Adair County, Missouri - The Normal School, 1911

The Normal School

Prior to 1870 the State of Missouri had made no provision for tintraining of teachers for the public schools except what had been don* in 18(37 in the creation of a Normal Department in the State University. A law had been passed in 1849 creating a professorship of the theory and practice of teaching in the University, but the Board of Curators declined to comply with that act on the ground that the finances of the institution would not permit it. In 1855 an attempt was made to secure more liberal provisions for this work, but it failed. In 1867, however, the matter was carried through and the above mentioned Normal Department was established.

Rut the impossibility of this single department doing all or even half of the work that was needed in the training of teachers was so thoroughly understood by leaders in education that the persistent effort they had been making for many years for Normal Schools, was kept up until they succeeded in getting what they wanted in 1870. From 1842 to 1870 every State Superintendent of Schools or every Secretary of State, who by law had jurisdiction over the educational system of the state during the terms the office of State Superintendent was aMished, made regular biennial recommendations to the Legislature in favor of State Normal Schools. The Governors during this periM frequently mentioned the subject favorably ami sometimes insisted upon it at length. The State Teachers' association passed resolution* in favor of the Legislature creating State Normal Schools at least three different times, that is in 1850, 1800 and 1808. In addition to thoe expressions from the Teachers' Association, agitation was carried on by several leaders in educat ion in a great variety of ways. Amonu these were .Joseph Baldwin, President of the North Missouri Normal School at Kirksville; Major J. B. Merwin, Editor of the American Journal of Education; Supt. Ira Divoll, and Principal \V. T. Harri> of St. Louis; and Supt. E. B. Neeley of St. Joseph.

The agitation carried on by state officials and teachers finally culminated in the passing of a bill, approved March 19, 1870, which created two normal school districts in the state, and made provision for the location of a State Normal School in each district. The First District

Normal School was located at Kirksville, the Second District Normal School at Warrensburg. But before relating how this was done, it is necessary to know something of the history of the North Missouri Normal School at Kirksville.

in-nth day of that month he arrived in Kirksville, and though it was a 'own without railroads and without any prospect for the future, he decided after spending two or three days here, that this was the place for his school. Arrangements were made for the use of a building known a> the Cumberland Academy building for the contemplated Normal School. A word concerning this building is here in order.

Presbyterian Church decided, at its session in Kirksville, to establM a male and female school in that town which should be known as th«- Cumberland Academy. A Board of Trustees was appointed and tb«- work of getting funds was begun. The Board decided to open the sehoo; at once without waiting for the building to be completed, and on Man-i. 22, 18(H), the school was opened in a rented building, with Key. Ann-

Cox as Principal and Miss Maria Ellis as assistant. The enrollment that spring was about fifty. The second session was opened in Scpteml>er. 1860, and in the meanwhile work was begun on the new building. But owing to the excitement into which the country was thrown during th<- latter part of 18<>0, the school was suspended and the work on the building discontinued. The school was never moved nor was the building ever finished by the Kirksville Presbytery. The Presbvterv was eny Google af-hd by the Legislature in 1805 to dispose of the property, ami after changing hands several times it came into the possession of a stock company. It was with this stock company that Professor Baldwin made arrangements for the use of it for his Normal School.

This building stood on the block where J. A. Cooky's residence uciwrly known as the Ringo residence) now st amis, at the corner of Muianix and Hickory streets. It was a large two story frame building 'iiih a tall steeple, and faced the west. Professor Baldwin finished the !| [*t Moor and divided the lower floor into three or four classrooms by iw»an> of sliding blackboard partitions which permitted the whole floor -o U> thrown open for chapel use and public exercises. He also built a »ne story Hat roofed addition on the rear of the original building. This added three rooms. He replaced the old rail fence with a board ai,d later a hedge fence. In view of these extensive improvements made by Prof. Baldwin, the company agreed to let him have the building :«>r two years for one hundred dollars a year.

At the time when Prof. Baldwin decided to locate his school at Kirksville there was only one normal school in the state and that was the >t. Louis City Normal School which had been established in October, >*.:, for the purpose of training women who wished to become teachers in the schools of that city. Owing to the fact that this school was strictly a f-*al institution, the field as regards the state at large was unoccupied in N'7. To Professor Baldwin there justly belongs, therefore, the credit - : having inaugurated the normal school system of the state.

After having made his arrangements for the building, Professor Baldwin then selected his faculty. Conditional arrangements had made with Professor and Mrs. F. L. Ferris of Idaville, Indiana, -fore he came out to Missouri to look over the field. On his return made definite arrangements with them for the work. During his vi*it in Kirksville, he secured the promise of Prof. W. P. Nason, who was then teaching a semi-public school in Kirksville, to be one of the :>uhy. After returning to Kirksville with his family early in the S'ring, Prof. Baldwin made the acquaintance of Mr. and Mrs. ,J. M. 'ireenwood, who were living southeast of Kirksville on a farm. The occasion of the first meeting was a trip made by him to the Greenwood 'arm to buy a cow. He was invited to stay for dinner and while being 1 ntertained in the house, he discovered that Mr. Greenwood had a good Mathematical library, and became very much interested in him. Later he invited him to be one of the faculty and got his consent. At the same time Mrs. Greenwood was also secured. These five persons made up 'he original faculty.

Th«- school opened on September 2. 1S*»7 in the remodeled Cumberland Academy. President Baldwin canva - «*d the county thoroughly the preceding munmer, assisted some by Professors Xa>on and Greenvrood. President Baldwin traveled «>v<t sixteen counties in northea>tern Missouri in a two-h«>r-<- buggy, and so thoroughly did he cover th field that both buggy and team were said t<» have l>een "literally worn out."

