Washington County, Minnesota - Chapter 56: Descriptive - Early Settlers - Oro Ani7.a, 1881

Chapter 56: Descriptive - Early Settlers - Oro Ani7.a

The township of Woodbury is located in the south- western part of Washington county, and contains thirty-six sections. It is bounded on the north by Oakdale, on the east by Afton, on the south by Cottage Grove, and on the west by Newport and Itamsey county. Excepting the south-eastern portion of the town, the surface is quite rolling; the south-western portion is some¬ what broken, and in places quite blufly. In the south-eastern portion, lays what is known as rolling prairie. In its wild state a large portion of the town was covered with timber of a light growth, known as "oak openings." The town contains a central valley, extending from north to south with parallel ranges of hills. At the head of this beautiful valley is Paytons lake, lo" cated on section two. It is about three quarters of a mile long and fifty rods wide. It takes its name from an old settler who came there in an early day. To the east, lies Brook man's lake, ex. tending from the south half of section three, to the center of section ten. It takes its name from parties owning the land around it. A little to the south-east, lies Pish lake, located on section eleven, a deep lake containing a good supply of fish, from which it takes its name. To the south¬ west, in section fifteen, Grass lake appears, ex¬ tending south into section twenty-two, and is about one mile in length. In sections twentyseven and twenty-eight is located Peter's lake. Numerous small lakes and ponds are scattered through the length of the valley. From them heads a creek that empties into the Mississippi river north of Hastings. On section six is located Mud lake, some portions of it quite deep; a creek Hows out of it and runs south-west and enters the Mississippi river in Ramsey county. The soil of

Woodbury is variable. In the eastern part the soil of the prairie is of a loamy nature, while in the western part, extending among the hills and valleys, there exists a clayey sub-soil, some por¬ tions of which are a little inclined to be sandy, though but a small part. The whole town is well adapted to wheat raising; in what was the tim¬ bered parts of the town, the yield is large and of the finest quality, though not quite so large a yield as on the prairie. Its agricultural interests are large and varied, and in this respect, Wood¬ bury is second to no other town in the county. On account of the roughness of the land in the western pai l of the town, and the amount of land held by si>eculators, it was thought by the early settlers that it would be many yeara before the land would all be improved. In this they were disappointed. Its rich and well watered lands attracted the intelligent eye of the practiced and skillful farmer, and settlers came and filled the town in a comparatively short sime.

Among the early settlers who first came to this town, were Alexander and John Mcllattie, two brothers, who came in the fall of 1844, and staked out claims on sections 28, 26 and 27. In the spring of 1845, they returned and settled on them, having sold the claim which they had purchased, where Afton now stands. At the time they made their own claims, they also staked out a claim for William Middleton. The brothers built a house on that portion where John now lives, and lived together for some time. In the spring of 1845, Mr. James Middleton, Sr., the father of William Middleton, settled on the claim of his son. lie having a large and industrious family, improve¬ ments of a substantial nature began to make their appearance. Mr. Middleton also made for him¬ self a claim of the land on which his son, James Middleton now lives. Mr. James Middleton is a representative man to an eminent degree. In early life he was deprived of the advantages of an education, but combining in his early strug¬ gles, the agricultural with the educational, he succeeded to a large extent in conquering both, as his well wrought farm will testify. In the higher work of an education, which is both practi¬ cal and elevating, he has been quite as successful, turning it not only to good account for himself, but for the town in which he lives; the county and the state all having honored him. The town with its highest office, and the county bestowing upon him an equal honor, which was shared by that portion of the state which sent lrim as its repre¬ sentative twice to the state capitol at St. Paul. Such men ensure the success of every enterprise they embark iu.

In 1846 Robert Cummings and his brother Linn, settled on section 26. They remained but a few years then disposed of their land and moved to Minneapolis. In 1849, came Judge David Cooper, and made a claim on section 25; his brother, Joseph Cooper, settled on it the following year. John Tanner settled on section 6 about the year 1860. After 1860 the settlers came slow and continued so until 1854, when there came a change, the prospects of the town brightened, and the settlers came in rapidly. Among the number of those that might be called early settlers is Mr. Abenezer Ayers, who settled on section 33. Mr. Ayers connection with all the material interests of the town of his adoption, has been such as to entitle him to something more than a passing notice. Coming here at an early day, with the intention of making it his home, nnd readily see¬ ing the wants of a young town, he prepared him¬ self to meet them.

Ilis wisdom has been fully appreciated by the people of the thriving town of Woodbury, who have showed their confidence in his justice and integrity, by repeatedly calling on him to fill its most responsible and important offices. The rep¬ resentative district in which he lives, lias also ap¬ preciated his ability by twice electing him to the legislature, where lie had an opportunity to show his legal attainments, displaying a knowledge of parliamentary rules and a wariness in getting through the bill which he had carefully prepared, that would do credit to the trained veteran in the halls of legislation. Mr. Ayers takes an active interest in the educational and agricultural de¬ velopment of the town. At a later date came J. II. Cram, whose intelligence and energy has contributed largely to the growth and pros¬ perity of the town. With Mr. Cram came many' others who might be mentioned as having con¬ tributed largely to the improvement and wealth of the town.

Organization

The town was organized under the name of Red Rock, taking its name from a painted rock, lo¬ cated on the east bank of the Mississippi river, in the fractional part of the town which was added to Woodbury at the time of its organization. Said fraction lay west of sections 20 and 30, containing a little more than two sections. The painted rock from which it takes its name, was painted by the notorious Little Crow, whose band was lo¬ cated on the west side of the river. His trail ran from this point across the township to Afton. The town held the name of Red Rock until May, 1869, when the legislature notified them that they would have to make a change, as there was another town in the state bearing the same name. The board changed it to Woodbury, after the Hon. Judge Woodbury of New Hampshire, ho being a particular friend of Mr. Colby, who at that time was chairman of the board. The frac¬ tion was set off from this town and added to Newport, by order of the board of county com¬ missioners, at a meeting held at Stillwater, March 6th, 1861, which act was brought about by S. Powers, chairman of the board for 1860, also com¬ missioner at the same time. Said act was against the knowledge and wishes of a majority of the legal voters of the town.

