Daviess County, Kentucky - ^[edical, 1883 (part 1 of 2)

^[edical

There has been nothing very marked in the history of the medi cal profession in Daviess County that would be of popular interest. Like the South generally, there have been very few " irregulars " in this section, in striking contrast with every Northern city, which has from one to two thirds of its doctors of the " irregular " sects, as homeopathists, eclectics, hydropathists, spiritualists, physio-medicals, magnetic healei's, movement curers, etc., each sect being " far more successful than all the rest " in the cure of disease.

Three medical associations have comprised physicians within the bounds of Daviess County, namely, the Owensboro, the Mc- Dowell and the Green River, but the two latter were 'united in May, 1875. At the meeting of these societies many thoroughly scientific papers have been presented on the practical points of medicine, which have served to constitute a sort of post-«ollegiate lecture course for the members, keeping them up with the times.

was organized about 1867, and has been kept alive to the present time, with much profit and entire satisfaction to the members. It started out with constitution and by-laws, and to the present time it continues to elect president and secretary. Place of meeting, at various offices.

was organized Tuesday, Feb. 20, 1872, in Owensboro. by the election of W. PI. Ilillsman, President; W. A. Hickman, First Vice- President; J. Q. A. Stewarr, Recording Secretary; A. C. "Wood, Corresponding Secretary, and Jolm F. Kimbley, Treasurer. The object of the association was declared to be the raising of the dignity of the profession, tlio cultivation of amity, and the prolessional advancement of all those who may desire to attach themselves to the organization. The Tisual committees were appointed and the next meeting ai^pointed to be !>eld in May following. Ac- cordmglj, on the 7th of this month, a profitable meeting was held in Owensboro, with increased membership, Dr. Hillsman presiding. The next meeting, Nov. 7, was held in Livermore, Dr. Luckett presiding, and was largely attended. Dr. G. B. Tyler read a valuable paper on Epidemics, and Dr. K. B. Gilbert one on Pulmonary Phthisic.

while Dr. A. C. Wood, of Owensboro, was President of the former. Since that time it has continued to hold semi-annual meetings, spring and fall. The society comprises most of the physicians within ten or eleven counties in this part of Kentucky; namely, the present Con.^ressional district and Ohio and Muhlenburg counties.

May 28, 1879, this society met in Owensboro, Dr. C. H. Todd in the cliair, with Dr. S. S. Watkins, alternate President. Besides the discussion of many exciting medical topics, a resolution was adopted recommending the use of the decimal system of weights and measures. Dr. Harper, of Evansville, exhibited an ophthalmoscope. A resolution was passed relieving the president of the duty of delivering an annual address, and authorizing him to appoint some member from the audience to offer an oration upon some popular subject.

Oct. 27, 18S0, the society convened in Owensboro again, in the city hall. Considering the adverse circumstances, quite a large delegation was present. Dr. B. 11. Ilobbs treated of infectious diseases. Pliysicians from other counties read papers, and many profitable discussions were held. The next meeting was appointed at nopki:isville. May 25, 18S1.

The Kentucky Pharmaceutical Association

held its third nnnual meeting in the Circuit Court room in Owensboro, May 18, 1880, President Vincent Davis, of Louisville, in the chair. Several valuable essays were read. J. T. Iliggins, John "W. Carter, W. H. Courtney, S. H. Ford and Henry Megill, all of Owensboro, participated in tlie proceedings, an 1 Messrs. Ford and Megill were elected Yice-Presidents. Tlie next meeting was appointed for Louisville.

Physicians Of The Past

Under this head we comprise all those who h5,ve practiced medicine in Daviess County, but are not practicing here now, whether deceased, moved away or retired. We arrange the names alphabetically.

Up to 1820 John Roberts and Samuel TIaynes were about the only physicians in this county. They both resided in Owensboro. Dr. A. C. "Wood, in 1852, was the eleventh physician in the county; and of the eight physicians then in Owensboro, only two now remain - Drs. Stirman and Tyler.

Thomas (Jndcher died July IS, 1881, from heart disease. He was born in Hardin County, Ky., Aug. 20, 1802; practiced medicine in Mississi]>pi; followed mercantile business at Big Sjn-ings, Ky. ; but on coming to Owensboro ho retired from business.

A. 0. ILiynea was an Owensboro physician eight ur ten years, making a specially of diseases of the eye and of the ear. lie - pent several' years in I'hirojie. He removed to KvansN ilK- about Dee. 1. 18^2. His father was

W. A. Hickman came to Daviess County in lS-^5. His grandfather, James Hickman, was a Virginian, and a revolutionary soldier; was present at the siege of Yorktown, and one of the guard appointed by Washington to conduct Cornwallis to Kichmond. His father, William Hickman, was born near Winchester, Ya., in 1791, and at the age of twenty-two moved to Shelby County, Ky. He married Mary M. Cadwell, of Charlotte County, Ya., and afterward moved to Sangamon Comity, 111., where he died at the age of eighty-three, having tilled among other positions that of Representative in the Illinois Legislature.

The education of Dr. Hickman was obtained almost entirely in Shelby County. Carty Wells, afterward Judge of the Supreme Court of Missouri, was one of his teachers. In the fall of 1837 he began the study of medicine in Shelby County, and in 1840 entered the Louisville University, where he graduated in 1842. Returning to Shelby County for the purpose of establishing himself as a physician, he found that his practice was likely to conflict with that of his old preceptor, Dr. George W. Nichols, to whom he was under' many obligations, and in consequence began practice at Bardstown. In 1844 he was married to Burnette Barbour, who died in 1853, leaving four children, two of whom are still living. In 1854 he married Susan L. Suit, of Maryland.

For personal reasons Dr. Hickman left the fine practice which he had acquired during his residence of twenty- three years in Bardstown, and came to Daviess County, locating on the Livermore road, nine miles south of Owensboro. During his stay in the county he made many friends and gained a professional reputation of a high character. The railroad running south from Owensboro is one of the measures of improvement in which Dr. Hickman has been interested. He aided the undertaking in every way possible, and was President of the company. He also gave some notoriety to the medicinal springs in his neighborhood, to which many invalids have resorted with benefit. See Chapter XI. Whig, Democrat, and Southern sympathizer is the record of his politics.

James H., Burnette B., and Aurelia J. are his children. The son has chosen his father's profession, and is a graduate of the Medical University of Louisville.

Henry B. Bobei-ts, brother of Dr. John Roberts, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Dec. 12, 1806. He studied medicine with his father, John Roberts, and his brother-in-law. Dr. Fi-ancis Lloyd, of Frankfort, and canae to Owensboro in 1837 and commenced the practice of medicine with his brother. He continued in this connection until 1852, when his brother died. In 1842 he was married to Harriotte H. Daveiss, daughter of General John Daveiss. They had nine children, four of whom are now living in Owensboro with their mother. Dr. Roberts's acquaintance in Owensboro and Daviess County was very extensive daring the long period of his thirty years' residence liere. The long exposure and hardships incident to his professional career undermined his con stitution, and for several years before his deatli he was afflicted with asthma, wliich finally culminated in lung troubles. He was a Democrat in politics throughout all the reverses of that party. His admiration for the Hon. Elijah Hise almost amounted to adoration. He adhered to the Baptist church and died in its communion in June, 1868.

Dr. Roberts was a kind father, a good husband, and a true friend. He was possessed of tine judgment and always took an active interest in public affaii-s.

John Roberts, a brother of the preceding, was the first physician who settled in Owensboi-o. He was born in Virginia about the year 1788. His father. Dr. John Roberts, was a Prussian, and came to America during the Revolutionary war, in which he was a surgeon until its close. After this he married Miss "Weissengen, of Virginia, and soon moved to Frankfort, Ky.

The subject of this sketch came to the "Yellow Banks" in 1811. About the year 1813 he married Alice Mary Moseley, wlio died about 1839. Dr. Roberts never married a second time. In 1817, and for several terms thereafter, he represented his district in the State Senate, and died in 1852.

Dr. John Roberts practiced his profession in Owensboro and Daviess County nearly forty years, and in that period formed friendships and attachments, tlie impression of wliicli has not, even in this late day, been effaced. In politics he >vas an ultra State Riglits Democrat, and a great admirer of General Jackson. In the disagreement between Mr. Calhoun and the administration, he was in strong sympathy witli Mr. Callioun. A few montlis before his deatli he made a profession of the Christian religion, and adhered to the Presbyterian ftiith. Rev. II. H. Hopkins, then

J. O. Scott came to Owensboro in the spring of 1866; was in partnership with Dr. Charles H. Todd until the fall of 1872, when he went to Florida for his health. He is now residing in Sherman, Tex. He was a man of considerable energy.

J. Q. A. Stewart practiced a number of years at Sorghotown, then in Owensboro four or five years, and then, about 1877 or 1878, received the appointment of physician to the Institute for the Feeble Minded at Frankfort.

Dr. Da/md Todd was born and raised in Fayette County, Ky. He graduated at Danville, and practiced medicine at Kodney, Miss., some years. In 1850 he came to Daviess County and engaged in farming for many years, in which he succeeded well, but lost heavily by the war. He was for many years a faithful School Commissioner. He died Sept. 14, 1878, in Owensboro.

Pbesent Physicians

Lewis O. Armendt, Masonville, was born in Lawrence County, Ky.,May 22, 1851. His parents were Henry F. and Matilda (Weinsheimer) Armendt, natives of Germany. His father is an architect. They had eight children. Lewis was the eldest of four sons. He was about six years old when he moved with his parents to Ohio County, and settled at Hartford. Lewis remained here on the farm and attended school until sixteen ; he then worked at the carpenter's trade and attended school until twenty-three, when he entered the Louisville Medical University, graduating in March, 1876; he then located for a short time in Owensboro, Daviess County, and soon after in Masonville, where he has since been practicing his profession. Dr. Armendt married Miss Mary M. Harris, April 22, 1878. She was born in Daviess County, Ky., and was a daughter of Phocion and Martha (Evans) Harris, old settlers of Daviess Cornty. Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Armendt are both members of the Baptist church, and attend the Sugar Grove church. They have one daughter, Mary Ailenn, born Feb. 9, 1880. Dr. Armendt is a self-made man and it is through his own efforts that he became a physician, having early expressed a desire to become one. He owns a nice residence and one and one half acres of land in Masonville, where he resides. Dr. Armendt is one of the leading physicians of Daviess County. His political views are Democratic and he has always been a strong supporter of that party. His father and mother are both living, and reside on the old homestead farm near Hartford, Ohia Co., Ky.

