the eaptiire of Fort Esperanza, Texas. At the engagement named .Musieian Henry Williams, of Company F, was killed. At that plaee, also, on the 1st of January, 1SG4, -117 men out of 515 re-enlisted and were again mustered into the serviee as veterc'ms.

In April the' I'egimcnt ari'ived at Indianapolis on vt'teran furlougli, and after thirty (hiys returjied to New Orleans. It had some lighting in Louisiana, hut in August was ealled to Washington and the Eastern held of nnlitary operations and partieipatt'tl in .Sheridan '.s eampaign in the Shenandoah \'alley. In September, lS(i4, it was engaged in the aetions at Fisher's Hill and Cedai" Creek. N'irginia, after which it l)erformed garrison duty in Ceorgia until oi'dered home, August 28tli. In the following month the luen were honoraljly discharged from the servii-e at Indianapolis.

Company F, of the Seventeerith Keginu'Ut, had, as its nucl an excess of twenty-live men who were enlisted under the first call for troops. (Jeorge (.'id)berly, of La (Iro, went out as their first lieutenant, i)ut was afterward promoted to be captain of Company I. The company followed the fortunes of the regiment at Shiloh, Corinth, Chiekanuiuga and other engageuuMits, concluding its servict' in Geoi'gia. In military, spirit and faithfulness, the men as a body ditl not seem to be up to the Wabash County standard, its proportion of deserters to those who renu'ined true to the ct)lors being innisually large.

The TweJitieth Kegiment, which was I'ecruited at Lafayette, ineluded seventy-two men from AVabash County. Its campaigns and battles were with the Army of the Potomac. On the second day of Gettysburg its comiiuinding officer, Colonel John AVlu'eler, was killed. Hezekiah Weesner of ('ompany A was shot through the right shoulder, and is still living. It was in tiie advance in pursuit of Leo, participated in the battles of the Wilderness, engaged in the operations before Petersbui'g and i-emained with the Armv of the Potonuic until Lee'.s sui'reiider. Tlie

Twentieth was iinistcred out at i.ouisvilk', Keiitueky, with twcnty-tliree ot'lieers ami '.V.)i) \nvn. Company 11, of which Nelson Jv Miller was captain, was largely composed of men from Wabash County.

The Forty-first l^egiment, or .Second Indiana Cavalry, was the first ^-omplete Indiana regiment in that branch of the service to lake the Held, and was composed of 51 ofiicers, 1,071) men, :54() recruits, 78 vetei'ans and 17G unassigned I'ccruits, uuddng a total of 1,7'24. The organization was mustered into the service at Indianapolis, on the M of Septend)er, 18(il, with John A. I^idgland as colonel. Company F was the distinctive unit from Wabash County, the bulk of the regiment being otherwise drawn fi-om Wayne, Carroll, Clay, Flkhart, Fayette and Sullivan.

.Mason 1. Thomas was the lirst captain of Company F. Tie resigned April 11. lS(i'2, and was succeeded by Levi Ross, who died in Libby Prison March 7, ISG:;). The company was next placed in conunand of Alexander Hess, under whom it wa.s mustered out with the regiment.

Captain llcs.s, who liad been a resident of Wabash since boyhootl, was then in his twenty-fourth year. At the breaking out of the Civil war lie had promptly dropped his law studies and gone to the front as a thive-months' nmn in Company II, Eighth Indiana Volunteers, lie was at the battle of Rich .Mountain, and returned to Wabash at the end of his term, but on Septeiidier 2, 1861, again entered the service as a member of the Second Cavalry, enlisting for three years. Upon the organization of the company he was nmde orderly sei'geant, ami was with the force assigned to him in the various battles and campaigns of the Army of the Cumberlaml.

In Fel)ruary, 18(i2, the Second Cavalry was moving with Buell's army toward Nashville, and reached the battlefield of Shiloh on the second dav of that terrific engagement. Immediately afterward Mr. Hess was promoted to b." tirst lieutenant for meritorious conduct while under fire. After the evacuation of Corinth, it marched with BeuU's army into Northern Alabama; thence toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, and then started in pursuit of the Confederate General Morgan. The long pursuit of Bragg continued until the terrible battle of Perryville, Kentucky.

pi'ivatcs were paroled, l)ut the ofTi(;ers were taken to Atlanta and for thi-ce niontlis were kept in close eonfineinent. Tlicy were then taken to Libjjy prison, Rieliinoml, and there remained .six weeks, when an exehajige was etTeeted. it was during that j)erio(l, on .Maich 7, 186:3, that Levi Jvoss, eaptain of tlie company, died as a prisoner of war, and wa.s succeeded in the eonnnand by Lieutenant Alexander ITess, who thus continued until the exjiii-ation of his term of service.

With the Secoiul Cavalry, Captain Iless and his company participated in all tile Ti'nnessee campaigns, in winch figured su(-h Confederate cavalr>' leaders as .Moi'gan, AVheeler and Forrest. In ^lay, 1864, tlie command joined Sherman's army marching toward Atlanta, and wa.s active in a number of engagcMnents. After the occupation of Atlanta by the I'nion army, the non-veterans of the regiment wei'i' ordered to be mustered out, and on Septendier 14, 18(i4, the remaining veterans and i'(M'ruits were consolidated into a battalion of four companies and placed in comnmnd of i\Iajor Roswell S. Ilill. Subsequently it joined the army of General AVilson, participating in the raid through Alabama and in April. 1865, engaged the enemy near Scottsville and Westpoint, Geoi'gia. In the latter engagement the regiment lost severely, ]\Iajor Hill having one of his legs shot off while leading a charge. Returning from this raiil, it proceeded to Nashville and wa.s there mustered out on the 22d of July, 1865. Shortly afterward it moved to Indianapolis, where it was finally discharged.

Two Wabash County physicians were connected witli the service of the Forty-first (Second Cavali-y) Regiment, as assistant surgeons - Dr. H. II. Gillen, who resigned, June 29, L862, and Dr. Andrew J. Smith, who ^?as mustered out with his regiment.

In the operations before xVtlanta the Second was completely surroundetl by AVheeler's Confederate cavalry and while cutting its way through the enemy's ranks suffered a loss of 5U0 prisoners. Among these was Captain Iless, who had his horse shot from under him. With other officers he was sent to Macon, Georgia, and afterward moved to Charleston, South Carolina. After a confinement of about six we(,'ks the prisoners were exchanged, and the captain's tei-m of eidistment having <'\pire(l he came home direct from pi'ison.

