Wayne County, Indiana - Chapter 31: Literature of Wayne County, 1912 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter 31: Literature of Wayne County

' Wayne county; as we have seen, was originally settled by immigrants from North Carolina. These immigrants were of a better class than those who came to some of the counties farther south. They were largely of Quaker stock, a law-abiding, hospitable people, but they had the disadvantage of coming from a region where there was very little learning. Many of them were imperfectly educated, and as pioneers they naturally came to a country utterly destitute of culture. There was consequently a great deal of illiteracy in Wayne county in its earliest days. Many of the immigrants, no doubt, ee a dialect similar to that which afterward went by the name of "Hoosier" and is so well illustrated in Riley's poems. Yet nothing was written in this dialect. As soon as literature began to appear it was perhaps of a more classic and Addisonian variety than prevails at the present time, and except in a few of the poems of S. W. Gillilan it will be hard to find much in Wayne county literature setting forth this dialect, although Hoosier conditions and pioneer life are sketched in quite realistic fashion.

When it finally appeared, Wayne county literature flowed in many channels; in poetry, oratory, history and biography, fiction, music, art, etc.

Poetry

No one can peruse the anthology compiled and edited by Benjamin S. Parker and Enos B. Heiney, entitled "Poets and Poetry of Indiana," without noticing the large proportion of poems that have emanated from those who were either born or who have long resided in this county. Out of the 144 names contained in this collection the following nineteen come from Wayne county:

The earliest name of any eminence is that of John Finley, who came to Richmond from Virginia in 1820, who represented Wayne county in the legislature, conducted the Richmond "Palladium," served for seven years as clerk of the Wayne county courts, and was for fourteen years mayor of the city of Richmond. In 1830 he printed, as a New Year's address in the "Indianapolis: Journal," a poem called "The Hoosier's Nest," which afterward became well known throughout the State and elsewhere, not so much, perhaps, on account of its merits as because the word "Hoosier" seems to have made there its first literary appearance. The following extracts show the character of Finley's verses:

With mush-and-milk, tin-cups and spoons, White heads, bare feet and dirty faces, Seemed much inclined to keep their places. But Madam, anxious to display

One side was lined with divers garments, The other spread with skins of "varmints;" Dried pumpkins overhead were strung, Where venison hams in plenty hung;

Much controversy has arisen as to the origin of this word "Hoosier," which is most probably a corruption of:"who's here," pronounced with a Southern accent, "who's hyar"; although others insist that the word arose because men of superior strength throughout the West, the heroes at log-rolling and house-raising gatherings were called "hushers" from their ability to hush their antagonists, and that the Mississippi boatmen carried the word down to New Orleans, where the foreigners pronounced it "Hoosier."

It is not claimed that Finley originated it, but his poem gave it a wide currency and had much to do with fixing it on people from Indiana. Such at least is the explanation of Meredith Nicholson in his work, "The Hoosiers." Finley's poem was quoted in England as a graphic example of backwoods literature. It was followed by many other annual addresses, both in the "Indianapolis Journal" and the "Richmond Palladium," and in 1866 Mr. Finley published a collection of these poems, many of which were filled with interesting local allusions; to the legislature, Wayne county bar, etc. One of these, "Bachelor's Hall," written in Irish dialect, was attributed to Tom Moore, and actually published, it is said, in a collection of his poems. It begins thus:

Louise Vickroy Boyd, who became a resident of Dublin, . Wayne county, in 1865, had already written in verse for various periodicals, and during her subsequent residence in Wayne county she wrote some poems of considerable beauty which were collected and published after her death in a volume edited by Esther

Griffin White, 1911. Her poems had little connection with her immediate environment. They did not describe early conditions in Indiana, like those of Finley, nor set forth the dialect and homely characteristics of the Hoosier like those of Riley, but they strike the same chord that he and all other genuine poets touch, in the interpretation and love of nature. This is shown in "The Dear Old Woods," of which Riley wrote: "I have not read for a long time a poem that has given me such real pleasure." The following stanzas will illustrate its character:

Forever green, forever beautiful, Among the mist-wreathed mountains far away, The old wood lies, and seems like holy ground To one who dreams of it by night and day.

Her skill in metrical construction is well shown in a sonnet, "To the Bloom of the Indian Turnip," a title which does not quite correspond with the excellent quality of the verses:

Where the dark pines made gloom, and waters cold Danced from the mountains down, the while mine ear Drank their wild music that to me did seem

There is a fine burst of enthusiasm in her "Song of the Morning:" Rejoice! I come once more! Swiftly uprising in my shining car, The brightness of my glory streaming far, From distant shore to shore.

I dart in sudden gleams Through the dim arches of the forest bowers, And send my sunbeams to awake the flowers And gild the laughing streams.

The verses of Mrs. D. M. Jordan, who came to Richmond in the year 1851 and published a volume entitled, "Rosemary Leaves," in 1873, are imbued with a thoroughly poetic spirit. The following stanza, "To Poesy," reveals with delicacy her modest aspirations:

Not on the height of the fair mount of song, When full-voiced singers chant in rhythmic strains The lays that echo in the world's great throng, Winning the meed of praise and golden gains, But in the valley, where the daisies grow, I sing such songs as untaught ears may know.

In thoughtful mood I wandered through the field, Where fading grasses bent beneath my tread, To see if summer in her flight had spared One living flower from out the many dead.

When o'er the margin of the stream I bent, To catch the reflex of the shining skies, Low at my feet, with sedgy grasses blent, The blue-fringed gentian raised its radiant eyes.

Only a little green and bitter spray Of fading leaves I give into thy keeping - A bunch of rosemary, chilled by the frost, And withered by the tears my eyes are weeping. "That's for remembrance;" love, O, pray remember Our springtime wanderings and our summer days, When you were all my world, and I was happy In winning from the world my meed of praise.

I left the heart's-ease and the purple pansy To fade and wither under wintry skies; I could not wear the one, nor bear the other, So much of thought was in their honest eyes; But from my garden bed this little spray I rescue from the pitiless November, And bid you wear it for the thought it brings: - Wear it for me, and O, I pray, remember!

Isaac H. Julian was best known by the older inhabitants of Wayne county as an anti-slavery man and a journalist, editor of the "True Republican" in Centerville, commencing in 1858 and continuing at Richmond as "The Radical." But during this period, as well as later, when he removed to Texas, he was also a poet, and in the early days of the present century a collection of his verses was published, entitled "Late Gathered Leaves of Verse and Prose." Among these poems is one, "To the Genius of the West," contained in Parker and Heiney's collection, which sets forth the aspirations of the author and the spirit which animated his journalism as well as his literary career:

Thou bad'st me tune with joy my rustic reed, While smiling love and fancy led the strain; And first my willing voice, as thou decreed, Essayed to sing the glories of thy reign. Since, wandering wide out o'er thy broad domain, Thy presence still has cheered me on my way, And 'mid those vaster scenes, didst thou again Inspire a higher and a sadder lay Than that of sportive love, to crown my manhood's day.

Their joys and griefs, their liberties and wrongs; The spirit that would every chain unbind, ' By thee invoked, inspired my later songs With stern rebukes of lying pens and tongues.

Mrs. Alice Williams Brotherton, formerly of Cambridge City, has published several volumes of poems, among these being "Beyond the Vale," the "Sailing of King Olaf," and "What the Wind told to the Tree Tops," both in prose and verse. The following, entitled "The Ragged Regiment," taken from the "Century Magazine," well illustrates a quality quite rare in authorship - the power to use the precise word which best applies to the thing she describes. The alliterations come so naturally that they are unnoticeable: I love the ragged veterans of June; Not your trim troop, drill-marshaled for display In gardens fine - but such as dare the noon With saucy faces by the public way.

In my heart there lives a picture Of a kitchen rude and old, Where the firelight tripped o'er the rafters And reddened the roof's brown mold; Gilding the steam from the kettle That hummed on the foot-worn hearth, Throughout all the livelong evening, Its measure of drowsy mirth.

Robert E. Pretlow, formerly of Dublin, Wayne county, and a graduate of Earlham, has written some remarkable verses, of which "The Midnight Song of the Mocking Bird" is an illustration:

Wake! Wake! My darling, I sing to thee Under the moonlight alone and apart. List! List! O dear one, I bring to thee All of the love of my heart. Out from my tree top I see the moon shining Down on the river, all burnished like steel. Dimples the water, as if 'twere divining The wealth of the rapture I feel.

Mary Wright Plummer, born in Richmond, where she graduated at the Friends' Academy, in 1872, has written a number of highly finished poems, collected in a volume entitled, "Verses" (De Vinne Press, 1896), of which the following, "Disillusion," is an example:

Morning Evening

But one right arm is weak against the world; Here on thy shoulder let me rest my head, My weary head that aches from life's long din; And in thy comforting let me forget

My strength is weak beside thy steadfastness, And there takes refuge. If thou cherish it, Then to have failed and yet to win thy smile, Ah, love, is victory beyond desert.

For the earth-happiness thou hast foregone What will they do to make the balance even? Do the grave angels love as mothers love? ' And is there one, just one from all the rest, Whose arms were first to cradle thee above, To whom thou turnest, whom thou lovest best?

Yea, surely mother-hearts in heaven must beat, Else 't were not heaven, and God were God no more - Could He be happy in His holy seat If any child stood, homesick, near the door? Tell that dear angel that doth keep our child To hold thee close to-morrow, and to press Upon thy brow grown radiantly mild All that we would of lingering caress.

Tell her on earth we brought thee toys and flowers, And told thee stories when thy birthday came; Say to her that when thou wast wholly ours With love unspeakable we called thy name; And when the shadows fell - rememberest thou? How thou didst nestle down in sheltered sleep! Who sings to thee? Whose arms enfold thee now? To whom has God my jewel given to keep?

