Wayne Township (part 2 of 3)

ISAAC F. McKINNEY - a farmer of Richland township, was a soldier of the late war. He served two years as second corporal of Company D, 124th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, passing safely through many battles. His birth occurred in Warren county, Ohio, March 18, 1839, and was married at the same place, December 23, 1860, Ruth A. Ogleshee becoming his wife. Her father, Elias Oglesbee, died Octoher 20, 1856-her mother, Mary (Stump) Oglesbee, died March 0, 1843. Mr. McKinney's father, Samuel' McKinney, died 1865 ; his mother, Mary S. (Smith) McKinney, died in 1879. Isaac McKinney removed to Jay county in 1860. He served two years as constable, and four years as justice of the peace in Richland township. Address, Dunkirk. ^

J J. McKIN NY - whose home is in Richland township, is engaged in farming. Settled in Jay county in December, 1836, and was elected justice of the peace of that county in April, 1840, serving twelve years. Was then elected representative, to serve from 1853 to 1854, and again from 1856 to 1858. FUled the office of notary pubhc about twenty years, and was one of the earlier settlers, helping to clear and work the Cambridge City and Fort Wayne sites. He is the only pioneer left in the township.' His marriage was celebrated in Delaware county, March 9, 1837, when he hnked his fate with that of Elizal .eth Maitten, daughter of Isaac and Sarah (Fiers) Maitten, residents of Delaware county, whose birth took place in Greene county, Ohio, in the year 1817. Her daughter Sarah was bom April 1, 1838 ; Martha, January 3, 1840, died Feb. ruaiy 24, 1858 ; Elizabeth, September 11, 1842 ; George W., April 10, 1843 ; Anthony W., March 3, 1845 ; Nancy, December 30, 1848 ; Adaline, March 11, 1856 ; Laura E., July 14, 1858; Jesse B., December 11, 1850; Susan F., January 11. 1847 ; Mary, January 11, 1847. All reside in Jay county except George W., who resides in Centralia, Nebraska, and Jesse, who is a resident of Bunker HU1 , Miami county, Ohio. George W. served three years in the late war, enlisting in the year 1863, and is now engaged in buying and shipping grain. Anthony W is a hardware merchant at Red Key, and Jesse B. is also a hardware merchant at Bunker Hill. Mr. McKinny's Ave sons-in-law-Samuel Taylor, Amos Hall, John Newberger, Isaac N. Goe and William R. HoUoweU-were volunteers of the late war, each serving the term of their enlistment and returning without a wound. Mr. McKinny is a native of Clarke county, the date of his birth being January 11, 1815. His parents are Anthony Wayne and Elizabeth (Bracken) McKinny, settlers in Jay county in 1837. Hie address is Red Key. The first actual settler of the township was Lorenzo Dow ffibbard, who. when the county began to be settled, became dissatisfied and removed to California.

WILLIAM C. PYLE - a carpenter, residing in Richland township, isa son of Caleb and Mary (Moore) Pyle, of Clinton county, Ohio. He was elected to the office of justice of the peace in April, 1830, and was a soldier of the late war, serving nearly one year, a member of Company H, I58rd Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. His life began in Clinton county. Ohio, June 20, 1830. On May 9, 1830, in Wilmington, Clinton county, Ohio, he became bhe provider of Eliza Jane McKenzie, daughter of William and Isabel (Kimball) McKenzie, of Clinton county. Her birth took place January 26, 1830, in that place. Their children are: William Riley, bom April 5, 1852; Thomas Stauford, May 10, 1853, died September 7, 18j4 ; Frances Amelia, November 18, 1859, died September 22, 1865. Mr. Pyle removed to Jay county in 1863. His address is Red Key.

pany G, 79th Regiment O. V. L, in the year 1863, serving two years and three months. He was a participant in fourteen battles, including those of Buzzard Roost, Big Shanty, was wounded at Peach Tree Creek, July 20, 1864, and also with Sherman on his march to the sea. His parents are Joseph and Catherine (Curtis) Parker, residents of Clinton county, Ohio. His birth occurred in that county January 18, 1843. He is employed as a railroad and express agent, and receives mail at Dunkirk. His wife, Louisa C, is a daughter of Stephen and Sarah Martin, of Randolph county, being bora at that place August 8, 1848. They were married April 1, 1867. The family list has been increased by five, namely: Eddie L., bom June 8, 1870; Thomas G., April 30, 1873; Harry T., May 23, 1875 ; Leona Pearl, October 20, 1878, died July 23. 1880 ; Clayton Garfield, July 7, 1880.

CHARLES EDWARD ROGERS - is of English lineage, his parents having immigrated to America in the year 1850. He began teaching in the year 1870, which business lie still follows, in connection with that of surveying. Mail will reach him addressed to Dunkirk. He settled in Jay enmity in 1S77. Is a son of Edward and Mary (Richnrdsl Rogers, having entered the world April 5, 1854, in Columbus, Ohio. On September 14, 1877. in Dunkirk, Jay county, be became the lawful guardian of Ida May Brotherton, descendant of James F. and Lucy (Vincent) Brotherton, settlers in Jay county in 1870. The appendage to their home is Claudius Rnmiersou, born February 14, 1879. .

MATTHEW A. SMITH - whose life began in Brunswick county, Virginia, March 28, 1810, held the office of justice of the peace from the year 1842 to tha£ of 1856, in Richland township. He served as county commissioner from the year 1858 to that of 1862, from 1865 to 1871, and also served as joint representative for Jay and Delaware counties, from the year 1875 to that, of 1877. His marriage took place in Greene county, Ohio, July 2, 1840, when he was united to Elizabeth A. Hagler, whose birth occurred November 2, 1823, in Greene county. Her father, Samuel Hagler, died August 7, 1880. Her mother is Anna (Fudge) Hagler. Her children are: Samuel B., bora June 23, 1841 ; Laura S.. April 4, 1817 ; Louis M. and Mary E., July 15, 1854. Samuel B. served three years in the late war, a member of the 84th Indiana Regiment, and took part in numerous battles. Mr. Smith resides in Richland township, a farmer, who may be addressed at Albany, Delaware county, Indiana.

JAMES S. WILSON - and Sarah Shrack were joined in marriage January 3, 1856, in Jay county. Their children are : Martha J., born September 9, 1857; Emma A., December 25, 1859; "William A., July 6, 1861; John

He held the office of justice of the peace for eight years, and was acting in that capacity at the time of his demise. Mrs. Wilson was bora in Greene county, March 25, 1834, being a daughter of William and Margaret (Rice) Shrack, who, in 1837, removed to Jay county. Two brothers of Mrs. Wilson, James H. and William M. Shrack, were soldiers of the late war, the latter serving three years, and participating in many battles - the former served one year. When Mrs. Wilson's father, William Shrack, entered Jay county, there were very few inhabitants. He lived three weeks in a tent, while building his house. He was compelled to go a distance of twenty miles to mill, through a roadless forest, the howl of the wolf making melody to cheer him on his way. Farming was Mr. Wilson's means of support. Address, Dunkirk,

PRESTON SHIELDS - settled in Jay co wilderness. There were no roads at that time, ex for the purpose of trading. Their provisions v poles and selling them at Balbee. Their meat deer and wild turkey. Mr. Shields was bora inty while it was yet a dense ept those made by the settlers ere bought by shaving hopwas principally that of the q Augusta county, Virginia,

February 17, 1796, and was married in Greene county, Ohio, February 1821, to Delilah Fulkersou, daughter of Richard and Clare (Moore) Fulkersi whose birth took place February 14, 1K02, in Rockbridge, Virginia. The t

NATHANIEL E. WRIGHT - a teacher and farmer of Richland township, is a sou of Tilglmian and Eliza (Edwards) Wright, settlers of Jay county in 1877. He was bora in Fayette county, Ohio, January 10, 1850, and married in Jay county, April 11, 1874, to Mary E., daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Oglesbee) McKee, her birthday being on June 12, 1855, in Clinton county. Two children have entered the home of this worthy pair, whom they named Oliver L. and Loin O., the former born September 7, 1875, died January 9, 1870, the latter bora November 17, 1870. Address, Dunkirk.

Miscellaneous

DANIEL ATKINSON - of Madison township, married his third wife in Pike township, Jay county, Indiana, on the 5th day of September, 1880. Hit maiden name w;is Mch-sa Lindlt-y. M- h--a i LmhIIim ) Atkinson was I,, mi in Jackson township, Randolph county. Indiana, January 24, 1851. Mrs. Atkinson's father, John Lindley, was born in Miami county. Ohio, January 20, 1819. Her mother, Hannah (Holley) Lindley died in Randolph county, Indiana, in the year 1851, and her father died in Randolph county, Indiana, in August, 1875. [For previous history of Daniel Atkinson, see page 209.]

