Muhlenberg County, Kentucky - The whole text, 1913 (part 7 of 13)

Vanlandingham, sr., was for a few years associated in the mercantile business with pioneer James Weir After he and Weir dissolved partnership he made a number of trips to New Orleans, where he sold the hides and produce he Ixiught in the eastern part of the county. In 1823 he married Mary A. Drake, of Louisiana, and shortly after removed to Shawneetown, Illinois. In the meantime he retained the property he owned in Muhlenherg. including the place on which he had erected a large log dwelling. His wife, during one of their many visits to Muhlenberg, died on tbeir farm near Paradise, December 22, 1844. In 1845 he and his five children, including O. C. Vanlandingham, jr., moved to Baton Rouge, where he had Ixiught a large plantation. There he married Amelia Blount, of Ixniisiana. He died on this plantation October 2, 1856, aged seventy-two. Ilis remains were brought to Kentucky and buried by the side of his first wife, near what he always called his "old Muhlenberg home."

In 1847 his eldeat son, O. C. Vanlandingham, jr, returned to .Muhlenberg and married Margaret J. Weir, daughter of Samuel .M. Weir. He remained in the county for ten years, looking after his father's property. In 1857, after the death of his father, he moved to liouisiana to take charge of the Vanlandingham plantation. At the breaking out of the Civil War he became a member of a Confederate cavalry regiment and served during the greater part of the war. During the war practically everything on the Louisiana plantation was hurnetl or ruined and the hundred or more slaves owned by the Vanlandinghams were set free, leaving nothing of the great estate but the ground. Alxmt the year 1868 he and his family returned to their farm near Paradise, where he died in ]i)05. He owned a large library, and was regarded as one of the be.st-read men in the county. 0. C. Vanlandingham, jr., and his wife were the parents of two daughters and six sons, all of whom live in the Paradise country, among them being Samuel P. and Oliver f. Vanlandingham. the two well-known farmers.

Iladen, who was born in Maryland December 6, 1813. He was a son of Joseph Iladen, a pioneer of Kentucky, who at the time of the birth of his son was temporarily located in Hagerstown, .Maryland. His parents made the return trip west over the mountains and through Kentucky on horseback, carrying their little son George with them. George \V. Haden's mill was the first saw mill erected in the vicinity of Paradise. After running a horse-power "upright saw" or "sash saw" for a number of years he put in a circular saw run by steam, the second of its kind in the county. His mill business was well established when Ale.xander began building Airdrie He sawed all the lumber irscd in the erection of its houses. He also built the first flat-boats used by the various coal operators who mined at Airdrie before the arrival of Ale.xander. Mr. Haden lived on his large farm east of Drakc.slwro, and for almost a half century was eouneeted with various saw mills in Muhlenberg. He was a Southern sympathizer, and made many sacrifices for the Ij<ist Cause. Mr. and Mrs. Haden were the parents of Joseph C. Haden, Mrs. .\manad (Doctor J. G.) Hohannon, and Hoy Haden. Mr. Haden died in Greenville November 10, 1904.

The land on which the town of Airdrie was later built was for a short time the property of Judge Alney McLean. His son, William Mcl^can, in the latter part of the '3()s, began, near the building once occupied by his father, the house afterward known as the Alexander house and which later became the Huell house. William McLean was the eldest son of Judge Alney .Mclj<*an, and was the first, so it is said, to work the coal around Airdrie. After the death of his father in 1841 he moved his mother and her children from Oreenville to his new residence. While the McLean family was living here William McLean married. A few years later he and his wife moved South, but frequently returned to visit their old home. In the meantime the coal mine opened liy him was worked by William Duncan, of Bedford, Indiana, and J. W. Xewlan, who were succeeded by Thomas Carson, of Bowling Green, who was probably the last to work the McLean coal bank before the arrival of Alexander.

In those days steamboats plied on Green River between Bowling Green and Louisville. None ever pa.ssed the McLean house without a .salute. It was from the McLean landing that many Greenville and other Muhlenberg people took passage. What was. in 1846, the newest and finest boat on Green River was named "Imcy Wing,'' in honor of the daughter of Charles Fox Wing. Captain Culiver was always in charge of this Imat. It is said he was a great admirer of "Poems by Amelia," and that he presented many of bis passengers with copies of that work. This was a Iwok published in 1845 by Amelia Welby, a popular Ohio poetess of that time, whose writings were exploited by George D. Prentice.

Airdrie derives its name from a small city of the same name in Scotland, situatetl ln"twcen Edinburg and Glasgow. It is the old home of the titled Alexanders. Robert Sproul Crawford Aitcheson Alexander, the founder of Ainlrie in .Muhlenberg, w'as Iwrn in Frankfort, Kentueky, in 181!). lie was a son of Honorable Robert Alexander and a grandson of Sir William Alexander and his wife, who was a Miss Aitclieson, of the House of Airdrie, Scotland. The Honorable Robert's eldest brother was a bachelor and was named, like their father, William; he succeeded to the title. This Sir William, the bachelor, promise<l his brother Robert, then living in the Hluegra.ss region of Kentucky, to educate his oldest son Robert and let him succeed to the title and estate if he would send liim over to Scotland for that purpose. This was done, and after Sir William's death young Robert fell beir to the estate. Some years after the death of his uncle he decided to return to America in order to be near his brother and sisters (Alexander John Alexander, Mrs. J. B. Waller, and Mrs. II. C. Deeds). Besides, his supply of Black Band iron ore in Scotland was alwut exhaiLsted. He made a search for similar ore in America through his geologists, Charles Hendrie, sr, and his son Alc.xander Hendrie, who discovered the existence of a desirable ore, in 1851, first near the abandoned Buckner Furnace and then near Paradise. Alexander bougiit about seventeen thousand aeres of land in Muhlenberg, all of which with the exception of the Buckner Furnace lay along Green River.

Alexander believed the Scotch were the most competent iron-workers in the world, .and so, during the latter part of 18.54, he brought many of his former employes and their families to his new Airdrie. A .special ship, it is said, was chartered for the trip. It required six weeks. for their sailing-ves.se! to cross the ocean. Tradition has it that their boat had a collision with a waterlogged boat, which resulted in changing their course to such an extent that they landed at Xew York in.stead of Philadelphia. From Pittsburgh they came down the Ohio, and after some delay in liouisville started up Green River. I'pon arriving at Airdrie, their "New Scotland." the.v immediatel.v .set to work linishing the houses begun in the new town by Alexander Ilendrie and a number of local masons and carpenters, among whom were Alfred .lohn.son and Id.s son Roux .lohnson, and Thotnas Sumner and his son Alne.v Mcl/ean Sumner.

AlexamiiT spared no expense in his work. T1k' capital at his di.sposal for this undertakitig was practically unliiinted. It is said he invested over .1<:);5().(M)0. lie enlarged the .MeLean house, in which he retained :i few rooms for his personal ii.se. Besides the furnace. Stone House, and mill he erected a two-storv frame hotel, a few two-story frame dwellings, and about twent.v frame eottagi-s of three riauiis each. The.se houses were lathed and plastered and supplied with massive ehimne.vs and large open hre-plaees. Kveryliody around the works, regardless of position, was eomfortabl.v housed.

After considerable drilling, digging, and dela.ving, the furnace was hnally started. Alexander, as .said before, believed the Seoteh were the most competent iron-workers in the world, and he therefore gave them full swa.v. While his men ma.v have been thoroughl.v familiar with the handling of the Black Band iron ore of Scotland, the.v evidently did not realize that the ore here reipiired a different treatment. Three or four unsueeessful attempts were made to run the furnace. The trouble lay not in the ore, but in its management. Had the.v changed some of their methods, the probabilities are that the undertaking would have been a grand success.

Alexander's patience soon gave out. He cared very little about the mone.v involved, for it was only a small part of his fortune. He set a date for the discontinuing of the work, and although the drillers discovered mori; iron ore on the preannounced last day, Alexander nevertheless clung to his firm resolution and abandoned the work. This was in the fall of 1857. He retired to his stock farm near Lexington, where he did prohabl.v more than any other one man toward the improvement of blooded stock in this State. At the time of his (ieath, on his farm DecemlK-r 1, 1867, he was reputed to be the richest man in Kentucky.

Sir Robert S. C. Aitcheson Alexander was a baclielor. After the death of his uncle he hecame known as Ixird Alexander. He was a quiet, modest.

The Stone Steps. Airdrie

unassuming man. His employes called him "the lord." On one occasion a hackwoodsman named Williams paid a visil to Airdrie, and upon his arrival immediately a.skcd for "that there Lord." Alexander was pointed out to him. Williams "sashayed around him and sized him up from head to foot," and then expres.sed his astonishment by saying, "So you arc the Lord, are you? Hy gum, you are nothin' but a buman bein' after all, and a plain, ordinary, .say-little sort of a fidlcr at that. The.v said you was a Big Bug. but five foot six will reach you any day in the week, by Washington!" This amu.sed Alexander, for he realized how unconsciously but truthfully the speaker had described him. He gave Williams a hearty handshake, and a few weeks later the backwoodsman presenti'd "Lord Ellick" with "enough venison for all Seotland."

Notwithstanding the fact that the furnace was a failure from a commercial standpoint, life in the colony was happy. Although the men spent most of their time at work connected with the mines and furnace and the women were occupied with their household affairs, amusements of many sorts were frequent. The women attended afternoon gatherings of various sorts, and did much toward introducing new customs among the native families with whom they came in contact. The men wore good fishermen and splendid swimmers. Archie Pollock, one of the jolliest of the Scotlanders, was the "champion fist-fighter. " In fact, friendly fist-fights were on the program more than any other sport. Dances were frequently given. Some of the old Scotch airs introduced by them can still be heard at "old fiddlers' contests'' occasionally licld in the county.