Be not unhappy, Sweet. Enjoy her care; Go to her first of all the heavenly host; But, oh, do not forget me, is my prayer. I am thy mother - love me still the most.

God knew that He would love thee, for He gave To thee as to none other all His gifts - Stretched the vast deep around thee as a wall Fringed with a thousand harbors for thy fleets - The two great oceans glittering at thy feet

All fruits, all climes, all seasons - the rude North, Bending thy pines with snow and strengthening The sinews of thy sons, and the soft South, Where the cane rustles and the summer winds - Breezes of endless summer - stir the palms

The following scene represents the death of that princess on the terrace in front of one of the palaces of Uxmal, in Yucatan, and her conversion in her last hour to the faith of her husband:

(Enter Maya through the central doorway, borne by her maidens on an uncovered litter or cot, on which she lies unconscious and which they place on the terrace in front of the doorway. Sandoval mounts the terrace and the low sobs of the maidens are.heard. As Sandoval reaches the litter and bends over it they withdraw.)

Sandoval: My queen, my life! O steal not thus away Without one smile for him who loves thee best! Look! 'tis thy husband's lips on thine are pressed As tenderly as on thy wedding day. Never before, thy answering caress Failed when I called thee. Dear, dost thou not know 'Tis I who hold thee close to shield thee - so - And kiss thy brow and stroke each shining tress? Maya: Ah! Canek! Fiend! Let him not clutch our child! Sandoval: But Canek is no more. Hush! All is well. Maya: I saw him leering mid the flames of hell! Sandoval:

Sandoval (kneeling) : O gracious Lord, I will not ask her life, But for her last low words of love I yearn And that her quiet spirit may return From paths of madness and from dreams of strife.

Maya (caressing him): Love, is it thou? A vision strange I dreamed. It was the heart of the immortal night, We stood upon the brow Of the Diviner's House and silently Into the mystery of the solemn sky

Long did we gaze till bright The Southern Cross arose, and lo! it seemed Between its four great stars, the while we stood, - A countless multitude Of lesser lights came forth from out the blue And slowly grew Into a mass of burning, dazzling gold! Then on the Cross was limned a form and face Sad, suffering, fair, its pallid features crowned With tender grace. And now from all around ' Came starry groups in figures manifold Of children with bright wings That floating by the cross in cherub throngs, Touched the soft strings Of tiny instruments, and sang caressing songs Till the deep heavens rejoiced at the sweet strain And the sad face smiled through his tears and pain! Our child was there And held his tiny hands to the pale god As he had held them once to Ixchel's form. Then the bright cross dissolved and garments white Fell on the figure. Upward through the sky He floated and the children followed him. Now far beneath, the constellations grouped Themselves again, and in wild flames they leaped Up to the shining form, but touched it not. Amid the fires I saw a hideous face I knew too well. It bore the cruel lips And leering eyes of Peten-Itza's lord.* His gaze was fastened on one child alone - On ours - and the old chief struggled hard To clutch and drag him down into the flames. But the bright being in the shining robes Stretched forth his arms. 'Nay, he is mine," he cried, And took the child and held him to his breast, And there the boy lay quietly and slept As in his mother's bosom. With love unspeakable my heart was filled For the dear God that plucked our boy from harm And sheltered him in his protecting arm And my dumb terrors stilled. Zamna nor Kukulcan nor the "Sun's Hye" Is such as He. Let me but keep my garden when I die - My birds that sing in the immortal tree - And I will follow thee, With thee adore that pitying face divine - Thy God and thy Redeemer shall be mine!

Even now he calls me. See his beckoning hand! Now must I go to Him! Sandoval (with choking voice): Nay, my sweet queen, With me shalt thou abide? To the king's court Shall we return and many a golden year Together dwell. ; Maya: Nay, husband mine, not there! For I must sleep a little with my child. But fear not, I will come, as I have said, And flutter round thee as in other days. We still shall dwell together, not at Mani, But in the garden by the tree of life! (Her eyes close in death.)

Robert Underwood Johnson, formerly of Wayne county and a graduate of Earlham, has written many admirable poems. They were all productions of later years, after he left Indiana, yet two illustrations may well be-included in this account. The first is entitled, "Love in Italy," and appears as part of a larger poem, "The Winter Hour," in his collection, published by the Century Company in IgI0: They halted at the terrace wall; Below the towered city lay; The valley in the moonlight's thrall Was silent in a swoon of May. As hand to hand spoke one soft word Beneath the friendly ilex tree, They knew not, of the flame that stirred, What part was love, what Italy.

They knew what makes the moon more bright Where Beatrice and Juliet are - The sweeter perfume in the night, The lovelier starlight in the star; And more that glowing hour did prove, Beneath the sheltering ilex tree - That Italy transfigures Love, As Love transfigures Italy.

To me thou art an ever-brooding spell; An old enchantment, exorcised of wrong; A beacon, whereagainst the wings of Song Are bruised so, they cannot fly to tell;

Absence from thee is such as mén endure Between the glad betrothal and the bride; Or like the years that Youth, intense and sure, From his ambition to his goal must bide. And if no more I may Mount to Fiesole, Oh, then were Memory meant for those to whom is Hope denied. * * * * Who can withstand thee? What distress or care But yields to Naples, or that long day-dream We know as Venice, where alone more fair Noon is than night; where every lapping stream Wooes with a soft caress Our new-world weariness And every ripple smiles with joy at sight of scene sorare.

Thou human-hearted land, whose revels hold Man in communion with the antique days And summon him from prosy greed to ways Where Youth is beckoning to the Age of Gold; How thou dost hold him near And whisper in his ear Of the lost Paradise that lies beyond the alluring haze.

Although Strickland W. Gillilan was born in Ohio and is now residing in Maryland, yet his literary reputation began while he was connected with the "Richmond Palladium" in that city. It was here that he wrote his '"Finnigin to Flannigan," which opens his volume of verses, "Including Finnigin," published in 1912, in Chicago. This poem at once acquired a wide popularity. It is as

But these verses have by no means the literary quality which has. distinguished some of Mr. Gillilan's later poetry, of which an illustration is given, in "The Girl Child":

Dassent ever pop th' question, even though she's lost in love; Has t' set an wait till some man labels 'er 'is turtle-dove. Yit it wa'n't a boy, by gracious! when it come, th' other day, But we've kind o' got a notion that we'll keep it, anyway.

Ain't no tellin' jest which eyester is th' one that hides the pearl. Who'd 'a' knowed when she was little that she'd ever be so great, An' would make my dear old daddy sich a stiddy runnin'-mate?

Oratory

It is not often that a political speech can be classed as literature, yet Wayne county has had two sons who were entitled to take place .in the very front rank of American orators - George W. Julian and Oliver P. Morton. Although they were both Republicans they were quite unlike in their political views. Julian was an early Abolitionist, the candidate of the Free Soil party for Vice-President, for a long time the representative of the "Old Burnt District" in Congress, a bitter, uncompromising foe of slavery upon principle. Morton's anti-slavery principles were of slower growth. They began with the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, but he was tremendously effective in his ultimate attacks upon that injurious system. Julian was the pioneer, the agitator, the reformer; Morton was the constructive statesman, whose ideas were finally embodied in the reconstruction measures of Congress and in the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. Julian's speeches were published in two books, the first in 1872, entitled "Speeches on Political Questions," and the second, "Later Speeches," which did not appear till 1889. Morton's speeches as a whole have never been collected, but liberal extracts have been made from them in his Biography, published by Mr. Foulke. Julian's attitude is well shown by his speech on "The Slavery Question in Its Present Relation to American Politics," June 29, 1855, in which he attacks the position of Morton and others who merely opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and wanted it restored:

"I oppose slavery upon principle. I hold it to be wrong in principle for one man to be the owner of another, to deny him a fair day's wages for a fair day's work, to rob him of the holiest ties of life and sell him on the auction-block as a chattel, to take from him his Bible and close against him the avenues of knowl- edge, to annihilate the institution of marriage and spread licentiousness and crime over the land. This I regard as unutterably wicked, independent of any compact or compromise, by which slavery and freedom may have assumed to dispose of their possessions according to certain geographical lines. Hence I hate slavery wherever I can find it, from the north pole down to thirtysix degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; and when I get there, I go right on hating it all round the globe, wherever I can trace its slimy foot-steps. I confess I have not yet mastered the slippery philosophy by which some men loathe and execrate it on the north side of a particular line and then transfigure it into all blessedness and beauty by the magic of a mere parallel of latitude."

Mr. Julian was equally uncompromising after the war in regard to reconstruction, and he opposed the positon of Morton, who at that time (though he afterwards modified it) favored a period of probation before allowing negroes to vote. Julian says: "Tt is said that the negroes are unfit to vote - that they are too ignorant; and I have heard it said that they need a probation of ten or twenty years to prepare them for the ballot; that they must have time to acquire property, knowledge of political rights and duties, and then it will do to give them the ballot. I don't understand that argument. When you commit the negro to the tender mercies of his old tyrant, who proceeds to deny him all the advantages of education, the accumulation of property, and all social and political privileges, how soon will he become prepared for the ballot? You might as well talk about preparing a man to see by punching out his eyes; or preparing him for war by cutting off his feet and hands; or preparing the lamb for security by committing it to the jaws of the wolf. If you want to prepare the negro for suffrage, take off his chains and give him equal advantages with white men in fighting the battle of life. Don't charge him with unfitness until you have given him equal opportunities with others. Gentlemen, who made them unfit? I think it was the Rebels. They enslaved them, degraded them, brutalized them, made them what they are; and after their wickedness has brought on this war, and they are mastered, and the question of restoring government to the South comes up, then the Rebels complain of the unfitness of the negroes to vote! They made them unfit, and 'no man,' says the legal maxim, 'shall take advantage of his own wrong.' Are you going to be very nice or fastidious in selecting a man to vote down a Rebel? Must you have a perfect gentleman and scholar for this work? I think the negro just the man. I would not have a better if I could. Of all men he is the most fit. The Rebel, I know, won't like it. It will hurt him to make his bed on negro ballots. He will get mad enough to explode. Shall I pour out my tears over his sorrows? I will save them for a more fit occasion. He sowed the wind, let him reap the whirlwind. He is the architect of his own fortune, let him enjoy it.