Thompson W. Bedford, Owensboro; ofhce on Main street, south side, a few doors east of the court-house. Practiced in Whitesville 1869-'76, since then here.

Thomas W. Blandford, M. D., son of John E. Blandford, was born in Curdsville Precinct, April 5,1839. He was reared on a farm and educated in St. Mary's College, Marlon County. He commenced the study of medicine under Dr. B. B. Blincoe; was with Drs. Stirman & Watkina, of Owensboro, a short time; graduated from the medical department of Louisville Dniversity March 5, 1869. He then commenced the practice of medicine in "West Louisville. In 1875 he formed a partnership with Dr. V. Orsburn. They have a large practice, being very popular physicians of this precinct. He was married in 1871 to Louisa Luckett. To them have been bowi four children, only three living - Thomas O., Mary B. tifidi M. Florella. George C. was drowned at the age of two years. He wandered from home thinking he was following his mother, and fell in a small stream of water. Dr. Blandford and family are members of the Catholic church.

Henry F. Carpenter, M. D., Postmaster at Masonville, settled here in April, 1856. He and Dr. Chas. T. Noel named the town. They obtained a postoffice here in September, 1857. The first postmaster was Dr. H. F. Carpenter, who held the oflBce four years, and was reappointed in February, 1882, and is the present incumbent. Dr. Carpenter was born in Oldham County, Ky., eighteen miles east of Louisville, near the Louisville & Frankford Kailroad, Feb. 27, 1830. His parents were Joel and Mary (Snyder) Carpenter; they were natives of Virginia and members tirstof the Lutheran, then of the Regular Baptist, and afterward joined the Christian church, In whicli faith they died. They had twelve children. Henry

F. was the foiii'ili son and eloyetitli cliild. lie remained on the old honie~ti.' id t:ir!;i with liis I'.-irents until fifteen- when he attended and t;iu>i;lit ;w,h-iol until twenty-one. lie then settled on the old liornosrv^rsd (unv. tor three years: tlieii went to Loni»ville, Ky., and osLCiiiced ii. tile ^rrocery basinc-s three years, lie read medicine and fitu;jided lectures until ISoG when he came to Daviess Connty, anil located the town ot' Masonville. Dr. Carpenter married ^Eiss Martha E. Taylor in Oldham County, Feb. U, 1S50. She was born in (J'idham County, and was adaucjliter of Josepli and Mary (Speer) Taylor. Dr. and Mrs. Carpenter had four children - Mary L., wife of James P. Lishbrook, and resides on their farm at Masonville; Albert W., M. D., who is unmarried and practicing medicine at Glnmville, JNIcLean Co., Ky.; Joseplt li., who married Alice Lishbrook, and resides in Murray Precinct; Ilobert L-. resides in Masonville with his fatlier. The mother died l^ox. 14, 1872. Dr. Carpenter then married Sarah E. Taylor Feb. 1, 1876. Slie was born in Sullivan County, Ind., and was a daughter of William and Susan Taylor. Mrs. Carpenter is a member of the Baptist church.

They have a family of two daughters, Nina M. and Ida P. Dr. Carpenter owns a nice house and lot, also the only store of general merchandise in Masonville. In politics lie is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for James Buchanan for President of the United States.

Calvin E. Cottrell was born in Shelby County, Ky.., July 12, 1S31. His father, Eev. Eeuben Cottrell, was born near Richmond, Va., and emigrated to Shelby County, where he was one of the early pioneer preachers. He died May 29, 1802, aged seventytwo years. He married Sarah Putnam, of Virginia, whose death preceded his by several years. There was a family of ten children, iive now living. Calvin E. commenced the study of medicine when nineteen years of age, with Dr. Samuel Hayues, of Masonville. In 1853 he commenced the practice of his profession, ii! Butler County, Ky. The next year he again studied with Dr. Haynes. In 1861 he located in Owensboro and remained till after the death ot his father in 1862, when he went to Hancock County. In 1870 he abandoned his profession on account of ill health, and returned to Owensboro, and was unable to engage in any business for several years. Since 1881 he has been engaged in the grocery business in Owensboro. March 6, 1857, he married Mary E., daughter of George and Mary J. Jones. Tliey have had five children, only three now living - Oscar E., Beatrice and Ida. Albert and John are deceased. Dr. Cottrell is a member of the Baptist church.

J. P. Cox, M. Z>., born near Bardstown, Ky., Nov. 16, 1831, is a son of J. B. and Lucinda (Phillips) Cox, both natives of Nelson County, Ky. In "Collins's History of Kentucky" is recorded the settlement of liis grandfather, James Cox, at tlie head waters oi Cox Creek, Nelson County. His mother died in November. 1879; his father is still living, a member of his family. Tliere was a family of twelve children, three dying in infancy. J. P. was the eldest son and was reared on a farm in Nelson County, receiving his early education in the common schools. In 1858 he began the study of medicine with his cousin, O. N. Cox, of Nelson County. He attended medical lectures at Louisville, Ky. In 1860 he went to Ohio and commenced the practice of his profession, being also engaged in farming a part of the time while there. In 1875 he came to Daviess County and located at Newville, where he has won for himself an enviable name in his profession, his practice extending into Ohio and McLean cpuntles. In March, 1863, he married Sallie I., daughter of Wm. C. Rowan, of Ohio County, Ky. They have five children - ^William B., Lou Abbie, Anna, James Roy and Orion Noal. In 1877, Dr. Cox united with the Green River Baptist Church.

Ignativs Cruy Drury, M. D., Knottsville, was born in Nelson County, Ky., Nov.' 18, 1829. His father, Hillary Drury (deceased), was a native of St. Mary's County, Md., and came to Kentucky with his parents in 1807, and removed with his family to this county in 1830. Our subject was reared on the old homestead, about four miles southeast ot Knottsville, in this precinct, and educated at St. Mary's College in Marion County. He graduated from the Medical University at Louisville in 1862, and came to Knottsville the same year and formed a partnership with Dr. William B. Holmes, who was practicing here at that time. Dr. Holmes was also a graduate of the same college. He died in 1867. A few years later Dr. Drury formed his present partnership with Dr. Thos. J. Byrne. In the fall of 1871 he went to New York City and attended the Bellevue Medical College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. While there he also visited the various

J. W. Mlis, M. Z>., was born in Daviess County, Ky., Dec. 30, lSi7. His parents were Luther R. and Mary (Kallam) Ellis, natives of Kentucky. They had a family of two sons - W. T. Ellis, a lawyer of Owensboro, and J. W. When J. W. was seven or eight years old his parents died and lie and his brother went to live with their grandfather, Ilirara Kallam, a Methodist minister. J. W. remained with his grandfather and attended the Pleasant Valley Seminary until seventeen, wiien he entered the Kentucky University at Harrisburg, and remained two terms. He then taught school at Wliitesville, studying medicine with Drs. Hale and Mc- Kay fifteen months. He then entered the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, graduating in March, 1870. He then located in Masonville, where he has since practiced his profession. Dr. Ellis is a member of the McDowell Medical Association, and a leading physician and surgeon of the county. He is purely a selfmadejman, as it was through his own exertions that he obtained an education. Dr. Ellis is a Mason and is a demitted member of Hodges Lodge, Whitesville. He owns a fine farm of 325 acres, on the south side of the Hartford road, in Masonville. He decided to make it a stock farm, and has therefore purchased short-horn and Jersey cattle, and some fine horses and mules. Dr. Ellis's grandfather, Hiram Kallam, was a Colonel in the war of 1812, and his sword is still in the Masonic hall at Pleasant Vallej'. Politically, Dr. Ellis has always been a supporter of the Democratic party. He was married April 26, 1877, to Bettie Whipp, a native of Casey County, Ky., and a daughter of John W. and Isabella (Coffey) Whipp, natives of Kentucky. They have one son, Wm. T., born Sept. 12, 1880; a daughter, Mary, born Feb. 26, 1878, died Sept.i^ 1878. Dr. and Mrs. Ellis are members of the Union Christian church, Masonville.

Josiah Hale, M. Z>., born Jan. 25, 1829, near Fordsville, Ohio Co., Ky., is a son of Caleb and Sallie (Huff) Hale, both born in Virginia, and married in Ohio County, Ky. His father died aged seventy-lour, and his mother aged seventy. They had a family of four sons and seven daughters; four sons and five daughters now living. Josiah was the third son. His parents being in moderate circnmBtances his early education was pursued in the schools of his countj (Ohio), but he was ambitions, and by close study and persevering effort succeeded in making himself a fair scholar, and at the age of twenty, having chosen the profession of medicine, began his studies at home under the instructions of Dr. N. L. Lightfoot, a country practitioner, where he pursued his studies diligently for one year. He then went to Fordsville, Ky., and entered into a partnership with Dr. H. Wells, and practiced his profession for two years; then went to Louisville and became a pupil of Dr. D. "W. Yandell, of that city, at the same time attending lectures at the Louisville University, where he graduated in 1856. He now entered upon the practice of medicine in Hartford, Ky. , continuing three years. Then went to New York, and attended a course of lectures at the New York University, also at the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. In 1860 ho returned to Hartford, and resumed his practice there for two years, when he removed to Owensboro, Ky., where he practiced for nine years ; then being determined to stand among the first in his profession went again to New York and attended lectures at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and also took a course of private instruction at the Ophthalmic Hospital, under 'Prof. H. Knopp. He returned to Owensboro, where his success has fully repaid him for his long and persistent study. In his experience as a physician he has had a large practice as surgeon, performing many difficult operations. Recently he has devoted himself more especially to the diseases of tho eye, and surgical diseases of women, and has attained great distinction and a very large practice. In 1866 he became a member of the Kentucky State Medical Society, and in 1871 was elected Senior Vice- President of that body. He is a permanent member of the American Medical Association, a member of the McDowell Medical Society, of the Owensboro Medical Society, and a member of the Board of Medical PJxaminers for the Fifth District of Kentucky. He was a delegate tu the International (Centennial) Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, in 1876. He was a delegate from the Tri- State Medical Society (Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois) in 18S1, to the International Medical Congress that met in London, England; and during his stay in London took a course of instruction on thtdiseases of tho eye at the lloyal London Ophthalmic Hospital, lie remained in Kurope one sununfr, visiting the ieadiiiti lio.^pituls, niu,-:cuinH and art galleries of London, Kiigland, Parib, France, nnd Edinbnr^ch, Scotland, returning to < )wenKl)oro in the full of 1><S1.