DAVID V. BAKER - son of David C. and Sarah S. (Van Cleve) Baker, who, in 1858, removed to Jay county, is an attorney-at-law and real estate agent, who may be addressed at Portland, Indiana, His birth took place at Dayton, Ohio, May 30, 1839. He served as aid-de-camp to Governor Henry S. Lane; later was appointed postmaster at Portland, Indiana. He has been selected town councilman, town attorney and town clerk, and at present fills the office of deputy county clerk. He lias been a member of the legislature for Jay and Adams counties. He was married on the 17th of July, 1859, in Portland, Indiana, to Jane C, daughter of Nathan B. and Rebecca Hawkins, both deceased. The birth of Mrs. Baker occurred in Portland, Indiana, November 8, 1840. She is the mother of Ida Henrietta, born August 8, 1800; Franklin A., August 31, 1802, died May 18, 1803; Flora V. C, April 5, 1804; Helen Hawkins, December 13, 1865, died March 30, 1866; David Charles, January 3, 1807; Nathan Hawkins, September 13, 1808; Sarah S. V. C-, July 30. 1870; John Van Cleve, February 7, 1875. All living are residents of Portland, D. V. Baker's maternal grandfather, Benjamin Van Cleve, entered the government employ at the age of eighteen years. He served under St. Clair at Fort Recovery, being one of the survivors of that terrible massacre. His paternal grandfather, Aaron Baker, erected the first brick houses in Dayton. His father, David C, served as auditor, justice of the peace, deputy county clerk, and clerk of the Jay county court.

ASAHEL CHANDLER - a farmer of Peim township, removed to Jay county in the year 1874. He was born in Warren county, Ohio, September 26, 1820. His parents are Aaron and Hannah (Ward) Chandler. His son Wither was born August 9, 1867. Calista Hiatt, to whom lie was married in

BENJAMIN F. FULTON - son of Isaac F., deceased, and Jane C. (Taylor) Fulton, is a grocer of Wayne township, aud proprietor of the Headington House, with address at Portland, Indiana. He removed to Jay county in the year 1871. He was bom in Sidney, Ohio, in the year 1849, and was married in the year 1871, at Portland, Indiaua, to Gertrude, daughter of Nathan B. and Rebecca (Shank) Hawkins, deceased. Ethan Allen, bom May 6, 1872, and Jennie Louise, February 14, 1874, are Mr. Fulton's children.

female physicians are as successful and as highly appreciated as those of the opposite sex. She has practiced in Pennville. Jay county, Indiaua, for the past six years, having a wide 1

ISDWAliD O. G B 13 1SNE - residing in Wayne township, is employed as a manufacturer of cigars. He removed to Jay county in the year 1872. He was born in Clarion county, Pennsylvania, in 1851; was married at Powers Station, Jay county, in 1872, to Elizabeth, daughter of William and Amanda

CHARLKS F. HI5APINGTON - residing in Wayne township, is a dry goods and clothing merchant; his address is Portland, Indiana. His birth took place in Knox county, Ohio, August 14, 1854. His parents, Nimrod and Mary McDonald Headington, removed to Jay county in 1852. His marriage took place in Portland, Indiana. August 22, 1872, he being united to Susan I., daughter of Jacob M. and Hilinda S. (Haines) Haynes. Her birth took place November 4, 1852, in Portland. Indiana. Their children are Fred, bom November 30, 1873, and Walter February 4, 1875. Charles Heodington's grandfather, Nicholas Headington, was a soldier in the war of 1812. Amos H. Royce, great-grandfather, is still living, aged ninety-five years.

ELI AS J. MARSH- was bom November 9, 1846, in Blue River township, Hancock county, Indiana. At the age of sixteen he went to Greenfield, the county-seat, to learu the printing business. Two years later he went to Indianapolis, where he remained until 1870. On the eighth day of May, 1870, he was married to Miss Annie B. Peck, of Sedgwick county, Kansas. The license was the first issued in the county after its organization. The ceremony was performed by 'Squire Steele, near the residence of the bride's parents, in the shade of a large elm tree, on the banks of the beautiful Little Arkansas river, in the presence of a large circle of relatives and friends. He engaged in the publication or the Winchester Journal, as a junior member of the firm of Beeson & Marsh, in the month of June, 1870. On the 14th of December, 1871, he commenced the publication of the Portland Commercial, having purchased the office of Joseph H. Jones. Portland, at this time, was quite a small town. The Grand Rapids and Indiana railroad, just being completed, new impetus was given the town. He, being of an enterprising spirit, soon invested in real estate, and did all within his power to aid in building up the town and developing its commercial interests. Under his management, the Commercial has constantly grown in favor with the citizens of the county, as its increasing circulation attests. The office has kept pace with the improvements of the town - a power press and engine having been added to its facilities during the year 1880. Dining the time he was engaged in learning the trade, although his wages were small, he helped support a widowed mother. Since becoming a citizen of Jay county he has contributed liberally toward the support of those institutions designed for the promotion of the moral and religious education of the people.

ADELMA LUPXON - was elected justice of the peace in the year 1870, which office he still retains. Seven years previous to that tune he was chosen school trustee of the Camden corporation. He is a self-made man, and one of great determination. He began hlacksmithmg at the age of fifteen, under his father's instructions. He is the manufacturer of the celebrated Lupton plow and wagon. His unceasing labor and close attention to business lias opened for him the way to fortune. He is a strong advocate of the temperance cause, and fond of education. His father started the first blacksmith shop in Jay county, his business being making edge-tools and bells, also general blacksmithing. Mr. Lupton's maternal grandfather was a revolutionary soldier, serving until his death, which occurred at the siege of Yorktown. In the year 1857, on July 5, in Blackford county. Mi'. Lupton was married to Eliza, daughter of William J. and Sarah (Burley) Howard, deceased. She was horn in Marshall county, West Virginia, in the year 1838. She is the mother of EUen S., bom March 10, 1858; Lenora, May 12, 1861; Ambrose Grant, June 1, 1808, All reside at Camden. A. Lupton was born in Champaign county. Ohio, in the year 1831. He settled in Jay county on April 17, 1838; is a resident of Penn township, with address at Pennville. His business is that of a trader.

THOMAS E. LEWIS - son of Ensley and Amy Lewis, who, in 1838, removed to Jay county, resides in Penn township, and is engaged in sawing lumber. He was bom in that township in the year 1841 ; his address is Pennville, Jay county, Indiana. His wife Emma L. (Brooks) Lewis, M. is a daughter of Lincoln and Emetine L. (Putnan) Brooks, of Wallpole, New Hampshire. Previous to Mrs. Lewis beginning the study of medicine she was engaged as private nurse, in which capacity she served twelve years in Lodi, Kane county, Illinois, Aurora, Chicago, and Adrian, Michigan. Seeing the great need of female physicians, she decided, notwithstanding the prejudice of the public, to devote her time and ability to the study of medicine, for which privilege she is extremely grateful to Professor Joseph S. Longshore. M. D., of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as it was through his influence the charter for the woman's college was obtained. She is firm in the belief that

ADAM QUILLEN - and N. A. Richards were married on September - 1848. in Tuscarawas county, Ohio. Their children arc Robert M., bom October 16, 1850, resides with his parents; Emma, April 1, 1853, resides at Dunkirk: Jane B., May 25, 1856, is a resident of Portland; Mary L., May 6, 1861; Arthur L., June 29, 1867; the two last mentioned reside with their parents. Mrs. Quillen is a daughter of Amos and Sarah (Lama) Richards. She was horn in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, September 29, 1819. Adam Quillen was born in Jefferson county, Ohio, July 8, 1815. He removed to Jay county in the year 1852. He is a farmer, whose address is Pennville. His parents are Elihu and Jane (Baker) Quillen. His father served in the war of 1812. His grandfather Quillen was a revolutionary warrior.

HE N BY G. BE IC HAED - a Union soldier, was a member of Company A 40tb Regiment, I. V. I. He served eight months in the army of the Cum berlaud; was a participant in the battle of Franklin, Tennessee. His brother. Isreal O. Reiohard, died in the service at New Orleans, Louisiana. Mr. Reichard's paternal famdy removed to the United States from Germany. His father. Michael Reiohard, was born in Center county, Pennsylvania, July 30, 1805. His mother, Fanny (Goss) Keiehard, was also born in that state; both died in Jay county. Henry Reiohard held the office of constable two years in Madison township, of which he is a resident. He is engaged in farming, and may be addressed at Jordan, Jay county, Indiana. He was married in Noble township Jay coimty, on the 5th day of March, 1868, to Elizabeth Tbeurer, who was born in Marion county, Ohio, February 8, 1849, Their children are Emma Carohne, bom December 21, 1868; James Jacob, February 13, 1870; John Frederick, September 4, 1871; Noah Wilson, November 8, 1877. Mrs. Reichard's father, John Frederick Tbeurer, was born in Germany on the 7th day of February. 1810. Her mother, Elizabeth (Jacoby) Theurer, was bom in Pennsylvania, on the 20th of January, 1823. They reside in Noble town ship, having removed to Jay county in 1853. Mrs. Reichard's brother, Daniel Theurer, served a year in the late war, being a member of the 89th Regiment, I. V. I. ' John Joseph Reiohard, an uncle of Henry G., was a soldier in the war of 1812.