"Thunder it in the ears of your President and Congress that you demand the hanging, certainly the exile, of the great Rebel leaders; the confiscation and distribution of their great landed estates; and that the governing power of the South shall be placed in the hands of the friends and not the enemies of the Nation. Do this, and the result will be a peace with the South' as lasting as her hills, and our Republic will be in reality, for the first time in her history, the model Republic of the 'world."

Morton had taken part in the campaigns for Fremont and Lincoln and had been elected lieutenant-governor of Indiana in 1860. He was still a resident of Wayne county when the first steps were taken looking toward the secession of South Carolina, and his was the first voice in the country which outlined the necessary policy of the Lincoln administration toward the South. This he did in a wonderful speech, delivered in the Court House at Indianapolis on Nov. 22, 1860, following an address by Governor Lane, whose remarks had been filled with sentiments of conciliation toward the South. Morton's address was in a different vein. He said:

"What is coercion but the enforcement of the law? Is anything else intended or required? Secession or nullification can only be regarded by the General Government as individual action upon individual responsibility. Those concerned in it can not intrench themselves behind the forms of the State government so as to give their conduct the semblance of legality, and thus devolve the responsibility upon the State government, which of itself is irresponsible.

"In this matter the President has no discretion. He has taken a solemn oath to enforce the laws and presérve order, and to this end he has been made commander-in-chief of the army and navy. How can he be absolved from the responsibility thus de- volved upon him by the constitution and his official oath? Can it be done by the resolution of conventions, by the advice of the newspapers, or even by a decided preponderance of public opinion ?

"There is but one way in which the President can be absolved from his duty to exert all the power reposed in his hands by the Constitution to enforce the laws in South Carolina, and that is, by our acknowledgment of her independence. The Constitution provides that Congress may admit new States into the Union, but there is no provision for turning one out, or permitting one to go out. A State once admitted into the Union becomes a part of the body of the nation, and severance or secession is not contemplated by the Constitution as permissible or possible.

"If Congress possesses the power to acknowledge the independence of a State, and thus to place it without the pale of the Union, that power must result from an inexorable necessity by a successful revolution. While a State is in the Union, there is no power under the Constitution permitting the general and State governments to enter into negotiations with each other. No government possesses the constitutional power to dismember itself.

"If the right does exist in this Government to acknowledge the independence of South Carolina, or of any other State, that right can only be exercised by an act of Congress. The President, of himself, does not possess it, and consequently, until released from his duty by such acknowledgment, he must exert his power to enforce the laws.

"If an attempt at secession be made, there is but one of two courses to be pursued, either to allow the seceding State peaceably to go and set up for herself an independent government, or else, by the police or military power of the United States, to compel an observance of the laws and submission to constitutional obligations. ,

"We can not allow South Carolina to secede without conceding the right, and thereby settling the principle as to the remaining States. The right of secession conceded, the nation is dissolved. Instead of having a nation - one mighty people - we have but a collection and combination of thirty-three independent and petty States, held together by a treaty which has hitherto been called a Constitution, of the infraction of which Constitution each State is to be the judge, and from which combination any State may withdraw at pleasure.

having been shown to be safe and easy, the prestige of the republic gone, the national pride extinguished with the national idea, secession would become the remedy for every State or sectional grievance, real or imaginary. And in a few short years we should witness the total dissolution of that mighty republic which has been the hope and the glory of the world. We should then have before us the prospect presented by the history of the petty states of Greece and Italy and the principalities of Germany. Need I stop to argue the political, intellectual, social and commercial death involved in this wreck and ruin?

"We must then cling to the idea that we are a nation, one and indivisible, and that, although subdivided by State lines, for local and domestic purposes, we are one people, the citizens of a common country, having like institutions and manners, and possessing a common interest in that inheritance of glory so richly provided by our fathers. We must, therefore, do no act, we must tolerate no act, we must concede no idea or theory that looks to or involves the dismemberment of the nation.

"And especially must we of the inland States cling to the national idea. If South Carolina may secede peaceably, so may New York, Massachusetts, Maryland and Louisiana, cutting off our commerce and destroying our right of way to the ocean. We should thus be shut up in the interior of a continent, surrounded by independent, perhaps hostile nations, through whose territories we could gain egress to the seaboard only upon such terms as might be agreed to by treaty. Emigrants from foreign lands could only come to us by permission of our neighbors, and we could not reach any Atlantic port except by passports duly viséd. In such a condition of affairs the seaboard States would possess immense advantages.

"Tf South Caolina gets out of the Union, I trust it will be at the point of the bayonet, after our best efforts have failed to compel her submission to the laws. Better concede her independence to force, to revolution, than to right and principle. Such a concession can not be drawn into precedent and construed into an admission that we are but a combinatioin of petty States, any one of which has a right to secede and set up for herself, whenever it suits her temper, or her views of her peculiar interest. Such a contest, let it terminate as it may, would be a declaration to the other States of the only terms upon which they would be permitted to withdraw from the Union.

let the Union go with merely a few hard words? Shall we encourage faint-hearted traitors to pursue their treason, by advising them in advance that it will be safe and successful? If it was worth a bloody struggle to establish this nation, it is worth one to preserve it; and I trust that we shall not, by surrendering with indecent haste, publish to the world that the inheritance which our fathers purchased with their blood, we have given up to save ours.

"Seven years is but a day in the life of a nation, and''I would rather come out of a struggle at the end of that time, defeated in arms and conceding independence to successful revolution, than purchase present peace by the concession of a principle that must inevitably explode this nation into small and dishonored fragments.

"But of the result of such a struggle I entertain the utmost hope and confidence. He who compares our glorious war for independence with a war set on foot to propagate human slavery, to crush out liberty of speech and of the press, and to inaugurate and revive, with all its untold and indescribable horrors, the African slave-trade, must have an indifferent idea of the justice of 'that Providence who holds in his hands the issue of battle. To employ the language of a great statesman, 'Surely the Almighty has no attribute that could take sides with rebels in such a contest.'

"T will not stop to argue the right of secession. The whole question is summed up in this proposition: 'Are we one nation, one people, or thirty-three nations, thirty-three independent and petty States?' The statement of the proposition furnishes the answer. If we are one nation, then no State has a right to secede. Secession can only be the result of successful revolution. I answer the question for you - and | know that my answer will find a response in every true American heart - that we are one people, one nation, undivided and indivisible."

Perhaps Morton's finest ofatorical effort was his great speech on Reconstruction in the United States Senate, which is too long for insertion in this history, and whose character cannot be represented by brief extracts.

History And Biography

was no longer a resident of the county when this book was issued, yet the period described was mainly that in which he dwelt in Centerville and represented the "Burnt District" in Congress. In 1892 he published his "Life of Joshua R. Giddings."

Arthur M. Reeves published in 1890 (Oxford, Clarendon Press) his "Finding of Wineland the Good," an account of thé pre-Columbian discovery of America by the Norsemen. Professor John Fiske, in his "Discovery of America," says of it: "This beautiful quarto contains phototype plates of the original Icelandic vellums of the 'Hauks-bok' and the 'Flateyar-bok,' together with the texts carefully edited, an admirable English translation, and several chapters of critical discussion, decidedly better than anything that has gone before it. On reading it carefully, it seems to me the best book we have on the subject in English, or perhaps in any language."

In 1895, Dr. Oliver Woodson Nixon, an Earlham graduate, afterwards literary editor of the "Inter-Ocean," published a book entitled "How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon to the Union," and, in 1903, "Memories of a Forty-Niner." Mr, Nixon's literary work, however, was not done while he was a resident of Wayne county.

In 1887, William Dudley Foulke published "Slav and Saxon" (G. P. Putnams' Sons), a study of the growth and tendency of Russian civilization and its essential antagonism to the civilization of the English-speaking world. In 1898, a second revised edition was issued and, in 1904, the changes which took place in the Far East made a third edition necessary. In 1899 he published in two octavo volumes (Bobbs-Merrill Company), "The Life of Oliver P. Morton," the war governor and senator from Indiana, which contained a history of the State during the eventful period of the Civil war. Morton was undoubtedly the greatest of Indiana's sons, and the account of his struggles with the forces of secession in this State and the important part he afterward took in the reconstruction measures while he was senator, form a dramatic story of great interest to those who care for the history of that period. The book was afterward used as an authority in Rhodes' "History of the United States." Theodore Roosevelt wrote to the author as follows: "I have been so much interested in it and so much imprest by it that I feel that I must tell you so. What a rugged giant of a man he was! It seems to me that, of course always excepting Lincoln, he stands in the very front of the civilians who did most service during the Civil war. No cabinet minister and no other war

In 1907, Mr. Foulke issued the "History of the Langobards," being a translation from the Latin of Paul the Deacon, a monk of the time of Charlemagne, with explanations and critical notes and an account of the sources of the history. This work had never before been rendered in English and it is one of the important historical monuments of the Middle Ages. Legends, sagas, and traditions of a nomadic and half-savage people are incorporated in it with a quaint biography of the author, a simple-minded Benedictine, all too credulous of the strange stories he hears, This work was published by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.