The students who gathered at the opening of this school were a decidedly heterogeneous mass; they were of both sexes, and of all size? and ages from the primary grade up. As one of their members haexpressed it, they were uncouth, awkward, and untutored, but seriously in earnest. Many of the men had spent several years in the army an 1 were necessarily far behind in their education. None of them bad any

-urplus of money to spend. Most of them were making their own way through school, and hence knew the precious value of the time and money they were spending. Judging from external appearances, this was not a very promising lot of students with which to start a school. Rut there was the making of many a man and woman of strength in that IxmIv. and fort limit civ there was at the head of the school a man

Bv the elose of the school vear the enrollment in the Normal Departnient reached one hundred and forty. This, with the enrollment of one hundred and forty-four in the various grades of the model school manV the total attendance two hundred anil eighty-four. To the Pres- Menl and faculty of the school this was a very encouraging beginning.

though from a financial standpoint it was not very remunerative to thsr President. In engaging his associates, President Baldwin had lK>und himself to pay each a certain salary and to bear all the other ex|M*ii- * of the school, and had agreed to take what was left of the proceeds the school. This arrangement was agreed to for tliree years. TL income for the first year, which came only from tiution fees, was $3.70o the expenditures were $4,020. The President incurred a loss of in addition to his living expenses for a year.

Notwithstanding this financial loss, the enrollment was such »- to give the President a basis for his faith in the ultimate success of thschool. Concerning the matter he said: "The success during the yt a: passes all expectation. That in this war cursed region three hundrt-d students should enter such a school in its first year is truly wonderful. The Faculty have consecrated themselves for life to the grand work of building up a western institution of unsurpassed merits. With all of their ability, with untiring energy, and with unbounded enthusiasm they will labor for its success."

The second year of the school was much more successful than tlufirst. The enrollment was 423, of which 203 were in the Normal Department and 220 in the various grades of the Model School. The increase over the enrollment of the previous year was 139. The income for the year was §5,520; the expenditures were $4,335. Instead of deficit there was a surplus of SI, 185, and this constituted President Baldwin's salary for the year.

After having run for nearly three and one-half years as a privau institution, the school was adopted on December 29, 1870, as one the State Normal Schools as provided for by the bill of March 19th m that year. This was a consummation which President Baldwin an<i his chief assistants had been working for since the beginning of tlu school and which he had probably had in mind from the time he decide'] to come to Missouri. In the catalogue for the second year it was plainly stated that efforts were being made to make the institution one of a system of six State Normal Schools. How President Baldwin's school came to be made the First District Normal School is a story worth relating in detail.

The Normal School act provided that each of the two district normal schools should be established in the count v that would offer tl greatest inducement by way of buildings and grounds, provided th buildings and grounds should not be less than $25,000 in value and \l<- grounds should not be less than ten acres in extent. The management of both schools was to be in the hands of a Board of Regents compo^i of seven men, three of whom were the Secretary of State, the Attorney General and the Superintendent of Schools, and the other four were to be appointed by the Governor, two from each district. This Board was to receive the bids for the new schools and to decide on their location.

As soon as this act was passed an open movement was started to get the citizens of Adair County to vote bonds so that the county might be able to make a bid. The county court, which at that time was composed of only one Justice. Jacob Sands, issued an order on July 5 for a special election to be held on September 8 for the purpose of voting upon a proposition to issue bonds, not to exceed $100,000, for "the pur- |m*sc of securing the location of a State Normal School at Kirksville."

At the time when this order was made there was considerable opposition to the proposition, particularly among the country people, hi order to meet this opposition newspaper articles appeared setting forth reasons why the county should vote the bonds, and in addition a systematic ami complete canvass of the county was planned and carrinl out. The work of canvassing the county was done by a great many people, but perhaps President Baldwin and Judge Sands did more active work than any others. During the week preceding the election a series of meetings was held throughout the county, at which addresses were made by several prominent citizens. The success of this campaign i> >^n in the returns of the election. For the proposition 629 votes were cast; against it 189. The vote by townships was as follows:

From this table it will be seen that in Benton township, the township in which Kirksville is located, the vote was almost unanimous, only two votes having been cast against the proposition. In only two

Inasmuch as two-thirds of the legal voters voting had declared ii. favor of the bond proposition, the county court at its session on S ;>- tembcr 12, declared it had been ordered.

On the same day the Adair County Court declared that the proposition had carried, it drafted a letter to the State Superintendent staling that the county was ready to make its bid and asking that a ineetinc of the Board of Regents should be called as soon as possible to consi.l- : the same. Meanwhile arrangements were being made by Pettis County to offer a bid for the second district school, and when the State Su{*tintendent received the official notices of Adair and Pettis Counti*-. that they were ready to offer their bids, he called a meeting of the Hoanl of Regents to be held at Jefferson City on December 1. 1870.

The Hoard was composed of Supt. T. A. Parker; Attorney General H. B. Johnson; Secretary of State F. Rodman; Superintendent E. B. Neeley of St. Joseph, and President Joseph Baldwin of Kirksville. representing the First District; J. R. Milner of Springfield and Central G. R. Smith of Sedalia, representing the Second District.

"First: Ten acres of land within one mile of the public square of Kirksville, more or less as may be determined by your honorable Boanl. with a building or buildings to be erected thereon, agreeable to planand specifications to be submitted by said Board, of the value of Fifty Thousand Dollars.

''Second: In addition to the above and supplemental thereto. the building now used by the North Missouri Normal School and the eight lots upon which it is situated, together with the furniture, apparatus, library, ets., now used by said school."

Livingston County offered a bid for the First District School, an<l Pettis and Johnson Counties submitted bids for the Second District School.

The propositions from Adair County and Pettis County were accepted, thus creating the First and Second District Schools in the two counties respectively. On the next day, however, the Board reconsidered its action and voted to defer the location of the two schooluntil December 20. when it would reconvene at Sedalia and then consider all bids that might be submitted.

The effect of the news of the action of the Board upon the poop!- of Kirksville and Adair County may well be imagined. It was believed, and is still believed, by a great many who were active in the matter.

that underhand methods were being used to deprive Kirksville of the school and to force President Baldwin to close his institution. Fortunately for Adair County, she had the right kind of men to meet thi:* crisis. Between the meeting of the Board at Jefferson City on December 1 and 2 and its meeting at Sedalia on the 2ti, plans were laid for overcoming the competition of the other counties, and for securing th» . favorable action of the Board. Among other things, the county court secured the services of B. G. Barrow as an attorney to contest the legality of the Board's reconsideration of the location of the sehool at Kirksville.