He has written many valuable articles for the medical journals of this country, several of which have been republished both in this country and in Europe. He is a member of the Baptist church and a Freemason. Dr. Hale was married in 1853 to the daughter of J. W. Willis, of Ohio County, Ky.; she died at Hartford in 1861, leaving one child - Mary, wife of J. A. Dean, attorney of Ovvensboro. Dr. Hale was again married in 1873 to Miss E. McHenry, daughter of the Hon. J. H. McHenry, an ex-raember of Congress and a noted lawyer of Owensboro, Ky. Dr. Hale has devoted himself to his profession with an energy which has made him a successful physician and a useful man, his high sense of honor rendering him always regardful of the rights of others, and his urbane, kindly manner winning him the esteem of all. The Hale family were originally from England, and settled in Virginia at an early day, where the family is still represented, as well as in Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky. In politics Dr. Hale was lirst a Whig, but since the war has been a Democrat.

Benjamin B. Harralson, M. D., son of Colonel S. C. Harralscfn, who was born in Harralson's Ferry (now Delaware), April 17, 1838. He lived on a farm till fifteen years of age, and then attended school at Calhoun. He afterward clerked in the drug store of H. D. Jones, and in the meantime studied medicine under Drs. Bullett & Berry. He was Assistant Surgeon of the Eighth Kentucky Regiment during the late war. He attended Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which he graduated with high honors in 1865. He then returned to Delaware, where he has built up a large practice. Oct. 24, 1865, he married Miss M. Odon. To them have been born four children, three living - Gross, Gordon and Murray. Dr. Harralson is a member of the Christian church. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity.

Edward Hawes, Grissom's Landing. After graduating he practiced two years at Birk's City, and about five or six years he has been in Oakford Precinct.

J. P. Heavrin, M D., born in Anderson County, Ky., Nov. 24, 1849, is a son of Dr. James M. Heavrin, a native of the same county. He was educated at Rochester, Ky., Cromwell, Ky., and

Morehead Seminary, Butler Countj', Ky. He read medieine with Dr. N. J. Bains, of Kosine, Ky., eighteen months. He took the first course of the Kentucky School of Medicine, at Louisville, in 1878-'9, and then located in Curdsville, where he has since been practicing, with the exception of one term spent in school in 1882, when he graduated. He was married in March, 1876, to Sarah E. Reynolds. They have had two children, only one living - Grace. Dr. Heavrin is a member of the McDowell Medical Association of Northern Kentucky, the Alumni Association, and the Masonic fraternity.

Burr H. Eobhs, M. D., born July 29, 1824, in Nelson County, Ky., is a son of Wm. A. and Nancy (May) Hobbs, both natives <rf Nelson County. Dr. Hobbs's grandfathers were among the first settlers of the State from Virginia. Dr. Hobbs was reared in N^ son County and began the study of medicine there; graduated from th*b Transylvania University of Lexington, Ky., in 1849, the oldeet medical college of the West. He went to Arkansas, where he began the practice of medicine, and remained there till the breaking out of the war. He was a member of the Little Bock OonventioB that seceded the State of Arkansas from the (Jnion, in the spring of 1861. He afterward entered the Southern army as snrgeon and remained till the close of the war. After the close of the war he returned to Kentucky and settled in Owensboro, where he has since been engaged in the practice of medicine. He is a member of the McDowell Medical Society ; was one of the original members. He has also been connected with tiie Owensboro Medical Society since its organization, and is now President of the society. He has been a Mason for thirty-five years. Has been Master of the lodge several timss. He was married in 1853 to Rachel M. Oox, daughter of Gabriel Cox, of Mt. Washington, Bnllitt Oouaty, Ky. They have three children - Arthur G. Hobbs, M. D.. Profeeeor of the Medical College of Atlanta, Ga.; Nannie, wife of P. F. Smith, of Newnan, Ga., and Fannie, residing at home.

from tliis iiistitntion in 1879. He began practice immediately afterward in Murray Precinct, and has been remarkably successful in his practice.

Philip T. Johnson, M, D. was born in Owensboro, Aug. 1, 1851 He attended the common schools of his native city until seventeen years of age, then went to tiie Hampden-Sidney College, Prince Edward County, Va., where he graduated in 1870, at the early age of nineteen. He tlien returned to Owensbor'o and read medicine with Drs. Todd and Scott two years; then entered the Hospital College of Medicine, at Louisville, Ky., where he graduated in 1875. He immediately commenced the practice of his profession in Owensboro, and Dee. 27, of the same year, was married to Miss Alice V. Hathaway, a native of Owensboro, and daughter of E. A. and Sallie Shelby (Todd) Hathaway. The latter was a great-granddaughter of Governor Isaac Shelby, first Governor of Kentucky; also a granddaughter of the renowned Colonel Charles S. Todd, a sketch of whom is given in the chapter on the officials of the county. Dr. Johnson's father was the Hon. James L. Johnson, an account of whom is given in the same chapter.

After his marriage the Doctor settled on the old homestead in Owensboro, where he has since resided. He is a member of the Kentucky State Medical Society, and of the McDowell Medical Society. He has a most magnificent library in all respects, besides a number of valuable relics and articles of virtu. His remarkable autographic album is described in the literary chapter.

Mrs. Johnson is a member of the Fourth Presbyterian Church. They have two children - James L., born Dec. 22, 1876, and Harriet T., born March 9, 1878.

John F. Kimbley, M. D., is a native of Muhlenberg County. His grandfather on his father's side was born in Holland; emigrated to the United States previous to the Revolutionary war; served in that struggle and came at an early date to Kentucky. He settled on Corn Island below Louisville, and assisted in raising the first corn ever produced in Kentucky. One of his children was Frank £. Kimbley, who moved from Louisville to Muhlenberg County in 1792. He married Elizabeth Valandinghara, a descendant of a Virginia family, by whom he had six children. The youngest was John F. Kimbley, born Sept. 24, 1823. At the age of twenty-one, in Muhlenberg County, he began tiie study of medicine, snbse- qaently attending a course of lectures in St. Louis, and in 184:9 graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia. He had located in Daviess County in 1847, and after his graduation returned to the same locality, practicing medicine until the late war. The Doctor took strong grounds for the Union. He volunteered his services, and in 1861 was appointed surgeon of the Eleventh Kentucky Infantry, serving three years and four months. He held, at various times, staff, brigade, division and corps positions in the armies of the Cumberland, Ohio and Tennessee, and was one of the chief surgical opera^'ors on every battlefield of his command, receiving always the commendation of his superiors. He served as Medical Director of the cavalry corps of Brigadier-Gemeral Sturgee. General order No. 23, relieving Surgeon Kimbley from the duty of Medical Director, was as follows:

Headquaetebs Cavaley Coeps, ) Paeis, Ky., April 9, 1864. ) The Eleventh Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry having been permanently detached from this command, and J. F. Kimbley being surgeon of that regiment, he is hereby relieved from duty as MedicalDirectorof the cavalry corps and will report to his regiment commander for duty. The General commanding can not, however, thus summarily break his official connection with Surgeon J. F. Kimbley without expressing his deep regret for the necessity which compels him to lose from his staff so estimable a gentleman, and one wlio has administered the medical department with so much energy, zeal and. ability.

On his return to Daviess County, Dr. Kimbley resumed the practice of medicine. He has been married three times and has two children. The Doctor was a slave-holder at the breaking out of the war, and lost heavily by the emancipation of the slaves. He earnestly supported every measure for crushing out the rebellion, and adopted Republican principles during the struggle. His political opinions still place him in the Republican ranks, a position he has chosen, not so much from partisan feeling as that he considers in thus acting he is best discharging his duty to his country as a patriot.

Lamping, of Washington County, Ohio, the former a native of Germany, and the latter a descendant of the old Quakers of Ohio. Thomas E. received his literary education principally at Bethany, W. Va. He commenced his medical studies with Dr. George Baird, of Wheeling, W. Ya., in 1870. In the spring of 1871 he attended a series of lectures at Long Island Hospital, Brooklyn, and in the fall of 1872 went to Cincinnati and attended lectures at the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and graduated from there in February, 1873. The following March he came to Oweneboro. In the spring of 1882 he was elected City Physician. June 15, 1882, he formed a partnership with J. A. Sieber. He is a member of the Owensboro and McDowell medical societies. He was married April 15, 1874, in Henderson, Ky., to -Lucy Brush, daughter of the late Eev. Geo. W. Brush, one of the oldest preachers in Kentucky, and a member of the Louisville Conference. They have one son - Frederick A.

C. J. Lockhart^ M. D., was born in Daviess County, Ky., Sept. 6, 1851. He was reared and received his early education in this county. He commenced the study of medicine with his father and attended the Louisville Medical College from 1874-'76. He commenced the practice of his profession in March, 1876, and i& now located eight miles east of Owensboro. He has built up a good practice and is a promising young physician of Daviess County. He was married in 1881, to Miss Hannah Craig, a native of Daviess County, born March, 1862. They have one child - Robert C, born Oct. 2, 1882.