Isaac Jenkinson published, in 1902, a well written volume (Cullaton Printing Company) entitled, "Aaron Burr, His Personal and Political Relations With Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton," which exhibits the character of Jefferson in a much more unfavorable light than it appears in earlier histories.

Among the most important historical works produced in Wayne county are the "Letters of Cortez to Charles V," translated and annotated, with a full biography of the Conqueror by Francis A. McNutt (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908). While this work appears from its introduction to have been written in Rome, the materials were collected and some of the work done while Mr. McNutt was a resident of Richmond, Ind., and a portion of his subsequent work, "Bartholomew de Las Casas," notably the admirable preface, was actually written in Richmond. The letters of Cortez are well translated. One of them appears in English for the first time in Mr. McNutt's work, while in his "Las Casas" the description of the heroic efforts in behalf of human liberty made by this indomitable monk must awaken the admiration of all and throw a ray of sunlight over one of the darkest pages of human history, the treatment of the natives by the Spanish conquerors. These volumes are standard works of a high literary character and historical accuracy and have been received with commendation by the press.

Jesse S, Reeves, formerly assistant professor of history at Dartmouth College, and now professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan, has published a number of important monographs on historical subjects. The first of these was "The International Beginnings of the Congo Free State," in 1894. This was prepared as a dissertation for his Doctor's degree at Johns Hop- kins University and is published among the University studies. It is a work of value, not simply from a historical point of view 'but on account of the light shed upon vital questions of diplomacy and international law. In 1905 Mr. Reeves contributed another monograph to the same series, "The Napoleonic Exiles in America, a Study in Diplomatic History." This work describes in an interesting manner the emigration to our country of the proscribed soldiers of the French empire after the fall of Napoleon; the plans to bring the Emperor himself to the United States which were thwarted by his irresolution at the last moment; the coming of Joseph Bonaparte and many of the officers who had served in the Emperor's campaigns; the failure of the settlement upon the lands assigned to these officers and soldiers by the Government on the Tombigbee river, in Alabama, for the cultivation of "the vine and the olive"; the ridiculous conspiracy to place Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Mexico as King of Spain, a project in which Joseph himself apparently refused to co-operate; the subsequent establishment by some of the refugees at a settlement in Texas, christened "Champ d' Asile"; the misfortunes of the settlers and their abandonment of their pioneer town upon the approach of the Spanish army, and the final dispersion of the refugees and the subsequent return of many of them to France. This is a historical episode little known in America, but celebrated in French literature in the poetry of Beranger and the fiction of Balzac.

But the most important work of Mr. Reeves, "American Diplomacy Under Tyler and Polk," was published in 1907, by the Johns Hopkins Press, as part of the Albert Shaw lectures on Diplomatic History. The work was confined in the main to the diplomacy which settled four important territorial questions: The northeast boundary controversy, which finally resulted in the Ashburton Treaty, determining the boundary between the State of Maine and the British possessions; the revolt and annexation of Texas; the northwest boundary question, including the joint occupation of Oregon and the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican boundary question, which led to the war with Mexico and the annexation of California and finally to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, establishing our Southern line. Many interesting matters are considered, among them the policy of Andrew Jackson in regard to Texan annexation, Webster's opposition to this measure during Tyler's administration and the subsequent change when Upshar became Secretary of State. Mr. Reeves disagrees with the opinion so often expressed that the extension of slavery was the sole mo- tive of the acquisition of Texas, believing that, while this extension was an important factor in that policy, yet our expansion toward the south did not greatly differ from our earlier acquisitions of territory under Jefferson, and that it was the result of the general desire of the American people to enlarge their domains. The work is a valuable contribution to American history, though there are portions of it which reveal our tortuous policy toward Mexico in no creditable light.

William Bayard Hale, a native of Richmond, delivered a lecture on the "Making of the American Constitution, a Genesis of Nationality," before the examination school of the University of Oxford, Aug. 24, 1895. This was published the following year by the University Press in the form of a brochure. In this work Mr. Hale traces the steps in the formation of the American Constitution and the features by which that instrument created a nation in place of of a confederacy, going so far as to maintain that the Federal Government is not one of merely enumerated powers. It was an eloquent plea for national unity. Speaking of the overthrow of the South in the Civil war, he said:

"The result could not have been otherwise. Armies far mightier, soldiers far braver, - no! that could not have been, - could never have been victorious for the Confederacy over the Nation. For a confederacy does not exist; it pretends to be no more than a convenient fiction. Arms in its service have no consecration like that of those vowed to the defense of a nation's life, and must ever remain unanointed with the secret power of victory. Battling, the Nation rose victorious from the fields of Gettysburg, Atlanta, and the Wilderness, and the American Constitution was made."

In 1908, Mr. Hale published a small volume entitled, "A Week in the White House with Theodore Roosevelt" (G. P. Putnam's Sons). While the bulk of this book is a graphic pen picture of daily events in the Executive mansion and of the President's treatment of his visitors and of public affairs, yet the final chapter has perhaps a permanent biographical or historical value in an imaginary characterization by Mr. Roosevelt of his own qualities, which comes in some particulars so close to life as to lead to the belief that it is not altogether imaginary. From the pen of one who had little previous knowledge of the man he describes, his impressions are in the main vivid and accurate, and the work may well constitute one of the sources from which the future history of Mr. Roosevelt's administration will be derived.

in Wayne county literature, auto-biographies in considerable number, that for instance of Elijah Coffin, which appeared in 1860; that of Samuel K. Hoshour; that of Levi Coffin, which contained reminiscences of anti-slavery times and of the escape of negroes by way of the "Underground Railroad," of which Levi Coffin was perhaps the most important agent in this section of the country. None of these, however, were filled with more human interest than that of Allen Jay, published in 1911, whose simple and graphic account of a Christian life is filled with a quaint charm which entitles it to a distinct place in literature.

Religion

Many works on religious subjects have emanated from Wayne county. For example, "Offices of the Holy Spirit," "Instructions to Christian Converts," "Holy Ghost Dispensation," and "Theology of Holiness," by Dr. Dougan Clark; "Outposts of Zion, with Limnings of Mission Life,' by William Henry Goode; "The New Obedience," by William Bayard Hale; "The Morning Star," "Gathered Fragments of Talks to Young People,' and "What is Truth," by Luke Woodard.

There are also productions in opposition to current theology of the time. For example, "The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors," "Bible of Bibles," "Biography of Satan," and "Sixteen Saviors or None," by Kersey Graves.

Political Economy

Rudolph G. Leeds, the editor of the Richmond "Palladium," published in 1911, first as a supplement to that paper and afterwards in book form, "The Equal Price Law," in which he sets forth in a very vivid manner the growth of the money power, now concentrated in the hands of a few individuals, and traces its origin and progress principally to the bétter terms and prices obtained by those who deal in commodities in large quantities over those who deal in small quantities. He urges a law of equal price as the remedy for many of the evils occasioned by the consolidation of wealth.

Fiction

Charles, a Wayne county man, born near Williamsburg, published at Richmond, under the pseudonym of Charles J. Wayne, "Caddo, or Cupid in the Gas Belt." It is a novel composed with little art, but representing fairly well the local sentiment in small communities in this region, especially the anti-saloon sentiment and the reliance upon prayer and special providence, which so largely prevails in such communities. Nearly everybody in the story appears to be taken with typhoid fever, at one time or another, and the testimony in a murder case and in a prosecution for passing counterfeit money would seem to be quite inadequate to those who are acquainted with legal procedure; but the story has a good deal of human interest, and the character of Joshua Slathers is extremely well drawn. Like "Micky Free" in "Charles O'Malley," and like the chapter on "Em'ly" in Owen Wister's "Virginian," the story of Joshua's testimony is a shining episode. Joshua is indicted by a conspiracy of the saloon men for passing a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill after being warned that the bill was suspected. One Quigley was the attorney for the prosecution, greatly interested in convicting the defendant. Slathers testified in his own behalf and, when Quigley wanted to know why the bill was so badly bleached and stained, he responded:

"T'll tell ye bout that when I git to it, an' I'll be thar purty soon, ef you'll jest keep your shirt buttoned a bit, an' not git in too big a hurry."

"Didn't I tell ye I was a goin' to answer it?" said Slathers; "you must be a gittin' excited, or hungry mebby." And taking a large red apple from his pocket: and offering it to the attorney, he added: '"Mebby that'll keep ye still while gentlemen be a talkin'."