Twenty-eight electors of the town of Red Rock met at the house of Henry M. Lawson, October 20th, 1868, to organize the government of said town, by the election of officers. David Little was called to the chair, and called the meeting to order, when John Colby was chosen moderator; David Little and Christian Schmeiding, judges of election; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk. The meeting then proceeded to the election of the following officers: John Colby, chairman of board of su¬ pervisors; John A. Ford and J. J. Miller, super¬ visors; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk; David Little, as¬ sessor; N. Gilbert and David Holton, justices of the peace; James Middleton, collector; Alexan¬ der McIIatlie, overseer of the poor; John Ander¬ son and Joseph Lawson, constables. The annual meeting was called at the house of Henry M. Lawson, April 6th, 1859. David Little moder¬ ated the meeting, and John Colby, Newington Gilbert and John Farmer were elected supervis- ore; E. Ayers, clerk. A special meeting was called at the clerk's office, April 30th, 1859. The board voted a tax of one hundred dollars for cur¬ rent expenses of the town. Also at a meeting of the board held May 7th, 1859, a tax of fifty cents on each one hundred dollars was voted for. road purposes.

At a meeting of the board held at the clerk's office May 28th, 1859, the clerk rej>ortedan official notice, that the name oC the township must be changed, as there was another township in the state having the same name; the first named town had the precedence. The board voted to call it Minnesota, but rescinded the vote, and Mr. Colby, the chairman, was permitted to name it after his friend Judge Woodbury, of New Hamp¬ shire.

The next annual meeting was called at the house of Ilenry M. Lawson, April 18th, 1860. A tax of $125 was voted for town purposes, and the following officers elected: Simon Powers, Henry Kernkamp and John A. Ford, supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk. At a meeting of the board held April 18th, 1860, a tax of fifty cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate was voted for road purposes. Annual town meeting held at the house of Ilenry M. Lawson, April 2d, 1861: A tax of $150 was voted for current expenses of the town for the year, and elected Henry Kernkamp, John Mitchell and J. M. Nippoldt, supervisors. The clerk presented the following notice: that the county commissioners, at a meeting held at Stillwater, March 6th, 1861, had set off to the town of Newport, the fractional part included in township 28, range 22. On motion, the meeting appointed N. Gilbert, James Middleton and Wil¬ liam Rhine a committee to investigate the tran¬ saction and report to the meeting. They having accomplished the business assigned them, made the following report:

"Whereas, We have just been notified that the county board of commissioners of the county of Washington, at a special meeting held March 6th, 1861, did dismember our town of Woodbury, by setting off the Red Rock fraction, without the knowledge of but few of the voters of the town, or by the knowledge or consent of the voters af¬ fected thereby; and without the advice or consent of a majority, or even a respectable minority of our voters, ad¬ vocate and acquiesce in such dismemberment, against the wishes of all pails of our town; there¬ fore be it

"Resolved, By the legal voters of the town of Woodbury in town meeting assembled, that the dismemberment of our town was without our knowledge or consent.

"Resolved, That the chairman of the board of supervisors, by giving his consent to the nefarious 11111180011011 acted in bad faith toward his constit¬ uents.

"Resolved, That the voters of the town, by pub¬ lic resolutions and also by petition, request the rescinding of the order of the county lioard.

Annual town meeting held at the house of Mrs. II. M. Lawson, April 1st, 1862, a tax was voted of $100 for current expenses. Elected John Mitchell, Henry Kernkamp and James Middleton supervisors. At a meeting of the board held April 19th, 1862, a two days poll tax and fifty cents on every $100 of real estate was voted.

The annual town meeting was held at the house of II. M. Lawson, April 1863. A tax of $140 was voted for current expenses, also a tax of $160 for roads and bridges. Elected John An¬ derson, John M. Nippoldt and John Sloan, super¬ visors. Annual town meeting was called at the house of Earnest Wandry, April 5th, 1865. A tax of $150 was voted for current expenses and $100 for roads. The following officers were elected: John Sloan, John M. Nippoldt and James Middleton, supervisors. A special tax was voted of two days poll tax and twenty-five cents on each $100 of real estate. The annual town meeting was called at the house of Jacob Marshall, April 4th, 1865. A tax of $100 was voted for current expenses. Special tax of onesixteenth of one per cent, per $100 was voted, and the following officers were elected: E. A. Ruther¬ ford, Benjamin Munson, and John M. Nippoldt, supervisors. The annual town meeting was held at the house of Earnest Wandry, April 3d, 1866, a tax of $100 was voted for current expenses, and

The annual town meeting was called at the house of C. \V. Pierce, April 2d, 1807, a tax of one hundred dollars was voted to pay Jacob Ilorresberger a bounty for being a soldier; also twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars valuation of real estate for roads. The follow¬ ing officers were elected; J. B. Thompson, Mar¬ tin Brookman and J. C. Dickhudt, supervisors. The annual town meeeing was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April 7th, 1868; a tax of $160 was voted for town expenses. The following board was elected; James Middleton, Richard Combs and John Ortman, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April 6th, 1869; a tax of two hundred dol¬ lars was voted for town purposes; James Middleton, August Heidle and John Risch were elected supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk. .The annual town meeting was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April oth, 1870, a tax of two hundred dollars was voted for current expenses; also twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars valuation of real estate. The following board were elected; J. II. Cram, August Ileidel and J. W. Risch, super¬ visors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the house of Moses Cross, March 14th, 1871, a tax of two hundred dollars was voted for current expenses, and twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate for road purposes. The following officers were elected; J. II. Cram, F. Dorn field and Charles Metzger, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The town meeting was held at the house of Moses Cross, March 12th, 1872. A tax of fifty cents on each one hundred dollars valuation was voted. The following officers were elected; John II.Kemkamp, Charles Metzger and Thomas McNaughton, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the house of Moses Cross, March 11th, 1873. A tax of two hundred dollars was voted for current expenses. The fol¬ lowing officers were elected; Henry Kemkamp, M. S. Classen and Christian Mahle, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the house of Moses Cross, March 10th, 1874. A tax of two days poll and one hundred dollars for road purposes was voted, and the fol¬ lowing officers elected; J. Middleton J. C. Mahle and M. S. Classen, supervisors. The annual town meeting was held at the house of M. Cross, May 9th, 1876. On motion it was voted to build a town house not to cost over six hundred dollars, and a tax was voted for that purpose. The fol¬ lowing officers w'ere elected; James Middleton, J. C. Mahle, Michael S. Classen, supervisors; A. Pe¬ terson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the new town hall, located on the north¬ east corner of section 21, March 14th, 1876. A tax of one and one-half mills was voted for roads, and the following officers were elected; John 8. Weiser, John \Y. Risch, M. S. Classen, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the town hall, March 13th, 1877. A tax of three-quarters of a mill was voted for current expenses, and two and one-half mills for roads. The following officers were elected: Joel S. Weiser. E. A. Rutherford and M. S. Classen, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk.