Simon M. Lockhart M. Z>., was born in Daviess County, Ky., Aug. 26, 1854. His early education was received in the schools of Owensboro. He studied medicine with his father and brother, and attended the Louisville Medical University two terms. He commenced the practice of medicine in March, 1878, and is now located at the forks of the Hardinsburg and Yelvington roads, four miles east of Owensboro. He is a member of the McDowell Medical Association. His parents. Dr. William and Mary (Sublett) Lockhart, are ratives of Indiana and Logan County, Ky., respectively, his father born in 1816, and his mother in 1821. They have three children - Laura C, Charles J. and Simon M. His father came to Kentucky when eight years of age, and was educated in this State. He has practiced medicine in Daviess County over forty years.

second west of Clay street. Dr. Luckett is a well-known, prominent physician ; once President of the Green Kiver Medical Association, and has often had other responsible positions.

Hardin K. Oisburn, M. I)., son of James S. Orsburn, was born in Webster (then'Henderson) County, Ky., Oct. 18, 1857. He was reared on a farm, and educated in the Morganiield Collegiate Institute, of Union County, Ky. Ke commenced the study of medicine when twenty years of age, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md., in March, 1880. He then came to West Louisville, and commenced the practice of his profession in partnership with Drs. Orsburn & Blandford. He is a member of the McDowell Society of Second Kentucky Congressional District.

Y. Orsburn, M. D., son of James S. Orsburn, was born in Webster (then Henderson) County, Ky., March 20, 1846. His father was also a native of Henderson .County, born Aug. 17, 1819. He was educated in Princeton College, Ky., and in the medical department of the Louisville [University, from which he graduated in 1874. He commenced the study of medicine prior to his entering the college, having practiced since 1869. In 1875 he formed a partnership with T. W. Blandford. They have a large practice in West Louisville and vicinity. Dr. Orsburn was married Oct. 24, 1869, to Mrs. Mary J. Lewis, of McLean County, daughter of J. J. Rust.

John A. Sieher, M. D., born in Evansville, Ind., Sept. 4, 1853, is a son of John and Catherine (Krapt) Sieber, natives of Bavaria, Germany. He was educated in the public schools, and Trinity Catholic School of Evansville, graduating from the latter in 1867. He was then clerk and bookkeeper in a large pork establishment. Oct. 15, 1874, he commenced the study of medicine with J. W. Irwin, M. D. He took his first course of lectures at the Evansville Medical College in the fall of 1876, and graduated in the spring of 1879. While in college he acted as prescription clerk in the city free dispensary thirty months; also acted as prosector for Edwin Walker, Professor of Anatomy. He commenced the prac- tice of his profession in Evansville in 1878-9. In the spring of 1880 he went to Dubois County, Ind., on account of his health; remained there two years. In June, 1882, he came to Owensboro, and formed a partnership with Thomas E. Lamping. He is a member of the DuBois County, Ind., the Owensboro and McDowell medical societies. He was married July 15, 1880, to Susie, daughter of John Herman, of Evansville, Ind. They have one son - Arthur John Henry.

Dr. William J. Springfield., Vanover Precinct, was born in Webster (then Hopkins) County, Jan. 22, 1843, and is a son of John Springfield, a native of Virginia, wlio came to Kentucky in 1839. The Doctor was brought up on a farm, and educated in the common schools. He graduated from the Cincinnati Medical College in June, 1874, and located for the practice of medicine in West Louisville, the same year. In 1876 he removed to his farm in this precinct, where he still lives, and has built up a large practice. He also carries' on farming and stock-raising. He was married in 1875, to Mrs. Rafferty, daughter of the late Lewis I. Burns, of his county. They had two children, one living - Aurelia. Mrs. Springfield died June 20, 1880, and March 10, 188 1, the Doctor married Miss Belle Aull, daughter of Eobert P. Anil, deceased. They have one child - Ansel. The Doctor owns 106J acres in his farm, and an undivided one third of seventy-two acres in another tract.

Charles Tyler Thomas, M. 2?., born in Owensboro, Oct. 19, 1861; attended the Hospital College of Medicine at Louisville in 1875-'6, and graduated from Evansville Medical College in February, 1878. He began the practice of medicine in the spring of 1878, in Murray Precinct.

Dr. Charles M. Todd, the subject of this sketch, is the youngest child of Colonel Charles S. Todd, who was chief of staff for General Harrison in the war of 1812, minister to South America under Mr. Adams in 1826, and minister to Russia under General Harrison in 1840. He is a grandson of Judge Thomas Todd, of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the youngest grandchild of Governor Isaac Shelby.

Dr. Todd was born in Shelby County, Nov. 6, 1838, and educated at Frankfort under the distinguished tutor, B. B. Sayre, with whom lie remained five years.

:gradaated at the University of Louisiana in 1861. He was selected by the faculty of Louisiana from a graduating class of 127, for the position of assistant physician of the insane asylum at Bayou Sara, La. He was examined for and received his degree two months before the end of the term, and immediately assumed the position to which he had been elected, and which he filled for months.

At the breaking out of the war he resigned his position in the asylum, and went to Virginia as assistant surgeon of the Sixth Louisiana Eegiment. In 1862 lie was promoted to the position of regimental surgeon of that regiment, Hay's brigade, Stonewall Jackson's division of General Lee's army, in which active field service he remained until the final surrender of his command at Appomattox Court-House.

At the close of the war, in common with the majority of the defenders of the lost cause, Dr. Todd found himself without means, and with gloomy prospects for the future^ and, as his father and another were then residing in Owensboro, he determined to visit that place before selecting a location.

Owing to scarcity of money, he made the trip from Lynchburg? Va., to Owensboro, Ky., - a distance of six hundred miles, - on horseback. The season was early spring, and the roads and weather in the worst condition, and the unsettled state of the country through which he passed added danger to the discomfort of the journey; but after a tedious ride of twenty-two days he found himself at Owensboro, unharmed except bj' fatigue.

Dr. Todd located in Owensboro, September, 1865, and entered at once upon the duties of his profession, and his practice as a physician has been large and lucrative, and he enjoys the confidence of the community, which has been evidenced by the positions of great honor and responsibility to which he has been called by the citizens.

Trustee of the Owensboro City Schools for years, Vice-President for two years, and President for seven years of the Daviess County Agricultural Fair Company, which position he filled with honor to himself and satisfaction to his constituents, and with great advantage to' the institutions which he served.

kr))t pact! witli the protjress of his chosen profession, and was o'io(:tL'Li '') l.^Ti; Vice-President of tlie Keutaekv State Medical Society at llo]ikiii^-ville, and in 1878 was elected President of the s. ic.'ety at Frankfort.

D.-, Todd succeeded as President Dr. L. P. Yandell,of Louisville, one oi the oldest, most learned and accomplished physicians and siii-geons in the Western country. Tiiis distinction, in view of the comparative youth of Br. Todd, was very great, but, in view of liis exper'ence and acquirements, not more than he merited. Dr. Todd was the only man who ever held both positions in the Kentucky State Medical Society, and was the first young man ever elected president, and his election had one other peculiar feature: The rule was to elect the oldest practitioner which the society would chance to meet, and Dr. Todd's election was the first departure from that established rule.

A singular line of coincidences seems to mark this important period of his 1 if e. He was elected at Frankfort, where he was educated, and to which place he had never befo're returned, and presided at Danville, where his father and mother were born, and on the occasion of the erection by the Kentucky State Medical Society of a monument to his uncle, Dr. Ephraim McDowell, the great and world-renowned ovariotomist.

Samuel S. Watkins, M. D., one of the first members of the medical profession of Daviess County, has been a resident of Owens. boro since 1855. His ancestors were in Virginia, early in the history of that colony. Three brothers emigrated from England, one settling in Maryland, another in Yirginia, and a third in North Carolina. From the Virginia branch is Dr. "Watkins descended. The home of the family in Virginia was Albemarle County. Dr. Wat. kins i-s the son of Absalom Watkins. His mother's maiden name was Maria McClanahan. His father emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1816, when twenty years of age. He settled first in Bourbon County, and about 1818 was married, and soon after removed to Breckenridge County. Absalom Watkins was here a man of prominence and influence, twice a Eepresentative in the Legislature from the county of Breckenridge, and once in the Senate of Kentucky. He died in Owensboro in 1866. Samuel S. Watkins, the third in a family of seven children, was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., the fourth of December, 1824. A.tthe age of ten his father sent him to a seminary at Hardinsbarg. Remaining here three years, he attended Mount Merino, a Catholic school in Breckenridge County. At eighteen he hegan the study of medicine at Hardinsburg, with Drs. Hardin and Thomas. He attended lectures in the Louisville University in the winter of 1844-'45, and began practice in Hardinsburg in 1845. In 1846 he was married to Miss Elizabeth Thomas, daughter of Dr. J. H. Thomas, with whom he was there engaged in the practice of medicine. Dr. Watkins moved to Texas in 1848, where Mrs. Watkins died, in 1852, and in 1854 he returned to Kentucky, spending the following year in the University at Louisville. In May, 1855, the Doctor returned to Owensboro, having been married the April preceding, to Susan M. Thomas, of Breckenrige County, a sister of his former wife. He at once gained a good practice, and maintains a leading rank in his profession at the present time. His reputation as a skillful practitioner is merited by the marked success that has attended his efforts. Seven of his nine children are living. In politics Dr. Watkins was formerly a "Whig and is now a Democrat, though he mingles but little in political affairs, except to discharge his duties at the polls when he deems it necessary as a citizen. He is a Methodist in his religious convictions. As a citizen and physician Dr. "Watkins enjoys the esteem and confidence of the people of Daviess County in a high degree.

NathoM H. Wilkinson, M. D. , was born Aug. 29, 1864, in Marion County, Ky., and is a son of George H. and Elizabeth (Gertin) "Wilkinson; his father a native of Virginia and his mother of Marion County, Ky. His mother died in 1863; his father resides on a farm near Owensboro. Nathan H. is the eldest of three sons, his brothers being James'AV^allace and George B. He came to Owensboro when fourteen years of age, and from that time has worked to acquire the knowledge of medicine. He went to school durinc the winter and worked with his father at the carpenter's trade during the summer, until he was competent to teach. After teaching several terras he was employed in a dry-goods store as clerk, and remained there two years. During this time, June 1, 1875, he was married to Anna B., daughter of Timothy Burgess, and a native of Concordia, Ky. Having earned a sufficient amount from his labors, and having paid considerable attention to the study in private, he entered the office of Dr. Stewart, a former practitioner of Owensboro, and remained with him a year. After Dr. Stewart's removal to Frankfort he studied with Dr. Lamping a year. He then attended the Medical University at Louisville five months, and finally graduated from the Cincinnati College of

Physicians and Surgeons in 1881, and shortly after began the practice of his profession in Oweusboro. From 1877-'81 he traded largely in stock, shipping to all markets, which resulted very profitably. He owns city property in Owensboro to the amount of $10,000, and two farms in Kentucky and one in Missouri. Dr. and Mrs. Wilkinson have two children - Alexander Huston, born March 18, 1880, and Willa Belle, born Sept. 19, 1882.