Although the town of -'Urdrie was short-lived, its establishment resulted in the introduction of many new and desirable families into Muhlenberg. After the withdrawal of Alexander practically all the men and women who came from Scotland remained in the county, and are to-day represented by many descendants.

Andrew Duncan and his hrothers Robert and David Duncan left Scotland for America in the (^arl.v part of and a few months later Alexander sent for them to come to Airdrie. They were practical miners, and Alexander gave them a eontract to sink a shaft. One of the brothers managed the day shift and the other the night crew. William 0. Duncan, now the best -known mine operator in Kentucky, is a son of Andrew Duncan, and David John Duncan, the well-known insurance man of Greenville, is a son of David Duncan.

James Gilmour and his brother Matthew Gilmour were among Alexander's trusted cinploye.s. James spent most of his life in the Paradise country, and died there in 1895. James G. Gilmour, of Paradise, is his son. Matthew returned to Scotland and there managiHl a large coal mine.

Robert Kipling, the patternmaker, was an Englishman and came to Airdrie with Frank Toll. After the works were abandoned be located on a farm near Paradise, where he ilied March 10, 1902. Among his children now living in the county are Miss .M. Bcttie, Miss Rhoda A., George S., and R. Henry Kipling. Kipling, like every other man in Airdrie, was an admirer of J. Jack Robertson, of the upper Pond Creek countr.v. Kipling designed and east a number of door-pro])s called "Old Jack Roliertson. ' ' They were iron figures aliout ten inches long and five inch(« high, representing "Old Jack'' sitting on the floor with his legs stretched out, a goose between them, and he in the act of carving it, A few of these iron doorweights can still be found in the county,

Alexander Ilendrie was Alexander's geologist. Ilis father, Charles Ilendrie, sr., wa.s manager of the estates belonging to the House of Airdrie. Ale.xander Ilendrie, or "Scotch Henry,'' was born in Airdrie, Scotland. June 24, 1820. In 1848 he came to the United States in search of iron ore for Alexander. In 1850 he located in Paducah, where by prearrangement he met his father, with whom he made an exploration of the deposits of iron ore in Western Kentucky. In the course of a few months they began an investigation of the Buckner Furnace tract and there found the ore that they considere<l was what they were looking for. Their recommendation of the iron ore found on this tract resulted in Alexander's buying the place in 1851.

Ilendrie, wishing to be near his work, moved into the abandoned Buckner house, which he liad restored for that purpose. While living near The Stack he occupied some of his leisure time farming. In the meantime he explored various parts of the county, and among other places discovered iron ore near Paradise. Alexander visited Ilendrie on the Buckner place and discussed with him the questions of quality, (piantity, and location of the iron ores on the various tracts that had been bought. Hendrie advised Alexander not to repair The Stack, wiiere transportation facilities were an obstacle, but to build a new furnace on Green River. In 1 853 they selected a site below Paradi.se and named it Airdrie. Ilendrie, assisted by Matthew Gilmour, immediately began the new town. Alexander Hendrie's brother, John Ilendrie, wiiile still in Scotland, drew the plans for the new furnace and Stone House.

About 1853 Alexander Ilendrie moved to Airdrie. In the meantime he superintended the farming on the Buckner place. He continuetl to look after that tract until he resigned ns manager of the Airdrie furnace. He made many trips between the two places on his celebrated mare "Susie." This animal was burned to death while hitched in one of the Buckner stables; however, shortly after, George W. Haden presented him with a mare, "Dolly," that for many years was considered one of the most beautiful and intelligent animals in the county. Alexander Hendrie had a good education, and notwithstanding one report to the contrary, was a solicr and industrious man. Tradition says his only fault lay in the fact that he was "too good for his own good." After his r('signation as manager of Airdrie he continued his visits to Lexington, where he was invariably the guest of his friend Alexander. Shortly after he left Airdrie he became connected with the Riverside mine, where he remained until almut 1864, when he moved to his farm in Ohio County, where ho died in May, 1874. One of his sons is Charles Hendrie, the well-known mining engineer of Central City.

John Macdougal, the father of William Macdougal, was also among those who held responsible positions at Airdrie. Gilbert Muir, the father-inlaw of James Gilmour, was the "driver" or engineer, and retained charge of the machinery long after the furnace was ahandonetl. Robert Patterson was the bookkeeper and also one of the civil engineers. It was he who surveyed a line from Airdrie, while the furnace was in operation, to the old Buckner Furnace, from which place Alexander was planning to get ore. Henry Southerland was a shoemaker in Scotland, and continued in that line of work at Airdrie and Paradise.

Alexander Hendrie

William Torrence was the engine-builder, in whieh capaeity he liad also worked in Scotland. Shortly before the works were abandoned he became one of the overseers. After the place was shut down he farmed across Oreen River from Ainlrie. At the breaking out of the war Torrence became a member of Company I, Kleventh Kentucky Infantry, and later settled in Roekport, where he died. Frank Toll held various imsitions at the furnace.

Much has been written about Airdrie. As far as I am aware, the sketches that have been puhlislunl are all, witli one exception, nothing more than absurd murder and gho.st stories, that evidently originated in the minds of those who wrote them. The exception I refer to is "A Report upon the -\irdrie Furnace and Property, " republished liy the Kentucky State ecological Survey from an original record made in 1S7-1 by P. \ Moore to Pmfes.sor N. S. .Shaler. then in charge of the Survey. It is a report of twenty-eight pagi-s on the character of the coal and iron re.sources on the Airdrii* prop, erty. One page is devoted to a description of the furnace and about tliris' pagi's to its history. These I quote:

The furnace was built in IH.'cl-rifi. It has an iron shell stai-k, re.sting upon a ma.sonry base, twenty-six and a half feet sipiare by twenty-one feet high. The outside diameter of the shell is twenty-three fwt. The internal dimensions of the furnace are as follows: height fifty feet, diameter of Imsh seventeen fts*t, height to bosh twenty-four feet (bosh cylindrical for six feet), diameter of throat eleven feet. The heiirtli is four feet Idgli (elliptical in shape), .seven feet four inches by falamt) five feet.

The furnace is entirely open-topped, having no facilities for saving the gase.s, and reipiiring separate tiring for Isith boilers and hot-blast.

There are two hot-blast ovens of the old-fashioned pistol-pipe patt(*rn, with thirty-four pipes in each oven, ti'U curved pipes on each side, with seven .straight at each end. The pipes are eight f»s't long, elliptical in crosssection, nine by eighteen inches, with diaphragm througli the center of

There are four iMiilcrs, each forty inches in diameter by twenty-eight feet in length, each boiler having two Hues. The engine is vertical, with dins-t connection betwism the steam and blast cylinders, and also connected with a heavy walking-lH-am and fly-wlieel, the walking-beam working with a connterpoi.se at one end.

The steam cylinder is twenty inches in diameter and nine feet stroke; the bla.st cylinder six fc"ct ten inches in diameter, stroke same as steam cylinder.

Mill Chimneys. Ai80Bie Paradise Country And Oi,D Airdrie

The engine-house is a splendid stone structure, built of a fine freestone, which occurs at the furnace. Everything about the furnace is eonstruetcd in tlie most thorough and durable manner.

The top of the furnace is almut the level of the No. 11 Coal, to he hereafter deseriljcd, and the ore and coal from the No. 12 scam were brought to the furnace mouth through a tunnel cut in the No. 11 Coal. The engine is in good order and well preserved.

The furnace proper stands perfectly sound tlSTl) and could, in a very brief time, he put in condition to go into blast ; hut among the buildings attached thereto the lapse of many years since they were in use has not been without its effect, so that repairs to both buildings aud hot-blast apparatus will need to be made before they can be used again.

The Airdrie Furnace property consists of about 17,000 acres of land in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. This land is not all in one l>ody, but lies in various sized lots, ranging from 500 to 5,000 acres. The greater portion of the e.state lies within a short distance of the furnace; but one tract of almut 5,000 acre.s - the old Buckner. Furnace property - is alauit five miles from Greenville, the county seat of Muhlenberg Coiinty, and fifteen miles from Airdrie. ...

Having thus considered in detail the resources of this property, and seen the remarkable advantages it po.s.scsses for obtaining fuel and cheap and varied supplies of ores, the question naturally presents itself : why, then, with all these advantage.s, was the furnace no more successful on its former trial? This is a serious and important question, for the reproach of failure laid against an enterprise of this kind outweighs many advantages.

Into the answer a number of rea.sous enter, and to render them properly understood it will he necessary to go into the history of the former campaign of the f'lirnace in some detail, and to refer to the management of the enterprise in language which is unmistakable, although it may .seriously refl('Ct upon the business sagacity of some persons once eonnected with it who are no longer living. It should be premised that the information upon which the following account is based was obtained partly from the laioks of the furnace and partly from men who were on the ground, connected with the furnace in various capacities.

The enterprise seems to have been conceived by its projirietor in a spirit in which benevolence, national pride, and the desire for a profitable investment were strangely mingled. Ileing a Scotchman, and having some knowledge of iron manufacture as practiced in Scotland, he not unnaturally believed men of that nationality to be the most competent and desirable persons to conduct establi.shments for iron-making.

He, therefore, committed from the beginning the .serious mistake of employing almost exclusivel.v newly arrived foreigners, men who, however competent at home, were without any knowledge of American prices and metallurgical practice, or experience with .\meiican ores and fuel.

Having fouml what was (Irmly believed to be the equivalent of the celebrated Scotch Black Band iron ore. and an a.s.sociate coal which it was thought could be u.sed raw- in the furnace, he prot-eeded to erect a furnace modeled after the Scotch pattern. He brought over large numbers of Scotch miners and furnace men, and employed them almost exclusively; giving them to understand, it is re])orted, that it was to improve their condition, rather than in hopi's of great returns, that he had made the investment. He employed as superintendent and manager an uneducated, dissipated .Scotchman, a man wholly unfit to fill so important and responsible a

For three years, while the slow process of development was going on, the furnace and machinery erected, entries driven, and the great shaft, five and a half by eighteen feet, sunk to a depth of four hundred and thirty feet in search of a mythical ore (known to exist fifteen miles distant and nowhere

At la.st the furnace was started. It ran a few days very unsuccessfully, producing iron of a poor quality and in small amount, when an accident to the Ixiiler compelled it to he blown out.