The annual town meeting was held at the town hall March 12th 1878. A tax of twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate was voted for roads, and the following officers elected: W. J. Bachmann, J. C. Mahle and J. H. Cram, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the town house March 11th, 1879. A tax of one hundred and fifty dol¬ lars was voted for current expenses, and two hun¬ dred and eighty dollars for roads and bridges. The following officers were elected: Jacob Stutzmann, John Sloan and E. Ayers, supervisors; W. J. Bachmann, clerk. 1 The annual town meeting was held at the town house March 9th, 1880. A tax of one hundred and fifty dollars was voted for current expenses and one hundred and fifty dol¬ lars for roads and bridges. The following offi¬ cers were elected, Jacob H. Cram, Jacob Stutzmann and John Sloan, supervisors; \V. J. Bach¬ mann, clerk. John Sloan, resigned, and Fredolin Marty was appointed in his place.

War Record

The town of Woodbury was among the first to step forward and make up its quota. No draft was allowed. But promptly to the call of its country the town issued a call for a meeting of the patriotic citizens of the town to be held at the school-house, near the German Methodist church, January 2d, 1804. for the purpose of de¬ vising ways and means to raise the quota due from their town under all calls to date. The fol¬ lowing resolutions were passed:

Resolved, That a committee of three be ap¬ pointed to examine into and report to the provost marshal at St. Paul, all cases of improper or fraudulent exemptions of persons in the town of Woodbury.

Resolved, That the sui>crvisors be authorized to issue bonds to the amount sufficient to pay all volunteers from the town. A tax of seven hun¬ dred dollars was voted to be levied on the taxable property of the town, to be used in the purchase of volunteers, also ordered town bonds of five dollars to the amount of seven hundred dollars be issued at the rate of eight per cent, interest, pay¬ able March 1st, I860.

A special meeting was called at the clerk's office February 18th, 1864. The supervisors were ordered to issue bonds of the town sufficient to pay volunteers necessary to fill the quota of the town for all calls to date, said bounty to be one hundred dollars. Total amount of said bonds not to exceed twenty-three hundred dollars, in addition to the seven hundred issued January 7th, 1864.

At a meeting of the board of supervisors held at the office of the town clerk, April 23d, 1864, an order was issued instructing the county auditor to place on the tax list the amount of three thousand dollars to be levied, on said town in the tax of 1865, to redeem the town bonds of January 7th, 1864, and February 1st, 1864. A special meeting of the town was called August 27th, 1864, and the following res¬ olution was passed. To vote a tax of twelve hundred dollars on the taxable property of the town of Woodbury to pay bounties to volunteers to till the quota due from the town on the call made by the president for 500,000 men. The meeting also voted to issue bonds to the amount of twelve hundred dollars, payable April 1st, 1866. A special meeting was called January 25th, 1865, to determine the best means of rais¬ ing the funds to purchase volunteers to fill the quota due from this town under the call for 300,000 men. A tax to the amount of thirteen hundred and forty-five dollars was voted. A special meeting was called for March 28th, 1865, and a tax of six thousand one hundred dollars was voted to pay principal and interest for all bonds issued up to date. The total amount of money appropriated by the township to purchase volunteers and pay interest on bonds, was six thousand four hundred and sixty-eight dollars.

The German Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1853, with a meml>ership of aliout thirty. The first clrarch was built in 1855 and lecated on section seventeen. Rev. Jacob Young was the first pastor, and Rev. John Plank the first presiding elder. The increase of the society and the small size of the old church made it necessary that more commodious quarters should be pro¬ vided. The work of building a new church was commenced in 1867, and completed the following year, and dedicated December 18th. Rev. John Horst was pastor at that time. The new house is located on a beautiful ground, and is 36x60 built of stone. A large share of the work was done by the members of the society. The cost of the new edifice, aside from the work of the members, was eight thousand three hundred dollars. A parsonage built at the back of the church cost six hundred dollars. The present pastor is the Rev. Christian Nachtrieb; the pres¬ ent membership is one hundred and seventy-six.

Evangelical Lutheran Salem Congregation of Woodbury, was incorporated in 1865, with a mem¬ bership of forty families. Rev. F. W. Huffman pastor. In 1869, Rev. A. Kuhn became their pastor. Under the ministrations of the Rev. Theodore Nordeck, the new church was built, and dedicated, September 3d, 1876. In October of the same year, the present pastor, Rev. M. II. Quecl, came to the charge. lie has, in connection with his other labors, established a parochial school. The new church was built at an expense of twenty-five hundred dollars. Adjoining the church the society has a beautiful cemetery, also a parsonage.

ized in 1855. The boundaries of the district were the east half of Woodbury township, and one tier of sections on the west side of Afton. The first school was held in a small house owned by William Middleton, and was taught by Miss A. F. Colby. She received twelve dollars per month and boarded herself. The records were destroyed and the dates cannot be given. On account of some trouble, the district was divided for a few years. In 1800 the two districts were united. On March 10th, 1860, the voters of the two dis¬ tricts met at the house of James Middleton. N. Gilbert was called to the chair, with J. Mid¬ dleton, clerk. The following officers were elected: W. H. Guernsey, A. McIIattie, and George Clymer, trustees; James Middleton, clerk. A tax of five hundred dollars was voted to build a new house, together with the proceeds derived from the sale of an old house, enabled them to build one of the finest houses in the county. It was completed and a school held in it in the winter of 1860. John Watson was the first teacher. Many changes have been made in the boundaries, and the large size of the school required a larger house, which was made by adding to the old one, and making repairs to the amount of three hundred dollars. James Middleton has held tho office of clerk since its organization.