When the time came for the Board to meet at Sedalia, large delegations from both Kirksville and Chillicothe went down to present their claims. In the Kirksville delegation were Judge Sands, Judgr Linder, and W. H. Parcels. Besides these gentlemen there were two others, both of whom have since become very prominent in the state, one in educational work and the other in business and polities. whose chief business was to gather as much information as possible concerning the plans of the Chillicothe delegation. Falling in with this delegation on its way to Sedalia, they gradually drew from it a complete outline of its plans. The information they derived enabled the Kirkville representatives to proceed intelligently.

When the Board convened on December 20 at Sedalia President Baldwin offered a resolution to the effect that the bids which had been made by Adair and Pettis Counties and on which the location of the Normal Schools had been made at Kirksville and Sedalia. should be considered as before the Board, and that no additional propositions which might be made by these counties should prejudice their claims to the location of the schools at the places named. This carried without any opposition.

Both Adair and Pettis Counties protested against the Board reconsidering the location of the two schools, and nearly all the day was taken up hearing the protests from these counties and the replies from Livingston and Johnson. Finally the Board ordered the consideration of the Adair County bid, whereupon Judge Linder, the agent of the Adair County Court, submitted the following communication: "To the Board of Regents of the State Normal Schools: "Whereas, on the first day of December, 1870, a proposition to submitted by the undersigned commissioner of Adair County to your honorable Board, looking to the location of the State Normal School for the first district at Kirksville in the said county, which proposition was, then and there, by a resolution of your Board duly accepted, and the location thereby was, as we claim, secured at Kirksville; and it further appearing that the said proposition so made and accepted was and is considered by members of your Board as not being equally favorable to the state in amount as that offered by Pettis County and Sodalia; and it further appearing that some of the Board do not consider that the said amount so offered and accepted is sufficient in amount to fence and beautify the grounds so given in the said proposition for the said Normal School, and to purchase a library and apparatus to make said school a first-class institution;

"Now claiming a vested right and a valid contract to be existing between said county and the State of Missouri effectually securing the said location, and refusing to surrender our right thereunder, but in order to show our interest in the success and honor of the enterprise and to show our magnanimity we hereby in consideration of the promises in behalf of the said county, offer and tender by way of an additional donation to the said State Normal School so located, the sum of Eight Thousand Dollars of bonds of the said county, having twenty years to run at 7 per cent interest, to be under the control and subject to the disposition of the Board for said purposes aforesaid, to be disposed of at such time and at such price as the court may see fit, and it is expressly understood herein that this is not to be considered as any portion of the bid heretofore made, nor in any manner to operate as a variance or abandonment of the contract heretofore made as aforesaid, or to operate as a variance or recission of the said contract."

On the next day Livingston County offered $00,000; and in addition the citizens of Chillicothe offered city lots and lands valued at $18,000; a block and a half of land in the center of the town with a seminary building on it valued at $10,000; two blocks of land in the town valued at $5,000; and a site of ten acres valued at $7,000.

The rivalry between the two counties grew quite animated. Each was set upon having the school and each was determined to carry the matter into the courts if the Board decided in favor of theother. The Board was plainly informed by Mr. Hammond of Chillicothe that his county would resist by legal process the location of the school at Kirksville, and it would base its resistance of the ground that the bid of Adair County was illegal by reason of the illegality of the election on the normal school bonds.

Finally, after having considered the matter for three days, the Hoard unanimously voted on December 29 to locate the First District Normal School at Kirksville on the terms offered by Adair County, provided that the site of the school should be ten acres adjoining the

North Missouri Normal School grounds and belonging to Edward Parcels, to which a warranty deed should be made immediately, or, in default of such deed being made, the grounds offered by Morris anil Richter.

The credit for securing the location of the school at Kirksville l>elongs according to the general consensus of opinion, to Judge Sand? and Linder, and W. H. Parcels, and of these three it was the last who played the important part at the critical point in the proceedings. When the Board met in Sedalia, three were known to be in favor of Kirksville and three in favor of Chillicothe. Through the influence of Mr. Parcels, the seventh member, Secretary of State Rodman, was induced to vote for Kirksville. This made the matter safe for Kirksville. and perhaps this explains why the vote was finally unanimous in its favor.

On December 30 the Board declared that "the Normal School for the First District be hereby declared established within the meaning of the law," which meant the North Missouri Normal School was then recognized as a state institution. The Board then elected the following persons as the faculty for the remainder of the school year: J. Baldwin, Principal; J. M. Greenwood, \V. P. Nason, S. M. Pickler. Mis> Flora Gleason, and Mrs. Amanda Greenwood. President Baldwin had just before this resigned from the Board of Regents.

Meanwhile the question of the Second District Normal School had been settled in favor of Johnson County, whereby it was located at Warrensburg instead of Sedalia.

Livingston County sought to reverse the action of the Board in locating the First District Normal School at Kirksville through the legislature. A legislative committee was appointed to investigate the matter and report. The committee made a divided report, the minority report being the one that favored Adair County. There is no record of anything being done with the reports. They were presented on the closing day of the session and may have been shoved aside for lark of time.

Meanwhile the Adair County Court had proceeded to fulfill its obligations. In order therefore to secure the $50,000 in cash, which the county had offered in its bid for a building to be conctructed by the Board of Regents, the court ordered the issue and sale of $60,000 in bowk. From the sale of these bonds only $o 1,400 was realized. This shows how much below par the county's credit was at that time. This amount wa.* in time turned over to the Board and put by that body in the building now known as Baldwin Hall.

In further fulfillment of its obligations the court ordered the is>u<- of $8,000 in bonds which were delivered to the Board, the proceeds oi which were to be used in fencing and beautifying the grounds and in equi|>- ping the school with a library and scientific apparatus. The sale of the bonds netted the Board only $4,840. Moreover, the court issued $8,000 more in bonds to the North Missouri Normal School Association for the old site and building, whereupon the trustees of this Association deeded this property to the Board of Regents. The Board finally disposed of the property for $1,600.

The law which provided for the two new State Normal Schools stipulated that free sites of not less than ten acres must be offered by the counties competing their location. There were at least four proposed sites for the school at Kirksville; but the Parcels tract of ten acres which adjoined the grounds of the North Missouri Normal School, and the Morris and Richter tract of fifteen acres which lay just outside the southern limits of the town, were the only ones ever seriously considered by the Board. The Parcels tract was first selected, but after waiting three months for a satisfactory warranty deed to be made, the Board accepted the Morris and Kichter tract.