Repairs were made in due time and the furnace again started. The working was no better than before, and the iron not improved in quality or (piantity. In twenty-two days from the time of starting the saddleplate of the walking-beam broke, disabling the engine and compelling the furnace to be shoveled out. Again it started and again, after a short run. no more successful than the last, an accident happened to the engine, the cast-iron shaft of the fly-wheel broke, and once more the furnace was shoveled out.

After the last blast the manager eoncludeil that the coal did not work well raw, and so made a large amount of coke from it to be tried at the next blast, hut the next blast never came; the proprietor's patience was cxhaustcxl; he .stopped operations entirely, discharged his men, and shut up the mines and furnace.

Since that time (November, 1857) the furnace has never been in operation. The No. 11 Coal has laa-n worked largely for shipment to the Southern market, but lieyond that the property has been lying idle and unproductive.

Paradise Country And Oi.D Airdrie

The closing of the furnace at that time was a mistake no less serious than some committed in starting it. 'Die manager was beginning to learn, by the only method by which a .so-called practical, uneducated man can learn - his own dear-bought experience - that American ores and fuel are not exactly like the Scotch, and that different practice is required for their treatment. Had he been allowed to go on, using coke for fuel, it is not unlikely that his next campaign would have proved much more successful.

It can be truly said that the furnace has never been sub.iected to a fair trial. A total campaign of six weeks or two mouths, divided into three short blasts, affords no fair basis for judgment as to the merits of furnace, fuel or ore.

After the withdrawal of Alexander his lands in Muhlenberg County were placed in charge of Colonel S. P. Ixive. lie was succfs'dcd by Thomas Bruce, a merchant and one-time county clerk, who looked after Alexander's interests a short time. Along in these years Doctor Shelby A. .Jackson was in .some way connected with Airdrie. Doctor .Jack.son was one of the most widely known men of his day. David B. Roll followed Thomas Bruce as agent of the land. "Squire" Roll, as he was familiarly called, was a magistrate for ten years in succession, a well-to-do farmer and stoek-rai.scr, and the owner of considerable property. 'I'he overseeing of the Alexander tracts was in "Squire" Roll's hands when Oeneral Don Carlos Buell appeari'd on the scene.'

Immediately after the close of the war General Buell began a search for an oil field. lie came to Airdrie fmm .Marietta, Ohio, in 1866, for the sole purpose of working the oil on the Alexander land.s. He took a forty-year mineral and oil lea.se on Alexander's seventeen thousand acres. Alexander was to receive, among other things, one tenth of all "the petroleum or other oil or oily substance obtained from the land." This company, of which General Buell was president, was known as the Airdrie Petroleum Co.

Buell drilled extensively on the Alexander property along Green River and al.so on the Buckner Furnace tract. Airdrie being on Green River, and having the bi"st transportation facilities, he decided to establish himself

- Don Carlos Buell was horn at I.a>well, Ohio, March 23. 1818; moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, In his youth, and entered West Point in 1837, from which military academy he was graduated July 1, 1841. He fought in the Mexican War, and from 1848 to 1861 served as chief of various departments. In July, 1861, he was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and in March, 1862, Major-General. The timely arrival at Shiloh of the Army of the Ohio, under his command, resulted in the saving of Grant's army from defeat; his rapid and successful march to reach Louisville in time to prevent the city from being occupied by Bragg, and his driving of the Confederate army from Kentucky after the battle of Perryville, are among the military achievements of General Buell that are matters of national history. On October 30, 1862, through the inltuence of some of his enemies in the Federal army, he was superseded by General Rosecrans. Among other things with which he was then charged were failure to capture Bragg's army and to confiscate certain property held by non-combatants. A military commission was appointed, before which he was summoned, and after an investigation covering a period of many months there resulted some criticism upon some of his movements, but nothing alfecting his honor or military standing. In May, 1864, at his own request, he was honorably mustered out of service. Thus ended the military career of a soldier who, while a soldier and later while a civilian, received little of the great credit due him for the military services he had rendered. His military career is not properly a subject for this book, but is for others to write.

there. Kurthermore. after the death of Alexander, the Alexander heirs, wishing to dispose of some of the property which they had inherited, entered into an agreement with Buell whereby the latter received a deed to the Airdrie furnace and al)Out a thousand acres around it for having released the forty-year lease that he then held. lie thereafter confined his work to his own property near Airdrie. However, the coal Buell discovered while looking for oil was in such abundance that he changed his plans and directed most of his attention to coal development.

Ruins At Airdrie In 1900

In the meantime (186S) The (Ireen and Barren Kivers .Navigation ('ompany lea.sisl (ireen Kiver, which stream up to that time had l>e<'n directly controlled by the State of Kentucky. The increased freight rate <lemanded by the new corporation was .so mueh that Buell could not meet the prices of his (-oni])etitor.s. to whom a lower freight rate was given, lie fought the corporation through the Legislature for some fifteen years. His long, hard, and time-sacrificing work resulted in the Federal government purchasing the unexpired l^-a.se of the Navigation Company in 1888. The river was then put in good order and the old locks were improved and new ones added. For this work alone he de.servcs a monument.

After Buell had won his transportation rate tight he felt too far advanced in years to again begin his work of developing the mines. In the meantime much of the machinery ha<l gone to wreck and ruin, and .some of it had lus-n sold. On one occasion, it is said, an old-iron peddler agreed to chinery on the place except the two boilers standing there to-day. I'nder the circumstances, and in spite of the available mineral, it is not at all surprising that nothing further was undertaken by (ieneral Hiiell.^

Of all the extravagant storii*s told alwut Airdrie, few are more absurd than those relative to the Stone House, sometimes - but erron«"ously - called the Old Prison. Some declare Alexander worked prisoners in his mines; others say Buell used them in connection with his work. One young man's idea was that Buell here held the prisoners he had captured in the

The Old Hotel Boildikg At Aibdeie In 1B95

Civil War. A number of people are under the iinjiression that the Stone Hou.se was built by and for .some of the State convicts. In fact, one can hear anything and everything in regard to the "prisoners" except that they were free workmen brought over from Scotland by Alexander.

The truth of the matter, however, is this: -Mnnit 18H4, when Eildyville prison was being enlargeil, arrangements were made with (ieneral Buell to rpiarry stone on his place, to be u.sed in the new penitentiary. Alsnit fifteen prisoners were sent by the State for the purpose of getting out the rock, who while at Airdrie were <iuartered in the .Stone House. They remained only a few weeks, for in the meantime other stone had lieen disimvercd by General Lyon near Eddyville, and the State then transferred the prisoners to the new quarry.

Many ghost stories are connected with the old hotel building at Airdrie. It was the largest frame house erected by Alexander. It remained unoccupied after Alexander abandoned the furnace, and its weatherbeaten walls, broken windows, and generally dilapidated condition gave rise to a report that the place was haunted. Although all traces of the hotel have disappeared, the ghost stories have continued to increase in number and variety. Many of them begin with a murder scene and end with the maneuvers of a headless ghost. No one was ever killed in or near the building, all reports to the contrary notwithstanding.

The stories alwut the haunted hotel and of "prisoners" being worked by the owners of Airdrie are as groundless as tho.se eirculated over the country regarding the kinship or friendship that is .said to have existed between General Huell and General Bragg. These two soldiers were not related by blood or marriage, and did not "sleep in the same Ijcd the night before the battle of Perryville. " General Buell on November 19, IS.II, married the widow of General Richard Barnes Mason, who was a grandson of General George Mason of Revolutionary fame. General Bragg's wife was Miss Kllis, of Ixniisiana.

General Buell's wife before her second marriage was Mrs. .Margaret (Turner) Mason, the mother of Miss Nannie .Ma.son. Mrs. Buell died in Airdrie on .August 10,

1881. .\fter her death Mrs. Course, the General's sister, made the place her home until 1885, when she died. General Buell died at Airdrie on NovemlH-r 19, 1898, and his body was sent to Belfontaine Cemetery, St. lx>uis. llis estate was willed to Miss Nannie Mason, who a few years after his death iiuide Ixmisville her home and died there November 19, 1912. In 1908 she sold the Airdrie lands to the Five J. Coal Company, of which Shelby ,T. Gish, of t.'entral City, is general manager.

After the General's death William Shackelton occupied the house for about two years. He was succeeded by Ixircnzo U. Griggs. John Hcndrie, the then aged architect of the old stone structures at Airdrie, oecupied the house from September, 1904, to November, 1906. David Rhoads came next.

Don Carlos Bdeuu 1866

During its seventy-five years of existence many of Muhlenberg's pioneers loitered under its roof. Alexander entertained a number of renowned

American and foreign visitors while living there. Charles Eaves was General Buell's most intimate friend in the county and likewise his most frequent visitor. During Buell's residence in Airdrie many men prominent in military and social circles wore his guests. None, however, no matter how di.stinguished, was received with more open arms than his neighbors and friends of the Green River country.

General Buell livisl in this house thirty-two years, including the four years (1885-188!)) he made Ismisville his head(iuarters while Pension Agent for Kentucky. In 1880 and during a number of years following he was one of the ('ommi.s.sioners of the State Agricultural College. He was one of the early memhers of the Kentucky State Historical Society, and was also identilied with many conventions that have aided in the development of the resources of the State. In 18!)0, when the Shiloh Military Park Commis- sion was organizod, he was appointed one of its members, and served on that board up to the time of his death. Althougli never an applicant for office, General Buell's name has been mentioned in connection with many high offices, among them being the presideney of the United States.