A. C. Wood, M. D., is one of the most prominent members of the medical profession of Owensboro. The Doctor came here in 1852, a young man, and engaged at once in the practice of medicine. His nffable manner and thorough medical education was soon recognized in the community, and he soon took rank among the leading practitioners of Daviess County. He was at one time President of the Green River Medical Society, filling the oflice with ability. In April, 1853, Dr. "Wood was married to Miss Mary F. White, daughter of E. T. White, Esq. Mrs. Wood is a native of Virginia and came with her parents to Owensboro when about four years of age. The Doctor and wife are the parents of but one child, Edward W., who was born at Owensboro in August, 1864. Edward was educated at the Michigan State University, Ann Arbor, graduating in 1873. He is now one of the rising young business men of this city and a member of the firm of Turpin &, Wood. This firm conducts one of the heaviest tobacco trades in Owensboro. During the late war Doctor Wood was an uncompromising Union man, and in opposition to public sentiment expressed his views plainly and avowed his faith in the ultimate triumph of the Union arms. After the war, when in 1866 the question of a separation of the Presbyterian church between the North and South came up. Doctor Wood was the only oflScer in his church who voted to send delegates to the General Assembly. The Doctor and Mrs. Wood have long been active and consistent members of the Presbyterian church in Owensboro.

Physical Featubes

The extreme length of the county from east to west is about thirty -five miles; average length, twenty -six milds; average width north to south, sixteen miles; containing about 422 square miles, or 280,000 acres. The county seat is on the northern border and on the Ohio Kiver, equi-distant between the upper and lower corners of the county, and although on the northern border, is wittiin four or five miles of the geographical center of the county, owing to a great Southern bend in the Ohio River.

Almost every variety of soil is embraced in the county, from third to first rate, the greater portion being or approaching the first quality of farming land. One half the area is river bottom and level land. Many thousand acres of rich, black land lie so level as to badly need ditching, much of the best lands in the county in various localities being of this character. The greater portion of the broken or hilly land lies along the eastern border of the county. Much of the broken land is rich, and but a small portion too steep for cultivation. The Buzzard Koost Hills, west of O wensboro, covering som^e 5,000 acres, is all farming land of the first order, a small portion only being too steep for the plow. Some of the best farms in the county are on and among these hills. A strata of coal over five feet thick underlies this portion of the county. The timber consists of yellow poplar, black walnut, honey locust, black locust, mulberry, red and white oak, black ash, sugar tree, birch, etc., etc.

Another broken or hilly portion of the county is embraced in Yanoverand Cnrdsville precinct^, some twelve to eighteen miles southwest of Owensboro. But a small portion of this land can be classed as poor, and all is covered with excellent timber - poplar, white, red and black oak, hickory, dogwood, etc., and some of the hills in this section with sugar-tree and beech. The poorer the hills the better the white oak. Coal of good quality and in workable veins, or strata, is found under all the hilly portions of the county. The class of soil denominated third rate is found along some of our creek bottoms, being too low, and frequently covered by the overflowing of the creeks and back water from Green River. Much of this low land, however, is covered with the forest oak, hickory and gum timber.

Rivebs And Creeks

Tlie Ohio River for thirty miles is the northern boundary. Green River touches the county for about twenty miles on the west, and Blackford Creek about twelve miles on the east. The other principal streams are North and South Panther creeks. North Panther has its rise in Hancock County; South Panther, the larger of the two, in Breckenridge County. They unite about six miles south of Owensboro, making Main Panther Creek, which winds and crooks nearly through the middle of the westefn half of the county, and unites with Green River at the town of Curdsville, about fourteen miles southwest ot Owensboro. The other creeks are Pup Creek, rising in the east end of the county, and flowing northwest into the Ohio River. Yellow Creek is a stream of limited strength which flows north to the Ohio River, two miles below Pup Creek. South Rhodes Creek rises in McLean County, flo\te north into Panther Creek, entering it six miles due south of Owensboro. Knob Lick flows north into Panther Creek, two miles abofire the mouth of Panther. Delaware rises in McLean County, flows northwest, and enters Green River half a mile below the village ol Delaware. North Rhodes Creek has its head in the Roost Kills, flows west into Green River, which it enters ten miles west of Owensboro.

The Soil

The soil of Daviess County is a strong clay and rich loam, peculiarly adapted to the raising of tobacco, and is, next to Christian the most extensive tobacco-growing county in the State.

A specimen of one of the best soils in the county was taken in 1856 from the slope of a ridge on Henry Dugan's land in the forks of Panther, which had never been cultivated, near the coal-measure limestone, and analyzed under the supervision of David Dale Owen, the State Geologist. The primitive forest growth at the place was hard maple (sugar-tree), yellow poplar, black oak, hickory, yellow sweet gum, black gum, elm, beech and black walnut-

The dried soil was of a mouse color. Washed with water, it left 82.3 per cent, of sand, etc., of which all but 1.6 per cent, was fine enough to pass through the finest bolting-cloth. This portion consisted principally of rounded ferruginous particles, with a few grains of hyaline quartz, and of a black substance like scoria.

One thousand grains of the air-dried soil, digested for a month in water containing carbonic acid, gave up to it nearly four and a half grains of brownish-gray extract, dried at 213° F., which had the following composition, viz:

100.000 A specimen from the same farm, but which had been in cultivation four years, in tobacco, wheat, etc., yielded, on analysis, the following results: Color of the dried soil a little lighter than that of the preceding, and of a slight yellowish tint. Washed with water it left 80.2 per cent, of sand, etc., of which all but 1.4 per cent, was fine enough to pass through?ithe finest bolting-cloth; this portion was principally small, rounded, ferruginous particles witij a few quartzose.

One thonsand grains of the air-dried soil, digested for a month in water containing carbonic acid, gave up more than three and a half grains of light brownish-gray extract which had the following composition:

Sub-soil from the same field gave the following characters: Color of the dried sub-soil dirty gray-bufi; much lighter than that of the preceding soil. "Washed with water this sub-soil left 75. 9 per cent. of sand, etc., of which all but 0.9 per cent, was fine enough to pass through the finest bolting-cloth. This portion consisted of rounded ferruginous and quartzose particles, 'with a few of a dark-colored substance like scoria.

One thousand grains of the air-dried sub-soil, digested for a month in water charged with carbonic acid, gave up more than a grain and a half of brownish-gray extract, which ;had the following composition, viz. :

The soil of the field which has been in cnltivation only four years in tobacco and wheat shows a sensible diminution of organic matters, lime, magnesia, sulphuric and phosphoric acids, and the alkalies; is of a slightly lighter color than the virgin soil, gives less soluble extract to the water containing carbonic acid (representing atmospheric water), and holds less of hydrometric moisture; moreover, it contains a somewhat larger proportion of sand and insoluble silicates. The sub-soil of the old field is not as rich as the original surface soil.

Virgin soil from a hill-top on the farm of H. Riley, on the O. & N. Railroad, about fifteen miles from Owensboro, was of a light gray-brown color, contained no gravel, and the bolting-cloth sieve separated from its silicious residue a considerable quantity of fine, rounded quartz grains, both translucent and opaque. About 86^

Surface soil from an old field sixty-five years in cultivation, in corn and tobacco principally, now overgrown with sassafras, in the same locality as the preceding, was of a lighter and .more yellowish light gray-brown color, containing no gravel, and the silicions residue contained very few small quartz grains. The sand and insoluble silicates constituted 88g per cent, of it, the oxides of alumina, iron^and manganese 7 per cent., and the organic and volatile matters 3 per cent. The sub-soil to the last was of a brownish-yellow ocher color, contained no gravel and a very few fine quartz grains. Of sand and insoluble silicates there was 85? per cent. ; of the oxides of alumina, iron and manganese, lOf, and of organic and volatile, 2f .

Upland virgin soil from the farm of Rev. A.. Hopkins, Crow's Station, from the coal measures, was of a brownish umbergray color, and contained neither gravel nor fine quartz grains. Eighty-six and a half per cent, of it was sand and insoluble silicates, 5} organic and volatile matters, and 5-J- oxides of alumina, iron and manganese.

The soil from an old field in the same vicinity, forty years in cultivation, where the substratum is sandstone, was of a dirty buif color, had no gravel or fine silicious sand, had 91 per cent, of other sand and insoluble silicates, 5^ per cent, of the alumina, iron and manganese oxides, and a little over 2|- per cent, of organic and volatile matters. The sub-soil was of a brownish orange-buff color, had no gravel or fine quartzose sand, had 81^ per cent, of other sand and insoluble silicates, 13 per cent, of the alumina, iron and manganese oxides, and a little over three per cent, of organic and volatile matters.

The comparative analyses of these soils show the usual influence continued exhaustive culture in the diminution of some of their essential mineral ingredients. The soils are of full average natural fertility; the sub-soils would doubtless benefit the surface if gradually brought up in the cultivation, and organic matters supplied by the ameliorating influence of clover and other green crops wholly or partly plowed in. A considerable reserve of the alkalies is seen to be present in the insoluble silicates, which will add greatly to the durability of the soil; but, doubtless, the application of available phosphates, and the use of wood ashes, would be beneficial in increasing the productiveness of the old field soils.