Within a short tiiiic after rt'turniii<? to the City of Wahash, Captain IIcss ri'.suiiuMl his legal stutlies under lion. J. I). Conner and was admitted to practice in 18G6. From 1870 to 1872 he served as pi'osecuting attorjiey of the circuit; comment.-ing lii.s terms in the lower house of the State Legislature in 1878, 1888 and 18!)(), respectively, and from 18i)4 to !!)()() served as clci'k of the Supreme and Api)ellate Courts of Indiana, enjoying a sidjstantial and high-grade practice during the intermeiliate periods. As a member of tiie Assembly he was the leader of the Republican minoi'ity, and ha.s to his credit the passage of such laws as the ci-eation of Waltash County as an independ'-nt judicial circuit, autliorizing counties to erect orphan asylums at a cost not to exceed ^f^lO.OOO each and allowing township trustees to expend fifty dollars each for the bui'ial of indigent soldiers. TTe was a chartei- member of James II. Emmett Post No. 6, (J. A. R., and was one of the most active and influential of the citizen soldiery in .securing the legislation and the real estate for the establishment of the beautiful .Memorial Hall, so credital)le to the patriotism and civic i)i-ide of Wabash.

The Seventy-fifth Regiment of infantry was close to the pidde of Wal)aslL Comity. Its first company, A, was recruited within its limits, and its first colonel and quartermaster were two of the county's most prominent and enterprising citizens - Judge John U. I'ettit and Hon. Calvin Cowgill, respectively.

Samuel Steele was appointed a recruiting officer in Jidy, 18G2, and w'itliin a week had enlisted a full company, which was mustered into the service on tlie 25th of that month. .Mi'. Steele was commissioned its captain. On the -Itli of August the company went into camp just south of the Waliash, the rendezvous for the regiment over which John U. Pettit liad already lieen appointed colonel. Witiiin the succeeding two weeks the Seventy-fifth was reported full and on the 18th of August, 18G2, started for Indianapolis, wdiere on the next day its men were sworn into service. On the 21st, 1,036 strong, it moved to LouLsville, Kentucky. With the One Hundred and First Indiana Regiment, it formed what was known as the Indiana Brigade, and was first brought under the fire of the enemy, in June, 1863, when, as a portion of the left wdng of Rosecrans' army, it came in contact with General Bragg 's Confederates near Tullahoma, soutli of ^lurfreesboro, Tennessee. In this action at Hoover's Gap, the Seventy-fifth distingui.shed itself ])y a brilliant and successful charge on a Confederate battery supported by a strong force of infantry.

Tlie rogiiiuMit was in the advance when tlie Union army crossed the Tennessee River in the movement toward Chiekamanga, and played a staneh and a bi-ave part in the territie engagement of September 19th and 20th at Chiekamanga Creek. The loss of tlie regiment during the two chiys' ])attle was lol in killed and wounded. Corporal Henry James, of Company A, was killed in action on the first day.

After occnpying (Ijiattanooga, the Union ai'iiiy fortifietl its position and waited for I'e-enforcements in ordei- to meet Ceiieral Hragg on moi'e equal terms. On the 24th of Novemher the re-enforeement.s arrived. Then followed as component parts of the general attaek upon the Confederates under Bragg, the famous battle of Lookout .Mountain under Hooker, Shernum's determined assaults upon the center of the enemy and Thomas' assaults from Mission Ridge. The Seventy-fifth participated in the battle of Mission Ridge and tlie deeisive rout of the enemy, receiving warm eonnnendations for its conduct from t\ut commanding general.

The Seventy-fifth remained at and near Chattanooga from December 3d, 186:3, until ^lay 5, 1864, when Sherman's grand army started on its march toward ^Vtlanta. The regiment shared with the army the succeeding four months of battles, marchings and hard campaigning - Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, and the siege and fall of Atlanta.

The Seventy-fifth was a pai-t of the Fourteenth Army Corps and saved Sherman's stores at Allatoona from the intrepid assaults of Hood, and was with the victorious Union army whicli marched into Savannah, December 21, 186-4. In the nmrch through the Carolinas it constituted a unit in the left wing of Sherman's army, taking part in the battles of Avery boro and Bentonville. After a few minor skirmishes the Confederates under Johnston surrendered to Sherman, April 26, 1865, and on the 19th of the following month the Fourteenth Corps, with the Seventyfifth Indiana, reached the City of Washington. The regiment was mustered out of the service Jinie 8th, and on the 14th the men were finally discharged at Indianapolis.

Colonel Ptttit's sti-ciigtli had not hi'cn ('(iiial to ttir liar(l.sliij)s of a<-tiv(' military .scrvicf, and he was ol)lig('d to resign his eonuiiission ill October, 1S(]2, about two months after the regiment reached Louisville. But he had already l)een a power in the raising of troops and, notwithstanding his delicate health, continued Ins patriotic laljors at home, not only the Seventy-fifth, but the Kighty-ninth and the One Hundred and l^'irst being lai'gely indel)ted to him for their very existence. He stanehly ui)held tiie hands of Imliana's great War (iovernor, Oliver I*. ]\Iorton, like Judge Pettit a man of frail pliysiciue, but iron determination and mighty soid. A man of tender heart and far vision, lie also looked into the future, beyond the ravages of men, and saw the hopeless faces of widowed women and orphaned cliildreii. At Kniglitstown, Indiana, in 186)3, Judge Pettit was largely instrumental in organizing the Soldiers' Ori)hans' Home, one of the hrst institutions of the kind to be founded in the country. This is a monument to kind-heartedness and far-sightediie.ss, and in the Eternal scheme may stand as a brighter mark against his nanu! than if lie had led a score of regiments to victory.

Hon. Calvin Cowgill, who was appointed the first quartermaster of the Seventy-fifth, was also considered by the state authorities, especially by Governor jMorton, as of far more value at home than on the battlefield. At the opening of the war he had already served a term in the Legi.slature, had been associated with Judge Pettit for seven years in the practice of the law and was one of the prominent men of the state. About a month after reaching Louisville and at the earnest solicitation of Governor Morton, Mr. Cowgill resigned as quartermaster of his regiment and returned to Wabash to act as provost marshal, in which capacity lie served until the close of the war. His subsequent career covered a multitude of activaties of great importance to city, county and state, and will be found detailed in other portions of this work.