School district number 20, was organized May 26th, 1855, by the voters of the district, who met at the house of F. Lcyde, and organized by the election of It. Walton, F. Leyde, and W. Buck, trustees; E. Ayers, clerk. The district was known as the Union district, but was soon changed to number 5. The first school was held in an old house on Mr. Ayers land for two terms, then in an old house of Mr. Marr's for one year. The district is now changed to number 29. A tax was voted, and a new school house built in 1860, at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars, and located on section 33. The present officers arc John J. Connally, director; A. Nattimior treasurer, E. Ayers, clerk.

School district number 28, was organized in 1860, and the first house built the same year, at an expense of three hundred dollars; size 18x24. No record being kept, the fust board cannot be given. The new house was built in 1867, size 22x36, at an expense of eight hundred dollars; it was located on section 29. The present board

School district number 27, house located on sec¬ tion 8, was organized in 1860. The school was held in private houses until 1862, when a new house was built at a cost of three hundred dollars. The first teacher was Alexander Oldham. The first board of officers were: J. II. Kernkamp, director; F. Walterstrop, treasurer; J. M. Nippoldt, clerk. A tax of six hundred dollars was voted to build a new house in 1872, and three hundred dollars additional in 1873.

School district number 41, located on section 4, was organized in 1864, with John Bershan, di¬ rector; Henry Besti, treasurer; John Sloan, clerk. The first school house was an old one purchased in Lakeland and moved to section 32, in Oakdale. In 1870 the old house was moved to its present site in Woodbury, and repaired. The district comprises sections 4, 5, and 6, in Woodbury, and sections 31, 32, and 33 in Oakdale; present num¬ ber of scholars, forty-five.

School district, number 47, was organized August 6th, 1887. The legal voters of the dis¬ trict met at the house of Jacob Kumly, and or¬ ganized the district by the election of the follow¬ ing officers: James Clark, director; Henry Marty, treasurer; John Anderson, clerk. The first school was taught in the house of Jacob Kumly, by Miss A. S. Davis. In 1868, a tax of $500 was voted to build a house, which was located on the north¬ east comer of section thirty-four. The expense of building the house was $550. The present board are: John Bahl, director; F. Neiraann, treasurer; Henry Marty, clerk.

Tost-Offices

The first post-office was established in Wood¬ bury at 'the house of Gottfried Ilartoung, on section twenty-seven, in 1870, and removed to the house of Alexander McIIattie, on the same sec¬ tion, in 1874. It was discontinued for awhile, and then re-established at the blacksmith shop of Henry Schultz, comer of section twenty-three, May 4th, 1876. This office receives its mail by a daily stage running from Afton to Langdon. There is also a post-office located on section three called Oakdale, which has mails once a week.

Initial Events

The first road laid in the town was the old mil¬ itary road running from the south-east corner of the town, on the line between Wooubury and Cottage Grove, to the east line of section thirtythree, thence north-west through sections thirtythree, thirty-two, twenty-nine and thirty to St. Paul, known as the St. Paul and Point Douglas road, and surveyed by Captain Stimson in 1849. First road laid by the town was surveyed in 1852, running from the east line, between sections twenty-four and twenty-five, on same line to the west line of the town. The next road was run from the south-east corner of section twenty-two, diagonally across the town to the north-west corner of section six, known as the Afton and St. Paul road. A road on the north line of the town known as the St. Paul and Hud¬ son road, was a territorial road.

The first white child bom in Woodbury, was Sarah Middleton, daughter of John and Jane Middleton, afterwards the wife of Anthony Fritz, of Newport.

The first death, was Miss Sarah Middleton, who died May 24th, 1849.^The first marriage celebrated in the town of Woodbury, was that of John Mcllattie and Miss Jane Middleton, Jan¬ uary 15th, 1856. A pleasing incident occurred in connection with this ceremony. The bride's father being a member of the Scotch Presbyterian church was strongly opposed to having the nup¬ tials solemnized by a common justice of the peace, and urged them to defer the matter until some missionary should come that way. But as there was none within a hundred miles, the matter could not be deferred. The father was at last persuaded to give his consent, and a justice from Cottage Grove was called to the paternal home to perform the ceremony. The justice in the excitement, this being the first marriage ceremony that he had performed, made a slight mistake by using the bridesmaid's name instead of the bride's. The father seeing the mistake rushed in, peremp¬ torily stoppjl t'l 3 corjinmy, a:i.l tin juitico commenced again.

Population And Pkoducts

The political proclivities of Woodbury lean to¬ wards the democracy in town, county and state elections, but in the choice of president it has

The township is largely composed of Germans and Swedes, with some Americans, Irish and Scotch. The numeration for 1875 was 1,153, and for 1880, 1,134.

In passing through the town of. Woodbury, many fine improvements present themselves to view. Among the model farms are those of lion. James Middleton, Hon. Ebenezer Ayers, A. and

William L. Avery, born in Waterville. Maine, in 1836, where he remained until 1857, when he moved to Hastings, Minnesota, and resided there for about two years, working part of the time log¬ ging on Knife river. Moved from Hastings to Cottage Grove, and entered the employ of J. W. Furber for four years, buying eighty acres of land from him in 1861, which he held for one year, and sold it, then renting a farm for two years. In 1867 purchased forty acres in Woodbury and is now living on it. Married July 8d, 1867, to Miss Anna Mcllattie. They have two children.