EDWAUD B. WOTEN - settled in Jay county while it was yet a wilderness, and endured all the privations connected to a pioneer life. He was a soldier of the late war, being a member of Company E., 53d Regiment, I. V. I. His children by a former marriage are: George W., born March 30, 1850; Elizabeth H., October 21, 1851; Samuel V., June 29. 1853: Robert August 14 1855; Sarah J., October 5, 1857; Isaac G., March 23, 1860. The birth of

Edward Woten took place in Jackson county, Ohio, September 21, 1823, He resides in Madison township; is engaged in fanning, receiving mail at Salamonia. He removed with his parents to Jay county in the year 1836. His parents, Samuel and Hethander (Huso) Woten, died in Jay county, the former born in Virginia, December 21, 1793; the latter born in Kentucky. Edward Woten was married July 20, 1S03, in Portland, Indiana, to Mary M. Hunter, who was horn March 7, 1832, in Vermillion county, Illinois. Their children are: Edward F. H-, bora October 21, 1804, died November 12, 1871; John

Wesley, October 14, 1800; Nathan B., April 29, 1809: James Harlin, January 6, 1873; Flora Bell, August 31, 1875. Mrs. Woten was formerly the wife of J. W. Shepherd. His children are: William H., bora September 13, 1851; Elisha C, May 10, 1853; Levi D., September 20, 1855; Rosanna M., May 15, 1858; Mary A., October 13, 1800. Mrs. Woten's parents were Elisha H. and Rosanua (Houser) Hunter, the former born September 25, 1793, in Natchez, Mississippi, and died in Jay county; the latter, born in Maryland, died also in Jay county.

U. S. Census Of 1880

The publishers, appreciating the importance of embodying in their book the United States census of 1880, have publication tor some time, in order that they might give their subscribers this valuable information. The totals of the Territories are as follows :

General J. P. C. Shanks

Was bom in Martinsburg, county-seat of Berkley County, now West \ rrginra, June 17 1820. His father, Michael Shanks, wasanative of Hampshire county, Virginia and wosol Irish descent, his parents hnvinK-migrat.-l fr.m. !>ui.l> Down, Ireland, to Pennsylvania about the year 1765, and from that State to Virginia, after the Revolutionary war.

Joseph Shanks, the General's grandfather, entered the Continental army from Pennsylvania immediately after the battle of Lexington, and remained in the service until the close of the war, taking part in the battles of tjuebec, Brandrwiiie, Gcriuantown, Trenton, Stonypoint and Yorktown, Virginia.

In religious creed, he was a Scotch Presbyterian. Though severely wounded fighting in the service of his adopted country, he died at the ripe age of eighty-seven, in the year 1834.

General Shanks' father. Michael Shanks, was, by profession, a millwright, and prosecuted the business extensively in Virginia. Maryland and I ennsyl- Tanio. In the year -1816, ho invented, constructed, and put in working operation the first machines that threshed grain with teeth, either in cylinder or concave, his invention having teeth in both. The original model of this valuable invention was selected by the Commissioner of Patents, and placed by him among other models of inventions deemed of general importance and large practical utility, at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.

The General's lather was married at the town of Martinsburg Virginia, September 20, 1821, to Martha B. Cleaver, a member of Friends Society. They had eight children, four sons and four daughters, the General being the third child" The eldest son, Joseph, served and lost his life in the war with Mexico, and a younger brother, Stephen, as also the General, served their country during the late Rebellion, their father having volunteered in defense of Baltimore and Washington City in the war of 1812.

The General's father was self-educated-a man of strictly moral habits, charitable to a fault ; a good historian and mathematician ; studious and philosophical, well read in the Scriptures and a firm believer iu them ; a kind husband and father, a good neighbor and an honest man and being opposed 1 to human slavery and oppression, with his family he lefyhe State of Viigima, the place of his birth, in the year 1839, on account of the existence of slavery. He justly considered slavery as debasing the character of labor wherever it existed, and that the laborer, whether white or black, could not rise above the character of his employment. He removed to the free State of Indiana having . fled from slavery as from a pestilence. He said, -- I can not aboh h lavery in Virginia, or prevent its baneful influence on those who remain , but 1 can take my family to a free State, in which they may prosper and be nappy, if they ^hl be virtuous and I will discharge that duty to them." He removed from Virginia to Jay county, Indiana, in a wagon, there being at the time no railroads west of Point of Rocks, in Maryland. Having stopped for a brief time uXn^nd, Indiana, he located, on the 8th of April, 1840 in the woods, hen wholly unimproved, and cleared the farm on which he died, ,n what was then a vast, wet, dense and sparsely settled forest, perhaps one among the grandest

On the day in June, 1839, on winch he left his old home in Virginia for the We"t he was walking with the subject of this sketch, then a lad of thirteen years' near where poorlv clad slave women were working in a held, while a well dressed white man, with whip in hand, was directing their labors, and he lued rson, attention to the scene. The women J^"- savs were of that class of stout, robust slave women, who were in those days, Sted and kept by the slaveholders in the more northern and healthy slave state from whom to raise slaves for the southern slave trade, as farmers in the

^fe^rSATL-uS -Zretand without reward, Thev are kept for the product of their bodies, like cattle, and made to labor to ' the l»Z rt of themselves and their unhappy children that they are caused o raise for 'the market, their persons and those of their offspring being sub ec o on the auction block, as yon have often seen, or secretly sold to the .soul driver as you know, for gain to their- assumed owner. The relations of husband ct^emben,, in this civilized age, and under the ^"^f^^Z o£ a free government. My son, I believe, and I desire you should b heve^ » the justice of God as taught in the holy scriptures I am now toeing, with Cily from this moral Sodom before it is too late. You will live to see rhese fieHs drenched in human blood over this great crime. It may not come ^ndtrdurcore inZ day. Tvventy-two years from that time, July 21, 1861 at the Art battle of Bull Run, in which General Shanks was engaged, , I , ,...», man, ol the schoolmates from whom he parted in ground railroad, such as a more developed civilization rendered I the General, in his early youth, seemed to have anticipated the yet undeveloped appliances for manifesting a higher and better humanity. Hewas,.then, one of the first conductors, and worked without pay.

Michael Shanks died at lib Jay county home, April 21, 1WJ. aged eighty-five years. His last words were: "My God, protect my famUy-Lord Jesus, receive mv spirit." Ha died without an enemy, and few men ever practiced more faithfully, or lived more closely in accordance with the teachings of his life.

Martha B. Shanks, the mother of the subject of this notice, was a member of the Society of Friends, as alrealv stated, and was of mixed German and French descent, and was born December 22, 1SO0. Though she was well educated, and was fond of reading, the cares of married lite and hei solicitude for the comfort of her children, for whom she ever manifested the tenderest anxiety interfered greatly with her attention to studies, yet her personal instructions of her children were never intermitted, and her interest in this regard ended only with her life. She died, greatly respected, February, 1879, aged seventy-nine yeais. To her example and precepts are largely due the tenacity of purpose, self-reliance, the irrepressible energy and determined wdl that characterize the General, and have so materially contributed to whatever success in a checkered life has attended him.

His opportunities for obtaining an education were limited to such means as were afforded by Virginia subscription schools, and even this source of learnin3 terminated when he was thirteen years of age, after which time, however, he pursued his studies under instruction from his father, in whose guiding and directing judgment he always confided. He was a close observer and attentive reader on all subjects within his reach, though from necessity compelled to the severest toil in clearing land and in the various duties'of farming and other hardships incidental to early frontier forest life; bur such was his desire for information that in a jacket prepared by his mother he carried with him his books, and when driving team, when plowing, making rails, when camping in the woods, and when others of the family were asleep, in season and out of season, he utilized all his spare moments in storing his mind with useful information, and during such intervals of labor as he could occasionally command, he recited to and received instruction from his father, being under the necessity of using the light of fire, candles and oil being unusual luxuries at the time. His father had been in comparatively easy circumstances, but his ill-advised liberality madellim the victim of designing men, who procured his endorsement of their liabilities, and whose debts he often found himself compelled to pay and yet with a full knowledge of this mistaken kindness of his father, the General, influenced by a like amiable weakness, has suffered severely from similar error. General Shanks' life was thus one of severest struggle, his father having settled in the Q>nse forest of eastern Indiana m 1840 and with little means, himself and brothers were under the necessity of laboring for others to gain a livelihood, as well as in the meantime to assist their father in improving their own forest home. The trials and hardships consequent on such life at that early day in Jay county, ean more readily be imagined than adequately described. In their journey from Richmond, Indiana, to their place of settlement in Jay county, owing to the exceedingly bad roads and swollen streams, a distance of less than fifty miles, nine days were spent, and in view of the many and severe struggles with adverse surroundings during his earlier life, the General has often thought and said that if he had used as much energy to get out of the country in which heir destine was east as he displaved in order to succeed in it, he might have been better off in this world's goods, but that, after all Ids travels over states and territories and not a little experience in his opportunities of observation, he IS well content to remain in Jay county, and satisfied that he settled in it. When a mere youth he was often engaged in hauling with an ox team, which he had til-si to break in. having frequently to sleep in the woods on such occasions. It was not infrequent that hoises brought from a distance to new settlements in acclimating and from other causes, did not survive the change.

A rule of action formed in early life, and rigidly hollowed in his attei career, was never to yield to misfortune ; adopting as a guide the principle that obstacles, as well as misfortunes, are the incidents, and not the objects of our

It was the General's custom, after gathering his fathers grain, to go to northwest Indiana, as day laborer, in assisting in the harvesting of the larger crops of that region. These trips he made on foot, resting at night under trees carrying provisions for the journey in a basket of his own make, from home, and returning the proceeds of his labor to his mother, lor he use - of his careers He began to improve a prairie farm in Lake county, Indiana, with S mte'ntionof'removing'his father's family to that place, but a fadure of crops defeated his purpose in that direction.