When, owing principally to his efforts, the Federal government assumed charge of Green River, General Buell had reached the age of seventy. In his declining years he spent most of his time on his two hobbies - working in his little carpenter shop, and looking after the trees and shrubbery in his park, which he kept alwa.vs in good condition. He had a mechanical turn, and among other things constructed in his carpenter shop a model of a large dish-washing machine, .such as are used in hotels, whereby one man can do the work of four. He never patented it.

General Buell never engaged in farming, but rented out a small portion of his land to others, from whom he received enough hay and corn for rent to supply his own needs. He was always an admirer of native trees, wild birds, and go<id saddle-horses. From the time he first came to Muhlenberg until shortly before his death he could be seen almost ever.v day riding in the country near Airdrie with his wife or daughter. When, about 1880, his favorite horse "Shiloh" (presented to him during the war) died, he buried him on Airdrie Hill, putting a small rock at the head of the grave. He treated every animal on his place with the gentleness that a loving father would a small child. In his old age he continued to walk and ride with a military air. Everything he did was done in a most systematic manner. He was well informed on current events and subjects generally, and all who knew him personally speak of him as a most interesting conversationalist.

He was an optimist and never found fault with anything. One of his most intimate friends in Muhlenberg says; "Not once did he as much as intimate to me that the Government had given him little or no reward for the sernces he had rendered in peace and in war."

General Buell, while living at Airdrie, wrote on various subjects. Among bis writings are three articles pertaining to the Civil War - "Shiloh Reviewed," "Operations in North Carolina," and "East Tennessee and the Campaign of Perryville," all of which were published in 1R87 by The Century Company in "Battles and Ix-aders of the Civil War." General Buell, shortly after the death of his wife, wrote the following poem, heretofore iinpiiblisheil, for a cop.v of which 1 am indebted to his stepdaughter, Miss Nannie Ma.san:

Charles Eaves

Ilis father, John S. Eaves, was born near Roanoke River, Virginia, in 1783, and after a short stay in X'ashville and Rus.sellville settled in Muhlenberg in 1805 and became one of the county's most influential pioneers. He located on Pond River, near Ilarpc's Hill. He was an intelligent man and a thrifty farmer, sened as justice of the peace and sheriff, and in 1834 represented the county in the State Legislature. He died in Greenville in 1867. John S. Eaves married Lurena Ingram. She was a talented woman and like her hu.sband very much interested in the development of the county. They were the parents of seven ehildren, of whom Charles Eaves was the youngest son.*

From early youth and through all the years of his life Charles Eaves was a student not only of law, history, and literature, but also of the natural sciences. During his boyhood and early manhood he devoted most of his winter evenings to the reading of good literature, and in the warmer season spent much of his spare time wandering through the Pond River forests studying Nature or sitting under an old sycamore on the banks of Eaves Creek, near his old home, peru.sing gmal books. To him the monarchs of the forest were philosophers and friends. His poetical idea of the interpretation of the trees is beautifully expres.sed by his personal friend, James Lane Allen, in "Aftermath."- Judge Eaves recognized the great educational value of travel. At the age of twenty-two he nnwie a trip on horseback to Dakota and other Western sections, and later in life visited some of the Eastern cities and the Southwestern States.

' Mr. and Mrs. John S. Eaves were the parents of: (1) Sanders, who married Jane Short; (2) William, married Sarah Walker: (3) George sr.. married Mary Peters; (4) John S., Jr., married Miss Turhlvllle; (5) Charles, married Martha O. Beach; (6) Mrs. Mary {Reverend Isaac) Malone; (7) Mrs. Caroline (Felix J.) Martin.

*"How sweet that smoke Is! And how much we are wasting when we change this old oak back into his elements - smoke and light, heat and ashes. What a magnificent work he was on natural history, requiring hundreds of years for his preparation and completion, written In a language so learned that not the wisest can read him wisely, and enduiingly bound In the finest of tree calf! It is a dishonor to speak of him as a work. He was a Doctor of Philosophy! He should have been a college professor! Think how he could have used his own feet for a series of lectures on the laws of equilibrium, capillary attraction, or soils and moisture! Was there ever a head that knew so much as his about the action of

A brief biography of Judge Eaves was publislied in J. H. Battle's "Kentucky, a History of the State," twenty years before his death. From this I quote:

Charles Eaves was born January 20, 1825, nine miles we.st of Greenville, lie was educated chiefly at home. In early Iwyhood he became a voracious reader. lie gathered books and spun his own web of knowledge. On his father's farm his habit was to read half the night, after working on the farm all day. At the age of eighteen he took up the study of law on the farm, reading Blackstone. Story. Chitty, Stevens. Starkie, Oreenleaf, and numerous other textbooks, and after three years' reading obtained license to practice law. He was admitted to the Greenville bar in September, 1846. Since then he has devoted his life to the study and practice of law and to the study of literature.

He is now a ripe, thorough lawyer, ranking high in his profession. His knowledge is eneyelopedie As a pleader he is skillful, accurate, thorough : as a speaker, never rhetorical, but ])lain, direct, compaet and clear; always fair an<l honorable in the conduct of a ease, and generally suectsisful. If elo(iiiene(* he has, it is the eloquence of conviction ami clearness. He wins his ca.ses by careful preparation, clearness of statement and fairness of argument. He served Mulilenberg County one year as county attorney, one year as school commissioner, and one term (1857-59) as representative in the Legislature.

In 1865 he removed to Henderson, Kentucky, and after a residence there of twelve years returned to Greenville, where he now resides in his quiet, tree-embowered suburban home. At Henderson he was city attorney for three years. The office was unsought, and he held it till he resigned it.

light? Did any human being ever more grandly bear the burdens of life or better face the tempests of the world? What did he not know about birds? He had carried them in his arms and nurtured them in his bosom for a thousand years. Even his old coat, with all its rents and patches - what roll of papyrus was ever so crowded with secrets of knowledge? The august antiquarian! The old king! Can you imagine a funeral urn too noble for his ashes? But to what base uses! He will not keep the wind away any longer; we shall change him into a kettle of lye with which to whiten our floors." - From James Lane Allen's "Aftermath."

Obables Eaves

Not old at si,xty j si.x feet high, and though not obese, weighing two hundred pounds, healthy and strong, with a memory like a chronicle, with a love of books unabated, reading a new law liook with as much zest as a novel, drinking in its meaning as a sponge absorbs water. Judge Eaves is likely to survive the present century ns an active member of his profession, honored and respected by bench and har as well as by the people, and after his death his ghost may possibly be seen by his old associates about the courthouse with a law book or bundle of papers under his arm.

In 1852 Charles Eaves married Alartha G. Beach, of Greenville, formerly of Rochester, New York. They became the parents of five children. Their first two children, Rufus and Frances, died before reaching maturity. Their sons, Charles and Ridley, left .Muhlenberg in early manhood. Their fifth child, Miriam, was a beautiful but unfortunate woman, highly accomplished and an excellent musician. She made Greenville her home during the greater part of her life. She was murdered in Louisville on November 12, 1892. This dreadful tragedy and the circumstances lending to it was the great sorrow of Judge Eav»>s' life, the shock of which left a deep and lasting imi>ress on him.

No citizen was better versed in local tradition!?, and no man could tell the stories of bygone days more interestingly and more accurately, than Judge Eaves. He always showed a groat ami sympathetic interest in any legend he might be reciting. He was a brilliant conversationalist. Few men in telling old tradition.s, diseus.sing literature, or explaining law could go so deeply into minute details and yet hold their listener's uninterrupted attention as he did. Unfortunately, he wrote nothing on local history and very little on any other subject. A poem said to have been written by him, and one of his letters, are quoted ehsewherc in this chapter. On his death many oral tra<litions lost their last narrator and much of Muhlenberg's unwritten history faded into the mass of things forgotten.

Judge Eaves loved Muhlenberg and everything associated with it. No hills and valleys appealed to him more, and no county's future st>emed to him brighter, than Muhlenberg's. He often, and in all sincerity, told his friends that his soul could not pa.ss away peaceably in any other community, and that his bones would not rest quietly in any other place than in this land where he had spent a life of s?) many joys and sorrows. He was past eighty when the final summons came. He died in Greenville on August 17. 1905, and was buried by the side of his wife, who had pnveded him to the Great Beyond on January 17, 1902.

On September 23, 1905, these re.solutions on the death of Judge Eaves were passed by the members of the local bar and ins<'pibcd in the recorils of the Muhlenberg Circuit Court:

Resolved: That in the death of Judge Eaves we have lost not onl.v the senior of our bar and a revered and re.spected friend, hut also the last member of a distinguished number of lawyers who began the practice of law under that .system known as the Common Law Practice, which was in force in Kentucky prior to our Code Practice.

Resolved : That we revere liis memory and cherish with grateful recollections many favors bestowed by him, as well as many pleasant associations with him.

Judge Eaves was a student all his life long. A volume could be written relative to his instructive and entertaining conversations on the books he hud read. Judge Jeptha Crawford Jonson, one of the best-known attorneys in the Green River country, who moved from McLean County to Greenville in 1892, wliere he died April 10, 1912, aged seventy-nine, speaking to me of Judge Eaves, said: "During the thirty-five years intervening between 1868 and the date of his death Judge Eaves and I were intimately associated, and I esteemed him greatly. lie was an omnivorous reader and could describe vividly the characters in any story he had read, discuss in detail any essay he had perused, and repeat many and long extracts from the better-known poets. His memory was excellent. His assimilation and digestion of what he had read was perfect. He was thoroughly familiar with the Bible and with many of the Greek and Latin authors, with Sliakespeare, Milton, and the Brownings; with Cowper, Scott, Bulwer, and Dickens; with Irving, Cooper, and Hawthorne, and with a number of the French authors."