In July, 1862, Elias B. Stone recruited a company at Wabash, wdiich became A, of the Eighty-ninth Regiment. On the 13th of August, Charles D. Murray was appointed post commandant, and on the 28th was sworn in as colonel of tlie full regiment at Indianapolis. Captain Stone resigned in September, 1864, while the regiment was preparing

The Eighty-ninth KvgiuiL-nt had seen stri-nuous service in Kentucky, Teniiessee antl Mississipjn. Its iirst active operations were in defense of the garrison at Munfordsville, Kentucky, consisting of several Indiana regiments, two companies of regulars and a battery of four guns. It was tlie plan of Bragg, the rebel counuander, to reduce the garrison, wliicli was in line of his march toward Louisville and Cincinnati. A brisk engagement followed the refusal of the garrison to surrender, Septeml^er 14th, but two days afterward the Confederates had received such reinforcements that they were able to completely surround the fort and cut olT all retreat. The attack was renewed in force and as preparations were Ijeing made for an attack of the garrison from all sides, the final demand for surrender was complied with and the Union troops nmrched out of the fort with flying colore and beating drums, retaining their arms and property. The men and officers having been paroled nuirclied at the rear of the brigade until they met Buell's army some fifteen miles to tlie south. Subsequently they went to Brandenburg, on the Ohio Kiver, and thence returned to Indianapolis, wliere they wrw gi'autetl furloughs awaiting exchange. Tlie total loss of the garrison was tliirty-seven killed and wounded, of which number Company A, of the Eighty-ninth lost three killed - Privates Daniel Koot, flames M. Stoker and William II. Starbuck.

Notice of an exchange of prisoners having been received, the regiment reassembled at Indianapolis on the 27th of October, and on the 21st of the following December was assigned to duty at Fort Pickering, near .Memphis, Tennessee. There it remained until October, 18t)3, in the discharge of guard and fatigue duty. Several of the men of Company A died during tlus period - John \V. Jonuson, in March, 18(J;5; John R. Abshire and Robert B. Dukes, in June, and James P>r(hlle in July of that year. From January to March, 1864, it formed l)art of an expedition which was mai'chiiig through Mississippi to Vicksburg, and afterward i)articipated in the campaigns conducted in Louisiana and Texas. The most decisive actions were around Alexandria. It took part in tlie Red River exjiedition under commaml of Lieutenant-Colonel Ilervey Craven, and was afterward in the clash with Forrest at Tupelo, ^li.ssissippi.

From July until November, 1864, the Eighty-ninth was connected witli the campaigns which had Memphis and St. Louis as their bases, and whose purposes wt-re to keep Forrest and Price out of Northern territoiy. In Novemlier it was transferred to Nashville, Tennessee, and in Decend)er participatetl in tlie battle near that city. During the seeoml day's LMij^ujj;tMii('iit (IGth) it lost two killed and fiftrcn wounded. In IMareh, 1865, it took an active part in the siege of .Mobile, including the attack on Spanish Fort, losing two killed and eight wounded, and from that time until its muster-out at Mobile, July 19, 18G5, was mostly engaged in patrol and guard duty at various points in Alabama.

By the second year of the war, the City of Wabash had become one of the most important recruiting stations in Indiana. In July, 18G2, the Seventy-lifth and Eighty-ninth regiments had Ix'cn organized at Camp Pettit, south of the Wabash River inunediately opposite the city, on both sides of the old Somerset Pike. A deep ravine cut tlown one side of the drill grounds, which occupied the site of the old Indian village ruled by the chief Al-lol-lah. Tlie same spring which so long (pienched tlie thirst of the Indians and early settlers supplied tiie Union soldiers of Wabash County. After tlie Civil war wa.s history Camp Pettit became the l)eautiful private grounds of Hon. Allen W. Smith.

During the later part of July, B. F. Williams and John S. Hawkins opened a recruiting office at Wabash and 1)\' tlic first week of August the volunteers were sufficient to form a full company. On the 11th Mv. Williams received his comnussion as captain and ^Ir. Hawkins as first lieutenant. Three days afterward William Garver, afterward colonel of the One Hundred and First Regiment (of which Captain Williams' company (F) was the nucleus) wa.s appointed post commandant at Camp Pettit.

T)r. Bazil B. Bennett and John M. ^l(d\achan also opened an office and reci'uited another (company (K) from the county, to be incorporated in the regiment. By the middle of August it was full and ready for service. Doctor Bennett was elected its captain, but about a week later, when the regiment was organized, he was pi'omoted major, and the company went into service with j\Ir. -AlcKachan as captain. Doctor Bennett resigned as major in January, . 186:3, and was coiiunissioned a.ssistant surgeon of the regiment, in which cai)acity he was mustrred out with the command in June, 1805.

Captain Williaiu.s, of Company F, had Im-n foivniost among tlie Union snpportcrs tVom the lirst. He had as.sisted in the raising of ("aptain I'arri.sh '.s i)ioni'er company, gone out as one of its sergeants, fotight with the best at Kieh ^Mountain, and returned witli the tliree months' men eager to again enter the fi'ay. He had lived in Wabash since lie was an infant and he is still sparml to his hosts of friends.

Captain Williams received the tirst of his higher education at Fairview Academy, Fayette County, having l)eeu born in that section of the state in 1830. He also attended Butler College. Indianapolis, for a year, studied law under Jutlge J. I). Conner and in 1851) wa^i graduated fi'om the law department of Butler University. He commenced pracfice at once, but left it and all other civil ambitions to support the Union cause.

The One Hundred and P'irst Regiment, of which Companies F and K formed so noteworthy a part, commenced its service in Kentucky, in September, 18G2, marching with the command of General ]\IcCook in the pursuit of Bragg. For months it was employed in Ti'unessee, nuircliing and counternuu'ching, guai'ding railroad bridges and important roads against the incursions of Morgan and other tireless and l)old Confederate leaders. Its most serious engagement with the noted rel)el cavalryman was at JNlilton, in March, 1803. Althougli the Confederate force of 3,700 men was tlefeated, the regiment lost foi-ty-three in killed and wounded. It was then commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Doan.