The Board employed Randolph Brothers of St. Louis as architects for the building at Kirksville, and Griffith and Edwards were awarded the contract for the erection of the building for $51,400.

Ground was broken for the foundation on the afternoon of May 17, 1871, with special exercises in honor of the event. More elalxmite exercises were held when the cornerstone was laid on September 0. (ireat crowds of people came into town to witness the ceremonies. At 10:30 a. m. a procession started from Wilson's Grove, west of the square, to the new Normal School grounds. The order of the procession was as follows: Kirksville Cornet Band, Normal School Faculty and Students, Good Templars Lodges, Bloomfield (Iowa) Band, Knights Templar, Masonic Lodges, citizens. After the cornerstone was put in place with Masonic ceremonies under Grand Master Thomas E. Garrett, the procession returned to the grove where a basket dinner was served. After the dinner addresses were delivered by several men of prominence, among whom were President Baldwin, Grand Master Garrett, State Supt. Monteith, and Colonel Norman J. Coleman.

As the work on the building progressed it became known that the contract called for only the enclosure of the building. It appears that only two members of the Board knew just what the contract specified; the others stated they thought it called for a completed building ready for use.

The Board was therefore compelled to call upon the Legislature for an appropriation to complete the building. The Legislature appointed a committee to investigate the situation both here and at Warrensburg, as the building at the latter place was also in an unfinMu-ii condition. The committee visited both Kirksville and Warrensburu. and as regards the building at Kirksville reported that the Board oi Regents had been negligent in the arrangements made for a building and that the Adair County Court had done all that it had agreed to <k It was therefore recommended that $50,000 be appropriated to complex the building. A bill to that effect was finally passed, though there \vu> considerable opposition to it, many declaring that Adair County shouk! issue more bonds and complete it herself.

Contracts were soon let for the completion of the building, and January Hi, 1873, it was occupied by the school. The entire schwi marched from the old building in the northern part of town to the new one in the southern part, and took possession of it.

The formal dedication occurred on February 13, 1873, with appropriate exercises in the chapel. The dedicatory address was to have been given by C.ovemor Woodson, but on finding it impossible to attend he sent instead Dr. R. D. Shannon, who delievered that address. Addresses were made by a number of others. During the exercises Pn >- ident Baldwin remarked that it was just six years ago that evening that he had made his first address in Kirksville, in which he asserted that if the people would give his school the proper encouragement it would Income a credit to the state. It was indeed a proud moment in the life of President Baldwin when he stood before the people of Kirksville ami pointed to the fulfillment of his prophecy.

This building, which has in recent years been named Baldwin Hall, in honor of President Baldwin, remained the only building of the school until 1901 when the first annex was built on the northeast. Meanwhile the Legislature had appropriated in 1883 S3, 500 with which to fit up the basement of the original building for the ''Model School" which had been organized by President Riant on in the fall of 18S2. The first annex has been used ever since its erection by the Practice School", the department of physical education, and the Library. For its erection the Legislature had appropriated $30,000. In 1905, $50,000 unappropriated for another building which took the shape of the second annex on the northwest. Both of these new buildings have been erected during President Kirk's administration.

made occasions of special exercises. On the day the ground was broken the whole school was gathered to witness the event and a picture was taken, a cut of which is given on the opposite page. The cornerstone was laid by the Kirksville Masonic Lodges on August 14, 1905. The principal address was made by Governor Jos. W. Folk. Xo ceremonies, however, marked the occupation of the building when completed.

In 1907 there was erected on the campus the Model Rural School House, which stands as the most distinctive feature of the institution. For years President Kirk has been a close student of rural schools. He has thought deeply upon the many problems of the rural school system, but he has been most interested in the country school houses. After many plans had been tried, he finally worked out the details of the plan by which the above mentioned Model Kural School House was erected. It has three floors. The basement floor which has concrete flooring and concrete walls, contains the engine room, laundry, bulb and dark rooms, and the gymnasium. The first floor contains the school room, which is lighted by windows along the north wall, and separate toilet rooms for girls and boys. The attic floor contains laboratories, work benches for manual training, and apparatus for the study of domestic science. The building is lighted by gas and electricity generated by its own plants. It also has running hot and cold water throughout the building. The water is pumped by a dynamo from a well nearby into a pressure tank, from which it goes to all parts of the building. For convenience's sake only the city sewer system is used, but in no other way is the building dependent on the city for any facility. In this respect it could be independent also, if a cess-pool were dug nearby and the sewage were drained into it.

A model rural school has been maintained in this building ever since it has been completed. A high grade teacher has been employed to conduct the school, and country children near town have been brought to school daily in a covered wagon and taken back again in the afternoon. Both the building and school are models in the exact sense of the term, and are for the inspection and study of students and visitors.

The model rural school is a department of the Practice Schools which offers opportunities for student teachers to acquire experience in teaching under the direction of skilled directors. These schools have urown out of what was originally known as the Model School, some account of which should be given here.

A Model School was established in connection with the school when it was founded in 1867, and was maintained until December, 1873. This department served not only to exhibit to the students of the normal department the best methods of teaching a* used by t:.»- skilled instructors who were employed to conduct it, but also to prepare many students who were somewhat advanced in years for the work the normal department. This Model School was never a pnuiu school for prospective teachers. It always purported to be an actual "model school."

This school was divided into three departments, the primary. tl.< intermediate, and the grammar departments, each of which cnwr-l two years' work. When it was first established. Professor F. L. Fernwas Principal of the grammar department, Mrs. L. D. Ferris of the intermediate department, and Mrs. Amanda Greenwood of the primary department. The teachers remained in charge of these depart ui<-:i-« for three years. We have no information as to how the "Model" unorganized or who conducted it in 1870-71 and 1871-72. Miss Knu Rowland was Principal of the Model School in 1872-73 and Miss Stepha': from Septeml>er to December, 1873.