Shortly after 1866, when General Buell made JIuhlenberg his home. Judge Eaves and the General formed a friendship that continued until the death of Buell in 1898. Judge Plaves and his family frequently visited General and Mrs. Buell and their daughter. Miss Nannie Mason, at Airdrie, for many years. After the death of the General, Judge Eaves continued his visits to "dear old Airdrie." During all these years, upon his return home, the Judge invariably wrote his host a letter of appreciation. All his letters were destroyed when the Buell residence burned in 1907 except one which is addressed to Miss Nannie Ma-son, who after the death of the General continued to live at Airdrie for a few years. Although the Judge here exprt-sses himself in the form of a letter, it is a good sample of the style of conversation into which he often drifted. It is dated Greenville, June 26, 1902 ;

I loved Airdrie from the first of iny knowledge of it as the home of General Buell and his family - admired it for its beauty - loved it greatly for its dwellers - love it now' for its old associations and its present owner.

It was and is out of sight of roads and of people. A place where you may spread yourself - your whole self - without disturbance; where you escape the dust and smoke and folk; where you dwell in the presence of the beautiful river, which is ever on its tranquil pilgrimage, bearing messages from the woods to the sea ; where you know every tree, every plant, ever>' walk, every footpath, every bir<l, every note of every bird ; where, indeed, the birds have plenty of hiding-places, and they must need tell of it to others, until it becomes their summer garden as well as yours. You did not wait until Sunday to go to church ; hut every morning in the week you and the birds had your orisons at four o'clock and your evening benedictions at sunset. One who has never heard the birds from four o'clock until six, of a summer morning, as I have done at Airdrie, has never rightly heard God praised. You had .your friends there. Some shaded you, some fed you; the catbird chatted with you; the hens took food from your hands; the rosea never talked politics, but simply went on, clothing themselves with more beauty and evolving sweeter fragranee for your sake. Often you got down to the soul of things; for everything has a soul. Surely the bees and the butterflies have soul-life - made up of taste, affection, fancy, will, and hereditary instincts. The General's horse might have been immortal, without injustice to other animals. Was there ever a genuine Anglo-Saxon cow there - a great, rich, red-hided Durham? Such a cow would have become the place, and would doubtle.ss have had a clean, sweet yard, where the apple trees leaned across the fence to shade her. and the moon looked in of nights to see her chew her cud. Such a cow would have spoken to you in modulated tones and looked at you wjth affection Hut the home, the dear old home. Iicrchcd on the hillside, overlooking the beautiful river, the house enriched by its tender and precious a.ssociation.s. is by far the most interesting inanimate object at Airdrie. if, indeed, it he inanimate. In this house a truly great man. of noble nature, lived and died; .'i heaiitifnl and lovely woman lived and die<l. and a no less beautiful and lovely woman lived and loved to live and would again love to live. Of the walls of this house where these beautiful lives have been lived, where so many precious experiences have been passisl through, might not one say exactly what Joshua said about the stone that he set up in Shechem (Joshua xxiv, 27): "They have heard all the words of the Ijord which He spake unto you?'' And indeixl the parallel goes farther. The words which your household walls have heard from God, and which t.!iey are .still uttering, arc the same words which He had spoken in the presence of the old stone at Shechem, and of which that stone was a perpetual witness to the people. Think of this house which has become monumental. Its walls have other and far deeper values than were paid the architect and the --arpenter for d(>signing and building them. These walls are steeped in truth, and each room sptsiks it in its own peeuliar voice - the old truth of Covenant between man and God - the necessity and bh-ssing of obe<li<'nee. It is not put in the hard old Jewish way as it speaks to you out of the walls of your Christian home. It is riehened and deepened. Hut it is the same old truth. The wondnuisness of life, the blessedness of life, and the tie between all life and God. who is the everlasting and all-ereating one; that man's life belongs to God. and that there is no true life in man exeept in God.

In these rooms you faeed the awful mystery of death; you watched that slow. sure, gentle, irresistible untwisting of the golden cord, and saw mor- tality fade into immortality before your very eyes. Can tliese rooms ever be silent to you again? Ood gave you there at onee the keenest pain and the sublimest triumph over pain that the human heart can know. There He taught you at once the nece.s.sity and hles.sedness of submission.

It was here that some of your most preeious friend.ships grew and ripene<l. It was here I first met you, your mother and the General, and learned to love you and yours. It was here you met and loved my wife and my granddaughters. Mabel and Hes,sie Keno. It was here in this auditorium of heaven, amid all these sjicred and inspiring as.soeiations, that you "heard the voiee of the Ijord which He spake unto ,vou.'' hearing "witness unto you lest you deny Him." He bore ever "fresh and present witness" of Himself in your heart. Every morning His voice was new. Every evening His voice pursued you to your rest. Hesides this direct continual presence He filled your world of a.ssoeiation with utterances of Himself. The world will become to you more and more full of monumental pietures of human nobleness, patience, self-sacrifice, courage, meekness, so that you shall he more and more sure that goodness and heroism are possible for man. Not that you are lacking in any of these, but they will grow and ripen.

The transforming power of aswociation is wonderful. It is the greatest enrichment of the world by man. Herod builds a temple at Jerusalem. With vast labor he levels the rough places and hews the great stone blocks into shape. When it is done, his temple shines like a jewel on its hill. But who cheri.shes the memory of its builder? Jesus comes right across the little valley to the Mount of Olivcss. He changes nothing outward. He sticks no spade into its surface. He leaves each bush and olive tree as he finds it. But there He ofttimes resorts with his disciples. There he lies prostrate in the struggle of Gethsemane. There at last His feet touch the earth as He

Judge Eaves' life was filled with profound sorrows that would have crushed a less philosophic nature than his. Keen and bitter disappointments in his life followed one after another, leaving him a desolate and lonely man. What these disappointments were are still fresh in the minds of his surviving contemporaries and do not come within the scope of this sketch or of this volume. lie met sorrow uncomplainingly and without any appeal for sympathy. Sympathy was universally felt, but nobody could invade the sanctity of the burden of grief that the disappointed old man carried to his grave without murmuring. His nature, wliich rose above resentment. and his philosophy, which eonteraplatisl with stoieal endurance all the varying fortunes of life, were shown by his voluntary appeal, in simple and direct words, to a jury about to decide the fate of the murderer of his daughter. A plea of guilty had been entered. The deed was without legal extenuation, and without hearing evidence the court was about to submit the case to the jury. At that moment the prosecuting attorney asked permission for Judge Eaves to make a statement. This, although an unusual proceeding, was granted by the court. Judge Eaves, rising and advancing toward the jury, and speaking slowly with solemnity and feeling, said:

"By permission of the court I wish to state that I am the father of Miriam Wing. I wish also to state that it will be satisfactory to me if the jury will sentence Bert Wing to penal servitude for life. I have reasons for tlii-s. 1, who am sixty-eight years of age, can not afford to act against any man fnmi mere resentment. 1 can not help but feel .some pity for a man with whom drinking was such a disease. Gentlemen, it will .suit me, if it will suit you, to say in your verdict that his punishment shall be confinement in the penitentiary for life.''*

After the death of Judge Eaves the following poem was found among his personal papers. The wxirds were in his own handwriting and not in quotations. This fact, coupled with the subject of the poem, makes it a])- pear that he may have lieen the author. He was a man of jioetic temperament, but no one knows of his having written or publishetl any other poem. On the other hand, it may be one of those stray waifs of impre.s.sive and solemn inspiration that sometimes find anonymous publication and which he had found in print somewhere, adopted in his heart, and copied in his own hand. It so faithfully portrays the sorrow that fell upon his old age that it would naturally appeal to him as a full summary of human fate under sorrow. Nevertheless, many of his friends think that he wrote these lines out of the fullness of his own heart :

-This case was tried In Louisville on February 17, 1893. The Jury, after considering the matter an hour and twenty minutes, agreed to a sentence of life Imprisonment. The Courier-Journal of the following day. In an account of the trial, reported:

"That the verdict of death did not follow Wing's admission of guilt was due to the plea made In his behalf by Judge Eaves, .\fter the jury had rendered Its verdict, Judge Eaves said: 'Whatever blame attaches to this tempering of justice with mercy, let It fall on me. I am responsible. I had intended to say this to the jury.' "

Muhlenberg In The Civil War

The Civil War I«'(;an on the 12th of April, 1801, when General Heaurogard ordered the batteries in front of Charleston, South Carolina, to fire on Fort Sumter, and it ended on the !)th of April, 1865, when GeiK'ral Lee surrendered his army to General Grant at Appomattox tfoiirt House, Virginia.

For at least ten years before the aetual outbreak of the Civil War the probability of war was diseussed by every .Muhlenberg man and woman. This topic was also the subject of mueh of the correspondence that pas.sed between relatives and friends. A letter written by IMer .Shaver a few weeks before the breaking out of the Civil War, sent to his son Henjamin .1. Shaver, who at that time was at Frankfort representing Muhlenberg County in the Legislature, is here (pioted. It is ilated at Hremeii, February 6. 1861 :

I find the people in this part of the county and McLean linn for the Union, but all that we can hear ai>pears to be gloomy and doubtful. 1 still hope that a .settleim-nt of the difficulties will be reached.

It seems to me that the Southern aristocratic Democrats have neither rca.son nor judgment. 1 cannot see what they expect to gain. Hut when a peo|)le are doonu-d they art* blintl anil will work out their own destruction. 1 think that when they feel the heavy taxes that will fall on them, they will revolt and return to the Union. 1 am [trouil Virginia has taken such a noble staiul. She always was brave anil patriotic. She has great influence and 1 hope fhat her plan will be successful and that peace and harmony may be restored.

1 am astonished that there are .so many disunionists in our .State. I perceive that a goodly number arc in the la-gislatiire. If the Union must be di.ssolved, will we not be in a worst? condition than Mexico? If this Union is divided Kentucky will go with the Southern division. '

There is no cla.ss of citizens that have eontriliuted more to cause this distracted state than the clergy of the North. Their influence is great. They have "gendered" envy, hate, strife and liitterness in society, whereas their .Master, whom they pretend to serve, taught nothing but peace and good will to ail pi*ople. As a nation we have been the most happy and priwperous in the world. Perhaps we have grown tiM) rich, too proud and corrupt, and that we need some ehastisi-ment to Iiring us to our senses; then we will do what is rigid again.