The regiment formed a j)ortion of the Second Brigade, Fifth Division and Fourteenth Army Corps, commanded by General George II. Thomas, which bore such a gallant part in the battles of Stone River, Hoover's (^iap, TuUahoma and Ciiickamauga. It arrived at the battlefield of Ciiickamauga on the morning of September 19tli and became engaged at once with the enemy, taking position on the right of (Jeiieral Palmer wh(M-e the Ijattle raged with great fury. On the following day the division to which the regiment was attached was oljliged to cut its way through the enemy to i)rotect the Chattanooga road, the One Hundred and First and Sixtv-eighth Indiana I'egiments covering tiie move-

In Oetoher the regiment took part in the storming of ^Mission Ridge, in wineh it lost thirty-four killed and wounded. At Resaea, Adairsville, Kene.saw ^lountain, l\'aeh Tree Creek and Joneshoro, tlie \Vahash hoys under their hrave eaptains upheld the honor of Indiana troo{)s, and did eredit to Sherman's superb army. With the army of iuva.sion and oeeupation, it entered Atlanta and Savannah, swept through tlie Carolinas, witnessed the surrender of Johnston, ivaehed Wasliington .May II), ISG5, and was a part of the grand review of the I'nion armies at the national eapital. It was mu.stered out of the seivice at Louisville, Kentucky, June 24th following, and arrived at Hidiana]Joli.s on the succeeding day for final discharge.

Througli all these battles, campaigns and marches, in victory and defeat, Caiitain Williams, wlio.se cheery- and insj)iring presence is still with us, pei'formed a sturdy and unllinehing pai't. Returning to Wabash, where he had virtually ])assed his life, he at once I'esumed the practice of law which had been so rudely interrujited, and also became an active i'epubli('an leador. A broad and careful reader, a ready speaker, pos.scssed of an engaging personality, Captain Williams s«on came into pid)lic as well as professional favor. For ycai-s no local, district or state delegation of the i'epu))lican party was considered complete; without Ca])tain Williams. He is public spirited and practical, faithful and efficient - these qualities being especially demonstrated during his .seivict' as auditor of the county from 1890 to 18!)8.

The interests of the soldiers who inarched inider the Union colors have always lieen uppermost with Captaiii Williams. He was one of the charter meml)ers of Fncampment Post No. 1, organized at AVabash in 18(i(), ami the predecessor of James H. Ennuett Post No. (i. Perhaps his most .signal service for the Civil war veterans and the City of Wabash was his effective work which led to the erection of Alemorial Hall.

At first tlic tax payers favorr.l the erection of a soldier's memorial momiinoiit, but both Captain Hess, who was then in tlii; Legislature, and ('ai)taiii Williams, who was eouiity auditor, wished to see a building erected which would serve both as a fitting memorial to Union patriotism and a beautiful public building creditable to the city and its people. After much hard woi'k and contiinious persua.sion directed chiefly at the Board of County Conuuissioners, the old soldiers had the satisfaction of witnessing the levy of a tax of f|^25jl00 for the erection of a Memorial Hall instead of a simple stone shaft. Captain Williams was largely instrumental in procuring the ])i'esent noble site, the grounds being purcha.sed at a cost of .'f^lO.OOO, and was one of the ha])piest men in \Val)ash when the fine sti-ueture, which he iiad done so iiuich to eivate

On the iore-^n'ouiids whieli t'erm the site of llu' hall is a beautiful memorial to the first vietim of the Civil wai' from Waba.sh County, James \l. i:mmett. The hall itself stands on a noble emiiienee overlooking; til.' hnsiness iind industrial eenti'rs of the (dty. It is a jrraeeful ;ind substantial si met lire of Htdford s.mdstone, two stories hi^h over a hifty hascmt lit. The Ab morial Hall represents the second struetui-e -'f the kind in the I'nited Stales. The assend)ly room located on the iirst Hoor is one of the blast apartments of the kind in the state. The same ma\' be .said of the Gra:Ml Army room al)ove. ()p])osite the a.ssembly room is the oflic.' of tlu' city superintendent <d" schools, and adjoining is the museum and headquarter.s of the County Historical Society. The basement which is cemented and stretches under the entire Imildin^' is a favorite place for suppers, dinners and headquarters for the old soldiers, who gather there daily, smoke and spin their army yai-ns. Memorial Hall provides every comfort for the Civil war veteran, and is a splendid tribute to the Union cause represented by siuh men as ('aptain Williams and Captain Hess.

Keturning to the straight road of the Civil war record, as relates to the sending forth of Union men from Wabash County, the next infantry ivgiment after the One Hundred and First in which any considerable quota of the rank and file was drawn from Wabash County was the One Hundred and h'ifty-third. It was organized under Governor .Morton's call during the I'.vst pnvt of 18G5, i)roviding for five Indiana i-egimcnts. Companies A ai d F, with a portion of li, were recruited in Wabash Count.w The regiment was organized at Indianapolis ]\Iarch 1, 18(15, with Oliver II. P. Carey as colonel. Dr. Laughlin O'Xi'al, of Wabash County, \vas regimental surgeon. John L. Scott was ca])tain of Company A and A\'ery I>. Williams, of Company F. The regiment was assigned to duty at Tayloi- Barracks, Louisville, lint saw no active si-rvice except unimportant guerrilla warfare, and the comiJaiiies from Waba.sh County did not have that exidtement. The regiment was mustered out of service on the 4th of Sei)tember,

Light Artillery was recruited mainly in the counties of Wahash, Huntington. Miami and Fayette by Meredith H. Kidd, wiio had been praeticing law in \Val)asli for four years after having been a Califoriiiii gold hunter of varied experience. » ,

In the year preceding the outbreak of the Civil war Major Kidd had been elected j)rosecuting attorney of tin.' circuit eml)racing Wabash County, but left his office and his practice for the front as captain of the battery which he organized. His command was .sent into practice cam}) at I^enton Barracks, St. Louis, early in LS62, but in April, immediately after the battle of Pittsburgh J^anding, was ordered to report there to General Ilalleck. By him it was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee and took part in the siege of Corinth. It was then ordered to Jackson, Tennessee, and remained there until the spring of 1863. Hi that winter Captain Kidd received a commission as major of the Eleventh Indiana Cavalry, and joined his regiment at Indianapolis in tlie spring. He remained with that branch of the service during the remainder of the war, engaged in operations against Forrest and the Indians of the Western plains.