A specimen from a point on the Henderson road one and a half miles from Green River, belonging to the qnarternary formation overlying the coal measures, and where the native trees were white oak, poplar, hickory, etc., and the ground devoted to tobacco, yielded the following results: Color of the dried soil, brownish gray; seventy-four per cent, fine sand, of a dirty buff color, of which twenty-four per cent, was as coarse as bar sand, composed of rounded quartz grains, clear yellow and reddish. One thousand grains of the air-dried soil gave up, when digested in carbonated water for a month, about three and a half grains of brown solid extract, dried at 212°, which consisted mostly of organic and volatile matters, with traces of alumina, iron, the usual phosphates, lime, manganese oxide, magnesia, sulphuric acid, potash, soda and silica. The air-dried soil lost only 1.62 per cent, of moisture at 365°, and dried at this temperature it gave, in 100 parts, 92 of silica, 3-^ organic and volatile, 2 each of alumina and iron oxide, and traces of brown oxide of manganese, lime, carbonate, magnesia, phosphoric and sulphuric acids, potash and soda.

This soil, which contains so large a proportion of silicious matter, and but a moderate quantity of organic substances, potash and phosphoric acid, has bpen known to support a very luxuriant growth of tobacco, probably because so much of its nutritious ingredients were in the soluble condition, as is proved by the large relative proportion of solid extract given by it on digestion in the water containing carbonic acid. This circumstance, however, while it increases its present fertility, hastens the process of exhaustion, under the drain of large herbaceous crops carried off the ground, without any rettirn being made to it in the form of manures. The rapidity with which the tobacco plant robs the soil of its richness is explained by the fact that aboat one fourth of the weight of the dried plant is composed of the mineral matters essential to vegetable growth, especially potash, lime, magnesia, soda, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, etc.

Goal

There are probably not less than 10,000 acres of coal in the hill strata of Daviess County, and the strata vary in thickness from a few inches to five feet, yielding coal of nearly all qualities.

Bon Harbor. - Coal mines were opened here as early as 1825, the veins about five feet in thickness. There is no place where No. 11 coal is so easily identified by palaeontological observations. The coal, about five feet thick, has an occasional clay parting, or is separated by a thin layer of snlphuret of iron and charcoal. It is topped by the black, shabby shales, with great abundance of shells and some remifiins of fishes ; and above it has a soft, calcareous rock, also full of beautifully preserved shells, all species characteristic of this coal. Near Curdsville, opposite this place, on Green River, in Henderson County, No. 11 coal has been worked, and ishere called Cook's upper coal. The coal, four feet thick, has a clay parting; its black shales are full of shells, as at Bon Harbor, and it is covered by two beds of limestone, separated by a bed of coal, dirt and fire clay, six inches thick. The inferior bed of limestone is full of shells, but the superior one is black, and without remains of fossils.

The coal from "Wolf Hill, about ten miles [southeast of Owensboro, as analyzed by the State chemist about twenty-seven years ago, proved to be unfavorable to the production of rich gas or much oily matter. The sulphur in its composition is comparatively small. This coal has a remarkably pure appearance, is deep black and glossy, with some fibrous coal between the layers; but there is no appearance of pyrites and other impurities, except some incrustation of lime sulphate.in the joints. Heated over a spirit lamp, it swells up a little, but does not agglutinate. Specific gravity 1.275. Only two per cent of it is ashes.

'*Triplett's" coal, four miles southeast of Owensboro, is glossy, pitch black, pretty firm, and seemingly pretty free from pyrites; a little sulphate of lime in the joints; not much fibrous coal between the layers. Over the spirit lamp it softens, swells up and agglutinates; burns with a smoky flame, and leaves a bright, cellular coke. It is probably a good coking coal. Tlie vein is twentyfour inches in thickness.

The proximate analysis of this coal yields 6| per cent, of moisture, 36 of volatile combustible matters, 51^ carbon in the coke, and 6 of purple-gray ashes. The ashes is ^ silica, ^ alumina and oxide of iron, and the rest lime, magnesia, etc. The ultimate analysis (specimen dried at 212 ® ) yields carbon 7l per cent., hydrogen 6, sulphur 2, oxygen, nitrogen and loss 15, and ashes 7.

Cannel coal exists on the " Mason " lands, or Spice Kidge, above the beds seen on Puppy Creek, and is probably the equivalent of a shale bed, into which openings have been made on the farm of Mrs. Bell, near the Telvington and Owensboro road. At. Spice Ridge the opening presents the following section :

Histobt Of Daviess Countt Height Thickness

Under the water the coal is said to be thicker than above it. Bv sounding the pit appears to have been sunk two feet ten inches below the water lime now in it; the soundings show fire or under clay at the bottom.

The physical appearance of the upper four inches is very like the coal of the Breckenridge mine. Near the spring at Mrs. Bell's farm a pit has been sunk eighteen feet deep, which consists of fourteen feet of surface clay, two feet of shale and two feet of under clay, similar to the under clay of coal. On a more elevated part of the same point a pit has been sunk into the same bed, through fifteen feet of surface clay and five feet of soft sandstone, "there reaching water.

From the shales raised from below the water lime, fragments of ^sh were obtained, broken and scattered in the shales; no coal was seen, nor the appearance of coal. The coal has thinned out and disappeared. The distance between the Spice ridge and Mrs. Bell's is about two miles in a northwesterly direction, and nearly parallel with the course of the Ohio River.

From the Hawesville mines to the locality of Mrs. Bell's there appears to be a general thinning of all the beds composing the Hawesville section. On Puppy Clreek the first sandstone over the Hawes coal has diminished in thickness from eighty-five to thirtythree feet. It would be interesting to science] to determine this precisely. If established it would bring the Hawes coal that much nearer the surface than it has been supposed to be, and thus make the knowledge of the position of that coal of the greatest practical value to the people of Daviess County.

Oa the old Moses Iiiglehart farm, about two miles a little north of east from Livermore, a coal-stain makes its appearance in the hillside near the dwelling. When first visited it was supposed to be the outcropping of a bed of some importance, but subsequent examinations have not verified the conjecture. A carbonate iron ore, however, which lies about four feet below the coal-stain, has a very fair appearance and may prove to be of value. This can only be proved by a more extended digging than has yet been done, to determine its area, and by chemical analysis to test its purity. The bed ranges from six to nine inches in thickness. It is especially desirable, in order to jndge of tlie value of this ore, to become fully acquainted with its horizontal extent and physical changes, as in some places it seems to pass into a ferruginous limestone, which is of no value as an iron ore. Immediately under the iron ore, and sometimes merging into it at the top, a bed of limestone about nine inches thick occurs. It weathers with a yellowish surface marked with white splotches. The surface is also marked by drab lumps which are spread over it. The rock seems to be really bare of organic remains; a few small fragments of crinoid columns and some other small fossils were found.

On Timor Howard's farm, near John Jones's place, which is about four miles northeastwardly from Riley's Station, a deposit of black slate occurs, moderately rich in bituminous elements and cannel coal-like in structure. This deposit is kfiown in the neighborhood as cannel coal ; but it approaches more nearly to cannel slate in its physical characters. The section as exposed in 1875, contained four feet of block bituminous slate that somewhat resembled cannel slate, one foot of layer containing iron, two feet of cannel slate and fourteen inches of feriferous layer.

On John Jones's land, near his dwelling, a limestone holding considerable bitumen (in cavities) is exposed. In appearance the limestone resembles some of the carboniferous beds, but its identity could not be proved. The presence of bitumen in the rock has caused some to have faith in the existence of a profitable quantity of petroleum on the farm. There does not seem to be in fact, however, any evidence to justify such a belief. There were some unsuccessful borings made for salt on the place several years ago. Sandy shale was penetrated to some depth (which was not very considerable), but, so far as can be gathered, the boring was without result of any kind.

A few feet above the limestone a coal dirt is exposed on the hillside, and is overlaid by ocherous sandy shale. This coal has been worked near Mr. Jones's and is reported to measure three feet in thickness when well opened. On Mr. T. B . Bratcher's place, near Mr. Jones's, about two and a half miles east of Tichnor's Station, limestone is again found which may be equivalent to that seen at Mr. Jones's, although topographically nearly 130 feet above it. As is the case with the limestone seen at Mr. Jones's, fossils are quite rare in the rock, and only a few crinoid columns

found. At about fifteen feet above the limestone at Mr. Bratcher's sprinej, an inch or two of coal has been found. Fragments of pebbly sandstone are strewn over the slope of the hill. The outcrop of limestone on Mr. Bratcher's place is about two miles west from the the Barrett's Creek salt wells, in Ohio County, at which point the Rough Creek uplift is plainly visible, the Chester beds being brought to the surface there and tilted at high angles.

About one mile eastwardly from Tichnor's Station a coal bed has been opened by William Atherton. The bed 's nearly three and a half feet thick, but so far as proven in 1875 was not of excellent quality. From the positions of the poorer portions of the bed, however, it is presumable that when followed further under the hill, beyond the reach of atmospheric agencies, the coal may gain considerably in quality. A few outcrops were seen in other localities between Livermore and Riley's Station, a distance of six miles by the railroad, but very little could be determined concerning them. From Riley's Station to Lewis's Station there are ew outcrops, but the surface is less flat than toward Livermore.

Within a mile of Lewis's Station the cuts begin to show sandstone and shale. In the cuts just south of the twelfth mile-post (numbering from Owensboro) a total thickness of twenty-five feet of sandstone is exposed. This overlies a coal which has opened near the road, on land belonging either to Mr. Field or Mr. Vanarsdal. The bed is reported to be three feet thick. It is covered by bituminous slate, which appears to be sufficiently dense to form a good roof for mining under. The position of the coal is about ten feet below the railroad at the twelfth mile-post. The ground immediately at the present place of opening is not suitable for mining on a large scale, because of the short depth of the coal below the surface. " Stripping " seems to be the only convenient means by which the coal may be reached. At the hills, however, where the overlying sandstone is present, it is possible for the coal to be worked with more profit. An outcropping of the western extension of the bed is found on George N. McKay's land, about west of the twelfth milepost. Mr. McKay did a little digging in the coal, in a small branch. He estimated the thickness of the bed at three feet ten inches to four feet four inches. The quality and general character of the coal has not been proved, no opening being in a suitable condition for sampling the bed or for studying it sufficiently. From Lewis's Station to Crow's Station, a distance of three miles, a few low hills are seen, but the outcrops are few.