'South Carolina seceded on December 20, 18(i0; .Mississippi. Florida. Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana followed In January, 1861; Texas in February, Virginia In April, Arkansas and North Carolina in May, and Tennessee in June. The citizens of Kentucky and of Missouri were divided In sentiment on the question of secession.

Dear son, you complain of the ftreat responsibility that rests upon you. All that I can advise you, is to have confidence in your own judgment, and l>e swayed hy no man's opinion without mature consideration.

I hope the people of Kentucky will pause and consider what they will do before it is too late. Just think of seeing garrisons from the mouth of the Sandy to the mouth of the Ohio, and all our effective men stationed there ! Then every small farmer that is not able to have a negro will Iw eompclleil to .sell his farm to a slave-holder and he a servant. I greatly fear that while .some are contending to free the negro they will enslave the white man, and we will he the most unhappy people on earth, with no one to hlnine hut ourselves.

A reform is eertainly wanting in the Kederal government; - too many officers, an empty treasury and a large <leht have aeeumulated in time of peace. 1 hope all the States will return to the I'nion, and if South Carolina will not, she will he no loss to the government ; she has never done any good ; a perverse memlier she always was.

Now all that I can say, fall on what side we may, let us he loyal citizens so that we may lead peaceful and <|uiet lives. As for my.self, I have nothing to lose or gain; it is for posterity that I feel interested. My prayer is for peace and prosperity and the Union forever.

Post.seri[)t ; I hope you will be home .soon. I can not .see what good the I^egislature can do now. Perhaps they have done too much already. I kindly tender you mv thanks for the Commonwealth until vou are better jiaid. P. S.

-Benjamin Johnson Shaver, son of Peter Shaver, was born near Bremen. September 11, 1818, and died on his farm near Greenville October IT, 1894. He seired as constable for eight years in the Bremen district. In 1850 he moved east of Greenville, and In 1851 was elected constable for the Boggess district. He next served as deputy sheriff for a few years, and then two terms as sheriff. In 1859 be made the race for the Legislature on the Union ticket, defeating Charles Eaves, Democrat, by six votes. In 1862 he was elected county Judge without opposition. In 1875 be was elected to the Legislature on the Democratic ticket. On the expiration of his term In the Legislature he retired from public life and spent the remainder of his years on his farm. He served the county well. He always merited and received the confldence and esteem of the people. His first wife was Busan Jagoe. After her death he married Ann Morehead. Two of his children - Robert A. Shaver and Mrs. Nannie E. (first wife of George W.) .Morgan - made Muhlenberg their home. His other children - George. Horace. William, Benjamin, and Joseph Shaver - settled In the West.

Collins is the only historian who has recorded any account in a history of Kentucky relative to Muhlenberg during the Civil War, and his is a very brief reference. Under the head of Muhlenberg County he writes: "During the War of the llehellion, Greenville was, for some time, an outpost of lx)th armies, or rather neutral ground between them. It was taken by General Huckner in February, 1862, and some time after by John Morgan, and wa.s once or twice partially sacked by guerillas. Muhlenburg County sent 836 men to the Federal army."

Collins' statement that Greenville "was taken by General Buckner in February, 1862," is erroneous both as to the date and the act. General Simon Bolivar Buckner passed through Greenville on September 26, 1861, but did not take po.s.session of the town nor did he attempt to do so. General Buckner was in the neighlwrliood of the f'umberland and Tennessee rivers, near the Tennessee State line, during the brat half of February, 1862, and on February 16th, when he surrendered Fort Donel.son, he was transported to Indianapolis, whence he was .sent a military prisoner to Ma.s.sachu.setts.

The .statement made by Collins that Greenville "was once or twice partially sacked by guerillas" dws not apply to the maneuvers of Generals S. B. Buckner, N. B. Forre.st, or John H. Morgan, for their movements were more in the nature of a ride through the county than a raid on it. However, of the sections visited by such men as Dave Cain, Morris Moore, Jake I'ortcr, Quantrill and others it may, in many instances, be said that they were "partially .sacked by g\ierillas. "

The marches made by Generals Buckner, Forrest, and Morgan were among the .stirring events that transpired in MuhlenlH*rg during the war, and will always rank among the mo.st interesting incidents in the county's history. Although the coming and going of these troops may have frightened many people, such frights were insignificant compared to the e.xperiences the citizens lived through while .subject to the guerrilla raids and highway rohlx'ries that took i)lace in Muhlenberg during the war. Many of these predatory invasions are woven into K. T. Martin's "Kecollections of the Civil War," published elsewhere in this history, and to avoi<l repetition arc eliminated from this chajiter on the Civil War. The military career of Colonel Kobert M. Martin in Muhlenberg and other parts of the country is also given in another chapter.

Kdward K. Weir, sr., of Gn-enville, wa.s looked uimiii as the leader of the Union men in the county. In Se])tend>er, 1861, he organized Company B, Eleventh Kentucky Infantry, and partially equipped it. His daughter, Anna Weir, presented to each of the oflicers and privates a pin-cushion or "housewife" - a small baglike cushion supidied with needles, thread, and buttons. James 11. Brown, of ('entral City, carried his through the war, and still preserves it as one of his most precious war mementos. Edward K. Weir, jr., was chosen captain of Company B. He later resigned his captaincy and in 1863 helped raise the Thirty-fifth Kentucky Mounted Infantry, of which he became colonel.^

-Throughout the war E. R. Weir, Jr., was always accompanied hy hts "watting boy," Jesse Weir, who continued to serve his master faithfully for many years after slaves were emancipated. Jesse Weir died In Greenville In 1900, a highly respected negro.

MulilcnberK was iiiorc numerously represented in the Eleventh Kentueky Infantry than in any other Federal reifiinent. Most of the local men joined companies H, II, I, or K. At the resignation of Colonel Pierce R. Hawkins the Eleventh was commanded hy Colonel S. P. Love, then of South Carrollton. The names of all the officers and privates in this and the other Union regiments organized in the State appear under a brief history of each regiment in "The Union Regiments of Kentucky," a liook published hy the Courier-Journal Job Printing Company in 1897. After the resignation of Captain Edward R. Weir, of Company H, William P. Ward became captain. Captain Isaac R. Sketo was killed at Shiloh, and Jesse K. Freeman was then elected captain of Company II. Joseph D. Yonts was first lieutenant of the same company. Jo.seph Fo.x and James R. Wise, of the Paradise country, served as captains of (Company I. After Captain M. J. Roark, of Company K, was wounded at Shiloh he was succeeded by Captain Columbus II. Martin and Cajitain W. ('. Shannon. James L. Roark was first lieutenant of this company.

The county was also well represented in the Third Kentucky Cavalry, organize!! by Colonel James S. Jackson, of Hopkinsville, who in July, 1802, was made Iirigadier-general and was succeeded as colonel by Major Eli II. Murray. Arthur X. Davis was captain of Company D until he was captured at Sacramento, whi>n he was succeeded by Captain Thomas J. Lovelace. Cni>tain Isaac Miller, of Company F, was succeeded by Captain Flli.sha Raker. A number of local men were attached to the Seventeenth Kentucky Infantry, raised by Colonel John 11. McHenry, of Owensboro, and a few enlisted in the Tweiity-si.xth Kentucky Infantry and the Fortyeighth Kentucky Mounted Infantry.

It is probable that less than one humired and fifty Muhlenberg citizens were in the Confederate army. Xo company of Confederates was organized in the county. Some men joined Ruckner's command when he passed through in September, 1861, and a few became attached to eoinpanii*s that were recruited in Hopkins and Christian counties. Muhlenberg's largest representation in the Southern army was in Company C, Xinth Kentucky Infantry. This was recruited at Hartford by Doctor John Ed Pendleton, who served as its captain until its arrival in Rus.sellville, when he was appointed chief surgimn of the regiment and later advanced to higher positions on the medical .staff of the brigade.

From Ed Porter Thomp.son's "History of the Orphan Rrigade" I copy the following names of the .Muhlenberg men who were members of Company C. All here given were Muhlenberg men. although many of them are not so designated by Thompson; Moses Wickliffe, first lieutenant: Hume II. Harris, .second licutenjint (.seriously wounded at Raton Rouge) ; Jaim»s II. Faughender, second lieutenant ; C. C. Ambrose, second corporal (wounded at Stone River) ; James W. Yonts, .sei'ond corporal (wounded at Chiekamauga). Privates; John L. F. Ambrose (died at Atlanta) ; W. D. Rurney (died at (Iriffin, (leorgia) ; Joel Craig (died on retreat from Corinth) ; Richard rireen (captured at Stone River) : Joseph Hall; Harry Hendricks (killed at Shiloh 1 ; M. C. Hay (wounded and captured at Shiloh); John F. Jernigan ; Renjamin G. .Ternigan (woumled at .Shiloh);

0. K. Joni's (died of wounds received at Jackson, Mississippi) ; J. Ed Jones (killed at Shiloh); R. WiekliiTe Jones; A. II. Kincheloe; A. J. Kirtley (wounded) ; Elisha B. Kirtley; W. C. Lander; N. R. Letner; John J. ilahan; William C. Pendleton; James II. Roll (killed at Shiloh) ; George Raney (wounded at Shiloh) ; Charles W. Rothrock; Elias G. Smith (killed at Shiloh) ; David Saulshurg (died of wounds received at Columbus, Mississippi) ; Gus Thompson (died of disca.se at Rus.sellville) ; Henry L. Vickers (wounded at Shiloh) ; James W. Weeks (wounded at Chiekamauga) ; M. L. Weeks; John K. WiekliflPe (killed at Resaca) ; R. W. Wallace.