"Well, gentlemen, I got that twenty-dollar bill at Warren's bank 'bout the fust of August, an' I had it rolled up in a piece uv yaller paper, as I was a sayin' when Quigley bothered me. Well, a few days arter I got it, I started over to Joe Brookses to git a fine Durham calf he'd been a savin' for me. Thinks I to myself, I'll jest look through that bunch uv cattle afore I go over to the house, to see about the calf. So I walked 'round 'moung 'em, a admirin' their good pints, when all of a suddent, the ole grandfather of the herd, he seemed to smell a mice, an' 'peared like he kinder guessed

'at I were arter one uv his children; an' he begun to beller low like, an' pawed the sile up over his back, an' he looked mad an' vicious. So, thinks I to myself, mebby its me that's a maken' him feel so oncomfortable, so I lit out acrost the paster towards Mr. Brookses, kinder whistlin' low like as ef I.didn't know the durned ole cuss was a follerin' me. So, thinks I to myself, ole cuss, I shan't be lonesome without you, an' ef you don't keer no more *bout my company en what I do fer yourn, you'll go back to your neglected family an' leave me alone. But no, sir; he had undertuck to see me outen that ere paster an' he wan't a agoin' to slight the job. So, thinks I to myself, 'I'll kinder stop whistlin' an' walk up a little brisker, an' mebby the ole cuss'll git lonesome an' go back. But jist then I looked back over my shoulder an' I see him a comin' in a kind of turkey trot, an' he wan't a stoppin' to paw no more sile over his back, so I knowed then jist what the ole feller were a speculatin' on. The creek was more'n forty rods away, and tha'd been a big rain the night afore, an' I couldn't cross it without goin' more'n a quarter uv a mile below to the bridge; but I seed a big ash stump a standin' right on the bank uv the creek, an' thinks I to myself, I'll jist rum an' jump on top uv that stump an' stand' thar an' holler to Brooks to come with a hoss an' drive the ole cuss away. So out I lit like a quarter hoss fer that stump, an' the ole bull arter me full tilt, with his head down an' his tail up an' lookin' mader'n the devil, an' I seed he was a gainin' on me every jump he tuck, fer I "low he'd figgered out that I were a aimin' fer that stump.

"Tt wuz a gittin' to be a lively tussel, which would git to that stump fust, me er the bull, but finally I come in jist bout the bull's length ahead, an' up I springs fer the top uv the stump. But, gosh, men, that stump wuz holler, an' I went right down in it an' the ole bull's head come whack up agin the stump, like a ole switch engine backin' up to a freight train. Purty soon he commenced bellerin' in a deep, meller voice, an' a pawin' the sile up over his back so high that I could see some uv the dirt a flyin' from whar I'd sot a squattin' in the stump. Thinks I to myself, ole fool, you kin jist amuse yerself out thar a pawin' an' a scrapin' an' a bellerin' all you dern please, but I'm going' to stay right here in this stump 'till this meetin's out.

"But by 'n' by the ole cuss got still, an' I thought he'd got tired an' gone back to the herd, so I riz up slow like to see whar he wuz, but Gee-whillicks! thar he wuz not five feet from the stump, an' afore I could eny more'n get down outen sight, Kerbim! he tuck the stump agin' an' I felt it give a little that time, fer the roots wuz considerable rotten. Jist then I heard sunthin' down in the bottom uv the stump a wizzin' an' a sizzin', an' thinks I to myself, thay's a rattlesnake in this ere stump, an' then I wuz skeered fer sartin. So I riz up an' thought I'd jump out on t'other side uv the stump frum whar the bull wuz. But, gosh, I couldn't, fer it wuz right on the bank uv the creek an' the water wuz ten foot deep. So I dropped back into the stump, and none too quick either, fer he knocked the dirt into my eyes that time. The sizzin' now got louder down in the stump about my feet, an' jist then sunthin' tuck me on the leg that felt ez hot ez fire. I-begun cipherin' out which would be the most becomin' uv a good Republican, to stay thar in the stump an' be pizened to death by a snake, er come out an' hev my innards slung all over creation by that cussid ole bull. Jist then I got some more bites on my legs an' 'bout the gable end uv my trouses an' finally one on my finger. I jerked my hand up an' see'd it wuz nuthin' but a cussid little yaller jacket a stingin' it. Then I looked down an' see the hull bottom uv the stump wuz full uv yaller jackets, an' fer a minit er two I felt happy, fer I knowed it wasn't no durned pizin' snake a bitin' me. But the last whack the bull give the stump broke some more uv the roots loose an' stirred up all the little yaller devils in thar, an' got 'em so all-fired mad that thay was a dabbin' their stings into me all over. I knowed I couldn't stand it much longer the way things wuz a workin' an' I thought my time had *bout come. I tried to think of some prayer suitable to the occasion, an' commenced, 'Now I lay me down to sleep.' But, great Caesar! men, I ctouldn't pray fer cussin'. Then I thought uv the martyrs, uv Dan'l in the lion's den, uv Job kivvered all over with biles, an' uv Joseph tempted by Potipher's wife. But, holy Moses, thay wern't none uv them furriners in no sich a devil uv a fix ez I wuz thar in that lively stump kivered all over with yaller jackets an' the ole bull jist outside a layin' fer me.

"Live er die, thinks I to myself, I'm goin' right outen this stump, fer I can't stand the racket here no longer. An' bein' a purty good rider, thinks I to myself, I'll jist up an' put my feet on the sides uv the stump at the top, an' as the bull comes up I'll jump astraddle uv him, fer he can't hook me ez long ez I kin stick on his back. But jist as 1 wuz perched up thar fer the spring the ole cuss let fly at the stump so hard that he knocked it clear over into the creek, an' jist as the stump gave way I lit on the ole fool's back, with my face toward his tail, which I grabbed in my hand to kinder stiddy muself, an' that surprised him so much that he gin a big lunge right over the bank into the creek; an' with that, me an' the bull, yaller jackets an' all, went clar under the water, but as er come up I slipped off, but hilt on his tail, fer as he wuz the best swimmer, thinks I to myself, 'ole fool, you got me in here, an' now you kin jest tow me ashore.' But the water got shallerer toward the north side uv the creek, so when he got me to where I could wade out, I gin his tail a warm.an' vigorous twist, which seemed to gin him more friendly feelin's toward me, fer as soon as he got out uv the creek he hurried on down to the bridge an' went back to the other cattle without 'nuther word about our little difficulty.

"T kin tell ye I wuz purty wet, an' that twenty-dollar bill wuz in my breeches pocket rolled up in a piece uv yaller paper, an' as Mr. Brooks wern't at home I didn't take the calf that day, an' hain't 'been back fer it yit, nor don't think now that I'd better take it, as I'm kinder disgusted with the breed. So the fust thing I done when I got home wuz to squeeze the water outen that twenty-dollar bill, an' then I laid it in the winder to dry, an' a part uv it dried in the sun an' the other part in the shadder uv the sash, an' that's what makes it look so streaked."

Mr. Charles tells us that his novel is taken from real life and that he has tried to give these pen pictures in the language of the characters presented, but however this may be, and if Mr. Charles had never written anything else, he would still be entitled to some place in literature for a story like this.

Two other books of a humorous character, - "Uncle Zeke and Aunt Liza" and "The Philosopher and the Mule"' - from the pen of Henry C. Fox, Judge of the Circuit Court, are filled with sketches of droll incidents and attained considerable popularity.

Other works of fiction are of a more serious nature. In 1890 Arthur M. Reeves, who was an Icelandic scholar, published a translation of "Lad and Lass," an Icelandic novel by Thoroddsen, which appeared in Copenhagen and in Iceland in 1850. It was a simple and very attractive story of the love of a shepherd boy and a shepherd girl, and portrays the primitive Icelandic customs and surroundings in a very vivid manner. The book was published by Sampson Low, Marston Searle and Rivington, in London, and had considerable circulation.

A short sketch, entitled "Jan," quite introspective in character, showing the transformation through a family misfortune of a selfish ambitious youth into a self-sacrificing man, which had been written about 1884, was published at Chicago, in 1892, after Mr. Reeves' death.

William Dudley Foulke published in 1900 (G. P. Putnam's Sons) "Maya, a Story of Yucatan," a country in which he had traveled, describing the career of Sandoval, a young Spaniard who had been wrecked on the coast of that region before its conquest, and of his marriage to an Indian princess who had saved him from human sacrifice by presenting him to her people as a god. Part of the story is laid in the ruined city of Uxmal. Many weird scenes of tragedy and pathos are contained in this romance, which deals with a people that have now disappeared from the world and whose history lives only in ruins scattered over the peninsula. A second edition of the book was published the following year. In 1911 Mr. Foulke published (Cosmopolitan Press, New York) "Maya, a Lyrical Drama," being a dramatization of the romance mentioned above.

In 1910, Mr. Foulke published "The Quaker Boy," a novel describing a youth whose parents belonged to the Society of Friends but whose own convictions finally led him into the Civil war. There are glimpses of home life, but a love story runs through the narrative which culminates at the battle of Gettysburg. A second edition of this book was published in 1911 (Cosmospolitan Press, New York) under the title of "Dorothy Day."

Marjorie Benton Cooke is the author of "The Girl Who Lived in the Woods," "Dr. David" (A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911) and also "The Redemption of Anthony," a story of about a hundred pages published by Bobbs-Merrill Co. as part of a series of short works by Indiana authors which were given to the members of the Indiana Society at Chicago on the occasion of its annual banquet in 1911. Miss Cooke is entitled to a high rank in fiction and her work is permeated with a delicate humor which renders it very attractive. It was all written, however, long after she had ceased to be a resident of Wayne county, where she passed only the first few years of her childhood. She has also written a number of attractive monologues, published in 1907, and plays for children, her first work being "Dramatic Episodes," published in Chicago in 1904.

A number of books for children have been published by Wayne county writers, among them the "Flossy Lee" books by Lizzie Laws Hibberd, "The Little Red Stocking" by the same author, and the "Doll's Own Book," in which she was a contributing writer under her nom de plume of "Faith Wynne." She has been a contributor to various periodicals and has written several serials, not only for children but for persons of mature age.

"Twilight Stories," by Elizabeth E. Foulke, was also designed for children and contains a short poem on "The Blue Gentian," which is worthy of reproduction here:

Esther Griffin White published, in 1910, "Indiana Bookplates," a beautiful volume with an extensive collection of bookplates from all parts of the State, Indianapolis and Richmond being especially represented. The text of this volume includes not merely an account of the bookplates, but a general description of Indiana art, including the Indiana painters. Many of her observations upon this subject are striking and deserving of careful consideration. The Hoosier group of painters - Steele, Adams, Stark, Forsyth, etc. - have established an Indiana school of art, but she considers that they have so imposed their artistic ideals upon the State that they have given little room for originality, and no new vital names appear on the horizon to continue the work of the school. A discussion of impressionism follows and a consideration of how far that term is applicable to the productions of the Indiana School, a school distinctive and distinguished in its way like the Barbizon school in France. Mr. Gruelle is classed quite apart from the other Indiana artists, and to Mr. Bundy and Mr. Connor, both of Richmond, consideration is given in two special chapters, with a thorough criticism of their work.