Ebenezer Ayers was bom hi Herkimer county, New York, August 20th, 1817. In early life he evinced a great desire for knowledge, improving every opportunity to acquire sufficient education to teach school. In 1836 his parents moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, then eighteen miles to the nearest post-office. He commenced teaching school soon after and continued until 1840, when he returned to the academy at Aurora, Erie coun¬ ty, New York, to perfect his education. In 1844 moved to Shelby county, Kentucky, and taught school six years. Married in 1840 to Miss Lucy Connelly from the same county. Moved to Buffa¬ lo, New York, in 1850, and engaged in mercantile business until the spring of 1854, when he emi¬ grated to Minnesota and located on his present farm. Mr. Ayers has always taken an active and leading part in the affairs of his county and town.

lie has held many important positions. Elected to the legislature in 1867 and again in 1872. In the session of 1872 he prepared and procured the passage of the bill for the sale of the internal im¬ provement lands. Elected to the office of town clerk for eleven years, and justice of the peace in 1860 and held the office since. Also the super¬ intendent of schools for Woodbury, and in 1873 nominated for lieutenant governor on the antimonopoly ticket. Mr. Ayers has one of the finest farms in the county.

Martin Bach was bom in Germany in 1816, lived with his parents until twenty-three years of age. Came to America in 1839, landing in New Or¬ leans, where he stayed about two years, and then moved to St. Louis, Missouri; bought property and lived there fourteen years. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1866, stayed there a short time and moved to Woodbury, buying 160 acres on section seven. Lived there about twelve years, sold out, and bought 240 acres on section six. Married twice; first marriage to Maggie Henning, who died; second marriage to Anna Henning. Have had by the two marriages sixteen children, thirteen now living.

William J. Bachman, was born in Michigan in 1849, lived with his parents until eighteen years of age, when he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota; in 1875 bought 160 acres and settled on it. Mr. Bachman has held a number of town offices, con¬ stable, chairman of the town board, assessor for five years and town clerk. Married in 1873 to Amelia Strate.

John Balds was bom in Germany in 1832. Moved to America and settled in St. Paul, Min¬ nesota, in 1857, where he remained one yean when he moved to Isanti county. Made a claim and lived on it five years. Sold out, and moved to Woodbury, and is now living on section thirtyfive. Married in 1858 to Christina ltoths. They have eight children: Charles, Lena, Mary, Anna, Henry, John, Louise and Christina. Mrs. Balds' parents live with her. Her father, Charles Roths, was born in 1801. Her mother was born in 1812. They were married in 1827.

Peter Befort was born in Germany in 1846; lived with his parents until nineteen years of age, when he went to Belgium as a book-keeper for three years; then returned home, where he re¬ mained about six months before starting for

America. On landing in New York city, he started for St. Paul, Minnesota, where he re¬ mained about eight years, following various oc¬ cupations, when he came to Woodbury, making his home with Mathew Krentey.

Henry Beste was bom in Germany in 1821. Came to America, landing in Philadelphia, in 1847; remained there a short time and moved to Detroit, Michigan, and purchased five acres about two miles from the city, where he lived about seven years. Sold out and moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and from there to Woodbury, and purchased eighty acres of land on section five, where he now lives. Married in 1848 to Jose¬ phine Dunnebeck. They have eleven children: Frank, John, Conrad, Elizabeth, Barbara, Mary, Henry, Nicholas, Anthony, William and Joseph.

A. J. Borene was bom in Sweden, in 1831. Came to Quebec, Canada, in 1867. The same year, he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, work¬ ing a few months on Mr. Gilbert's farm, thence to the employ of Mr. James Middleton, where he remained for a little longer time; in 1859, moved to his present residence. Married, April 12th, 1859, to Miss Isabel Middleton. They have six children living.

Nicholas Brockman, bom in Germany, in 1824. Came to America in 1850, landing in New York city, and immediately started for St. Paul, Min¬ nesota, thence to Woodbury and rented a farm for three years. In 1850, he bought the place where he now lives and moved on it in 1853. Married in Germany in 1849, to Miss Mary Brock¬ man. They have four children living: Theresa, Ernest; Peter and Mary.

John Classen was born in Germany in 1828. Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age. Emigrated to America in 1850, going di¬ rectly to St. Paul, Minnesota, where lie remained about two months, then went to Woodbury, working on different farms for three years, when he bought eighty acres where he now lives. Mar¬ ried in 1861 to Susan Lunnars. They have ten children: Mary, Catherine, Michael, Helen, Nich¬ olas, John, Susan, Arma. Henry and Bernard.

J. II. Cram was born in Brooks, Waldo county, Maine. January 12th, 1823. lie was engaged on a farm during his early life. In 1844, engaged in the lumbering business at Bangor until 1855, then located in Grant county, Minnesota. He moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, in the spring of I860, and located on his present farm. Mr. Cram enjoys the confidence of his townsmen, having held the office of town supervisor for three years, school treasurer eleven years, on the board of of¬ ficers of the agricultural society of Washington county since its organization, lias a fine farm with all the modern improvements around him, and one of the best farms in the town. Mar¬ ried in 1859 to Miss Sarah M. Wing, of Maine. They have five children living: William Frede¬ rick W., Henry J., Charles and Ida E.

Lyman E. Crossman was bom in China, Maine, in 1838, remaining with his parents until twentyone years of age, when he shipped in the brig Alston, bound for the West India islands, lieturning after a seven months, trip, he engaged in the lumber business until 1801. when he enlisted in Company I, Sixth Maine Infantry, served three years, and was discharged at Washington, D. C., in 1804; then returned home and engaged in the picture business for one year, moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1865; remained there about five years, moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1871, and in 1875, removed to St. Paul and worked in the Harvester works five years. Then rented a farm in Woodbury, where he now lives. Married, in 1804, Mary E. Mitchell. They have three chil¬ dren, William II., Charles E. and Bertha A.

William Donaghue, bom in New York, 1830; remained at home until 1853, when he went to Connecticut and Chicago, stopping a few months in both places; then returned home, staying there a year; thence to New Orleans for a few months, when he moved to St. Paul, Minnnsota, working on the river a short time; worked a rented farm in Ramsey county three years, then went to Afton and bought forty acres; sold it, and bought three hundred and fifty acres in McLeod county, and lived on it five years; sold that and bought eighty acres in Woodbury, Washington county, where he now lives. Married, in 1853, Mary Padden. They have had six children.

Michael F. Egan was bom in Lowell, Massa¬ chusetts. When one year of age, his parents sold out and moved to St. Paid, Minnesota, where they stayed two years; moved to Woodbury, pur¬ chased forty acres on section sixteen, where they remained about ten years, then bought eighty acres more on the same section, built a new.

house, when the subject of this sketch took charge of the farm, his fattier retiring to St. Paul, Janu¬ ary 1st, 1880. M. F. Egan was married, in 1880, to Miss Cora E. Clark.