The names of John L. Taylor, of South Carrollton, and Jesse II. Wallace, of Paradise, are omitted by mistake from the list published by Thompson. Among other Muhlenberg men who joineil the Confederate army in the South was Noah 1). Rothroek, Benjamin L. Rhoads, James Drake, John Jl. Jones, and David Ilay,

All the men who la'eame memlH'rs of Doctor Pendleton's company did not (>nlist at Hartford. This company left Hartford on Sunday, Septemb(-r 22. crossed Green River at South Carrollton and mareheil to

Greenville, where they were joined hy alamt twenty men under Moses Wiekliffe, who had resigned as sheriff of the county to take up the eau.se of the South. After remaining in Greenville an hour this company resumed its march, and on the evening of the 2Jd arrived at .Myers' Old Chajiel, where after they had prepared to camp for the night the.v reeidved a report that they were being pursueel by a regiment of Federals. They immediately .started for laigan County, but soon di.seovered that the re port was fal.se. 'I'lie next morning they arrived in Russellville, and their company became part of what was later known as the Orphan Brigade.

In the meantime, that is, on the "fourth Sunday in .Septemher, IStil,'' Elisha B. Kirtley, of Paradi.se, made preparations to join the Southern army. While .shaving he told tho.se who were in his r(s>m that he would not shave again until the ( 'onfisierate government was established beyond all doubt. He walked to Bowling Green and there enlisted in the ('onfederate cavalry, but later joined Company C of the Ninth Kentucky Infantry. At any rate, although he had many "close shaves" at Shiloh, Chiekamauga, and -Missionary Ridge, he never shaved his face after the "fourth Sunday in September, IHIil." but wore a long beard during the remainder of his life, more than fifty years. Resolutions of similar nature were often made by h'ederal as well as Confederate .soldiers, and many of thfin wen* carriod out. Tlii'se men stood on the brink of eternity every day, and naturally many of them had presentiments of death. A number of the.se forebodinipi eame to pa.ss. The following relative to a citizen of South Carrollton is ipioted from a faded newspaper clipping which was probably published shortly after the battle of Stone River, December 31. 1862:

"In the celebrated didour of General Wharton to the rear of the enemy on Tuesday, December 30th, he was completely succi's.sful in his daring undertaking, but several gallant spirits fell never to ri.se again. Among these we may mention Noah 1). Rothroek, of .Muhlenberg County, Kenlucky, and adjutant in Colonel Howard's Alabama Cavalry. He was shot just at the moment of victory, and such was the .severity of his wound that he hail to be left in the rear. Lieutenant Waller Overton remained with him and saw his body decently interred with an appropriate grave.stone placed over it. The Abolitioni.sts took Lieutenant Overton prisoner and paroled him. The laidy of Adjutant Rothroek they merely robbed of his cap and .spuisi. .Noah Rothroek was one of nature's noblemen - a kind, generous and aceompILshed gentleman. He entered the service at the inception of the war and served with great faithfulness until the hour of his death. The day previous to receiving the fatal wound he remarked to his immeiliute companion that he had a presentiment of disaster to himself and told him that he would fall and the ball would pass through the picture of his sweetheart, Lilian, then in his pocket, and reipiested him to tell her of this presentiment anil its coming true. Sure enough, the mes.senger of death first defaced the eoiweerated and enshrined picture and then laid low in death the gallant Rothroek.''

In this eonneetion it may be well to refer to John K. WieklifTe, another of the .Muhlenberg soldiers who lost his life hghting for the South. .lohn K. WieklifTe was a son of Colonel .Mo.si-s WieklifTe, and one of the most popular men in the county. He was born in 1834 near Hevier, enlisted in Company (', Ninth Kentucky infantry, fought at Shiloh, Vicksburg. Haton Rouge, Hartsville, Stone River, Jackson, Chiekamauga, Mis sion Ridge, and Rocky Face Gap, and was killed at Resaca, Georgia, May 14, 1864. No soldier's death was more keenly deplored in the county, by lioth Northern and Southern sympathizers, than that of John K. WieklifTe, who had won his way into the hearts of all with whom he had come in contact. Lyeurgus T. Reid, of Roekport, Ohio County, writing to me in July, 1!)12, relative to the death of this brave man, says:

".\lthough 1 may have forgotten some of my war experiences, 1 remember the time John K. WieklifTe wa.s killed. I had my hand on his back when the fatal ball struck him. This incident, in all its detail, is as clear in my mind to-day as it was the day he was shot. I need but close my eyes to see the whole scene reenacted. It will be impossible for me to picture to you all the details of the event. However, 1 will attempt to give an outline of the facts.

"We were at Re.saea. We had dug out shallow trenches and on top of the low embankment we had placed an old log, leaving a space between the top of the embankment and the lower side of the log, through which to shoot at the \^ni!kw« should they attack us. We had left our arms back of the breastworks while we were working on this embankment. Suddenly the rally to arms was sounded and every mother's son of us made for our guns. I, being a .small man, was posted on the left of Company C (the. color company of the Ninth Regiment), near the flag and John K. Wickliffe, who was our second sergeant and left company guide.

Something, at times, makes me think he was color sergeant that day, but if he was he held on to his gun and accoutrements. We fell into the slight works and began to arrange ourselves for a good, s([iiare fight. The Yankees were in sight and coming fast. Wickliffe lay down on his stomach and. finding his cartridge 1h)x umler him, asked me to push it up on his back. While T was attempting to do so a minie ball from the Yankee column struck the lower edge of the log, just above our heads, and glanced down, striking Wickliffe in the forehead, a little to the right of the center, pa.ssing through his head. He suddenly rose to his feet and JOHN K. wioKijrrB. I860 of the works, a dead man. lie .scarcely moved a mii.scle after he fell. I fired a number of shots over his prastrate body at the approaching enemy. During the course of the fight that followed I was obliged to ehange my position, but before doing so 1 took another look at my old friend and then covered his face with a blanket. That was the last I saw of John K. Wickliffe." Soon after war was declared no le.ss than a dozen Muhlenberg families were representinl in Iwth armies. Many families and friends were divided in their sympathies. Arguments followed, and as a result the dividing line was usually more ilistinctly drawn. While those on the same side agreed on most (piestions, they occasionall.v held oppasite views regarding certain jioints. Among those whose sympathies were the same hut who disagreed in their opinion ns to the final outcome of the war were William and Henry Young, of the Nelson Creek country. One day in the fall of 1861 these two brothei-s were sitting by the stove in Samuel Henry's sho<-shop in South Carrollton, again arguing the ipiestion as to which side would win in the Civil War, when Henry remarked to his brother that if Oeneral Thomas L. Crittenden moved his troops from Calhoun into .Muhlenberg County some of the loeal people ''would make it as hot as blazes for his soldiers." Just then a Federal soldier stepped into the shop, and having heard none but the last few words, demanded that the remark be repeated. Henr.v hesitated, and William answered: ''He was just saying that if (icneral Crittenden had stoves like this in his tents he could make them as hot as blazes for his soldiers."

That evftiiun, on their return home, each fried again to convince the otlicr of his view as to which side would win. Henry lield tliat the South was bound to come out victorious : William declared that the North would conquer. They agreed that since they could not "argue it out" they would ""fight it out," and that the re.sult of the war would be .settled by them "once tor all" in a "fist-and-skull fight." A friendly battle followed, and ever after both felt convinced that the North would subdue the South.

Shortly after Doctor Pendleton's company left Hartford, General Simon Bolivar Buckner pa.ssed through Muhlenberg at the head of alwut fifteen hundn'd men. General Buckner marched from Bowling Green to Kochester, where some of his recruits attempted to destroy the lock and dam below the mouth of Mud Hiver. Ilis men continued over the Greenville, Kochester, and Mud Kiver Road to Greenville, and on the evening of the 2(ith of September, 1861, camped at the Kllison Spring, almut two miles .southwest of town. Charles Fo.\ Wing, whom General Buckner had known intimately for twenty years, had dii-d in Greenville the day before. Buckner, hearing of this, called at the Wing home at Cherry and Main Cross streets and there viewed the remains of his old friend.

When Buckner's men pas.sed through Greenville they carried the Confederate flag at half-ma.st. On that occasion a few Southern banners were waving from some of the hou.se-tops, most conspicuous among which was the one at the home of Robert S. Russell. Kdward Rumscy, during the entire war, although a Southern sympathizer and looked upon ns an atlvi.ser of those who e.spou.sed the Southern cause, never hung out any other fiag than a white one - the Hag of peace. JIany Union Hags were unfurled on this memorable 2fith of September, and although greater in number they were not displayed with any greater enthusiasm than the Confederate colors. At the breaking out of the war the P'ederal Hag was raised on the lawn in front of the residence of Edward R. Weir, sr., and remained there day and night, year after year, until peace had been declared. When General Buckner and his soldiers arrived in Greenville they saw the large flag waving in front of the Weir hou.se. One of the Confederates attempted to pull it down, and probably wouhl have done so had not the General immediately stationed some of his men near the flag to guard it. "Every man has a right to exjiress himself," said the General, and then gave orders to his men not to molest this or any of the other Hags they might see displayed along their line of march.

During this short but memorable stay in Greenville General Buckner chanced to .see a horse ridden by George W. Haden, who happened to be in town that day. The General expres.sed his admiration of the animal and offered to buy it. But this sorrel being the pride of the whole family, the owner did not feel at liberty to give or sell him to any one. Upon his return home, near Drakesboro, Mr. Haden informed his wife of the General's desire to own this horse, "Reindeer." Mrs. Haden immediately .sent the horse back to Greenville and presented him to General Buckner with her compliments. One version has it that this same animal was shot from under General Buckner five months later, at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862. General Buckner informed me, however, that while he was attending the conference of oflRcers which arranged for the surrender of Fort Donelson this horse was stolen and taken across the river, and that about a year later, while at Knoxville, the animal was returned to him by order of General Floyd, and that it died a natural death before the close of the war.