From his fourteenth to his seventeenth year, he suffered much from rheumatism ; sometimes for months being unable either to work or even to walk, but at such times, whenever he could use his hands, he employed the time in making baskets, which he sold to merchants and neighbors an, t hus contributed to his own and family's support. While partially laid up by rheumatism, he experienced great difficulty in securing the needed material for manufacturing both ax handles and baskets ; but by perseverance and by the slow process of using the only locomotion at his cominiind-iilinost succeeded in obtaining the required timber, and from the product of his handy work he was enabled to purchase a few books as well as clothing During tiiis time he was very seriously wounded by an ax, from the effects of whirl, accident he has never yet fully recovered.

He also tanned the hides of such game as he could secure using ashes instead of lime for removing the hair from skins ; pounding instead of grading the oak bark, to complete the process, and using a common wooden trough

Not unfrequently cut off from access to distant mills by reason of bad roads, the family were compelled either to grind their coru on baud mills, or, as was sometimes the case, do without bread. When yet a mere boy, he was often under the necessity of going a long distance to procure corn for bread, having first to earn money by days' work to pay for it. On such occasions be drove his ox team till he found a place of supply, when he would meet the purchase price by day labor, shell the corn by night, haul it to mill, exchange his labor in payment for feed for bis cattle while his grist was grinding, and then return home with the proceeds of the trip. He sometimes rode twenty-five miles to mill with a sack of corn on his horse, through woods and water, and often he would join teams with neighbors in grinding their grists in a mill run by horse power, a process so slow as to provoke from the General the remark, that it seemed as if but one grain at a time was ground.

Alter recovery from his rheumatic troubles he cleared land for others to aid his parents with his earnings, and in payment for his services as school teacher he accepted the labor both of his pupils and their parents on the farm of his father. He purchased and drove a breaking team in the prairies- -of Porter county. Indiana, afterwai-ds traded his team for a farm in that county, only to find that a prior lien and unpaid taxes, of the existence of which he was not advised, rendered his purchase worthless, when he abandoned that part of the State. In 1847 he worked at the millwright trade in Michigan and afterwards as a carpenter in the construction of the Michigan Central Railroad, and was offered the position of bridge builder on the entire line, which offer he declined, but while in employ of the company he earned enough money to pay his father's debts, and with less than five dollars he began the study of law in November of the same year, having then reached his legal majority. He taught school at the age of 18, and afterwards during the winter months while prosecuting Ins legal studies, to enable him to continue them and at the same time to aid his father to meet his current liabilities, practicing the strictest economy and indulging in the use neither of intoxicants or tobacco, and during the whole time of bis pupilage in law studies, he gave to his father one-third of his time in manual labor on the farm, and from his earnings otherwise be also continued to contribute to ;issist his father during the latter's life-time, to meet bis current indebtedness. The General is of active temperament and is as vigorous of mind and body as at any time of his life, and in his early Virginia school days he engaged freely in the active and rough sports of the times, and being of studious habits he improved rapidly, having a good memory and indomitable will. When quite young he manifested a fondness for horses, and early became a fine rider and driver, and during his military services with General Fremont, the latter pronounced him the best rider in his command, and subsequently in his long and frequent journeys with the Kiowas, Commanches. Apaches, Cbeyennes and other uncivilized Indian tribes, bis boldness as a horseman was often put to the test by these wild companions, and bis courage, skill and endurance on the hunt, over mountains, across plains and through deep and rapid streams, won for him their admiration and rendered him very popular with them. He forms his opinion rapidly and generally correctly, and requires good reasons for chauging them, being a good judge of human nature, though bis native kindness often leads him away from his better judgment.

He concentrates his thoughts and actions well and quickly, and has the power of concentrating the matter under consideration into a few moments and brief sentences. In earlier life, in appearing before an audience, the subject of this sketch manifested timidity, and often became confused and was compelled to quit speaking and dismiss his auditors, and even yet he is not entirely free from a feeling of embarrassment in rising to speak, but he is a strong logical and bold orator, and always buhls his hearers without difficult}', whether friendly or otherwise, as he uniformly gives utterance to his well matured and honest convictions.

When a boy he often broke cattle to the yoke for the use of them during the process, and by teaming from his home to Ft. Wayne, and though the distance was less than fifty miles, the usual time occupied in the trip was about seven days, he remaining in the woods whenever night overtook him, and his cattle feeding in the forest while be studied bis books or manufactured baskets for market by camp tire, his companions being his oxen and prowling and noisy wolves in abundance. His cattle needed to be frequently driven back from their wandering too far and though he was young and by no means rugged he was kept ever on the alert in preventing their escape. Not uncommonly his young and untamed cattle broke away from the yoke and often far from any bouse with no one to assist him, the task of re-capturing them was one of no small difficulty. He would lasso one of the truants and securing him to a sapling that chanced to be near another one, he placed the yoke on this one and then, pursuing the other animal, capture him, sometimes a mile or more from his companion, and heading him toward the first ox, he ran with him through brush wood, over fallen timber, and often in mud and water, until, having to halt for the purpose of changing direction, the arrest of the affrighted beast could only be effected by throwing the lasso around a tree and the result awaited, and when organized for another run, the captured ox proceeded till Ids partner was reached and the yoke securely attached to the last fugitive, and, as often happened, when his team became stuck in the mud, the load was carried to a log near by, and then driving his oxen close to the log, he re loaded from the latter, as he sometimes could not from the ground. He often carried extra sacks with which to shift the loading when he could not otherwise get through the bad places as they were called. The General's mother often remarked of him, "he was encouraged by opposition and strengthened by misfortune."

He is six feet two inches in height, erect, of light complexion, brown hair, grey eyes, with kind sympathies, broad and liberal views, a ready and forcible speaker, of much originality, with a strong tendency to practical usefulness in measures advocated by him, rather than given to visionary fancies and theoretical schemes. His life has been a success. He is firm, though kind in manner, has warm friends, never succumbs to difficulty in the prosecution of a well matured undertaking, and being exceedingly careful in maturing his conclusions, he seldom has occasion to make excuse for his actions, and it is said of him that when he is expected to yield, he commences to contest, at least when he is fully satisfied of the correctness of his views and the rectitude of his acts.

Since his eighteenth year his physical constitution has been strong, and equal to the endurance of hardships with apparent indifference, and his public addresses are delivered with entire ease to himself, having, in political campaigns, not unfrequently spoken from four to six hours per day for weeks almost continuously, and traveling in wagon or on horse-back from place to place,

As before slated, he began the study of law in 18-17. His preceptor was the late Hon. N. B. Hawkins, of Portland, Jay county, Indiana, near which place the General has resided since he carao to the State, and where he still lives.

In the year 1848-49 be was Deputy County Clerk, and in 1850, after an examination by a committee of the bar, he was admitted to practice, and during the same year he was appointed Deputy Auditor of his county, and Postmaster at Portland, and in the fall of the year he was elected by a vote of both political parties Prosecuting Attorney of the Circuit Court.

On the 11th of August, 1850, he was married to his first wife, a Miss Deborah Wilson, a member of the Society of Friends, and by her he bad one child, a daughter, now living, and who was educated at the celebrated Moravian school at Liszt, in Pennsylvania. She is married to Mr. Cowgill Wilson, and with him is residing near her father's home. During the General's absence, his wife, in her efforts to save their home from destruction by fire, contracted a severe cold, terminating in bronchial affection, from the effects of which the died March 3, 1852.

In the years 1850-51 he owned and controlled a hotel in Portland, and in the former year, in company with James Bromagem, he owned, printed and published the first newspaper issued in the county of Jay.

His wife was a true help-mate, and very materially aided him both in the hotel and in the offices he was filling, during her brief married life.

Soon after commencing the practice of law. be entered into partnership with James N. Templer, a well-read and successful attorney, and they continued business together for many years. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the State, and of the United States District and Circuit Court for Indiana, and on the 10th of March, 1863, he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1854 he was elected, over a strong opposition, to the Lower House of the Indiana Legislature for two years, where he served on the Judiciary Committee with ability. While a member, he urged the injustice of using the taxes paid by colored people for school purposes and not providing schools for their children, and he was active in his support of a prohibitory liquor law ; and liis position on these two measures led to his defeat, by a small majority, for the same office in 1856. From 1855 to 1860 he pursued his law business successfully.

Having actively participated in the organization of the Republican party, in 1856 he entered heartily into the Presidential canvass for John C. Fremont, the party's first national candidate : and subsequent events placed General Shanks in such relations with Fremont that they became warm personal friends.

In 1860 he was elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress as a Republican from the then Eleventh Concessional District of Indiana, over Col. A. Steel. His term of office commencing March 4, 1801, his first Congressional service was in the called session of July, 1861, to provide means to protect the Union against armed traitors, and he heartily co-operated with all friends of the nation's integrity in furnishing men and supplying agencies to suppress the rebellion.

His first experience in the army was while a member of Congress, in the first battle of Bull Rim, July 21, 1861, and during the battle, as a volunteer, he fought in the ranks of the 69th New York regiment under Colonel Corcoran, in General Sherman's Brigade ; was with the Colonel when wounded, and after the retreat commenced General Shanks succeeded in rallying a number of straggling troops and made a stand near Cub's Run, covering the retreat. He did not reach Washington till the day following the battle at noon, and was supposed and reported captured or killed.

President Lincoln sent for him and asked how many men were lost in the battle, and was told by Shanks, five hundred killed and one thousand wounded. To the President's remark that the estimated loss was much greater, the reply was, " the rebels lost as many, and as our troops were scattered over much of the field, a thousand dead men on the battle-Held might seem to be more, but there are not more."