Major Kidd returned to Wabash in the fall of 1865, published the Plain Dealer for ten years, and from 1867 to 1871 was engaged in various duties in the Far West as major in the cavalry service of the regular army. Major Kidd also acquired some influence in politics, but is best known foi- his nulitary record.

Frank W. ]\Iorse went out as first lieutenant of the Fourteenth Indiana Battery and succeeded Major Kidd as its captain in the winter of 1864. He had had a business and clerical training at Wabash dui-ing his i-esidence there of seven years preceding the breaking out of the Civil war, but like hundreds of other young nuMi of similar peaceful experience showed from the first militaiy grit and skill. It was after tiie battery had retiirned to Memphis, after its successful raid and destruction of Confederate railroads in Mississippi, that he assumed command of the Fourteenth. He aided Thomas in demoi-alizing Hood, and during the winter of 186-4-65 served a.s chief of artillery on the staff of Brigadier-General Moore. The hardest engagements in whicii his battery participated were d\u-ing the thirteen days' .siege of Spanish Fort, seven miles east of Mobile on the bay. There was des-

Al'tcr the reduction oi" -Mobile the ai'iiiy took up its march i'or Montgomery, Alahama. While at (ireenville a messenger brought the news of Ijee's surrender, and there; was an immediate celebration which, in noise, exceeded the tumult of battle. The connnand went into camp at .Montgomery, where, at his own request, ('ai)tain Morse was relieved of his (-(jiinnand in July, 1865, the entire battery being finally mustered out and discharged at Indianapolis, August 28, 18()r).

Captain ^lorse spent over a year at Indianapolis after the war, being engaged in compiling reports and making ri'cords of Indiana regiment.s which had served in the Civil war. In 1S(J7 he returned to Wabash and became associated with the First National Bank, being appointed its cashier in 1872. In I'JOl, with Howard 11. Atkinson and John II. P)ireley (so long t'ashier of the Citizen's Bank), he oi'ganized the I-'armi^rs and Merchants I>ank, which l)ecame a national institution in the following year. Of the latter Cai)tain JMorse is vice president, and to see him quietly and busily engaged at his desk it i.s hard to realize the jiassing of the many years since he was as faithfully and industriously employed in directing the guns of the Fourteenth Battery.

Soon after the war the Grand Army of the Republic was born, its members to consist of soldiei's and sailors of the I'nited States Army, Nav\- or .Marine Corps who had served between Ajjril 12, 1861, and April 9, 1865, and been honorably discharged. On the 1st of September, 1866, Encampment Post No. 1 was organized in the City of AVabash, with Gen. Charles S. Parrish as connnander and John ^l. 5leKahan as adjutant. Fifty members were enrolled, and that number had been increased to 112 within the coming two years. The last meeting of the post was held .March 4, 1868, although the cause for its discontinuance does not ai)i)ear of record or within the memory of the vt'tei'ans now living.

In the spi'ing of 1880 most of the old members of the first post reunited and named their organization in honor of James II. Emmett, but it did not take its i)resent form as James II. Emmett Post No. 6 until June 18. 188:5, when foi-ty-three of the old soldiers met at Union Ilall, City of Wabash, and organized under tliat name. Representatives were pi'csent fi'om the posts at Peru, Andrews and Fort Wayne. Allen II. Dougall, of Fort Wayne, was present as chief mustering offi- ccr. Bfforc tlie inei^tiii^ was lu-ld at wliicli officM-rs were elected, twelve recruits had been added, so that the total original membership numbered fifty-five. In pursuance of a motion that only men who had serv(.'d as privates on the battlefield should l)e eligible to election, the following were chosen as the first officers of the post : A. F. Spaulding, post commander; C. C. ]\Iikesell, Jr., vice post commander; William Ilazen, adjutant; lOdward Ilarter, quai-termaster ; A. J. Smith, sui'geon ; Rev. Ira J. Chase, chaplain.

The younger men of AVabash County responded as promptly to their country's call, in 1898, as did the Union men of 18C1. The part they took in the Spanish-American war was not exciting; but the main point was that the young men of 1898 were just as ready for any required sacrifice as those of 1861.

>]arly in the morning of April 26, 1898, in response to the call for volunteers issued by President iMcKinley, Company D of the Fourth Indiana Infantry, was ordered to Indianapolis for service in the war with Spain.

On ^lay V2th, this com})any with the i-egiment was mustered into the United States service as Comi)any I), One Hundred and Sixtieth Indiana A^olunteer Infantry and left for Chickamauga Park, Georgia, on May 16th. On July 28tli this regiment received orders to proceed at

After several weeks of living in "pup" tents tlie regiment was ordered to Lexington, Kentucky, where tiiey camped until November 9th ; tlien ordered to Columbus, (Jeorgia. On January 15, 18U9, the One Hundred and .Sixtieth was ordered to proceed, in three sections, to Mantanzas, Cuba, Ity way of Charleston, South Carolina, where the regiment was reunitetl on January 27th. They renuiined in Cuba until .March 27th, wiien they were ordered to Savannah, (Jeorgia, to prepare for musterout. They arrived in Savannali on ]\Iarch 29th, and were mustered out and discharged on April 2r)th, 1»!)9, having been in the service exactly one year.

Company D was commanded by Capt. John R. AVimmer, First Lieut. Arthur G. Reed, Second Lieut. Arthur Sayre, Third Lieut. Sayre was succeeded by Sergt. John G. I\Iills, when he resigned.

While the One Hundred and Sixtieth Regiment failed to see any active service they were willing and anxious to take tlieir part in the service of the country and were retained in the service as long as any volunteer regiment.

Company D was composed of young men from all walks of life, coming from Wabash and vicinity, and while there were many cases of serious illness, no deaths occurred while in service.