On the morning of the 27th of September Buckner's command left the Ellison place and resumed its march. They crossed Pond River at Reno's Bridge, now Prowse's Bridge, and on the 29th entered Hopkinsville, where they left a few troops. When the Union men of Greenville learned of Buckner's departure for Hopkinsville they immediately sent this information to the Federals in that town. John Breathitt, of Christian County, carried the news. The moment he received the mes.sage he sprang upon a horse belonging to Colonel James S. Jackson, disappeared up the high road in a cloud of dust, and in three and a half hours had raced over the thirty-two hills between Greenville and Hopkinsville.

Buckner's men arrived in Bowling Green on October 3, 18fil, after a march of about one hundred miles. The object of this detour was to arouse an interest in the Southern army and thus gain recruits, for the enli.sting of volunteers at Owensboro and Henderson was rapidly drawing men into the Federal army. However, as a result of this march General Buckner did not increase his force by much more than a dozen citizens from iluhlenberg, for mo.st of the local men who had decided to fight for the South had already enlisted in Doelor Pendleton's company.

Colonel Nathan B. Forre.st and about three hundred of his men were the ni'xt to appear on the scene in -Muhlenberg. They passed through Greenville on Friday morning, December 27, 1881. They had a few days iH'fore left Hopkinsville, which at that time and until the first part of February, 1882, was an outpost of the ('onfederate force stationed at Bowling Green. Colonel Forrest and his men were then on a scouting expedition in the territory south of Calhoun, where alamt a month before General Thomas h. Crittenden had estnblisluHl his headquarters. Many of Forre.st 's squadron stopped for a late breakfast at the Weir farm north of Greenville, which at that time was managed by an overseer who was evidently a Southern sympathizer, for he not only treated them to milk and honey but also filled many of their knapsacks from the best in his smokehouse. Shortly before crossing the Muhlenberg County line into McLean they encountered about one hundred and seventy Federal soldiers under Major Eli H. Murray and Colonel S. P. Love, who were skirmishing in that neighlatrhood. In the battle that followed about eight men were killed, a dozen or more wounded, and a numlH'r taken prisoner. This fight took place on Dwember 28, 1881, near Saeranieiito, in that section of McLean County which a few years before was part of Muhlenberg. R. 'r. Martin's account of this encounter is printed in this volume in his "Recollections of the Civil War." Descriptions of this fight are al.so published in "The Life of General Nathan Bedford h'orrest," by J. A. Wyeth, and in "Confederate Operations in Canada and New York," by John W. Headley. From "The Partisan Rangers," by General Adam R. Johnson, I (piote: lu a short time we [Adam K. Johnson and Robert M. Martin, scouts for Colonel Korrest] were on the road | from Hopkinsville] to Greenville. Martin's parents living in the vicinity, he determined to visit his home, and wanted me to accompany him. But I preferred to remain to meet Colonel Forrest if he came up. It was late in the afternoon, and I passed the remainder of the day in a.scertaining where supplies for cavalry could be obtained, leaving the impression that they were for the Federal cavalry under Jaekson. Next morning early Boh Martin rejoined me and we started back, meeting Forrest in the road a few miles out. When informed that provisions and forage were to be had, and the country was clear of the enemy, Forrest determined to go into the town with his little force.

Some Federal soldiere. while watering their horses at Oarst's Pond, one half mile south of Sacramento, McLean County, after a skirmish in Northern Muhlenberg, were surprised and routed by Colonel Forrest's squadron and driven through Sacramento to Calhoun. December 28, 1861

A long march over the rough, muddy roads reipiired a short rest for the men and horses, but .Martin and 1 were ordered to move down the road to Rumsey, a-scertain the movements of the Federals, and report the results of our observations. I'ushing forward, when we reached Rum.sey we ascertained that the enemy had built a pontoon bridge and were crossing their cavalry. Thereupon I returned to report to Colonel Forrest, while Martin remained in the vicinity to observe the movements of the enemy.

I met Forrest on the road beyond the little town of Sacramento, and the Colonel hurried forward his regiment to attack them. The news that the Federals were not far away, and that a combat was imminent, seemed to send a thrill of plea.sure through the entire command, for these young warriors aln*ady felt in anticipation "the rapture of the fight.'' When the order "gallop" wa.s given, the men who rode the fleetest steeds impetuously crowded to the front. As I looked back at this confu.sed body of riders, each rushing to meet the foe first, a fearful sickening dread came over me wliieli I well recall to this (lay, and I almost presumed to call Forrest's attention to this disorderly mass of men galloping pcllmell at breakneck speed, when suddenly there came into view a young woman on a bareback horse, wildly dashing up, frantically waving her hat, while her long hair was Hying in tlie wind like a pennant, and her cheeks were afire with excitement as she exclaimed; "There the Yankees are! right over there 1" pointing back over the hill whence she had just galloped.

Ijctting my eager animal have the reins, I was soon up with the two advanced videttes of Forrest's regiment. They were fortunately riding good horses, and at my word increased their speed. Observing a high point on one side of the road not far hi advance, I rode up to its summit and spied ju.st over the crest of the hill a large liody of cavalry drawn up in a V-shape and a small platixjn stationed in the road in advance of the main force.

I rode back rapidly to Colonel F'orrest with this information; he was trying to persuade the brave girl, who was riding by his side, to retire.

I, of course, expected him to halt his disorderly men and order a proper formation to make battle. Hut this fiery leader, without checking his charger, galloped on until he had reacheil the videttes, whom 1 had left on tile iiilltop to watch the enemy, now (piite close to them. Jerking his gun out of tile hands of one of them, and without a moment's hesitation, he fired at the Fi'derals. The Confederates in his rear gave "the wild Rebel yell," and the Yankee advance guard fil'd ba('k to their command. From his post of observation Forrest could plainly see the great odds which he was so eager to attack, but, undisturbed, he halted his men right in face of the enemy and ordered his captains to reform their companies. Under less serious circumstances this would have seemed altogether ludicrous; as the captains rode to right and left commanding their men to form around them, not one of them sueeeed(>d in collecting more than a dozen or two men out of the confiisisl mass, ('verj' fellow seemingly "on his own hook." Just at this juncture Captain (lould, of the Texas company, coming up and hearing the order to form, dashed to the summit of the hill immediately in the front of the astonished Federals, and shouted in his deep, sonorous voice: "All you Texas boys rally round your leader!"

Gould had more men to the front because his company had the Ix'st horses, and as they rushed ahead to "rally round their leader" the Federals likely could .S('e their peculiar .saddles and so perhaps concluded that not only Fom*st's regiment was in their front, but the entire regiment of the Texas Hangers. At any rate, they began to fall back in disorder, and Forrest throwing out tlankers, both right and left, adopting thus in his very first fight those taeti(*s which he afterwards made so formidable, swept down like an avalanche upon the Federals, now in almost as much disorder as his men had lately been.

The Southerners, led by this impetuous chieftain, swooped down upon their foes with such terrific yells and sturdy blows as might have made them believe a whole army was on them, and turning tail, they fled in the wilde.st terror, a panic-stricken ma.ss of men and horses, Forrest's men mixed ui) with them, cutting and shooting right and left, and Forrest him self in his fury ignoring all command and always in the thickest of the melee. Never in any battle ilid leader play a fiercer individual part than did Forrest on this day. With his long arm and long sword, once during the tight and chase he was some distance ahead of his men, making a pathway as he cut and slashed on this side and that, and the demoralized Yankees, looking back and seeing a man whom their excited imaginations doubtless magnified into a veritable giant coming down upon them, pressed to either side, thus widening his path into a lane. Finally he came up with a man who had b«*en a blacksmith, as large as himself, muscular and powerful. While engaged in combat with this man, another Federal was in the very act of running his sword into Forrest's back, when a timely shot from Lieutenant Ijane felled this second antagonist. Forrest hewed the big man to the ground by a mighty stroke.

tbt large tree on the right, on the OreenvlUe and Bumiey Boad north of Sacramento, McLean Oonnty, Captain Albert O. Bacon, of the Third Kentucky Cavalry, was killed in the retreat of the Federals from Oarit'a Pond to Calhoun.

Wildly onward rushed the fleeing and pursuing mas.ses, all in the most disorderly manner, until again Forrest was engaged in an une(]ual contest with two Federal officers and a private, the latter shooting a ball through his collar, and Forrest ([uieting him with a pistol-shot just as the two officers made an attack upon him with their swords, which he eluded by bending his supple Imdy forward, their weapons only gashing his shoulder. The impetus of his horse carrying him a few paces forward, he checked and drew him a little to one side and shot one of his antagonists as his horse galloped up, and thrust his saber into the other. Severely wounded, both of these officers fell from their steeds, which now uncontrolled, sharply collided with each other at full siieed, falling together over the bottom of an abrupt hillock. Forrest, eager in the pursuit, inadvertently ro<le his horse over these two prostrate aniiiiais, eausing him to fall and his rider to dart ten feel over his head. Seeing Forre.st down, and fearing he had been shot, I leaped my horse over the fallen horses just in time to see him spring to hi.s feet and eall out: "Johnson, catch me a horse !" His own horse was badly crippled. Catching one that came plunging down the road, I handed him the bridle, but the .saddle did not suit him, and while he was getting his own saddle his men gradually withdrew from the pursuit.

After the defeat of this cavalry force I was ordered forward to reeonnoiter, and gathering up a few men on the way, I pushed forward to the top of the ridge, where I could observe the road for some distance ; finding it clear, I left the men there as a guard and rode back to Colonel Forrest. There I found Hob Martin in bigh glee over the role he had played in the late tragedy. He was leading a horse and had his belt full of pistols.

"I've been trying to get even with a fellow that stole my horse - old Beauregard," he rejilicd laughingly, meaning the high-headed, slender- 1 imbed gray horse he had lost.