At Hickman's, just south of the ninth mile-post from Owensboro, the cuts expose about twenty feet of sandstone. Below the sandstone, with shale (?) between, a thin coal is exposed, not exceeding sixteen inches in thickness. It is covered by twenty-one inches ot bituminous slate. A number of springs issue from beneath this coal bed, and have a considerable local reputation, the place serving in a modest way as a watering place for the people of Owensboro. The waters are chiefly chalybeate. Two or three of them contain alum, however, one of them being rather remarkable for the amount of this material it contains. In one of the springs a small amount of copper was found; but the amount is so small that it will not seriously affect the influence of the waters. The " Sulphur," "Brick," and "Yellow" springs are chalybeate - that is, they yield traces of iron. The chalybeate spring near Lewis's Station, and also Dr. Hickman's residence has considerably more iron.

From Crow's Station to Owensboro flats are the prevailing features, the " Black " and " Panther Creek " flats filling the larger part of the distance.

In the vicinity of Owensboro several coal mines have been opened, all of which are probably in coal D. Two miles and a half below town, at the site of the old Coal Haven factory, eighteen inches of coal is exposed in the bank of the Ohio River. A section at this place exhibited five feet or more of thin-bedded sandstone, ten feet of sandy,. thinly laminated shale, next, an earthy, pyritous, somewhat lumpy and calcareous band of about two inches, which abounds in crinoidal columns, and several other interesting fossils, then three feet of dark shale, passing below into a dense, black slate, and lastly about twenty inches of coal. In the hills back from the river coal D has been worked. Barrett's new bank, near the old Bon Harbor mines, exhibits a stratum of coal fifty-two to fifty-eight inches in thickness, ^nd is covered by dense, hard slate. The position of the coal is about 120 feet above the one exposed at the river, though it may be somewhat less. The upper fourteen inches of the bed is said to be the best. The same bed is worked at Mr. S. M. Dean's mine, which is about one mile and a half below Owensboro. At this bank the coal measures four feet four inches in thickness. At the "Dutch" mine, about one mile and a half above Owensboro the coal worked varies from three and a half to three feet two inches in thickness. At the " Montgomery " mine, near the one mentioned above, the same coal is worked, and measures three feet two inches in thickness. The porcontiiJO of snlphur is comparatively h>w in this bed. It is probable that the eoal worked here is an extension of the bed worked below Oweashoro; but the wide differences to be observed between the analysis of the samples collected at the mines below the town and of those collected here would seeiii to indicate a possibility' of their being distinct beds. A coal seam twenty inches thick is reported to have been found ninety feet below the one wrought at these mines.

In the eastern part of the county, the Hawes' main coal is about 300 feet below the Lewisport coal, or 260 feet below the surface at the foot of the Lewisport coal mine hill. The extent of the hills between Blackford and Yellow creeks forbids the idea that a very extended field of the bed known as the Lewisport coal, especially as the limestone in the upper part of the section is generally cut in the valleys, leaving quite narrow ridges, containing this bed between them. In fact, the main Hawesville coal is brought above the drainage about two miles northwest of Knottsville, where it was in 1855 worked by Mr. Weisel.

The same coal bed can bo seen in outcrop at several places, near Mr. Weisel's, on Pup Creek. This bed is also opened on the northwest side of the ridge half a mile above J. Y. Wathen's. The coal dips rapidly to the northwest from this last opening, bringing the coal down to the branch bottom in a short distance. The sandstone covering the main Hawes' coal is much thinner here than at the Hawes' mine, or, that another limestone has been intercalated. About sixty feet above the coal, on both sides of the ridg_e, a limestone occurs having the general characters of the lower limestone of the section referred to above, especially in the character of the fossils contained in it.

Commencing at the bed of the branch, and counting upward, the strata at "Weisel's coal mines in 1855 were found to be as follows : Under clay, two feet ; coal, the top part containing thin layers of shale, four feet, four inches ; bituminous shale, containing lingulse, five feet, eight inches ; sandstone, soft, of a grayish white color, five feet ; soft, yellow sandstone, thirteen feet ; sandstone, weathering into holes, ten feet ; covered space, thirty feet ; limestone, four feet; covered space, forty feet; sandstone, fifteen feet; covered space, twenty-six feet, top of the hill.

The coal on the waters of Blackford to within a mile of Knottaville is thres to four feet, four inches. On Ireland Head, three, miles from Knottsville, the coal crops out four feet thick with a covering of fifty feet of sandstone and shale. One mile east, on the land of Eichard Long, the brown coal occurs, and, like the bituminous, is four feet, four inches, in thickness. It shows a woody or slaty structure and is fossiliferous. A half mile from this place, on E. Jarboe's land, on a northwest hill near Pup Creek, there is an out-crop of coal fifty inches thick, underneath sandstone. A mile due east, on Widow Bowles's land, on the Knottsville and Ilawesville road, and a mile from Knottsville, there are three feet of c al, under forty feet of sandstone. On OharJes Clement's land, a mile from the last place, the coal vein is thirty-three inches in thickness. This land is on the Owensboro and Cloverport road one mile above Knottsville.

Due east of the last, on George AuU's land", which is on the Whitesville and Knottsville road, the coal has a three-foot vein. A half mile further, on Charles Higdon's land, the coal is fiftytwo inches thick. A mile southwest, on Mr. Carico's place, it is thirty inches. Three miles southeast, on 'Squire Anderson's land, between Whitesville and Knottsville, the coal is also thirty inches. This coal lies in pocket. From this point on to Knottsville there seems to be a general thinning of this coal seam.

On William Clark's farm, in Upper Town Precinct, is found No. 2 peacock coal, thirty inches thick. From A. Clark, Jr.'s to John McFarland's, northeast of Owensboro, outcroppings are seen among the hills.

The strata about Hill's bridge, on the McFarland's Mill road, ard in the tidal-wave formation, with upheavals and outcroppings of coal on North Panther Creek. On Barney May's farm, near Panther Creek and about four miles from Owensboro, Mr. Osborne in the latter part of November, 1882, discovered peacock coal thirty inches thick. Indeed, coal can be found in hundreds of places throughout Daviess County, and among them Mr .Osborne lias found outcroppings, stains, etc., on the lands of Albert Clark, near the Litchfield road, four miles from Owensboro; on Jackson Sublette's horse lot, one and a half miles further; on Frank Yewell's place, near Zion Church; on the lands of H. B. Pardon* on the Hartford road, three miles from Owensboro; on Mr. Ratt's

Among the Shaw Hills, on the Blackford, and about a mile and a half above its mouth, are three strata of coal, - the highest 315 feet above low-water mark in the Ohio Eiver, and is covered with hard sandstone and limestone. The outcrop ou Blackford near the Knottsville and Hawesville bridge is of the sandstone formation. From the St. Lawrence, church a mile and a half above Knottsville, to Martin Wathen's, is a coal vein varying from twenty-two to thirty-six inches.

The coal from the Montgomery mine, a mile and a half above Owensboro (coal D), is of a pure, pitch black, has but little fibrous coal in it, but has some thin scales of pyrites in the seam. That of the Dutch mine is similar. The latter is a " splint " coal, as is also that of Bon Harbor. That of Duncan's bank, near Knottsville, splits easily into thin laminae; has considerable fibrous coal and some granular pyrites and pyritic bright scales.

Limestone And Sandstone

There is good building stone in nearly all parts of Daviess County. In the Shaw Hills, previously referred to, there is a limestone as good as the Louisville variety. From James Lafoe's to the Hancock County line the sandstone is fine for building purposes. Quarries are worked here. This stone is underlaid with a blue variety good for grindstones and scythe-stones. On John Jones's and Mr. Bratcher's places, about two and a half miles east of Tichenor's Station, limestone exists of good building qualities. Fossils are quite rare in these strata. That on Bratcher's place is topographically 130 feet higher than that of Mr. Jones's. Fifteen feet above the limestone at Bratcher's Spring, an inch or two of coal has been found. Fragments of pebbly sandstone are strewn over the slope of the hill. The outcrop of limestone on Mr. Bratcher's place is about two miles from Barrett's Creek salt wells, in Ohio County, at which point the Rough Creek uplift is plainly visible. The Chester beds are here brought to the surface and tilted at right angles.

The four-feet coal in the bed of Blackford Creek lies in the subcarboniferons limestone, as well as the "anvil rock, " or "shotpouch sandstone." From the Shaw Hills to James Estes', on the Yelvington road, five miles from the latter place, the same subcarboniferous limestone prevails, as well as the Averill sandstone.

A few outcrops of coal'are found along the railroad in the sonthern portion of the county. Within a mile of Lewis's Station the cuts begin to show sandstone and sluile. In the cuts just south of the twelfth mile-post, numbering from Owensboro, a total thickness of twenty-five feet of sandstone is exposed. This overlies a coal which has been opened near the road, on land belonging either to Mr. Field or Mr. VanArsdal. The bed is reported to be three feet thick. It is covered by bituminous slate, which appears to be sufficently dense to form a good roof for mining under. The position of the coal is about ten feet below the railroad at the twelfth milepost. At Dr. Hickman's, just south of the ninth mile-post, the cuts expose about twenty feet of sandstone.

Otheb Mineeals

On Alex. Hill's farm, on the southwest side of Panther Creek, shale and ocher are exhibited eight to ten feet thick in the bank. Yellow ocher and red (keel) of very fine quality are found in this and other places.

l,ead exists in a stratum three eighths of an inch thick, in a stone quarry between James Lafoe's ^and the Hancock County line. "Floating lead " is also found in small quantities. On the Blackford, about two and a half miles above its mouth, lead is supposed to exist, from which the early settlers used to mold bullets. The precise spot is not now clearly identified, but there is a tradition that Indians used to obtain lead at this point, and were engaged in mining it in 1793, when they espied Captain Wm. Hardin in the ear vicinity and captured him.