From this table it will be seen how. much the enrollment of t tolast year was reduced from that of the first two years, and how the enrollment for the period after the school had been made a state institution gradually dwindled. It is not surprising then that President Bal iwin and Miss Stephan recommended to the Board of Regents at th« r meeting in December, 1873, that the Model School should be suspend- <i and that the Board acted in accordance with that recommendation However, it was evidently not the intention of President Baldwin or the Board to give up permanently the idea of having a Model Sclu^l.

The Model School was not restored until November, 1S82, over a year after President Baldwin had left the school. The credit for ir* restoration belongs largely to President Blanton, who took charge of tic administration of the school in September, 1882, though there arc evidences that the matter had been thought of by the school even bet< r he had been elected to the Presidency. On November 13, 1882, tb Model School was reopened under the supervision of Miss S. Augurs Jayne.

The school was during the first year without any special quarts of its own, having been accommodated in the various rooms of tltf building. In September, 1883, it was installed in the rooms which

\\:u\ Ui'ii newly fitted up in the basement during the previous summer. The basement had up to that time been used only for the heating apparatus. Through a special appropriation of $3,500 which the Legislature made in April, 1883, several rooms were built in it and the ground imm^liately surrounding the building was terraced as it is today. In these new quarters the Model School remained until it was removed - the annex that was built on the northeast of the main building in IWl.

1'iilike the Model School which existed in the early years of the h. -ol. tht- one which was re-established in 1882 gave opportunity for praetiee teaching by the students of the normal department from (he very -tart. Indeed, it is doubtful whether the term "Model School" wa- a proper one to use for it. It was in reality a Practice or Trainins School and not a ' Model." It was not until President Kirk's administration that the name "Model" was given up.

In addition to the new quarters that were secured when the first :mn»'\ was built in 1901, the apparatus used in the work of the school and *h>- teaching force have l>een considerably enlarged. There are now a -u^rvi>or. three critic teachers, and a kindergarten teacher. Prior to !"<*M)1. there had been only a supervisor, or principal, with occasionally one assistant. The kindergarten department was established in 1900-01.

The school has had five Presidents: Joseph Baldwin, 1807-1881; W. P. Nason. pro tempore. 1881-82; J. P. Blanton, 1882-1891; W. 1). Dohson. 1891-1899; John B. Kirk, 1899 - . They have all been men of ability, and each has made his contribution to the development of the >ehnol. It is perhaps well to relate here briefly the biographies of the Presidents and of the members of the original faculty.

her 31, 1827. His early education was obtained in the district sch<K. and in Bartlett Academy at New Castle. In 1848 he entered Bethany College, Virginia, from which he was graduated with the A. B. degree in 1852.

In August, 18.52, he was married to Miss Ella Flukart of Ohi Immediately after their marriage they came to Missouri, and in th» fall lie opened the Platte City Academy in Platte County. From 1^? to 1856 he and his wife conducted a ladies' hoarding school at Savannah, Mo. In 1850 he helped organize the Missouri State Teacher-' Association in St. Louis.

After having spent four years in Missouri, he returned to Pennsylvania and spent one year there in school work. He then went t. Indiana, where within the next ten years he conducted several priva1- normal schools. During this time he spent one year in the Union anir.

The story of his coming to Kirksville in 1807 and opening a Normal School in the Cumberland Academy building and maintaining it a- - private institution for over three years, has already been told. Siihv the history of the institution during the rest of his connection with :* is largely a part of his own history, there remains little else to relate h<r» than to mention that he was elected President of the Sam Houston Norms. Institute at Huntsville, Texas in 1881 and, that after having served in that position for ten years he was elected to the newly created chair of Pedagogy in the University of Texas and remained there until 1*"" when he was made Professor Emeritus in that institution. He <M January 13, 1899 in Austin, Texas.

President Baldwin greatly regretted leaving Missouri, but the »t!- ucational field to which he was called in Texas was very like that - t Missouri when he came in 1807. The pioneer instincts were st runs in the man and he rejoiced in an opportunity to labor in a field that w:»- new and unoccupied. But this was not the only reason he left Misouri. For some years he had been the object of petty jealousies an«i harassing persecutions, and he had come to realize that his position in the Kirksville school was being undermined by some who assumed t" be his friends. There was before him, therefore, the prospect that tinopposition, which was altogether undeserved, would result in his Nine displaced some time sooner or later. Doubtless this and his natural aversion for any conflict in which his own personal interests were involved, had much to do with his going to Texas.

The life of President Baldwin is an illustration of what a man with a few great ideas and the willingness to work, may accomplish. It can not be said of him that he was a broadly learned man or a man"' ireat versatility. Yet it must be acknowledged that as a result of long ind deep thinking on some of the fundamental educational questions A the day. he reached some very sound and definite conclusions of his )\vn, for the realization of which he spent the whole of his life. This -onstitutes the basis of his greatness.

He believed most firmly in the absolute necessity of the very best .possible elementary and secondary education, and to this end he advocated a thorough and scientific preparation of the teachers for thatwork. The efforts which he put forth to bring about these results have had a narked influence upon the educational systems of Indiana, Missouri, tml Texas.

As has already been said he was by instinct a pioneer. To him here was something decidedly fascinating in a field of labor that had >en\ heretofore unoccupied. By nature he was eminently fitted to irouse enthusiasm on the part of others for a new system, and to lead hem to assist him in getting it adopted. As an organizer of new work ie was not surpassed.

However, his success in further developing an established work vas not as great as in initiating it. For this he was not always solely (sponsible. Had he received the support from the Board of Regents n the last years of his administration in this institution, he might have lone much more than he did.

Very few school Presidents have been able to command and mainam the loyalty and respect of the students as he did. He attained his through the confidence he placed in them and the sympathetic in- <n>st he took in their ambitions and enterprises, thus making each stulent fed that he was his personal friend. This explains why his name ia> always been held in sacred memory by those who are under his lirection.