The TowNsiiii' Laid Off - First Officers - Cut Down to Present Akfa - Drainage and Soiij - Indian Mill and Its ]\Lillers - The Kint- NERS AND THE Creek - ]\IcClure, First Family Man - First Store Keeper. McClure, Jr. - Government Blacksmith AVilson - Arrival OP David Burr - Keller Brothers and Keller Creek - Tracts Within the Original Wabash - Town Laid Out - The AVheelers - The Keller Settlement - Other Settlers op the Early '30s - First Native of AVabasii Town - Early Schools - Improvements in THE '5(;s - Schools op the Present - White's ]\Ianual Labor Institute - JosiAH White - Founded in 1852 - Education of Indian Children - Care op the County Wards - Bright Present and Future.

As lias been stated, Noble and La Gro townsliips are the original units of Wal)asli County, the seven subdivisions which now form its territory having been made from these parent bodies.

The first meeting of the board of county commissioners was held at tlie house of David Burr, Town of Wabash, on the forenoon of j\Ionday, June 15, 1835. The board was organized, several county officers were sworn in and some other preliminary liusiness was disposed of before it adjourned for an afternoon session to the house of Commissioner Blaekman. At the afternoon meeting the county was divided into both commissioners' districts and townships.

All that part of AVabash County lying west of the line dividing ranges tj and 7 was to be known as tlie Townsliip of Noble, in honor of James Noble, late senator of the United States, and all lying east of that di\iding line was to ])e called La Gro Township.

An election was also ordered to he hckl in Xol)le Township, at the house of David Burr, on the 8th of July, Ls;M, for the selection of three justices of the peace - two for Xohle Township and one for the Town of Wal)ash.

The chief steps 1>y which Noble Township was reduced to its present dimensions and form were the creation of Pleasant Township from its north end, or the nortliwest corner of ihe county, in 18;]6 ; the slicing olt' of its six southern sections in 1841, to form Waltz Township, and the consolidation of the north part of Xoble and the south part of Plea.sant Townsliij) into what is known as Paw Paw, in 1872.

AVith the exception of the City of Wabash, there is virtually no center of population in the township. Rich Valley postoffice, about four miles to the west of the county seat, was at one time quite a promising village, but is now scarcely on the map, tlie rural route system having even abolished its distinctive pastoffice.

^'ohle Township, considered from a physical standpoint, is a fertile, well-watered tract of country. The Wabash River throws a broad band across its central sections from east to west, and both northern and southern branches are thrown out, every mile or so, into the adjacent districts. The chief southern tril)Utai-ies come from l)eyond the limits of the township - Alill, Treaty and Burr creeks - while Kentner, the main nortliern l)ranch, penetrates well into the northeastern corner. Batchelor Creek waters several of the northwestern sections; so tliat, as stated, the township, as a whole, is abundantly drained and fertilized by running waters.

On either side of the Wa])ash River there is a strip of bottom land of vai-ying width, l)ordered by high bluH's, the substructure of which is t'liiutly liiiiestoiK' of suprrior (luality, but its strata iiuu'li varying in thickiu'ss. Tliouiih the .surface of tlie country is eonsiderably Itrokeu along the margins of tlie i-iver and the ereeks, tlie major i)art of the area is comparatively level, or gently undulating. The i)rotluctive (juaiity of the soil is scarcely surpassed by that of any otlier townsiiip.

K\ery natural condition favors the creation of a first-ciass country for the cultivation of hay. wheat, oats, corn, and the raising of hogs, horses ami mih-h cows, and the fanners of the township have taken such continuous advantage of these natural advantages as to add constant Wealth and unfailing comforts to the rural conununities and the county at hirge. h'or a verillcation of this statement, go to the auditor and his iigurcs eo\-(.'ring any series of years for the jtast lifty.

The first settlements in what is now Noble Township were at and near the present City of AValmsh. The Lulians had tirst to be bought otif before the whites could come in, and the tii'st stej) was taken under the Treaty of 1818; for shortly alter it had been ratilied the General Government sent Benjamin Level to the point on a creek, four miles southwest of the present City of AVabash, which the Indians had selected as a site for their promised mill. There - on Mill Creek - Mr. Level erected it, and Lewis ^Miller came as its tirst miller. On the 4th of July, 1826, Gillis AIcBean moved to the Indian ]Mills as its superintendent. These two millers, with their fannlies, represented the white settlers of Noble Township antl Wabash County prior to the opening up of the Indian lands north of the AVabash in the fall of the year named (1826).

The meeting of the United States commissioners and the chiefs, warrioi-s and head men of the jNIiamis and Pottawatomies, which resulted in the treaties of October 16 and 23, 1826, has been fully described, as well as rtie opening of the Treaty Grounds on the present site of AVabash as the Ileadcpiarters for New Comers. The story has also developed the fact that home-seekers from near and from far were not backward in responding to the kind invitation of General Tipton, the Indian agent, and other promoters of white settlement.

Some of those who were present during the progress of the council with the Indians concluded to return to the country and remain permanently. Among these were Frederick R. and James 11. Kintncr, who, within about a year after the conclusion of the treaties, had settled at lUit the first to arrive on the T)'eaty Grounds with his family "was Samuel .AleOlure, Sr., who left his native state of Ohio on Christmas day, lS2(i, and arrived at lu'achiuarters on tlie 15th of -January, 1827. This was ahout tiiree months after the treaties had heen made and before the huuls had heen surveyed which the ^liamis and Pottawatondes had relijKiuished. ^leCluie and his household iitniiediately moved into one of the shaidies built for tlie traders ami others who had attended the L-ouneil. .\s he had a wife and ten ehildren, his affairs were luiturally pressing. .Vfter getting Ins fannly under rover he set to work to feed them. Willi the winter half spent, he soon cleared the timber anti underbrush from fifteen acres of land near the family cabin, and early in the spring jdaided the tract to corn, in May the section including his corn Held was surveyed by the Government, and it was found that the ]Me('lui'e famil\' was squatting on land \vhich had been granted to the Indian chief, Little Charley. The i\lcClures therefore abandoned their lir.st selection and by the 10th of June, 1S27, the head of the family had comi)leted a log cabin on the banks of the AVabash about three miles below the Treaty Grounds.

In the following August, Sanuiel ]\lcClure, Jr., who had assisted his father in all these pioneer enterprises looking to the permanent settlement of the fannly, opened a store near their residence, which was the tirst mercantile establishment of the township. These rude cabins were sittuited on the tract of land afterward owned and occupied by Jonas. Carter, a son-indaw of Samuel McClure, Sr.