Clay. - There is clay on the farm of Rev. A. Hopkins, near Crow's Station, which is somewhat sandy, of a light-gray color, with ferruginous infiltrations in the fissures, and some '^^'^ obscure vegetable impressions. It contains about fifty per ceni >f fine clear sand. It burns quite hard, turning to a handsoiu lio-htsalmon color, and hence may be quite valuable for terra coita work, or bricks, or tiles. The air-dried clay lost one and a half per cent, of moisture at 212° Fahrenheit, and as much more of combined water at red heat. It would probably shrink less in the fire than most clays, but would not answer for a fire-clay.

Of blue potters' clay a bed or vein ten to fourteen feet thick and ten to fifteen feet below the top of the bank, extends from three miles above to two miles below Owensboro; and a short distance south of thecity is a bed of white clay. A fine English fire-clay was discovered by T. H. Osborne near Whitesville, about three fourths of a mile from Boston

Rock crystal, of gravity 2. 5, and mica, gravity 3, are found in this county - the latter on the edge ot the western co41 field, in the St. Louis group.

Mineral Spein&S

Two miles north of Calhoon, in the neighborhood of the old "Vienna settlement " on Green Kiver, are the "tar and sulphur" springs. The medicinal substance referred to is a gummy matter which rises to the surface during the night to the extent of a quart or two', and is reputed to be good for sores. Accessible only when the water is low.

The waters of Telvington Spring contain free carbonic acid, bi-carbonates of lime and magnesia, salt, a trace of iron, and possibly of an alkaline carbonate. To the latter may be due the flat taste of the water, after it has stood for a time. Part of the magnesia may be united with chlorine. If sulphates are present they are in too small quantities to be detected with any degree of certainty without boiling the water down.

Murray's Spring, near Lewis's Station, is chalybeate and saline, anin its chemical reaction neutral. It is doubtless a healthful water. A little over one-thousandth part of it is lime carbonate, and then follow in the order of quantity by weight, magnesia sulphate, soda sulphate, potash sulphate, iron carbonate, lime sulphate, common salt, etc.

Dr. Hickman's springs, near Crow's Station, are named "Alum," "Sulphur," " Brick " and " Yellow." The Alum spring yields a water of strong acid reaction, and is richly impregnated with iron salt. A five-thousandth part of this is solid matter, of which nearly seventy-nine per cent, is iron ^peroxide, nearly fifteen per cent. combined water, five per cent, sulphuric acid (anhydrous), etc. The other springs abound mostly in soda sulphate, magnesia sulphate, lime sulphate, lime carbonate, common salt, magnesia carbonate, etc. In all these springs are traces of copper, lithia, silica, organic matters, etc., which are so small in quantity as to require no notice. The alum waters are liiglily astringent, aiid are doubtless too strong for internal use without dilution, in most cases. The saline and sulphur waters are alterative, sliglitly aperient, diuretic, or sudorij&c, and hence depurative, according to the manner of their administration under medical advice.

As a health resort the above springs have long been noted, and a hotel was built there many years ago for the accommodation of visitors. It was burned down in 1860, and a new, large, frame building erected in 1865 by Dr. W. A. Hickman; also a dwelling house, still larger. Play-grounds were fitted up. The patroiiHge most of the time was larger than could well be accommodated. It is still a favorite place for picnics, although the hotel was closed three years ago.

Chaptek Xii Botany And Zoology

The term ' ' botany " comprises everything that grows in the soil, from the largest tree to the smallest moss. Scientifically, every living organism that subsists upon inorganic matter is a plant, whether it possesses locomotion and sensitiveness or not; while all living organisms that subsist upon organic matter are animals, although some of them are fixed to a spot as most plants are.

Daviess County is in a region favorable to the high development of many species in the vegetable kibgdom. While about 2,300 species of plants are found native in the United States, about 1,600 are found within the State of Kentucky, and fully 1,000 within the limits of Daviess County. In the following paragraphs we will notice only those of interest to the general reader; and we will mention the most conspicuous first, pursuing the following order: 1. Trees which grow to the full forest height. 2. Low trees. 3. Shrubs and bushes, i. "Vines, woody and herbaceous. 5. Native herbs. 6. Weeds, or introduced herbs, growing spontaneously in cultivated and waste places.

Tall Teees

prominent are the Scarlet, Ked, Black, Black Jack, Shingle and Water Oaks. The Willow Oak, so called from the form of its leaves, occurs, but is rare. The Black, Scarlet and Shingle oaks are of the first order for fuel, as tliej"^ furnish fully as much heat as hickory, afford ashes strong with lye, and produce good embers and cliarcoal. The other oaks are low trees, and are mentioned under the next sub-head.

Elms, - Next to the oaks the White Elm is the most common tree in this county. Its principal value is as a shade-tree, though when sawed thin it is much used for small goods boxes. See next sub-head for the other two elms.

Sycamore^ or Buttonwood. - This is the only species of its family in America, and finds its home in all the Ohio Valley. Used as a street shade-tree here, where it forms beautiful heads, and produces larger leaves than any other tree. Sawed thin its wood makes good material for small boxes.

Pojplars. - The Cottonwood is a well-known, large swamp tree, of but little account. The Quaking Asp, or American Aspen, is a true poplar, and is scarce

Tulip-Tree. - This is not a poplar, though often so called. It has also been called white-wood and cucumber-wood. It used to be common in this region, but, being very useful for box lumber, it has been pretty well cut out.

Walnuts. - The Black Walnut, for its I'ichly-shadcd dark wood, is the most valuable tree of the forest. Specimens in the North have been sold for as much as $1,200 a tree, as they stood on the ground ! Consequently it has become scarce, as a large tree. White Walnut or Butternut, is found occasionallj', and is abundant in some parts of the county. The wood is much used at the present day for veneering.

J/a^^eA'. - Three species of maple are found in Daviess County r 1. Hard, Sugar or Kock, with a variety called Black. 2. Eed or Swamp. 3. White or Silver. The two latter are soft-wooded. The hard maple, or " sugai-tree, " was once abundant here, but is now scHj-ce.

Hickories. - These are, botanioally speaking, members of the Walnut family. At the Lead of this class of trees stands the Western Shell-bark, for its fruit and its wood; but it is not so common as formerly. Akin to it is the common Shell-bark or Shag-bark, which, by the way, is much more common East than here. The " Small-fruited" Hickory is abundant in this region. Of those bearing soft-shelled nuts, the most common are the Bitter-nut and Pig-nut; the next the Mocker-nut, or White-hearted Hickory; and lastly the favorite Pecan. A few specimens are found which, by the fruit, seem to be a cross between the Smallfruited Hickory and the Pecan

Ash. - Of this family the White was once the most common; but, being a valuable tree for fuel and lumber, it has become comparatively scarce. It has also been cp,lled Black Ash, Blue Ash and Gray Ash. The Red Ash, the Green Ash and the true Blue Ash are found in this county, the latter very scarce. The last three are of but little value. The true Black Ash is said to be abundant.

Lin, Linden or Basswood. - One species was formerly abundant, and one has always been scarce. The latter species has larger leaves, with a silvery white and fine down underneath.

Catalpa. - Of this there are two species, both rare in this county. One is much more hardy than the other, and valuable for fenceposts, etc. Its time of flowering is three weeks earlier than the tenderer kind. It was formerly common. Specimens have been found over four feet in diameter.

Honey Locust. - Common. Valuable for hedges, and in the extreme northern portion of the Union it is hardier "than Osage Orange, and therefore better for this purpose.

Sweet Gum. - This tree has somewhat star-ihaped leaves, yields a fragrant white gum, and that which grows among other tall trees yields the most valuable lumber, taking the place at once of pine, walnut and cherry. This was originally one of the most abundant of trees, but it is now reduced to one fourth or less. Although the botanists recognize but one species here, difference of situation produces so great a difference that the people say there are at least two varieties, - the yellow or red wooded and the white-wooded, the first mentioned being valuable and the other almost or quite worthless.

'^ Black Oum," a^Wei. also Sour Gum, Pepperidge, Nyssa and Tupelo, is not at all akin to the preceding. It grows to full forest height. Its black, acid berries are not edible. It is still plentiful. The wood is good only for hubs of wheels, etc. The true Black Gum is rare.

Low Teees

While a few under the preceding head scarcely ever reach the lieight of the tallest forest tree, those which we shall enumerate under, this head never reach the average height of the forest, and range dow^n to less than twenty feet, where they mingle, in classification, with "bushes" and shrubs, treated under the next subhead

Paiispom. - Well known throughout the Ohio River Valley for its banana-like fruit, which some persons learn to like as an article of diet. To "learn to like" them one must merely taste of them, at times far apart, and when hungry and under the most favorable circumstances. Even then many will fail.

Persimmon. - Common and more edible than the preceding. Persons abroad do not know much about them, from the fact that they cannot be shipped to a great distance. Before they are perfectly soft they are inedible, and after that they decay too rapidly for shipping to market. Some one might make a little money at idryhig and canning them. Persimmon trees four feet in diameter have been seen here.

Thorn. - There are five species of thorn in this region, gener- known as Red Haws. The moat common are Black or Pear, ihe Cockspur, the "Washington and the Scarlet-fruited.

Red Bud, or Judas Tree, is common in this vicinity, and is Tifell known by its purplish crimson tops in early spring before the leaves appear.

Sassafras and Sjpioe Bush, almost the only two members of the Laurel family in the United States, are both common in this The latter, however, is a shrub, and is becoming scarce. Sassafras four feet four inches in diameter have been found in Daviess

Holly. - One species of holly may occur in wet grounds. Willows. - Six species of willows are found in this county, ranging from shrubs to small trees.

Bushes And Shbubs

Dogwoods (the Silky and the Panicled Cornels), Butter Bush, Palse Indigo, "Wild Hydrangea, Burning Bush, Bladdernnt, Common Elder, three species of Sumach, Wolf berry, Coralberry, "Wild Black Currant, two species of Gooseberry, Black Haw, "White Rod, Shrubby St. John's wort. Mistletoe, Spice Bush, Prickly Ash, -Calico Bush (or Ivy), Holly-leaved Oak, Alder Buckthorn, Choke Cherry, Choke Berry, two species of Plum, and two species of Hazlenut are about aU that come under this head in Daviess