The frank and unsuspecting nature of the man made him liable to »<- imposed upon by designing persons. Thinking all men were as hon- >' as himself, he frequently found himself badly defrauded and abused, k'easionally he was led into situations which gave his enemies an opportunity to attack and abuse him, while at the same time he generally Mused to defend himself or to expose those who were injuring him. He was not without faults. He was but human. However, in the light the great service which he did for the state and of the purity of the motives that always actuated his life, these imperfections appear as insiRnificant.

topics. He was an elder in the Christian church and occasional: preached and performed other religious services. There were very tV\\ districts in Northeast Missouri in which he had not spoken to the p«*>- ple in some way or other. He was very active in the educational a>^ ciations of the state and nation, and appeared frequently in their discussions. He was a frequent contributor to some of the leading education journals, at one time assisting in the editing of the American School Journal. He wrote two works on Pedagogy which were extensively used in this country and Canada.

One of the most conspicuous events in the history of the Normal School at Kirksville is known as Baldwin Day, June 13, 1893. < >n that day President Baldwin became the guest of the institution, at wlm-h time he was greeted by a large number of his former students and a>~~ ciatcs, many of whom came from long distances. The idea of having such an affair as this was conceived by President Dobson. He ami a committee of local alumni worked long and faithfully in arranging !"r the day. Invitations were extended to as many of the "Baldwin students" and the "Baldwin faculty" as could be reached, to be pre-enr All day exercises were held at which addresses were made by many of the former students, Professor Nason, President Dobson and Presided Baldwin. No one could fail to see from all this in what high esteem President Baldwin was held by his students and associates.

In making up her list of great benefactors Missouri must alwayinclude the names of two men who have spent the best part of their lives in Kirksville, President Joseph Baldwin ami Dr. A. T. Still. An attempt at some appreciation of Dr. Still will be made in the next chaj>- ter. Coming to Missouri at the close of a war which had greatly injured it, President Baldwin spent fourteen years of the best period of his life in building up its school system and in that time "accomplished more for the cause of popular education than any other man in the state.

As yet no formal recognition of the services of either of these nun to the state has been made, but it is hoped that the time will soon come when that will be done in such a way as to keep forever in the memory of future generations the greatness of the men in their day and time.

Besides President Baldwin, there were in the original faculty Prof, and Mrs. F. L. Ferris. Prof. \Y. P. Nason, and Prof, and Mrs. J. M. Greenwood. Prof, and Mrs. Ferris came, as has already been noteol. with President Baldwin from Indiana. They remained, however, with the school only about three years. They subsequently moved to Colorado and died there in 1873. His wife survived him several years.

Prof. Xason remained with the school from 1807 to 1SS7. For a ouple of years thereafter he took up pastoral work, serving several liferent charges in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in this secion of the state. From 1889 to 1891 he conducted a private school it La Belle, but was compelled to give it up on account of his ill health. Fn mi that time to his death on July 10, 1909. he led a life of retirement.

In June, 1902, the Board of Regents made him Professor Emeritus of Lfhios as a recognition of the valuable services he had rendered the ><"hool when in active connection with it.

Prof, and Mrs. J. M. Greenwood remained with the school until June. 1870, when they resigned to take charge of the Mt. Pleasant College at Huntsville, Mo. In January, 1871. they returned to Kirksville and resumed their work, the school having been made a state institu- tion the latter part of December, 1870. In June, 1874, Prof. Green wood resigned to accept the Superintendency of the Kansas City Schools a position which he has occupied ever since. Mrs. Greenwood had x-v ered her connection with the school in June, 1872. She died some tin* in 1904. Prof. Greenwood is the only survivor of the original faculty

President J. P. Blanton was born in Cumberland County, Virginia, on January 29, 1849. After having received his early education in a variety of schools he entered the Freshman class of HanipuVu- Sidney College in 1804. In the spring of 1805 he joined the army of Northern Virginia in its retreat from Petersburg to Appomattox. After the surrender he returned home, but re-entered college that fall ami remained there until graduation in 1S09. After graduation he taught two years in Kentucky country schools, and then came to Missouri

Alter teaching; three years in Watson Seminary at Ashley and three years it Troy, he became Superintendent of Schools at Mexico. He was elected to the Presidency of the State Normal School at Kirksville in 18S2, and remained until 1891 when he became Professor of Pedagogy in the State University of Missouri. In 1898 he became President of

President W. 1). Dobson was born in Tusculuin, Tennessee, on N<»- uUt 27, 1848. After getting his early education in the district school and the Academy of Tusculuin College, he entered Greenville and Tusculuin College, from which he was graduated in 1870. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1872. He came to Missour but instead of practicing law began teaching. For eight years he taugh in Grundy County, during which time he was Superintendent of tli Trenton schools for five years. After that he was Superintendent n Carrollton for ten years, and then Superintendent at Moherly for on- In June, 1891, he was elected President of the Normal School at Kirkville and served until 1899. He then entered the A. S. 0. at Kirksvii' from which he was graduated in 1902. He was therefore elected Pr fessor of Chemistry in that institution, and remained there until when he moved to St. Louis, where he has been engaged ever since n the practice of osteopathy.

President John R. Kirk was born in Bureau County, Illinois. Jan uary 23, 1851. In 1850 his father moved his family to Harrison Count} Mo. He got his early education in the district schools and the Bet hair High School. He entered the Normal School at Kirksville in 1873 anattended at irregular intervals until he graduated in 1878. As a teach*' he has filled a variety of positions. Besides teaching in rural school- ?;« has been Superintendent of Schools at Bethany, Mo., and at Moultor. Iowa; Principal of a ward school in Kansas City, Mo.; a teacher < history and mathematics in the Central High School of that place. an< Superintendent at Westport. From 1895 to 1899 he served as Stat» Superintendent of Schools, and then part of one year as High Schoe Examiner for the University of Missouri. In 1899 be became Presi»l< n< of the Normal School at Kirksville, and has remained there ever *in<r

The following is a complete list of the faculty in the order of theii appointment from the beginning to the present time with the peri<><. of service of each member:

The government of the school is vested in a Board of Regents, the present organization of which differs quite materially from what it was originally.

According to the act of the Legislature of 1870, which provided for the establishment of the first two normal schools of the state, the government of both of these schools was placed in the hands of a single Board of Regents consisting of seven persons. It included the members of the State Board of Education, that is the State Superintendent, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney General, and two other persons from each of the two normal school districts, who were appointed by the Governor. In making the first appointments two of the regent; were appointed for two years and the other two for four years. Thereafter all appointments, except those to fill vacancies, were to be for foil! years.