In ]\Iay, 1827, Benjanun Hurst and Kobert AVilson arrived at head- ([uarters to 'dook arouml." Shortly afterward Mr. AVilson was appointed Government blacksnnth at the Indian mill and went there to live.

Al)out the same time Joel and Champion Ilelvie arrived at the Treaty Grounds, but remained only a short time, finally settling opposite the mouth of the Salamonie River in what is now the Town of La Gro.

A littk' later in tlu- year 1827, Col. David liurr (after whom the creek is named j seems to have taken possession of several buildings on the Treaty CI rounds - probably by purchase, although the entry of his lands was not made until three years afterward. In one of these buildings, the colonel opened the pioneer hotel of the county, and lived in another, at which a postofficc was located in 1880.

The Kintiiers came next, but although they gave their name to the creek they only remained a few months, moving their saddlery and harness shoj) to Logansport in March, 1828. At that time the Indian agency was ti'ansf erred from Fort Wayne to Logansport, and the Kintner brothers depended almost entirely upon the Indian trade for their business.

Shortly before the Kintners left the township and the county, the Keller brothers commenced to come into the county. James and Jonathan settled in Noble Township, while Christian and Anthony became residents of La Gro Towiship. In the fall of 1828, Jonathan took charge of the Indian mill and remained there for two years. Anthony, after residing a few years in La Gro, returned to this township, and various members of the family eventually located around the headwaters of Keller's Creek, in the western part of the township, and formed the nucleus of a considerable settlement.

The first recorded purchase of land in Nol)le Township was that made on the 11th of October, 18P.0, by David Burr. He entered the fractional southeast quarter of section 1, township 27 north, range 6 east, containing 155.21 acres; also, the north fraction of the northeast and the north fraction of the northwest quarter of section 12 of the same towTiship and range, the former containing 49.60 acres and the latter, 101.80 acres. A large portion of these tracts is now embraced in the corporate limits of the City of Wabash.

On the same day John Tipton purchased the fractional southwest quarter of section 10, containing 42.29 acres, and the north fraction of section 15, containing 73.66 acres, all in township 27, range 6 east.

On the 3d of February, 1832, Hugh Ilanna purcliased the fractional southwest quarter of .section 11, township 27, range 6, containing 11 8. GO acres, all of which is covered by the town plat of Wabash.

Amony: the first settlers not lieretofore mentioned, \vho located on what thus ])ecanie the Town of Wabash, was .Milton AVheeler, brother of Isaac and father of Henry AVheeler, who located about 18:32. Some two years later I^aac AVheeler opened a blacksmith shop in what is now AVabash - perhaps tlie first in the county, outside the Government sliop at the Indian mill.

Outside the Town of AVabash, probably the most important cluster of settleirieiits in the early '30s was that founded by the Kellers. On the 3d of Oetolier, 1832, Jonathan Keller bought the east half of northeast quarter of section 14, township 27, range 5; also, the southeast quarter of the same. On December 15th of that year Thomas Curray purchased the west half of the southwest quarter of section 1, township 27, range 5. These were the first purchases and represented the pioneer settlements in the western part of the township.

Keller's Settlement, or Keller's Station, became quite well known in later years, and Rich A^alley, with its postoffiee, Avas a still later development. The latter was also one of the stations on the old Toledo, Wabash & AV^stern Railroad.

Maj. Stearns Fisher came to AA^ibash Comity in 1833, at the building of the AVabash & Erie Canal, with which he was prominently identified. He became a resident of AVabash not long after it was platted.

Oeorge Shepherd huilt the first house in tlu' Town of Wahasli on lot G.'j, iiuiiicdiatcly west of tlie soutliwcst eoi-iici' of Alien and Mai'ket streets, soon after the oi-iginal sale of lots in Ma\-, 1M;j4. A few days after nio\'ing- iido their eahin a child was horn to .Mr. and Mrs. Shepherd, the iirst in the town.

AVithin a few years after the creation of AVal^ash County, the fixing of the county seat and the civil organization of Xohle Township, all of which happened in 18:^5, the Indian lands had also heen completely surveyed, and the population increased so rapidly that the permanent settlers took steps to provide schools for their children. As early as 1842- 43 private, or suh.scriptiou schools were taught in different parts of Nolile Township, generally in the winter season and occasionally in the summer.

lUit even prior to 1851-52 the schools were not very numerous, nor were puhlic schoolhouses very generally provided. In 1853 there were 1,363 of school age within the limits of Nol)le Township, including the Town of Wahash, and fifteen schoolhouses. They were described as "un'iforndy in had condition - usually log structures and illy supplied with even the ordinaiy paraphernalia of the schoolroonu School furniture was as yet almost unheard of in the routine of school life."

The year 1854 did not show great advancement, except perhaps in l)ecoming better acquainted with the situation and its wants. No new schoolhouses were constructed in the township either in 1854 or 1855, but during the latter year a tax amounting to $3,140 had been levied for that purpose to be applied in the following year.

In 1856, educational nuitters picked up; for three schoolhouses were built and 944 pupils attended the schools taught for a period of two and a half montlis. Again there was a tax of $2,478.83 levied for the erection of schoolhouses, and three additional l)uildings were provided in

18.')8. Duriiiy; that year out of a total enunici'atioii of 1,4G2 pupils, ],1G2 attended sehool during an average period of sixty-Hve days. In 1859 there were three and in 18G0 seven sehoolhouses built at a cost of $:},G:]0 for the two years. At that time, within the boundaries of Noble Townshi}), as then constituted, there were twenty-eight sehoolhouses, a majority of which had been constructed under the provisions of the new law on the subject, being therefore a decided improvement over the old order. ,

The schools of the present, it is needless to say, ai'e up to the modern standard, in sui){)Oi't of which statement reference is made to the report of the county superintendent of schools, a synopsis of which is })ublished elsewhere. In these days it would be only Civil war or a raging pestilence which eoidd cut the school year down to two months. Including the schools in the Oity of Wabash, more than ninety teachers are ]n)\v emi)loyed in Noble Township, (jf which thirty-ti\-e hohl forth in the establishments outside ihe municipality.