Miss White's account of the bookplates is full and exhaustive, and while the illustrations demonstrate that they vary greatly in quality there are many that show an artistic ability of high order in design, some of the best being the work of Miss White's brother, now deceased, Raymond Perry White, to whom an affectionate tribute is paid in this book.

Educational

There are, besides the books for children, others that are devoted to educational purposes. Will Earhart, the able and greatly esteemed supervisor of music in the Richmond High School, has prepared, in collaboration with E. B. Birge and W. S. B. Matthews, four numbers of "The Master Musician Series," devoted to the life, history and works of eminent composers, Handel, Haydn, Beethoven, and Mozart have already appeared and Mendelssohn, by Professor Earhart alone, is soon to follow.

Besides this, he is also the compiler of an admirable collection, "Art Songs for High Schools" (1910), the purpose of which is well shown in the preface, where he says:

"Between the music that merely fits the lower levels of life, and the great music that demands for its appreciation mature experience in life and musical scholarship, there is a middle ground where can be found material. that is thoroughly acceptable to the musician, as well as attractive to young people. Such music is distinctly artistic to the student, in that it stimulates the imagination, sensibilities and finer impulses; also, an acquaintance with it quickens the desire for fuller knowledge and experience. It is the music to be sought.

"From the advanced musicians of the day there is a very insistent demand for the fuller recognition in school music of 'modern spirit'; that is, the spirit of ultra-modern music. The demand has some claim to attention, but is short-sighted and indicative of very little pedagogical experience. Ultra-modern music is highly delicate, nervous, sensitive, complex. Emotionally, it is likely to be overwrought. Its shades are too shifting for the unvarying chorus quality of tone; its rhythms are too involved; its spirit is too subtle. The proper medium for its expression is the sensitive, complex, many-colored orchestra. The modern composer himself tacitly admits this by turning increasingly to the orchestra as his only adequate vehicle of utterance. He finds even solo voices unsuitable; and for him the mass chorus has ceased to exist.

"It would be a mistake, on the other hand, to reprint only numbers from the older classicists. The change that has taken place, or the progress - if it is that - should not be ignored. Therefore, so far as the modern spirit finds its expression in practicable chorus numbers, it will be found represented in this book.

Music. That it should express sentiments of patriotism or religion, for instance, and in expressing them vitalize them, is to be expected; and that is well. But it is a mistake to wish it to be dedicated wholly to the inculcation of patriotism or religion ; it is rather a voice that at times gives expression to them, as it must at other times give expression to countless other experiences. To limit it to any one such field, however good, is to defeat its broadest mission; for music belongs to the whole soul of man, and. this is its highest claim to his regard."

Among the books that are quasi-educational in character may be placed "The Friendly Stars," by Martha E. Martin? She thus defines its purpose: "The chief aim of this book is to share with others the pleasure which the writer has had in what may be called a relation of personal friendship with the stars." Mrs. Martin is no believer in Shakespeare's declaration:

She believes, on the contrary, that "the pleasure one never fails to have in the spectacle of the whole sky is multiplied many times for him as soon as he knows something of the individuals that make up this splendid panorama," and her book is a most agreeable and popular guide to the starry firmament. It is natural that such a work should have a warm reception and an extensive sale, and such has been its fortunate destiny.

It may seem extraordinary to close this collection with one of the very earliest productions, but in an account classifying the output of Wayne county, according to the subject matter, this is inevitable. Samuel K. Hoshour, a well known educator of Indiana, the instructor of Morton in a school at Centerville, published (besides an attractive Autobiography, which appeared after his death) a small volume entitled "Altisonant Letters," designed for the instruction of his pupils in the use of unusual words. This appeared as early as 1856. The following extract will show the character of this peculiar production. It describes a sunrise:

"The Solar orb, in his emanation from.the oriental and margaric portals, cast luculent coruscations into the azure concavity - amplifying claritude occupated the welkin - human, and. other entities sustained his calidity - and his candent ascension coerced

Alphabetical Catalogue Of Writers

The following biographical mention of the various writers of Wayne county, arranged alphabetically, has been prepared by Miss Ada Woodard, the whole being considerably condensed and a few names added by the editor:

Louise Vickroy Boyd, daughter of Edwin Augustus and Cornelia Harlan Vickroy, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 2, 1827. Prior to her marriage, Sept. 5, 1865, to Dr. S. S. Boyd, she was engaged in teaching. For many years after her marriage her home was in Dublin, and later in Cambridge City, Wayne county. Her first poem was written in 1851, and in 1852 she became a regular contributor to Grace Greenwood's "Little Pilgrim." She wrote for various periodicals, particularly those of earlier days, such as "Knickerbocker," "Graham's" and "Arthur's" magazines, "Appleton's Journal," "The Atlantic Monthly," the Philadelphia "Saturday Evening Post," and later in the "Century," "Scribner's," "Harper's Young People," etc. Several of her poems have been translated into German, four of them being contained in "American Lyrics," translated by Karl Knortz and published at Leipsic about 1879. She died July 25, 1909. A collection of her poems, edited by Esther Griffin White, was published after her death. (The Nicholson Press, Richmond, Ind., 1911.)

Mae Laws Bramhall was the second daughter of Joseph and Cornelia W. Laws. She was born in Richmond and resided there until almost of adult age, when the family removed to Chicago. She received her education in the public schools of Richmond and Chicago, with a short period at St. Mary's School at Reddington, Qhio. She inherited the gifts of song and poesy from her mother, the author of "Six Little Feet on the Fender," and many other verses. In 1889, she married Anson Dudley Bramhall, of New York City, and the following two years were spent in Japan, where she wrote and published her first book, "Japanese Jingles," which she dedicated to her uncle and aunt, Dr. and Mrs. James F. Hibberd. Charles Scribner & Sons had the exclusive sale of these books in America, which sale they deemed phenomenal. This was followed by "The Wee Ones of Japan," charmingly illustrated and published by Harper's. She was a versatile writer and con-

Alice Williams Brotherton, author, magazine writer, and lecturer on Shakespeare and English literature, was born in Cambridge, Ind. She was the daughter of Alfred Baldwin and Ruth Hoge (Johnson) Williams. The family was originally of Cincinnati, but later resided in St. Louis and for seven years in Cambridge, Ind., whence it returned to Cincinnati, in 1887, where she has lived since, and in which city her marriage occurred to William Earnest Brotherton. For many years Mrs. Brotherton has been a contributor of verse and prose to various magazines: The "Atlantic," the "Century," "Scribner's" the "Independent," the "Golden Age," "Poet Lore," "St. Nicholas," and others. In 1886, Charles Keer & Company, of Chicago, published as a booklet a long poem, "Beyond the Veil," and the volume entitled "The Sailing of King Olaf and Other Poems." Next year, George P. Putnam's Sons, New York,.printed "What the Wind Told to the Tree Tops," a book of stories in prose and verse.

James Charles was born near Williamsburg, Wayne county, Indiana, in 1841. His education was obtained in the country schools. For three years he taught school in the winter terms. He was married, in 1861, to Miss Martha H. Harne, of Arba, Wayne county, Indiana. In 1869, he located on a farm near Lawrence, Kan. In 1875, he was elected representative for Douglas county to the Kansas legislature. In 1876, he was appointed superintendent of the Government School and Farm, at the Sac and Fox Agency in Indian Territory. Coming back to Indiana, in 1880, he assisted in organizing the Ridgeville Bank, where he served as cashier until 1886, when he removed to Richmond. In 1889, under the pseudonym of Charles J. Wayne, he published "Caddo, or Cupid in the Gas Belt."

Dougan Clark, A. M., M. D., was born in Randolph county, North Carolina, May 17, 1828. His father and mother, Dougan and Asenath Clark; his grandfather, Nuha Hunt; and his greatgrandfather, William Hunt, were all ministers in the Society of Friends. At the age of eighteen he entered the Friends' Boarding School at Providence, R. I., where he spent two years. In 1850, he entered Haverford College and was graduated there in 1852, and in the same year was married to Sarah J. Bates, of Hanover county, Virginia. Afterwards he attended a course of medical lectures at the University of Maryland, in Baltimore, and then removed to Indiana and practiced his profession, for eight years, at Carthage and Westfield, except that he spent the winter of 1860-1 at Philadelphia, where he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Pennsylvania, with the class of 1861. Two years were then spent in Indianapolis as a practicing physician. In 1866 he was called to the chair of Greek and Latin in Earlham College, which position he held for three years, when he resigned and moved to Richmond. He was recorded a minister of the Gospel, in 1869, and this was distinctively his life work. He was pastor of a Friends' church in Cleveland, Ohio, for thirteen months. From-the beginning of 1882 till the end of 1883, he was the editor of the "Gospel Expositor." The following year he was again elected professor of Latin and Greek in Earlham College. With the establishment of the Biblical Institute, in 1888, Dr. Clark was promoted to the leadership of the new department, which position he held until 1894. He died at his home in Richmond, Oct. 10, 1896. Dr. Clark was the author of "Offices of the Holy. Spirit," "Instructions to Christian Converts," "Holy Ghost Dispensation," and "The Theology of Holiness."