The First and Second District Normal Schools remained under tin control of a single board, as originally organized, until 1874. In thai year a law was passed which provided for a separate board for each ol the two schools. Each board was to consist of seven memliers, six ol whom were to reside in the district for which they were appointed, and one of whom was to be a resident in the county in which the Normal

School for such district is located. The State Superintendent was ma.- an cx-officio member of each of the boards. The term of each apjvin - ed regent was extended from four to six years, and it was so arrartthat two of these members should be appointed every two years.

The substitution of two boards, one for each of the two Norms. Schools, in place of the single board for both of them, was evident,; in accord with the wishes of the schools. At least this was true o: tin Kirksvillc school, as the faculty voted on December 12, 1873, in fav.-r of a separate board for each of the two schools, and ordered that thi» expression of its opinion be forwarded to Governor Woodson and State Superintendent Monteith in response to letters which they had writto. to the faculty on the matter.

The Third District Normal School which was provided for by ai act of the Legislature in 1873, was placed under the control of a separate board. Doubtless this measure had something to do with '1* abolition of the single board for the First and Second District Schu»* and the creation of a separate board for each school.

The Board of Regents for the three schools were, up to 1889. £ rerally composed of men of the same political party as that in povv in the state. In that year a law was passed which provided that &»: more than four of each board, including the State Superintendent Schools, should be long to the same political party, and the Govern"! was instructed in his subsequent appointments to change the persuiim of the board so as to bring about this desired end as soon as {kjsmI1'1 This arrangement did much to eradicate whatever tendencies linn were to strict partisanship, and has largely prevented its recurrent

The officers of the Board are President, Vice-President. Secretary, and Treasurer, each of whom is elected for a term of two years. TV Secretary has usually been some member of the Board. The Treasurer has always been some one outside of the Board. From 1871 to 18K> W. T. Baird was Treasurer. Since 1893, the Treasureship has rotate among the banks of Kirksville, some one in the bank holding the onV for two years at a time.

The following is a complete list of the Regents of the school, their lddresses. and the length of terms which they have served or have ret to serve:

Since 1872 a class has been graduated each year in the advan^l course. The total number of graduates down to the present is The number of graduates each year is shown elsewhere in this chapir: in tabular form. Besides the graduates in the advanced course tht^ have been so-called graduates in the sophomore course and for a while in the junior course also. These were called graduates because of the certificates to teach for five years that were conferred upon them at the time.

By virtue of laws passed by the Missouri Legislature in 1887 and in 1889, the diploma which is conferred on graduation from any of the Normal Schools of the state, entitles its possessor to teach in the putlie schools of the state without further examination, and the certificati which is conferred on the completion of the elementary course, entitle the holder to teach two years in the public schools of the state.

At the time when the state adopted the normal school system the authority to examine teachers and to grant certificates was ve^ni in the State Superintendent and the County Superintendents, ani remained solely with them until 1887. The certificates conferred hv the State Superintendent entitled the holders to teach without further examination. Those conferred by the County Superintendent?- entitled the holders to teach in the counties for which they were fiven for a limited period of time. They were of two grades, corresponding roughly, according to the requirements, to the second and third grad-1 county certificates of today.

Up to 1887 those completing the different courses in the thru State Normal Schools who sought to teach, were subject to the above rules and regulations, unless special arrangements were made in their behalf by the State Superintendent.

The first instance on record of any special arrangement is in a letter from State Superintendent Monteith to the County Superintendent? dated July 12, 1872, in which he recommended that they ''honor the Nonnal diploma by granting to its possessor a certificate without examination," which would bo for two years only.

As far as is known, it was not until State Superintendent Shannon's administration that certificates were conferred directly by the State Superintendent upon those completing the various courses in the three Normal Schools of the state. Beginning in July, 1878, he i^uetl certificates to those completing the different courses of these school*, and kept up this practice until the close of his second administration in December, 1882. Upon those completing the two and the three years' courses, he conferred certificates which entitled them to teach two and three years respectively. Upon those completing the four years' course, he conferred a life certificate.

It should be noted that it was the custom at the time for each of the State Normal Schools of Missouri to have its candidates for the diplomas and certificates of the school examined first by the faculty and then by an examining committee composed of the State Superintendent ami the Presidents of the three schools. This arrangement seems to have been first made in 1875-76. It continued for ten years, that is down to 1884-85 inclusive.

These examinations by the committee were decidedly unpopular with the students and the faculty of the school. In May, 1885, the faculty adopted resolutions condemning them and asking the State Superintendent to adopt another plan for certificating the graduate* of the school.

In June, 1885, the State Superintendent and the Presidents of the State Normal Schools agreed upon a plan whereby the old system <>: examinations by the committee was abolished, and a written examina- tiou near the close of the school by the State Superintendent was to be substituted. This arrangement was carried into execution only once, that is, in June, 1886. Before another year rolled around, the matter hud been taken out of the hands of the State Superintendent by the Legislature.

When the General Assembly met in January, 1887, plans had already been laid for securing legislation which wTould settle the question of certificating the graduates of the State Normal Schools. A bill covering the matter was drafted by President Blanton, and was lobbied through largely by him. It passed the Assembly without any particular difficulty and was approved on March 24, 1887. The act provided that "the normal diploma conferred upon completing a four \vars* course shall entitle its holder to teach school in any county in this state without further examination, until annulled by the Board of Regents or Curators granting the same, or by the County School Commissioner, or State Superintendent of Schools, for incompetency, crut-Ity. immorality, drunkenness, or neglect of duty, and the graded certificate now granted upon the completion of the two years' course shall, in like manner, entitle the holder to teach the several branches of study named therein for a period of four years from the date of graduation, unless such certificate be annulled by said Board, or County School < oinmissioner, or State Superintendent of Schools for one or more of the causes above specified." Provision was also made for the application of the provisions of this act "the the Normal Department of the University of Missouri, and of Lincoln Institute." This law was amended in 1889 so as to reduce the term of years that the holder of an elementary certificate might teach from four years to two.

This legislation was a matter of great gratification to the friends of the State Normal Schools, and especially pleasing to the students. Immediately on the approval of the first certification bill, the students f the Kirksville school presented to President Blanton a very fine cane a- a token of their appreciation of his activity in securing its adoption.