For his services on the battle-field. President Lincoln appointed him a Brigadier General, which position he declined, saying to the President, "No man should be promoted in the army till he earns promotion by meritorious services in the field, as human life and a great cause are at stake, and Bull Run battle demonstrates that promotion Bhould be withheld till officers .prove themselves competent to command." Subsequently, at the request of the President, he accepted an appointment on the stall" of General Fremont, and served with him through bis Missouri campaign, rendering valuable service in organizing and moving the forces in that State. He was with General Fremont ut the time ami sustained liis proclamation of August oil, IWil. giving freedom to the slaves and confiscating the property of those in active rebellion against the government, or in any way aiding and abetting its enemies. The following is a copy of the lirst manumission papers issued under the proclamation. The original was drafted by General Shanks, and is the form of all that were iBSued. They were printed for use as occasion might require ; but the President's revocation of September 11, 1801 , rendered the manumission papers useless :

Deed Of Manumission

""Whereas, Thomas L. Sneed, of the City and County of St. Louis, and State of Missouri, lias been taking active part with the enemies of the United States in the present insurrectionary movements against the Government of the United States ;

Now, therefore, I, John Charles Fremont, Major-General commanding the "Western Department of the Army of the United States, by authority of law, and the power vested in me as sorb commanding general, declare Frank Lewis, heretofore held to "service or labor" by said Thomas L. Sneed, to be free and forever discharged from the bonds of servitude, giving him full right and authority to have, use and control bis own labor or service as to him may seem proper, without any accountability whatever to said Thomas L. Sneed, or any one to claim by, through or under him And this Deed of Manumission shall be respected and treated by all persons, and in all courts of justice, as the full and complete evidence of the freedom of said Frank Lewis.

In testimony whereof, this act is done at the headquarters of the Western Department of the Army of the United States, in the City of St. Louis, and State of Missouri, on the 12th day of September, 1861, as is evidenced by the Department seal, hereto attached by my order.

General Shanks was at Springfield, Missouri, with General Fremont, at the time the latter was relieved, was active in suppressing disconteut among the men on account of Fremont's removal, but remained with General Hunter till the troops retired under that General's command. While General Shanks was serving with General Fremont the question of the surrender of slaves who sought refuge with the Union forces to their former masters, was submitted by Colonel Shanks' suggestion to Colonels Owen Lovejoy, R. N. Hudson and Shanks. No slaves were returned to their so-called owners.

General Shanks returned to his duties in Congress in December, 1861, where he took prompt steps to prevent the return of slaves by the army to their masters, and early in the session, December 20, 1861, offered the following important resolution, the first that resulted in definite action touching its subject: Resolved, That the constitutional power to return fugitive slaves to their masters, rests solely with the civil department of the government, and that the order of the Secretary of War, under date of October 6, 1861, to General Wool for the delivery of a slave to a William Jessud, of Maryland, as well as all other similar military orders for the return of slaves, are assumptions of the military power over the civil law and the rights of the slave." This resolution was objected to by W. S. Holman, but it was referred to the Judiciary Committee, and eventually it was in substance incorporated among the articles of war, and not only was the return of slaves prohibited, but any officers found violating this prohibition incurred the penalty of dismissal from the service.

On the 4th of March, 1862, in a well considered speech in Congress, he vindicated General Fremont and upheld his proclamation giving freedom to the slaves of rebels. He spoke to a full house, all the seats and space in the rear of members' desks being crowded by Senators and others. The speech and its delivery, in vindication of his commander and friend, General Fremont, evoked the warmest congratulations, not only of members of the House, but by the President himself. At the close of the session of Congress, on March 31,

1862, Colonel Shanks again accepted service on the staff of General Fremont in the mountain department of West Virginia, and remained on duty in the field till the meeting of Congress in December, 1862, thus, during recess of Congress, taking his vacation in active duty in the field, aud showing an active willingness to defend by amis what he advocated in Congressional Council.

After the expiration of the thirty-seventh Congress, General Shanks, under authority of the Secretary of War and commission of Governor Morton, of Indiana, under date of June 12, 1863, raised, at much personal labor and expense to himself, the seventh regiment of Indiana volunteer cavalry, of which he was appointed Colonel, and mustered into the service October 9,

1863. and he moved his command to the field December 6, 1863, from Indianapolis to Columbus, Kentucky, and was on active duty with his regiment and in command of a brigade and division of cavalry, the seventh always being part of the same. With the exception of about sixty days absence from his command, rendered imperative by reason of severe sickness, induced by exposure and constant field duty, he served without intermission till he was mustered out, after the close of the war, September 19, 1863, always declining stationary duty on detail as unsuited to his notions of military life. He served in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, Louisiana ami Texas, and was breveted a Brigadier-General December, 8, 1864, and while in the service. On the special recommendation of Secretary Stanton, he was breveted Major-General, March 18, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services.

Secretary Stanton accompanied the transmission of the commission to General Shanks, with an autograph letter, of which the following is a copy:

Dear Sir : Enclosed you will find a brevet appointment, which has been well merited and would long since have been conferred, if your own modesty had not restrained you from calling my attention to the matter. It atfords me great pleasure to offer this testimonial to your faithful service.

In "the Congressional election of 1862 General Shanks was defeated in consequence of his support of the draft, which took place a few days prior to the election of that year, and of the further fact that in the early part of the war the volunteers in his district at least, were largely Republican.

In the political campaign of 1862, a mob in the town of Hartford, in Blackford county, in the Congressional district then represented by him, and in which he was a candidate for re-election, destroyed the box in which the drafting was being conducted, caused much confusion in the place, and threatened the General's life should he attempt to speak in the town in which he was posted to speak, he having, as a member of Congress, advocated and voted for the draft. Having been announced to Bpeak, the General's friends by messengers advised him not to come to the town, as large numbers of his political enemies were armed and were threatening his life, but in company with a personal friend, a true man and Republican, Joseph C. Maddox, he had started for the forbidden place, and he decided to proceed. Those who had caused the trouble, armed with rifles during the day, forbade hira speaking, but arming himself he made his speech despite their noise and protest. In the course of his address he said: "It is no time to hesitate before those who are counseling treason and denying assistance to the soldiers at the front and refusing to go themselves." He spoke in most bitter and unsparing terms of the conduct of the mob, the treason that engendered, and of the persons who composed it, saying: "The soldiers are fighting at the front and need help, this treason in the rear must be condemned and punished." Troops were subsequently sent to the place and rebel sympathizers were either arrested or intimidated, ami recruiting for the defence of the Union proceeded without serious interruption.

In 1848 he was actively interested in aiding the establishment of a school near Portland, Jay county, Indiana, for the higher education of all classes of persons irrespective of race, and known as " Liber College," to which he gave his earnest support as an officer of the institution, in means and counsel, and it was instrumental in effecting much good, and reflected credit on the county.

In 1851, in co-operation with others, he spent the property he then had in an unsuccessful endeavor to have constructed a railroad through the county of his residence, and at a later date, by his greater experience and larger acquaintance, he has been able materially to aid in securing the location and construction of two important lines of railroad through Jay county, and in the completion of which he gave liberally, both in means and in time.

He has also aided in originating and making much needed improvements in the public highways of travel leading into Portland, giving freely of material assistance and active co-operation, and he has caused a survey of Salamoni river to be made, with the view to sinking the channel of that stream at Portland.

He is a member of the Masonic order, to which he is much attached, and before which he has delivered addresses showing familiar acquaintance with his subject, and much research.

He has spent much time among the various tribes of Indians in the United States, including, in official visits, all those from New Mexico and Texas to British Columbia, both civilized and uncivilized, and embracing also all the savage tribes within the United States Government. His successful efforts in securing to them their homes, moneys and supplies, and in protecting them from the depredations of designing men, have secured for the General the unreserved confidence of the Indians. A natural hatred of oppression aud a warm sympathy for the wronged, have awakened in him a lively interest in the welfare of the Indian people, and as chairman of the committee of Indian affairs during the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses, and as member of that committee in the Fortieth and Forty-third Congresses - his contest for his seat having lost him the chairmanship of the committee in the Forty-third Congress - as special commissioner, and being on the committee of the House, charged with the duty of investigating Indian frauds, he has had peculiar facilities for thorough personal information touching Indian matters. Having traveled among, and mingled freely with them at their camps, on the plains, and in their mountain fastnesses, he has seen and learned every phase of Indian life, familiarized himself with their wants, necessities, wrongs, sufferings and sorrows, and he has given his whole energy and ability to better their condition, aud so far as possible to save them from robbery, depredation, and annihilation.

The abolition of the treaty system, the enactment of laws to protect them against swindling private contracts with dishonest attorneys ; statutes for the better administration of their affairs ; the very full and comprehensive report of the committee on Indian frauds ; additional safeguards thrown around the purchases and distribution of their annuity goods ; the appointment of inspectors, the more prompt and safe payment to them of moneys due from the Government for lands sold ; inducing some of the more savage tribes to people, are largely due to the active efforts of General Shanks; and the practical good effected by him in bringing to light, exposing and correcting the various devices for defrauding and otherwise despoiling the Indians, display, in clear light, his well directed labors in their behalf, and prove that his solicitude for their welfare lias been productive of much good.