Ellen Finuin was born iu Ireland, 1824. Lived with her parents until twenty-four years of age. Her parents both died iu 1848, when she emi¬ grated to Canada, and remained in Queliec one year; then moved to Vermont and married Wil¬ liam Finuin, in 1849. In 1800 came to llamsey county, Minnesota, where they remained two years, and then moved to Woodbury and bought forty acres of land. William Finuin died in 1870. They have seven children living, John, William, Michael, Thomas, James, George and Edward.

Francis A. Foley, was born in Ireland, in 1830, emigrated to Ameriea in 1848. Landed in New York and lived iu the state four years; enlisted in the army and went to Texas; discharged in 1856, at Fort McIntosh; returned to New York and remained until 1857. Moved to Woodbury, Wash¬ ington county, Minnesota, in 1859, bought forty acres, sold it, and bought the 160 he now lives on. Has been constable for twenty years. Married in 1857 to Catherine Phelps. They have seven chil¬ dren living.

August Frieboldt was born in St. Paul, Minne¬ sota, in 1853. Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age, when his father gave him a deed of one hundred and twenty acres of land iu the town of Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, where he now lives. Married in 1874, to Miss Mary Stutzman. They have two chil¬ dren.

Charles A. Fritze was born in Detroit, Michi¬ gan, 1853. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1859, where he remained one year, then moved to Woodbury and bought land and lived on it with his parents until 1878, then rented a farm, on which he now lives. Married in 1878, to Miss Amelia Heidel, by whom he had two children.

John George, a native of Germany, w.as l>orn in 1825. Lived there until he was twenty-five years old, learned the blacksmiths trade with his father; came to America in 1851, landing in Bal¬ timore, where he remained two years, then came to Ramsey county, where he lived for seven years. Moved to Woodbury and bought one hundred and twenty acres, where he now lives. Married in

James Healey, bom in Ireland, in 1816, lived with his parents for twenty-four years! Emi¬ grated to Canada, and remained in Quebec a short time, and went to Springfield, Massachusetts, and remained a number of years, engaged in railroading. Moved to Wisconsin and remained about ten years, when he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, in 1807, and settled, on his present farm. Married in 1846 to Helen Lynch. They have three children living.

Charles Hellert was bom in Germany in 1829. Immigrated to America in 1846. Landed in New York, and worked at the tailoring business for about five years. In 1851 moved to Afton, Min¬ nesota, where he remained four years, then to Woodbury, and purchased the farm on which he now lives. Married in 1855 to Margaret Taylor. They have four children living.

Louis IIolTman was bom in Germany, in 1836. Immigrated to America in 1859, and located in Chicago, Illinois, where he remained for a few months, then moved to Isanti county, remaining there a short time when he moved to Woodbury, and rented a farm for six years, and then moved to Denmark and purchased a farm on which he lived for two years ; returned to Woodbury and purchased his present farm. Married in 1866 to Miss Mary Baha, who died leaving five children. He married again in 1878 to Miss Mary Ilatzfelt, by whom he has two children. John, William, Theodore, Albert, Henry, by his first wife, and Otto and Charles, by second.

Andrew Horresberger was bom in Switzerland in 1838. Remained there until 1854, when he started for America, landing in New York, and going to Philadelphia, where he remained one year, thence to St. Louis for one year, and then to St. Paul, Minnesota, and worked several years on a farm in ltfynsey county. Went to the Yel¬ low Medicine and remained two years. In 1862, went to Fort Ridgely and drilled a while. Went home on a furlough; heard the Indians had com¬ menced hostilities, returned to the fort, and went with a jwirty to the Little Cottonwood to bring away a family of seven hiding there in the woods. Went home in 1864, and the same year went to Woodbury, worked a year, and bought a farm on section 14, where he now lives. Married in 1865,

Jacob Horresberger was bom in Switzerland in 1886. Came to America in 1855; landed in New York, and went to Philadelphia; thence to St. Louis, where he remained one year. In the spring of 1857 went to St. Paul, Minnesota, stay¬ ing there a short time, then removing to Wood¬ bury, where he remained until 1862, when he en¬ listed in Company II, Seventh Minnesota Vol¬ unteers. Discharged in 1865 in St. Paul, and returned to Woodbury, and is now living on his farm in section twenty-three. Married in 1867 to Miss Pauline Schultz.

Mons Johnson was bom in Sweden in 1827; lived there until 1854, when he emigrated to Quebec, Canada. Moved to Detroit, Michigan, thence to Oakland county, and worked on a farm for two years; then moved to Woodbury, Wash¬ ington county, Minnesota, bought a farm, and settled on it in 1860. Enlisted in 1864 in Com¬ pany C, Seventh Minnesota. Discharged in St. Paul, May 10th, 1865. Married in 1853 to Han¬ nah Anderson, by whom he has five children living.

Herman Kemkamp was born in Missouri in 1861, where he remained three years; then moved with his parents to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and lived with them until 1875, when he bought the farm he now lives on. Married in 1875 to Christina Rode. They have one child.

Ernst Koenig was bom in Germany, in 1842. His parents died while he was young, and he went into the German army, and served eight years. Emigrated to America, landing in New York, and proceeded at once to Illinois, where he re¬ mained two years. Moved to St. Paul, Minneso¬ ta, in 1872, thence to Afton and taught school three years, worked on a farm one year. Moved to Woodbury, in 1876, and has been teaching ever since. Married in 1874, to Miss Minnie Siehl. They have three children, Bruno, Emeline and Merta.

Matt. Leithauser, was bom in Germany, in 1857. Emigrated to America in 1865, and located in New Jersey, where he remained eighteen months. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and learned the mason's trade. In 1875, moved to Woodbury, and rented a farm, and is now folio w-

William Lindemann was born in Germany, in 1850; came with his parents to America, in 1855, remaining in New York state about twelve years. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1807, and to Woodbury, and in 1873, bought the farm where he now lives. Married in 1876, to Henrietta Goers. They have two children, Gertrude and Luella.