Elijah Coffin, son of Bethuel and Hannah (Dicks) Coffin, was born in New Garden, Guilford county, North Carolina, Nov. 17, 1798. He was of English descent, his ancestors settling originally in Nantucket. He had the schooling that the primitive times afforded. He was married Feb. 2, 1820, to Naomi Hiatt. In 1824, he removed, with his wife and three children, to Wayne county, near Milton, and engaged in school-teaching in that town. In 1834 he accepted the position of cashier in a branch of the State Bank of Indiana, which had just been located in Richmond, and came to that place. He held this position until the expiration of the term of its charter, Jan: 1, 1859, when he retired from active business. He was, at an early age, clerk of the Yearly Meeting of Friends in North Carolina, and, in 1827, was appointed clerk of the Indiana Yearly Meeting, He died Jan. 22, 1862. He wrate his autobiography, "Life of Elijah Coffin."

Levi Coffin, son of Levi and Prudence Coffin, was born Oct. 28, 1798, on a farm near New Garden Meeting-House, North Carolina, of English and Welsh ancestry. He was the fifth in line from Tristram Coffin, an English emigrant, who was one of a company of nine to ptirchase Nantucket from the Indians. His ancestors were members of thé Society of Friends. He went to school but little, obtaining most of his education from his father. He made a visit to Indiana, in 1822, which lasted for more than a year; during this visit he taught two schools, one near where

Earlham College now stands and the other at Honey Creek, in the western part of the State. Levi Coffin was married, Oct. 28, 1824, to Catherine White, daughter of Stanton and Sarah White. In 1826, he removed with his family to Newport (now Fountain City), Wayne county, Indiana. During his residence in Newport of more than twenty years, he was engaged in helping fugitive slaves escape to Canada, being the president of the Underground Railroad for thirty years, In 1844, he made a visit to Canada, _ with the idea of seeing how the fugitives he had aided were faring. In April, 1847, he removed to Cincinnati, to take charge of a wholesale depository of free-labor goods. About 1850, he made a Southern trip in connection with his free-labor business. After his removal to Cincinnati, he still helped fugitive slaves as he had done in Newport. In the fall of 1862, Mr. Coffin began work among and for freedmen, going, in May, 1865, to the British Isles and France, for the purpose of raising funds for their aid. In 1867, he was appointed a delegate from the Western Freedmen's Aid Commission to attend the International Anti-Slavery Conference in Paris, to be held Aug. 26-27; following this, he made a trip through other countries, returning by the way of England and Ireland. Levi Coffin died at Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 16, 1877, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. Mr. Coffin was the author of "Reminiscences of Levi Coffin" (Western Tract Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1876).

Marjorie Benton Cooke, daughter of Joseph H. Cooke and Jessie Benton Cooke, was born in Richmond, Ind., Nov. 27, 1876. The family moved to Detroit, in 1885, and then to Chicago, which place has been their home ever since. Miss Cooke graduated at the University of Chicago in 1899. She is the compiler of "Sergel's Selections for Reading and Recitation," published in 1906, and the author of "Dramatic Episodes," published in Chicago, in 1904; "Ten Plays for Children," published in Chicago, in 1906; "Modern Monologues," Chicago, 1907; and "More Modern Monologues," Chicago, 1907. She has published other plays for children: "Christian Benefit: A Play in One Act"; "Fairy Ring: A Play for Children"; "First Thanksgiving Dinner: Historical Play in One Act"; "School Plays"; "Springtime Fantasy: Easter Play in One Act for the Little Folk." In fiction she has written: "The Girl Who Lived in the Woods," and "Dr. David" (A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911); also "The Redemption of Anthony," published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company for the Indiana Society of Chicago,

Hannah E. (Brown) Davis was born near Richmond, Ind., Nov. 5, 1841, and died at Grand Forks, N. D., March 24, 1898. She was educated at Earlham College. In September, 1862, she was married to Clarkson Davis, who assumed the management of Spiceland Academy in 1863, and she taught in this academy twenty-eight years. She is represented in Parker & Heiney's Anthology by a short poem, "The Wood Thrush."

William T. Dennis was born in Cayuga county, New York, June 17, 1816. He subsequently removed to Indiana and was for fifty years a resident of Richmond, Wayne county. He was secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, and during the Civil war was military agent for Indiana at the National capital. He published "Fish and Game Talks," a sprightly periodical, treating of the denizens of the streams and woods. He is represented in Parker & Heiney's Anthology by a single poem, "When the Leaves Come Sailing Down."

Walter Henry Dennis was born at Greensboro, N. C., Sept. 1, 1876, of African descent, being the son of George W. Dennis, once a slave, and Mary Dennis, his wife. The family removed to Richmond in 1877. He is the author of a volume entitled "The Progress of the Northern Negro," as well as a number of short poems and short 'stories.

Will Earhart, son of Martin Earhart and Hannah Corwin Earhart, was born April 1, 1871, in Franklin, Warren county, Ohio. He took up the study of music at the age of twelve. At the age of seventeen he accepted the position of teacher of music in the Franklin schools and later in the Miamisburg schools. In 1896, he accepted a position in the schools of Greenville, Ohio, as supervisor of music. In 1897, he married Birdella M. Darling, of Findlay, Ohio. In 1898, he removed to Richmond, to occupy the same position that he had held in Greenville and Miamisburg. Since Mr. Earhart began teaching, he has been also the director of the Richmond chorus, and the High School orchestra, and has conducted several musical festivals in Richmond. For a number of years he has been a contributor to various periodicals, chiefly on musical subjects. During the summer of 1908, Mr. Earhart, in collaboration with Edward B. Birge, of Indianapolis, wrote the "Master Musicians' Series," a course of study and practice for high schools. This series is edited by W. S. B. Matthews and published by C. C. Birchard & Company, of Boston, Handel,

Hadyn, Mozart and Beethoven have been written and the series will be extended to include all "Master Musicians." He has also written "Art Songs for High Schools" (American Book Co., 1910).

John Finley, son of Andrew Finley, of Scotch-Irish Presbyterian ancestry, was born in Brownsburg, Rockbridge county, Virginia, Jan. 11, 1797. He received but a limited education, though his reading covered a wide field. In 1816, he left his native country for the West, reaching Richmond in 1820. In 1826 he married Rachel H. Knott, of Yellow Springs, Ohio, who lived but a few months after marriage. In 1830 he was married to Julia Hanson, of Indianapolis. His official career began in 1822, as justice of the peace. He represented Wayne county in the legislature, from 1828 to 1831, and was then enrolling clerk of the Senate three years. From 1833 to 1837, he edited and held a controlling interest in the principal newspaper of the county, the Richmond "Palladium," and, in 1837, was elected clerk of the Wayne county courts for a term of seven years; this necessitated a removal to the county seat, Centerville, but on the expiration of the term (1845) he returned to Richmond. Elected mayor of the city in 1852, he retained the office, by re-elections, until his death, Dec. 23, 1866, having had an almost continuous public service for more than forty years. Mr. Finley's reputation as a poet was established when the Indiana "Journal" published "The Hoosier's Nest," Jan. 1, 1833. It was the first "Carrier's Address" written by the author and was followed by an "'Address" in the "Journal" for eight or nine years in succession. The "Palladium" also had an annual "Address." These were rhyming reviews of State and national questions, or' humorous references to peculiarities of candidates for public office. They were of local interest, but did not arrest general attention, as the description of Hoosier life had done. "The Hoosier's Nest" has been quoted in England as a graphic specimen of backwoods literature. "Bachelor's Hall" was published anonymously and was immediately credited to Thomas Moore; it was reproduced in England and Ireland many times before the authorship was established. "The Hoosier's Nest," a small volume of 105 pages, issued and copyrighted in 1865, had an extensive sale.

Elizabeth Ellen Foulke, daughter of William W. and Mary E. (Newman) Foulke, was born in Richmond, Ind. She was educated at Earlham College. Miss Foulke is engaged in teaching and is the author of "Twilight Stories,' published in 1895, and "Braided Straws," which appeared in 1808.

Strickland W. Gillilan, the well known writer of humoroug stories and verse, was born in Jackson, Ohio, Oct. 9s 1869, son of Lewis and Mary Alice (Clare) Gillilan. In 1888 he became a student at Ohio University. He began newspaper work with the Jackson "Herald," in 1887, and was connected with the Athens "Herald," of Athens, Ohio, from 1888 to 1892. He was editor of the "Daily Telegram," Richmond, Ind., 1892-1895; city editor of the Richmond "Daily Palladium," 1895-1901; reporter and editor of the Marion, Ind., "Daily Tribune," 1901; on the editorial staff of the Los Angeles "Herald," 1901-1902; and on the Baltimore "American," 1902-1905. He has been connected with "Judge" since June, 1905; with the Chicago "Daily News" since January, 1906; and has been a lyceum lecturer since 1899. Mr. Gillilan was married first to Miss Alice Hendricks, of Springfield, Ohio, on March 1, 1894, and after her death, in 1901, to Marriet Nettleton, of Baltimore, on June 2, 1903. Mr. Gillilan is a. contributor to various magazines, amongst them the "Ladies Home Journal," "Judge," "Life," and the "Saturday Evening Post." In tgor Pearson Brothers, of Philadelphia, published a volume of verses. Another volume appeared in 1912, "Including Finnigan" (Faber & Co., Chicago). Mr. Gillilan is president of the American Press Humorists. His present home is in Roland Park, Baltimore county, Maryland.