In nearly all bis journeyings among the Indians, he had with him either his wife or one of his sons; never asked for or needed a military guard, often had no other company than his family or his associate officers, and lie never feared or suffered any violence or depredation, but, on the contrary, the Indians themselves were his best protectors. In his anxiety to improve the condition of these wild people, he taught them and assisted them in applying his instruction in agricultural methods, and remained with them while they cull iv;ili'.) hundreds of acres of corn.

While in Congress, on the 13th of April, 1872, he made a speech in defence of the rights of the Indians of the Indian Territory, against the attempt made, as he charged, to seize their lands, under what he believed a false pretense of establishing, for the welfare of the Indians, a territorial government for the Indian Territory; and in his speech he demanded equal justice for those people, and a compliance with the nation's contract with them, and he presented record proofs of their title by purchase and patent from the United States, of their lands. This speech, in the facte presented, and in its exposure of devices to defraud the Indians under a special plea of befriending them, is recognized as an authoritative and truthful showing on that question. In the course of his remarks he showed that there had been three hundred aud fortythree different treaties made with the Indians, aud that every one of them had been broken by the Government, and that, at the time of the first settlement in Virginia, in 1607, and of Massachusetts, iu 1620, there were, within the present limits of the United States, two millions and a half of Indians; that at the time of his speaking, from his own personal investigation, the total number of Indians did not exceed two hundred and fifty thousand - a total decrease, embracing all those born and two and a quaiter millions of the original number at the time named, a decrease equal to all the births and nine thousand a year for two hundred and fifty years; that the Indians owned and had possession of all the lands within the limits of the United States, and now are confined to a few reservations, and even of these soulless corporations and unscrupulous speculators sought to deprive them, and that if the past ratio of decrease in their numbers continues, the aboriginal owners of the soil in the United States would soon be extinct. In all this time little real effort has been made for their improvement; they dress generally much as primitively; their habits are but little changed: and only within recent times has their condition been ameliorated. The more humane peace policy inaugurated by President Grant has had the approval and able support of General Shanks, as well as of many other enlightened phi la id hr< >pisK and t he General has labored manfully to secure a permanent home and asylum in the Indian Territory, to the remnants of this persecuted, defrauded, and unfortunate race. He has rendered efficient service in removing raiders from their Territory, both in person and by legal enactments, having for then- object the more efficient protection of their treaty rights.

The General was married October 31, 1852, to his second and present wife, whose maiden name was Huldah Heani, daughter of John Hearn, a farmer residing near Portland. She is the mother of five sous, three of whom died in infancy. Mrs. Shanks is remarkable for soundness of judgment and firmness of purpose ; her home is the home of all who call there. She has spent much time in Washington with her husband during his Congressional career, and traveled extensively with him among Indian tribes in the States and Territories, and also among the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains, and whether at the table of the President of the United States, or in the tent of the wild Indian, she is the same cheerful, calm, resolute, kind and dignified woman.

She has long been an earnest advocate of the cause of total abstinence from all alcoholic preparations of whatever kind as a beverage, and she takes a leading part in all measures tending to its success, both in her own neighborhood and elsewhere.

She also favors the enfranchisement of her sex, not only as a matter of right and of justice, but as a much needed agency for advancing more effectively the abstinence reform, as well as for redressing woman's subjection in other respects. She holds that true companionship between man and woman necessitates the possession and the exercise by both of equal rights, privileges and franchises, believing, as she does, that in notliing else is the civilization of any people apparent as in the closer and ever closer approximation of woman's conceded rights with man's.

In 1874, their eldest living son, John C. M. Shanks, then in his seventeenth year, entered the service under Dr. Hayden, in charge of the United States geological and geographical explorations and surveyings, then going on duty in the Rocky and Elk mountains in western and south-western Colorado. Young Shanks went in the capacity of assistant topographer. The General, his wife and younger son, July 14, 1874, at Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, parted company with this elder sou, who, with Dr. Hayden's party, proceeded to their field of operations, and the General with his remaining family, as stated, after having visited Indian tribes in California, Nevada, Utah and Idaho, returned to Denver, Colorado, reaching that place August 13, 1874, at which time Dr. Hayden with his men were supposed to be at Granite, a small mining town on the upper Arkansas river, nearly two hundred miles southwest of Denver. Mrs. Shanks, while at Denver, became so impressed that her son was sick in the mountains, that she insisted on going to see him, but her husband attributed her fears to her solicitude for her son, and they returned to their home in Indiana, where they had been but a week when a dispatch from Dr. Hayden, sent by way of Denver from a point three hundred miles west from that place, informed them of the serious illness of their son in camp, ninety miles from any dwelling, the nearest one being at Twin Lakes east of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, the camp of the invalid being on the bank of Capital creek, west of the main and Elk ranges and on the headwaters of the Colorado, far from any road or open track by which to reach him, and beyond the most rugged, broken and wild part of these wonderful mountain gorges, which concentrated into the celebrated canon of the Colorado, the deepest and grandest in the world, and which has been so graphically described by those intrepid explorers, Dr. Hayden and Major Powell. The General, accompanied by his wife, hastened to the rescue of their son, and having reached Denver by rail, proceeded by stage by way of Fairplay and Granite to Twin Lakes, at the eastern base of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, being, as already stated, the hist dwelling for several hundred miles, and at this point they met Major Stevenson of Dr. Hayden's party, who had returned from the camp of the sick to meet and conduct the General, the Major not supposing for a moment that Mrs. Shanks would undertake such a trip, and he expressed amazement at the bare suggestion of such attempt on her part; Dr. Hayden and his party, except four men left as a detail for the sick, had gone forward with their work. Major Stevenson, Mrs. and General Shanks left Twin Lakes on horseback, passing up Lake Creek to its source, and then crossed the main range, climbing over bold, steep rocks, Mrs. Shanks' pony sometimes going upon its kuees to avoid falling backward down the immense cliffs. Mi's. Shanks was often under the necessity of putting her arms around her pony's neck to save her from falling off backward. The first night out from Twin Lakes they camped between the main range and Elk mountain on Taylor river, a branch of the Colorado, where they overtook Mr. Hovey, one of the detail, on his return with supplies for his associates in attendance on the sick, and here they also met some Ute Indian trappers who expressed much surprise at seeing a woman in that locality, as they never thought of taking with them their own women in these barely passable mountains, and by signs they enquired how the woman was brought there, and looked with utter astonishment when informed tha; she came as her male companions did, over the main range, the top of which was entirely hidden in the clouds. At this place they left a letter in the notch of a tree, informing Dr. Hayden, if perchance he should pass that way, that Mrs. Shanks and her party were on their way to her sick son, and when, on his return, the Doctor found and read the message, he refused to believe the information until he was assured of its truthfulness on his arrival at Twin Lakes. They were without shelter the first night out, exposed to a cold rain, accompanied with snow and a severe wind, but Mrs. Shanks assured her companions that she felt perfectly well, though in fact she suffered greatly. During the second day they crossed the Elk mountain at an altitude of fourteen thousand and twenty-five feet, the wind blowing a perfect gale, and the snow falling in flakes, the elevation covered with bleak rocks and far above the timber line. The descent was tortuous, dangerous, beset with forests of fir trees that in many places were almost impassable by reason of fallen timber, and after a trying and hazardous ride, the party camped on Castle Creek, near its confluence with the Roaring Fork, a branch of the Gunnison, a considerable stream, so rapid and rough that the noise of its waters can be heard echoing through the gorges a long distance. On the third day's journey the passage along this stream was difficult and perilous, leading, as ifc did, on narrow cliffs and over the boiling si ream below, and ibey reached the camp at 4 P. M. of this day, and found their sun, for the first time in nineteen days, rational, but so weak and emaciated that, after barely recognizing his mother, he again relapsed into a state of insensibility, and so remained for several days. His grave had been dug, lie prepared for interment, and even the appropriate passage of Scripture selected l'< n- the burial services. The men in whose care he had been placed, and the assiduous attentions of a skilled physician, had done for the boy all that a brotherly kindness could suggest, but in a few minutes after his mother arrived, she had him resting on a softer bed of dried grass, and in the goodness of their hearts his attendants remarked, "We thought we were doing the best we could for him, but we see we might have done more and better," to which remark Mrs. Shanks replied, in expression of her gratitude, "Before my God I thank you for what you have done, and I only wonder that men could in this place do so well for him, but you must not wonder that a mother thinks of all things." Dr. Hayden named the mountain, at the foot of which Charley's grave had been prepared, "Mount Shanks,'" as a testimonial of the regard in which the boy was held, and of his misfortunes there. For six days Mrs. Shanks watched at the bedside of her son with care and attention known only to mothers, but the rapidly falling snows warned them of approaching danger, for if the snow should drift into the gorges, and thus -obliterate all traces of a safe passage, they would he cut off from the nearest dwelling eastward, ninety miles, at Twin Lakes. Westward the distance to the nearest dwelling was perhaps not less than five hundred miles, and that, too, over as rough and dangerous a route as eastward, and besides, it would be among the wild Apaches and with only four day's short supplies on hand, their only gun broken and useless, the physician nearly out of provisions, the sick boy utterly helpless and almost lifeless, the snow falling in blinding flakes on the mountains, every avenue of a safe escape seemed closed, but under all these trials and difficulties, Mrs, Shanks was firm, brave and hopeful, cheering the men to duty, and it was determined to move. The men constructed a travia of two long poles of fir, with cross-pieces lashed to them by rawhides, and across those were woven lariats or ropes used to tie horses, and undei skin to protect the sick one's person from lariats was placed a folded blanket, and on t) lifeless form of the sick boy lashed to the es heated in a log fire. Over li hem was fastened a deer nd brush, and over the r was placed the almost , and around him were 9 spread heavy blankets, and fastened to the pole, to prevent his falling down the cliffs in the passage around and over them, were small bent saplings like wagon cover bows, covered with gummy sacks as curtains. Between the front ends of the poles a saddled mule was placed and the ends of the poles were tightly secured in the stirrup straps. Around the mule's breast was thrown an old sack with a stone in each end, around which were tied thongs of rawhide, firmly secured to the poles to enable the mule to draw the improvised travia, the rear ends of the poles being carried by the men in relays, two men always carrying in crossing the rapid mountain streams, which were numerous. One man led the mule the entire distance, while the others cleared the way and held up the rear end of the carriage, while Mrs. Shanks cared for the mules and horses belonging to the party, as all the men were constantly engaged on foot in securing the safe passage of the sick one, and thus the party proceeded in a nine day's race for life, in the progress of whic h they had to contend with sage brash, rocks, gulches, fallen timber, along steep cliffs and rugged hill-sides, across rapid mountain streams, through driving snow storms and drenching rains, for over ninety miles, wading through snow over fourteen thousand feet above sea level, and sometimes more [ban three thousand feet above timber or living shrub, where the bleak and driving winds swept the icecovered rocks, and with her sick son still delirious and showing signs of life only in his suffering, Mrs. Shanks never wearied or in the least relaxed her efforts to save bun, though she sometimes almost despaired of his life.