(Jutside the city, the township is divided into the following districts, with teachers as enumerated: Linlawn, 9; Chippewa, 9; AVhite's Institute, 4; Rich Valley, 2; country schools, 7. The enrollment of pupils in 1914 was 629. In 1913, according to the county auditor's figures, $59,292.89 was paid to the sehool board of the City of Wabash for the support of its educational system, and $-];l5()1.31 to the school boards of Noble Township.

White's ]\lanual Labor Institute, or, as it is generally called, W'hite's Inst'itute. is one of the most noted educational establishments in Noble Township and Wabash County. Throughout its life of more than half a century it has combined in a noteworthy degree, educational training, religious instruction and practical benevolence; and no pupil has ever been barred from its good influences on account of "race, color or j)revious condition of servitude."

White's Institute includes three l)uildings in which dependent children are housed and cared for, and two more are in coui'se of construction - a well-planned hospital and a home for small boys. It is situated about foui- and a half miles southeast of Wabash along Treaty Creek, and its farm of 640 acres was formerly a portion of the famous Me-shin-iio-me-sia Indian Reservation. Four hundred acres of this land is ill i-ultivatioii, and the property of tiie institute iiu-hulcs siihstantia] barns iui- the eare of its sixteen horses ami 100 iicail of eatth-. 'IMiere are now 210 ehihireii at the institute, of whom seventy ai'e ^irls. and, in accord with the objects for which it was foundrd they are receivini,' a moral, religious and industrial training which will make them useful members of society. , t--

t White's ]\Ianiial Labor Institute has always been under the control of th(,' Society of Friends, of whirh Josiali While, its founder, was a lifelong member. That line (Quaker was born in IT.Sl at Mount Holly, New Jersey. In his youth he had a passion for mechanical jiursuits and received a fair education. In Philadelphia he was apprenticed to the hardware trade, ami after sei'ving his time conducted a store on his own account. AVlieii he commenced an independent business he resolved to devote all his energies to it until he had accumulated ?f;40,000 in money. ])rovided lie could do so ])efore his thirtieth year. Two years before reaching that age, he i-ealized his ambition and retired from liusiness. At first he was ti'mi)ted to invest that sum at interest, liut instead his active temix-rammit induced him to ai)ply at least a portion of his fortune in building a dam and lock at Schuylkill.

In this work Josiali White was employed from 1810 to 1818, when the works wi-re purchased by the City of Philadelphia. He was one of the pioneers both in the improvement of the Lehigh and Delaware livers ami in the mining and marketing of antiiracite coal, and through liis executive and financial connection with various coal and navigation companies accumulated a much larger fortune than his original capital. He died in PS.'jO, and in his will made bequests for the establishment of vai'ious manual labor schools in Iowa and Indiana, to be placed at the disl)0sal of the Society of Friends.

-For the esta])lisliment of the Indiana Institute, $20,000 was devised; ''to ])e ai)proi)riated to the erection of a college, or manual labor school for the education of colored people, Indians and others likely to be benefited by the practical application of industrial with educational and religious instruction." One-half the sum mentioned was to be used for the purchase of grounds and the other half for the erection of buildings. A lioard of trustees was appointed by the Society of Friends of Indiana to select the location of a suitable site within the state limits. It first met at ^Val)asll on the 5th of October, 1852, its ineinl)ers l)eiiig George Evans, Luke Thomas, Aaron ITill, William Reese, Alfred Johnson, Isaac Jay, Jesse \Vilso]i, David Miles and Jesse Small.

This body was iii('()i'])()rated on the 25th of Octol)ei', 1852, and i)nrehased the 640 acres on Treaty (.'reek deserilied as section .'51, townslni) 27 north, I'ange 7 east, in 1851* an a(bnini.sti'ation Ijuihling, a schoolhouse and a boarding house were erected on the ]>urcliased tract, a superintendent ai)i)ointed and the institute organized on a modest scale to carry out the aims of the founder as far as could be done with the means at the disposal of the management.

From that tinu' forward, the institute strengthened and broadened and, although it has had its i)eriods of .depression, there was never any iloubt as to the honesty and faithfulness of those at the head of its management. Since its establishment Josiah White's two daughters have left endowments amounting to about thirty seven thousand dollars. JMary Emily Smith, late of Richmond, Indiana, also made a be(iuest of $13,000, and William WoldgannUh willed to it a sum of >t^l,00() and 160 acres of land in Nebraska.

In the .summer of 1888 the experiment was first tried of bringing Indian children from the western plains to the institute for the purpose of educating them. On the evening of February 5, 1884, Professor Coppack, of the institute, with Nathan Coggshall and :\lrs. Joseph Pleas, started for the far We.st to arrange for bringing thirty-seven Indian childi-en to the institute, in addition to the thirty-three who had already l)een acconunodated. Their purpose was to "select such children as know little or nothing ot civilization and make them over into civilized Americans^"

While the (io\ei-nment paid to the institute a certain sum per capita for the Indian children brought there, the board of trustees concluded that this featui-e of its work was outsitle of its scope as delined by Mv. White. A few years after the inauguration of the experiment the Govennneiit also established its own Indian schools; so that AVhite's Institute al)andoned the work.

At that time the institute l)egan cai'ing for the county wards. The children are received from different counties of the state and from juveinle courts and other in.stitutions, as well as fi'om the hands of fruanliaiis of or])haii chiltlreii. Tlu-y are trained in manual and farm work and in tloniestie service, receiving also the religious and educational instrnrtion which forms so large a part of the original plan. The institute ])rovides instruction not oidy in the conniion branches, but in art and music.

Tile surroundings of the institute are ideal for the normal Iwy and girl, and tlie trustees, who devote their time and services without compensation, may well l)e proud of the good work accomplished. The present board is coini)Osed of the following: Nathan (jlilbert, president, AVabash ; Isaac Elliott, secretary, Fairmount; John Johnson, Riclunond; AVilliam Diggs, Winchester; William Elliott, Fairmount; I. P. Hunt, Fountain City. Some of the members have been on the board for years, Isaac Elliott ranking them all in length of service.

The income from the farm produce and livestock, the proceeds from the endowment funds and the 30 cents per day received from the county for each child, make the institute more than self-supporting. The result is that improvements are constantly progressing, and ere long Wliite's Institute will be one of the most convenient and attractive homes for dependent children in the state.