Stephen Maisch was born in Germany, in 1821; came to America in 1848; landed in New York, and started at once for Michigan, where he re¬ mained until 1857, when he moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased the farm he now lives on. Married in 1852, to Miss Henrietta Bunker. They have six children living.

Fredolin Marty was born in Switzerland in 1831. Came to America in 1850, landing in New York, and proceeded to Stillwater, Washington county, Minnesota, where he remained for about fourteen years, then went to Woodbury and bought the farm on which he now lives. Mar¬ ried, in 1857, Sophia Tussy. They have nine children.

Archibald McCallum was born in Scotland, in 1833. He came to America, in 1851, with his parents, locating first at Albany, then at Cale¬ donia, Livingston county, New York. He re¬ mained there until 1863, when he came to Hast¬ ings. The next year he bought eighty acres in Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, on which he now lives. He was married in 1871, to Mary Taggart, who has borne him two children.

Alexander Mcllattie was born in Scotland and remained with his parents until sixteen years of age, when he worked as teamster two years and farmed three years. In 1833 came to America and lived in Vermont two years, thence to Her¬ kimer county, New York, fora short time; also in Ohio a short time, and Indiana on the Wabash and Erie canal, then to La Porte on the railroad for a short time, thence to Galena and engaged in mining. Left Galena in the fall of 1839, and went to St. Croix Falls and remained a few months lumbering, went to Prescott to hold a claim and remained there until the fall of 1840. In 1841, purchased a claim of the land w here the village of Afton now stands. Went from there to Gray Cloud Island in the employ of Mooers and Robinson's trading post, where he remained until the spring of 1841, when he returned to his claim, which he sold in 1844, and moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, and lived with his brother until 1848, when he married Miss Margaret Middleton. They have eight children living: Jane, James A., John A., Ellen, Annie, Matilda, Geoige L.and Marga¬ ret E.

John Mcllattie, bom in Scotland in 1809. Moved to Canada in 1833, where he remained a short time, and then went to Vermont, remaining there a few months when he moved to Herkimer county, New York. Thence to Ohio for two years, and Indiana one year; Illinois two years, and to Gray Cloud Island in the full of 1840. In the spring of 1841, took a claim at Afton and lived on it three years. Moved to Woodbury in 1844 and located, where he now lives. Married in 1846 to Jane Middleton. They have seven children living.

James McMahon, bom in Ireland in 1822. Lived there fifteen years, when he went to Scot¬ land and remained five years; returned to his na¬ tive land and stopped a short time, and in 1844, came to America, landed in New York, went to Boston, Massachusetts, returned to New York state and lived in Orange county six years, from there to Pennsylvania for four years. Thence to St. Paul, Minnesota, for two years, and to Afton about twelve years, when he sold out and moved to his present farm in Woodbury. Married in 1854 to Catherine Devery. They have six chil¬ dren living.

Thomas McNaugliton was born in Scotland in 1825. Moved with his parents to Canada in 1831, and lived with them until twenty-two years of age, going to Ottawa in 1847, and worked at lum¬ bering. In the spring of 1848 went to Quebec, engaged three years lumbering and surveying, then to Vermont for a short time. Moved back to Canada, and in 1856 moved to St. Paul, Min¬ nesota, and to Woodbury, working there and in Oakdale a number of years, and settled on his present farm in 1863. Married in 1867 to Laura J. Lawson. They have three children.

James Middleton, Jr., born in Ireland in 1833. Immigrated with his parents to America in 1845 and settled on a claim made by his brother, in section 26, in Woodbury, Washington, county, Minnesota, in 1844. Being employed on a farm bis advantge8 for an education were quite limited. Ilis perseverence in obtaining all that circum¬ stances would permit is deserving of commenda¬ tion. Mr. Middleton is, in an eminent degree, a self-made man, has filled many positions of trust in connection with the town, county and state. In 1860 was elected clerk of his school dis¬ trict and has held it since; served as chairman of the board of supervisors for several years; county commissioner for five years. In 1854 he received the appointment of sergeant-at-arms in the legis¬ lature. Elected in 1876 to represent his district in the legislature. Has been one of the officers of the academical board of Afton Academy since its organization, also an officer in the county agcultural society since it was founded. His father, James Middleton, made a claim of the land on which he now lives, in 1845, and which fell to him in the division of the property. In 1853 his parents came to live with him. Ilis father died in 1854 and his mother followed him in 1866. Mr. Middleton isa model farmer, has his farm undera fine state of.cultivation, with good improvements; is now paying considerable attention to sheep raising, having a choice Hock of southdowns, which are his pride. Married in 1866 to Miss Eldra Maslerman. They have four children liv¬ ing: Carrie E., Georgia E., James E. and Mar¬ garet J.

Benjamin Munson was born in Sweden, 1826. Emigrated to America, landing in New York; and from there to Illinois, where he remained for two years. Moved to Stillwater, Washington county, Minnesota, in 1853, and to Woodbury the same year, and purchased the farm he now lives on. Was elected supervisor in 1856. Married, in 1860, Miss Helen Anderson, by whom he has six children living.

August Neubauer was bom in Germany in 1854. Emigrated to America in 1856; landed in New York and moved to Illinois, where he re¬ mained one year, then went to St. Paul, Minne¬ sota, and remained twelve years, and from there to Woodbury and settled on the land he now occupies. Married, in 1880, to Miss Matilda Rhion.

New York, and went to Illinois, where he re¬ mained for seven years, thence to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota. Rented a farm for four years, and bought it in 1867, and now lives on it. Married, in 1859, Miss Julia Pohl. They have eight children living, Mary S., John F., Mellosiena J., Henry A., Albert J., Josephine E., Anna A. and Louisa.

John A. Ortman was bom in Germany in 1824. Emigrated to Quebec, Canada, in 1847, moved from there to Detroit, Michigan, where he re¬ mained about five years; thence to St. Paul, in 1854; remained a few months, and moved to Woodbury, and settled on a farm of eighty acres, lived on it five years, sold it and bought one hun¬ dred and sixty acres, where he now lives. Mar¬ ried, in 1854, to Antonie Brahmer. They have six children living, John, Edward G., Emma L., Anna E., R. Benj. and Katherine E.