On the first night out, on the return trip, after wading the Maroon, they camped on the bank of Roaring river, when their mules stampeded, causing them a delay of all the next day, and on the morning of the fourth day, Dr. Dobins and Major Stevenson left the party to procure medicine and food at Granite, about seventy miles distant. Of the three men left, Mr. Seaman led the mule in the travia, as he did during the whole journey, and Hovey and General Shanks, without relief, had to assist it down or up among the rocks and among steep crags and high banks overhanging the waters of Roaring river and its tributaries, and on the sides of canons leading to the streams. On the fifth night out they camped on Torrent creek, and on the succeeding evening at the foot of the Elk divide, and on the following night they reached the timber line and camped in the snow on the steep side of the Elk mountain, where the tracks of the grizzly bear were plentiful. Heated stones were placed near- the sick boy, and changed every thirty minutes during the night, as usual. The following morning Mrs. Shanks informed the men that they must eat their last meal, as supplies were exhausted, except what was by common consent reserved for the patient. During the trip, on many occasions, if Mrs. Shanks' horse bad slipped or made a misstep, she would have fallen from a hundred to a thousand feet. At one time the pack mule fell and rolled down the mountain side a long distance, causing delay and much labor to set him to rights. From then- last camping place they began the ascent of that desolate snow-capped mountain over fourteen thousand feet above sea level, making their way patiently over rocks three thousand feet above timber line. They seemed in another world, in which their lonely party were the only occupants. Weary, without food, with several days' travel, including the main range, before them, with snows threatening to block their way, the season of snow storms having set in, with no road to guide them forward or to admit of others reaching them, their condition seemed anything but inviting, and to aggravate the situation, the sick seemed growing worse from severe exposure and change of climate and mode of travel, in doubt whether those sent forward could repass the mountain with needed supplies. Mrs. Shanks, though far from being in vigorous health, and in fact nearly an invalid herself, and buoyed up only by the excitement of awakened solicitude for her sick son, never lost her courage and hopefulness, speaking words of assurance to all.

The descent of the Elk range was as difficult and dangerous as the ascent bad been. Mrs. Shanks' pony fell, throwing her among rocks, the fall braising her severely, and breaking one of the bottles of venison tea which she carried for her son. Her precaution, however, had led her to provide two, in anticipation of some such accident. While making the descent, they were in a fair way to be missed by the Major and Doctor, who were returning with supplies and were crossing the Elk divide further south, when, as if instinctively, the mules of the separated parties set up the wildest braying, seemingly in recog nition of their proximity to each other, and these usually inharmonious, but now musical, sounds served to bring the two companies together. As in the trip, they again encamped on Taylor river with plenty to eat, but the ate trappers bad left. In completing the remainder of their journey to Twin Lakes an additional mule was attached in front of the first one, and the travia was drawn along in tandem, and in nine days from Capital creek, making eighteen days out. the parties reached Twin Lakes and ascertained that the miners were prepared with snow shoes and were watching the mountain pass on the main range, intending, if it whitened with snow, to proceed at once to rescue, if possible, General Shanks and all his party. Mrs. Major Stevenson with a guide, had made her way with supplies to the foot of the main range and met the party there.

What a human being could suffer more than the boy did, and live, would he difficult to imagine. His parents did not reach their home with him for more than three months from the time they set out for his rescue, but Ins final recovery rewarded the successful efforts in his behalf by a devoted mother. This same son, J. C. M. Shanks, when only eight years of age, was with his father in the march of the latter, east of Memphis. Tennessee, and after crossing Wolf river, the advance engaged some of Forest's forces, and a sharp skirmish ensued. The hoy was riding with the General at Die head of the column at the time, but bearing the firing in the front, he dashed off at full speed, refusing tn halt, saying he was uot in his father's command. He rode into the midst of the tiring, cheering and dashing about regardless of danger. There were some of the enemy captured, and the boy was allowed the honor of reporting the prisoners to the General, much to the amusement of the Johnny Rebs. who took quite a fancy to the youthful warrior, and the latter reciprocated the kindly feeling.

He is now. January. 1881, of sound constitution, and prosecuting a lucrative business for himself, having married an estimable lady. Miss Jessie Crowell,' of Portland.

After retiring from the army, in which the General contributed effective and honorable service in sustaining the Union cause, be was elected successively to the Fortieth Congress in 1866 ; to the Forty-first in 1868 ; to the Forty-second in 1870, and to the Forty-third Congress in 1872. closing his services in that body March 4. 1K7~>, ten years in all. and during the time he occupied a seat in that body, in many respects the most memorable period in the history of the country, he took an active, and. on many subjects, a prominent and leading part, as evidenced in the printed proceedings of the national legislature, and his labors in that body constitute a record alike honorable to his constituents, creditable to himself, and. in work done, highly serviceable to ins country,

Among the many able and patriotic persons whom Indiana has honored with a seat in the national councils, whether in the House Or in the Senate, without intending any disparagement to others, the record will sustain the assertion, that in amount and kind of valuable work performed, in industry, in devotion to business, and in originating and completing measures of enduring and practical utility, no member from the State can exhibit a totter showing.

In the Fortieth Congress, General Shanks served on the committee of Indian affairs, and he was also chairman of the committee on the militia. He believed, and so declared iu Congress, that under our constitution Indians were citizens of the United States, that there could not be a foreign power existing within our territorial limits, or within the limits of a State of the Union, that treaties ' made with them as a foreign power were but solemn mockeries, having no other real significance than contracts between the government and any other of its citizens, and that such contracts should be carried out. and especially should they be observed as the nation was strong, and they weak, and he insisted that under the fourteenth and fifteenth constitutional amendments the citizenship of the Indian was placed beyond a doubt.

On a bill regulating contracts with Indians. February 11, 1874, in his place in the House, he said: "In drawing this bill, I did so in such way as distinctly to avoid the question of validity of contracts. I drew it only in reference to the character of those contracts, as to whether they contained conditions contemplating fraud, or embracing provisions for exorbitant fees, and I did so, believing that Indians are citizens of the United States under the fourteenth constitutional amendment," and believing them citizens. February 24, 1874, he introduced a bill to secure homesteads to them as to other citizens: he also introduced a resolution instructing the committee on Indian affairs to investigate and report to the House the legal status of the Indian as to citizenship, and as the Indians were not admitted as citizens of the States, on the 24th of March, 1874, be introduced into the House a bill, giving the United States courts exclusive jurisdiction over Indian reservations, and on the 6th of April, of the same session, be introduced a bill to admit Indians as witnesses in the United States courts. On the 18th of June, 1874, he introduced a bill, which was passed, authorizing the appointment of a commissioner to investigate the status of the negros, the former slaves of Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians iu the Indian Territory, and on the recommendation of members of the House and of Senators, he was appointed by the President such commissioner, and by personal investigation in the Territory, he was enabled to ascertain the facts in full, and embodied them in a report. He was sent twice by authority of Congress, and six different times by order of the President, among the Indians to investigate and report on all matters touching their lands, annuities, progress and treatment, and during these investigations he was instrumental in redressing many wrongs and irregularities, in exposing and correcting questionable practices, and by a careful census he was enabled to correct the false estimates of their numbers by many hundreds, made either by interested agents or their dependants, and in this way he saved largely to the government in expenses for clotliing, provisions, and in other annuity goods and moneys due them under treaties, so called. It may he safely stated, that no one person has done as much as the General in correcting the errors, abuses and frauds of the Indian service.