Rev. William Henry Goode, D. D., was born in Warren county, Ohio, June 19, 1807, and died in Richmond, Ind., Dec. 16, 1879. He was the son of Philip and Rebeckah H. Goode. He was married Sept. 18, 1861, to Matilda Hubbard. After the death of his father he went to Madison, Ind., where he pursued his literary studies and read law, being admitted to the bar before he was twenty-one. He joined the Methodist church at the age of fourteen and was licensed to preach, in 1835; he was ordained Deacon in 1838, and Elder in 1840. He was a pioneer Methodist educator in Indiana. In 1853 he was appointed to Richmond Station, but the Missouri Compromise having been repealed, and Kansas and Nebraska being admitted to the Union, he was selected by the Episcopal Board for that field, which extended from Texas on the south to the extreme territorial settlement of Nebraska on the north, and to the Rockies on the west. The church advanced so rapidly that, in two years, the Kansas-Nebraska Conference was formed, with Dr. Goode in the presidency. In 1862 he was appointed to the North Indiana Conference at Richmond (Grace Church), where he remained until 1866, and from 1873 to 1876, he was again in the Richmond District. After severing his official connection with the church he called Richmond his home until his death, three years later. He wrote and published, in 1863, "Outposts of Zion with Limnings of Mission Life," a recital of work among the Indians in the west (Poe & Hitchcock, Cincinnati, 1863).

Kersey Graves was born in Pennsylvania, Nov. 14, 1813, and died in Richmond, Sept. 4, 1883. He attended school but three or four months in his life, but in spite of this became, by reading, a well educated man. He became dissatisfied with popular theology quite early in life and used his pen to correct what he believed to be errors. He wrote "The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors" (Colby & Rich, Boston, 1886), which reached its tenth edition and was sold in both America and Europe; "The Bible of Bibles (1883), an account of Twenty Bibles of the World"; "The Biography of Satan" (Religio-Philosophical Pub. Co., 1865), and "Sixteen Saviors or None." 'He devoted the later years of his life exclusively to literary work and lecturing. At the time of his death he was associate-editor of the Indianapolis "Globe," an antitariff paper.

William Bayard Hale, Protestant Episcopal clergyman and writer, was born in Richmond, Ind., April 6, 1869, son of William Hadley and Anna Bunting Hale. He was graduated in the Richmond public schools and later in Boston University, Harvard University, and the Episcopal Theological Seminary, Cambridge: (Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.; St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y.; and St. John's, Annapolis, Md., A. M.; LL.D.; Hobart, S.T. D.) He was ordained deacon at St. John's in 1893; ordained priest in 1894, and was rector, from 1892 to 1899, of the Church of Our Savior, at Middleborough, Mass. In 1899*he became rector of St. Mary's at Ardmore, near Philadelphia. Mr. Hale was managing editor of the "Cosmospolitan" magazine in 1900; editor of "Current Literature" in 1901; special corespondent of the New York "World" in 1902; managing editor of the Philadelphia "Public Ledger" from 1903 to 1907; then on the staff of the New York "Times," and afterward chief editor of "World's Work." He is the author of "The Making of the American Constitution" (1895) ; "The Eternal Teacher," published in 1895, at the Oxford University Press; "The New Obedience, a Plea for Social Submission to

Christ," published in 1898 (Longmans, Green & Co., New York) ; and "Phillips Brooks, a Memorial" (1898). His last book is "In the White House with Theodore Roosevelt,' 1908 (Putnams' Sons). Mr, Hale has recently achieved a good deal of distinction on account of a personal interview of his with the German Emperor, an account of which was suppressed, at the request of the German government, just as it was on the eve of appearing inthe "Century" magazine.

Elizabeth Mifflin Laws Hibberd, daughter of John May and Joanna H. Laws, is a native and lifelong resident of Richmond, Ind. She was married April 26, 1871, to Dr. James F. Hibberd - a noted physician and, in 1894, the president of the American Medical Association - who died Sept. 8, 1903. For many years she has been a regular contributor to juvenile periodicals and is the author of the series of '""Flossy Lee Books," "The Little Red stockings that Hung at the Gate," and "The Dolls' Own Books" (collaborated), etc. She is now collecting her stories for the purpose of having them published in book form, and is also working upon a juvenile story of the "Days of Used To Be," when Richmond was a Quaker village, its school system and social functions unique. Mrs. Hibberd has written under the pseudonym of Faith Wynne.

Samuel K. Hoshour was born in York county, Pennsylvania, in December, 1803. At the age of seventeen he began work as a teacher. In 1826 he entered the ministry and nine years later came to Indiana. For three years, beginning in 1835, he had charge of the Wayne County Seminary at Centerville and among his pupils was Oliver T, Morton, afterward war governor of and Senator from Indiana. During the following seven years he was principal of the Cambridge City schools. In 1855 he was elected president of the Northwestern Christian Union (now Butler) College, near Indianapolis, which post he resigned three years later to become professor of modern languages in that institution. In 1862 he was appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction. He died at Indianapolis, Sept. 29, 1883. He published "Altisonant Letters," in 1856, for the purpose of instructing his pupils in the use of long Latin derivatives, and an Autobiography in 1884 (John Burns Pub. Co,, St. Louis),

Allen Jay, son of Isaac and Rhoda Cooper Jay, was born in Miami county, Ohio, in 1831. In 1850 the family moved to Marion, Ind., and in 1851 Allen Jay attended school at Earlham College. In 1854 he was married to Martha Sleeper, and after her death, to

Naomi Harrison in the year 1900. He became a minister of the Society of Friends in 1864, and in 1868 he moved to North Carolina. In 1881 he came to Richmond and was for six years superintendent of Earlham College and then solicitor of the College, raising a large sum for its enlargement and maintenance. He was also Superintendent of the Evangelical and Pastoral Committee of the Indiana Yearly Meeting and was a man of very great influence in that organization. He died May 8, 1910, and about the time of his death appeared his autobiography (John C. Winston & Co., Philadelphia, 1910).

Robert Underwood Johnson, son of Judge Nimrod H. and Catherina Johnson, was born in Washington, D. C., Jan. 12, 1853. After an ordinary school education at Centerville, Ind., where his boyhood was passed, he was graduated at Earlham in 1871, at the age of eighteen, as Bachelor of Science, and that college, in 1880, added the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He became connected, in 1873, with the editorial staff of the "Century magazine (then "Scribner's Monthly'), and afterward became associate editor, and then editor in chief, a position he still holds. Mr. Johnson married Katherine A. McMahon in 1877.. In 1883 he had charge, with Clarence Clough Buel, of the well known "Century War Series," which ran for three years in the magazine and was subsequently published in an enlarged and revised book form of four volumes, "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," begun in 1887 and completed in 1889. Mr. Buel had sole charge of this duting Mr. Johnson's absence abroad, in 1885-6. Mr. Johnson induced General Grant to write his "Memoirs," half of which appeared in the "Century War Series." He originated and, with John Muir, set on foot the movement resulting in the creation of the Yosemite National Park. He was secretary of the American Copyright League, and for his services in the cause of international copyright received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale, in 1891, and the decoration of Chevalier of its Legion of Honor from France in the same year, and in 1895, that of Cavaliere of the Crown, from Italy. He is secretary of the National Institute of Arts and Letters; was preliminary secretary of the Academy of Arts and Letters ; and he was the originator of the Memorial to Keats and Shelley in Rome. He is an honorary member of the Sierra Club, California; a member of the Phi Beta Kappa, and he belongs to the Author's, the Players, and the Century clubs.

Dulcina Mason Jordan was born in Marathon, N, Y., July 21, 1833, of Revolutionary stock. Her education was a meager one, gained in a log schoolhouse in Mexico, Ind., her family having. come to this State in 1843. She was married to James J. Jordan, in 1851, and spent the rest of her life.in Richmond, where she died April 25, 1895. In 1873 she published a volume of poems, "Rosemary Leaves." One humorovs poem, descriptive of the unveiling of the Davidson Fountain, was copied by the London "Times." She received personal congratulations from Whittier and Holmes. She was a contributor to various magazines and periodicals and did a good deal of editorial work also. For three years she was associate editor of the Cincinnati "Saturday Night," and she was connected with "Texas Siftings," illustrating her own articles. For ten years she wrote the editorials for the "Independent," published in Richmond, Ind. "The Silent Singer - Mrs. D. M. Jordan," is Riley's tribute to her memory.

Isaac H. Julian, son of Isaac and Rebecca (Hoover) Julian, was born near Centerville, Wayne county, Indiana, June 19, 1823. His school education was limited, but early in life he manifested a decided literary taste and used his spare time acquainting himself with history and general literature. He began writing verse and prose in his boyhood, At his majority he removed to Iowa, where he was a pioneer for several years. Returning to Indiana in 1850, he studied law and was admitted to the bar, but, his literary tastes predominating, he did not long continue in practice. In 1858 he began the publication of the "True Republican" at Centerville, continuing it at Richmond, as the "Radical," fourteen years in all. In 1859 he was married to Miss Virginia M. Spillard, of College Hill, Ohio. In 1873, because of the failing health of his wife, he removed to San Marcos, Tex. Resuming his vocation of journalist, he established the San Marcos "Free Press," continuing its publication for seventeen years. His last newspaper enterprise was the "People's Era," from which he retired in July, 1900, having been an editorial writer for half a century, and both editor and publisher of. newspapers during forty years. Mr. Julian was a contributor to various western literary periodicals of the earlier period: The "Ladies Repository," "National Era," and the "Genius of the West." He is represented by three poems in Coggeshall's "Poets and Poetry of the West," is mentioned in

Meredith Nicholson's "The Hoosiers," and some of his verses appear in Parker and Heiney's "Poets and Poetry of Indiana." In. 1857 he published "The Sketches of the Early History of the Whitewater Valley" and later printed a volume entitled "Late Gathered Leaves in Verse and Prose."