The library as at present organized has existed only since September, 1903. In the early years of the school the library facilities were extremely meagre. It was not until President Blanton 's time that a beginning was made towards putting a library under way. But owing to the fact that not one cent was ever donated by the State for libraries or lal>oratories prior to 1899, and that all that went into them had to U' paid out of the incidental fund upon which heavy drafts have always been made, it is readily seen how the library was slow in growing. In

InW the state' Legislature appropriated $2,500 for libraries and laboratories. This enabled the school to furnish several departments with a few lx)oks in separate department libraries. In 1901 an appropriation was made for a $30,000 building, and the plans for this included the present library and reading room. In 1903 an appropriation of §5.000 I v.-;t> made for equipping this room and for buying books. In June of that yar Miss Parrish was made librarian and the departmental libraries were hrmight together and the books ehissified according to the Dewey decimal system. The aim has been to build up primarily a working library for daily classroom use. The library has rapidly outgrown the reading r««om and now has use of the two rooms adjoining it which are used as >!ack rooms ami working rooms. It is hoped that larger quarters may If had soon. The school has been the depository for the United States sovernment documents ever since it became a state institution. Outride of those publications the library contains at present about 12.500 volumes.

The history of the laboratories of the school is very much like that <»t the library. When the school occupied its new building in 1873, the -mall room just east of the chapel constituted the only scientific i.tU'ratory. Here all that passed for science was taught. In 1899 two rooms in the basement of Baldwin Hall were fitted up for chemistry and physics. Since then the laboratories have been increased in number ami equipment. There are at present laboratories for chemistry, physics, photography, zoology, and agriculture. The annex on the northwest, called Science Hall and built in 1905, contains the physics, chemistry and zoology laboratories, also the manual training workshop. A f:irm of sixty acres near town has been leased and will be ultimately Purchased. This will be used as an experimental station in the agriculture department.

The students maintain a variety of associations and organizations. TV literary societies are the oldest. Two of them, the Philomathean and the Senior Societies have existed since the seventies. The Eliza- Uth Browning Society has been in existence only three* or four years. f Besides these there were several other literary societies, but they have f long since expired. There arc at present four active debating clubs ii among the young men. The first organization was the Websterians. The Claytonians, Demosthenonians, and Ciceronians were organized later. Besides these literary societies and debating clubs there are -^vcral departmental societies, such as the German Club, Historical Society, Science Club, Nature Study Club, and Latin Club. Certain

The students also maintain two active Christian Associations. iThc Y. W. C. A. was organized in May, 1805, and the Y. M. C. A. in March, 1890. The Y. M. C. A. has maintained in connection with the V. M. C. A. of the American School of Osteopathy, a lecture course bf high grade for over twelve years.

In Athletics the school has been especially active in recent years. The school had no gymnasium until the northeast annex was built in 1901. When the northwest annex was erected in 190"), the gymnasium iu the former building was given over to the women exclusively and the one in the latter building to the men. For outdoor games the school has had a fine athletic field in the northwest corner of the campus since 1903. Field Day exercises have been held every year since 189").

The students have at different times published periodicals. The first student publication was, as far as is known, the Model Headlight, a monthly published by the students of the Model School for about >ix months in 1888. In 1893 and 1894 pamphlet annuals were issued l>> certain literary societies. In September, 1894, the Normal Message, :;i monthly publication, was begun. It continued until April. 1900. Since then four year-books have been published, the Mnameion in 1901, and the Echo in 1902, 1904, and 1906. In March, 1909, the Kirksville Normal School Index, a weekly publication, was established. The (honor of getting it started lies largely with Miss Mary McCoul, '08, who was at that time a post-graduate in the school. It has just started upon its third year.

The Music Department has, since April, 1909, maintained a spring Festival of music of high order. The Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra with Emil Oberhoffer as Conductor, and the Normal School ( 'horns and the Minneapolis Orchestra with D. R. (iebhart of the Normal School Faculty as Director, together with a number of vocal soloists of special ahility, constitute the talent. Four different programs are rendered during the festival.

On Friday, October 18, 1907, the school celebrated its fortieth anniversary with appropriate exercises. Arrangements were made rather hurriedly for the event and the original plan was to make it largely a Wal affair. But several out-of-town graduates and former students returned to join in the celebration. Prof. Nason and Supt. (ireenwood, the two surviving members of the original faculty, were present and delivered addresses during the morning exercises. A basket dinner was i held on the campus which was participated in by a goodly number.

During the afternoon exercises addresses were made by Judge Jaco; Sands, Senator Humphrey, Dr. R. D. Shannon, Prof. J. U. Barnard Mr. B.F. Heiny, Mr. G. W. Cullison, Mrs. Fluhart and Miss Grace Guy (now Mrs. C. M. Weyand). The roll of graduates was called by Prof A. B. Warner, to which response was made by rising as the names wt-rr called. A reception was held in the ladies' gymnasium from four to fivt.

The day's program ended with a musical in the evening in the chapel, which was attended by an immense crowd. Most of the musical numbers were rendered by graduates and former students of the school.

As an index to the growth of the school, the following tabulation showing by years the number of faculty members, the number of graduates and post graduates, the number receiving certificates, and thf enrollment, is offered.

Sim 92

The marked growth of the school in recent years is due in part at H«t to the summer school. The summer school was first held in 1895 a- a private affair. Those of the faculty who cared to do so offered and they got their proportion of the fees paid by the students, in 1900 the summer school was taken under the control of the Hoard. Stxrial appropriations were made for it by the Legislature in 1901 and VM. Since tben the appropriations have been made on the basis of f<-ur terms of twelve weeks each in every year instead of three terms as i'-forc. The school has therefore continuous sessions the year round, with the exception of a few weeks scattered between the various quarters.

Another index as to the growth of the school is its income from tlif >tate. This income is also an indication of the value which the ?-tate places upon its work. The following tabulation shows what has Wn appropriated for its support since it became a state institution:

Since 190102 the school has not been able to draw out all tha has been appropriated for its use biennially, owing to deficiencies in ihi state treasury. These figures do not represent what the school hit actually received since 1901-02.