On the 13th of April, 1872, General Shanks delivered in Congress a lengthy and able speech in vindication of Indian titles and Indian character, and in the course of his remarks he said: " No man can long live peaceably who does not live honorably with his fellow-men, and no nation can prosper on the committed or permitted sacrifice of the rights of the humblest of its citizens ;" and again, "Neither the consolidation of crimes, nor the aggregation of wrongs, either does, or can it change the fixed rules of rectitude by which the one is determined or the other condemned. Wrong nationalized is but the maddening of a people to their own ruin." Touching the question of the title of the Indians in the Indian Territory to their lands, he said: "The title by which these several tribes hold their respective lauds in this territory is not the original possessory title common to the early occupants of the soil, but is a title held by patent given in accordance with treaty stipulations that were made by virtue of a law of Congress, of May 28, 1830, after the original possessory title of the Osage Indians had been extinguished."

On the 3d of March, 1873, General Shanks, then chairman of the committee on Indian affairs, made to the House a report, (No. 98, third session, Fortysecond Congress), and now a standard official authority on the subjects treated, of seven hundred and ninety-three pages of closely printed matter, under a resolution of the House, introduced by him January 8. 1872, and again renewed June 1 of the same year, authorizing the committee on Indian affaire to make full investigation and report. In collecting the materials for this report, General Shanks traveled very extensively among the Indians. The General treated the subject exhaustively, giving every phase of Indian life, the numbers, location, condition, treaties, annuities and possessions of every tribe in the United States, with a detail of the wrongs inflicted on them by individuals, officials and companies, with suggestions for the improvement of the various Indian tribes, and of the Indian service generally. The report was entitled: -Report of the committee on Indian affaire, concerning frauds and wrongs committed against the Indians, with many statistics of value in the management of Indian affaire, and by this investigation and report the committee hope to do something to rid the Indians and the Indian service of those heartless scoundrels who infest it, and who do so much damage to the Indians, the settlers, and the government." The report embodied facts, not based wholly, or even chiefly, on hearsay evidence, but obtained by personal presence, experience and observation among seventy-two of the Indian tribes, by a man determined to ascertain the truth, and for that purpose availing himself of all means of reliable data, and information. The best evidence of the thoroughness and perfect reliability of its contents, appeared in the fact of the attempt on the part of exposed villains to destroy as many of the copies as thev could secure, and they visited upon the author their harmless, but highly complimentary execrations.

It would be entirely within the bounds of truth to add, that no other one man has examined so fully the whole Indian subject, has given so much attention to it, had more and better facilities, availed himself more thoroughly of his opportunities, made a more complete expose of the wrongs, frauds and refined rascality perpetrated on the Indians; who approached the subject with a more fixed purpose to uncover and expose wrong-doing, or was better fitted by his natural and cultivated detestations of the devious ways of Indian rings, to bring to light and to expose to the public, the accumulated and organized wrong-doing in this relation.

The Barbarism Of Slavery

"Whereas, It is expedient that the subject of the treatment of prisoners of war and Union citizens held by the Confederate authorities during the recent rebellion should be thoroughly investigated; therefore

"Resolved, That a special committee of five members of the House be appointed to make such investigation, and to record the facts thereby obtained, and to report the same to the House at any time with such recommendations as may seem proper."

By an additional resolution the committee, in prosecuting their investigation, were empowered to send for persons and papers, to employ a clerk and stenographer, to sit during recess of Congress, etc., etc.

General Shanks was made chairman of said committee, and on March 2, 1869, made a report, (No. 45, third session, Fortieth Congress), of 1,200 pages, giving a full and thorough showing of the laws of the treatment of prisoners of war from the earliest times, with every phase of prison life during the rebellion on both sides of the struggle, and it is an invaluable and much needed contribution to the history of the conflict, exhibiting, as it does, the low grade of morals, and the inhumanity engendered by the spirit of human slavery. The report is without a parallel in the line of its investigations, in this country at least, is a recognized authority in the government, and in view of the labor involved in its production, and the industry, and perseverance evidenced in its compilation, it is certainly one of the ablest reports ever made to Congress. However much we may regret the cause, the conduct or the immediate incidents of the conflict, however much we may deprecate the sectional antagonisms resulting from it, and however much ire may desire to obliterate its sad memories, the inexorable demands of history, the cold glazier light of truth, and the higher claims of outraged humanity, imperatively call for just such a record, and fully justify its production.

The following is a summary of violations of law of nations, demanded by every consideration of enlightened humanity, of which the rebel government was guilty, as fully set foith by the committee:

4th. The unnecessary continenient of prisoners in crowded, unhealthy rooms and stockades in pestilential localities, and in numbers inconsistent with food, treatment, and due regard to health and comfort.

18th. The retention in confinement of prisoners of war, when, by its own confession, if true, it could not properly care for and maintain them, thus compelling their death by exposure, disease, and starvation.

All of which acts, in violation of recognized rules of civilized warfare. General Shanks reported from the committee, were done with the guilty knowledge of the rebel government.

The great purpose and practical value of this investigation have not yet been utilized. One great object of the General, in this matter, was the establishment by treaty, with all civilized nations at least, of an universal system of paroles, so that no captured soldier would be imprisoned, but would be paroled and returned to his own lines or vessels, the fists of the paroled of the respective beligerants determining the relative numbers belonging to each party. On General Shanks' motion, the House unanimously passed a joint resolution, directing the President to open negotiations with foreign powers for this purpose, but it did not pass the Senate. President Grant expressed himself to General Shanks as favoring the movement, evidencing, as it did, a tendency among our people to a higher appreciation of the value of human life, by inaugurating a system by which at least some of the cruelties and miseries of war might be mitigated. The General delivered an address before the Grand Army of the Republic, full of valuable and interesting statistics, bearing on this subject, and in a speech in the House of Representatives he enlarged upon the same topic, saying, "I hope the high moral, political and military position of our people will induce the government to procure the adoption in international law of a provision, that captives in war shall not be personally retained as prisoners, but shall, under flags of truce be returned at the earliest possible time to their respective lines or vessels and paroled until duly exchanged, to the end that the lists of the commissioners of exchange of the several beligerants shall determine the relative numbers of captives, that thus the honors and sacrifices of prison life might be prevented."

The treatment of prisoners of war is considered in the report, from the earliest historic periods, iu which captives were murdered as soon as taken or retained for future torture ; when prisoners of war were held by their captors as slaves with power to kill them at pleasure ; when, under the influence of the rules of chivalry, captives were held for ransom, but with the power to kill if not ransomed; when prisoners were exchanged for equivalent in rank, and finally, when partial paroles were established, the laws of nations governing the subject, being given.

In every view , the report in question is a valuable contribution to the history of the rebellion, without which that history would be incomplete. When the magnitude of the work, and the thoroughness and accuracy with which it was performed, are considered, we may be safe in concluding that but very few persons would have undertaken, much less sought, the task, and fewer still who would have persisted in completing it, in anything like the condition in which it now appears.

June 20, 1870, he introduced in the House a bill providing for the procurement and maintaining of tomb-stones for the graves of Union soldiers buried in national cemeteries.

In the earlier part of his congressional service he introduced a resolution having for its object a tabular statement of the names of all officers of the United States, or of those who at any time had been bucIi, and who, having taken an oath to support the constitution, had taken up arras against the government and that constitution. He believed that the "roll of traitors," contemplated by the resolution, and perfected by official sanction, would serve a valuable purpose, as preserving in historical permanence a much needed evidence of the kind of civilization that was bred of Southern slavery; and it would have been a fit accompaniment of the report on "The treatment of Union prisoners by the rebel authorities during the rebellion."

He introduced a resolution, which was adopted, directing an investigation of the grounds of imprisonment by British authority, of the Rev. John McMahon, a citizen of his district, and in his speech in favor of the resolution, he urged it as the duty of the government to maintain the right of expatriation. The investigation resulted in the liberation of McMahon.

In 1869 he opposed payment in coin of government liabilities, believing that the transition to specie payment was too sudden, and that it would produce a shrinkage of prices, ruinouB to the debtor classes.

He favored the resumption act of 1875, because it gave ample time for our people to prepare for the necessary adjustment of prices accompanying a sound financial basis.

He called the attention of Congress to the acts of the English, French and Spanish governments, which under a joint treaty of October J, 1861, organized a force and seized Mexico, and placed Maxim illian, a foreign-born "prince, on a throne in Mexico, first established by their military power on the ruins of the Mexican republic, and this the General claimed was done not only in aid of the rebellion tiien existing in the United States, but at a time when we were powerless to resent the indignity. After a protracted struggle, however, the Mexican people threw off the yoke of their oppressors and executed their representative

General Shanks was subsequently sent - 1863 - with a cavalry force to Texas, and among the objects of his presence there, was to look after our border interests in that direction, as well as to be near the scene of action in case any further attempt should be made to establish an imported monarchy in our sister republic of Mexico, and to extend military control over the State of Texas, in order to make effective the proclamation of emancipation.

That the people of every nation of right have the control of their own governments respectively, and in their sovereign capacity to create, maintain or exchange the principles and workings of their governments, in accordance with their own judgment.

Resolved, That this right includes that of quelling insurrections and repelling invasions, with the right to punish treason at home and usurpation from abroad.

Resolved, That all people have the right to choose their own officers, and that all orders of nobilty, and all assumed right to rale, based on birth or accident, are in opposition to republican government and obnoxious to a free people.

Resolved, That we look with anxious hope for the prosperity of all republican governments, and at this time especially of our sister republic of Mexico, and that we view with pleasure the restoration to power of the government of her people over the self-styled Emperor Maximillian.