Andrew Peterson was bom in Sweden in 1837. Emigrated to Denmark in 1853; lived there and in the northern part of Germany for five years. Came to America in 1858, and went to Minnesota, settling in Afton. Enlisted in 1861 in Company B, Third Regiment Minnesota Volunteers. Dis¬ charged in St. Paul, September 28th, 1864, and returned to his farm. Moved to Woodbury in 1867. Elected town clerk for nine years, and justice of the peace for six years. In 1878 elected member of the state legislature, and re-elected in 1880. Married November 13th, 1862, to Miss Mary C. Eherenbery. They have seven children living.

Charles W. Pierce was bom in St. Johns, New Brunswick, in 1830. He went to New York city in 1846 and enlisted in Company D, First Dra¬ goons, and went to Mexico. Served five years, and was discharged at Fort Snelling in 1851, and went to Woodbury, bought one hundred and sixty acres, worked it several years, sold, and bought forty acres where he now lives. Married in 1868 to Mary A. Caftray, by whom he has seven child¬ ren.

Charles Porth was bom in Germany in 1830. Emigrated to America in 1846 and went to Wheatfield, Niagara county, New York, where he remained with his parents until twenty-one years of age. Bought land in the same town and lived on it for fourteen years, when he sold and moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, and bought the farm he now lives on. Married in 1852 to Frederica Werth who died July 29th, 1878. He has eleven children living: Cora, August, Minna, Augusta, Matilda, Anna, William, Lena, Charles, Mary and Ida.

Charles Reichow was born in Germany in 1833. Lived with his parents for twenty-eight years, when he came to America, landing in New York in 1801. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, the same year, and lived there until 1869, when he came to Woodbury and settled on section four, where he now lives. Married in 1809 to Miss llulda Vaber. They have four children: Albert, Otto, Rudolph' and Edwald.

J. R. Reynolds was born in Westchester, New York, in 1837. Lived with his parents until 1851, when he went to Illinois and remained five years. Moved to St. Paul in 1857, went to Power's lake in Woodbury, rented a farm, and engaged in the sugar trade for seven years. To Redwood Falls in 1876; went to Afton in 1878, and in 1879 to Dakota; took a claim in Valley City, and returned to Woodbury in 1881.

John P. Rhein, was born in Germany, in 1832. Emigrated to America, in 1848, and went to Mil¬ waukee, Wisconsin, and back to Detroit, Michi¬ gan, where he remained about ten years. Moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, worked a farm for two years, and rented a farm four years; went to St. Paul and sold milk nine years, returned to Woodbury in 1875, and bought the farm where he now lives, and holds the ofiice of constable and road master. Married in 1854, to Doratha Metzger. They have eleven children living.

Anton Rode, was born in Germany, in 1823. Emigrated to America, in 1840, and went to In¬ diana; 1841, went to Fort Wayne, engaging on the canal, worked there three years and then went to Illinois, and remained there for three years; returned to Indiana, in 1848, and lived there un¬ til 1867, engaged in the railroad business. Sold out and went to St. Paul, Minnesota. Stopped there a short time, and then moved to Woodbury and purchased the farm he now lives on. Mar¬ ried in 1862, to Christina Niermann. They have nine children living.

thence to Iudiaua, where he remained until 1865, when he moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased tire farm he now lives on. Married in 1847, to Louisa Kocha, who died in 1863, by whom he had eight children. Married again in 1864, to Caroline Newlxmrs, who bore him ten children.

Louisa Schilling was bom in Germany, in 1821. Emigrated to America in 1843, landed in New Orleans, where she remained eight months, went to St. Louis, Missouri, and remained there until 1855, when she moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased the farm she now lives on. Married in 1848, to Henry Schil¬ ling. She has five children living.

Henry Schultz, bom in Denmark in 1849, learn¬ ed the blacksmith trade in the old country, and emigrated to America in 1869, stopping in New York about two months, when he went west, stopping a short time in Michigan, Chicago, and working at his trade one year in Topeka, Kansas; thence to Washington county, Minnesota, and bought the farm he now lives on; has been post¬ master since 1875. Married in 1874 to Mary Bertelson. They have two children living: Liz¬ zie A. and Annie.

Joseph Streiff was bora in Switzerland in 1825. Came to America in 1861, remained in New York city about a year, went to St. Paul, Min¬ nesota, in 1853, thence to Lake Superior, opened a hotel iyul conducted it until 1866, when he moved to Minneapolis, and the same year to Woodbury, opening a store, hotel, and keeping the post-oflice, which he continued to keep until 1874, when he went to farming, still retaining the post-ollice. Married in 1862, and now has four children: Anna, Lizzie, Paulina and Joseph.

Herman Tliees was bom in Germany in 1834. Emigrated to America in 1859, landed in New York, and went to Indiana; bought ten acres and lived on it six years; from there to Ramsey county, Minnesota, and remained three years, from there to Woodbury and located where he now lives. Married in 1868 to Christina Danar. They have six children.

R. B. Vollmerwas bom in Germany in 1818. Emigrated to America in 1851, went to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Lakeland, where he lived twenty-three years, and then to Woodbury and settled where he now lives. Married in 1840 to

B. F. Wells was bom on Long Island, New York, in 1866. Lived with his parents twenty years and learned the wagon making business. Went to Minnesota in 1878, and stopped at New¬ port, thence to Cottage Grove and worked at his trade eight months, thence to Afton, working on a farm nine months, then to Woodbury post-office and started a wagon shop, where he is now pros¬ ecuting his business.

Frank Zum was born in Wisconsin in 1858. Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age. Came to Woodbury, Washington county. Minnesota, in 1878, and worked on farms and dif¬ ferent places for a few years, when he bought one on section 4, where he now lives. Was married in 1881 to Miss Mary Egan.

William Zum, bom in New York in 1852. Went with his parents to Washington county, Wisconsin, and remained with them until 1874. when he went to St Paul, Minnesota, thence to Woodbury and worked for the farmers about three years, and in 1877, rented the farm where he now lives. Married in 1877 to Elizabeth Brock¬ man. They have two children: Rosa and Theresa.