Buchanan County, Missouri - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 14 of those read), 1904

Military History

Buchanan County and St. Joseph in War - The War With Mexico - Doniphan's Expedition - The Oregon Battalion - The Civil War - A Mob Destroys the United States Flag - Some of the Men who Went South and Distinguished Themselves as Soldiers - The Union Regiments That Were Organized in St, Joseph, Their Officers and W^here They Fought - The "Paw-Paw" Militia, Its History and How IT Came Into Existence - The Missouri Militia After THE War - The National Guard of Missouri - The War With Spain and the Companies that Went from St. Joseph to the Fourth Regiment of Missouri Volunteers.

Having reviewed the political history of Buchanan County and St. Joseph, and touched incidentally upon commercial and social progress, it is deemed proper, at this point, to make a digression and to consider the various war periods. The War with Mexico, the Civil War and the late struggle with Spain will be touched upon as far as they are related to the people of this county.

During the month of May, 1846. Governor Edwards called for volunteers to join the Army of the W'est in an expedition to Santa Fe under command of Gen. Stephen \\'. Kearny. General Kearny was the father of the late Charles \y. Kearny, of St. Joseph, and the uncle of Gen. Phil Kearny. A number went from here, among them Willard P. Hall, who was then a candidate for Congress. Mr. Hall left a law practice and the campaign to take care of itself and joined the First Regiment of Missouri Cavalry as a private. This regiment assembled at Fort Leavenworth and elected as its colonel Alexander W^ Doniphan of Liberty, who had also enlisted as a private. The regiment went with Colonel Kearny as far as Santa Fe. From that point its operations became known as "Doniphan's Expedition," an achievement that is famous in history, and that is frequently compared with the military feats of Xenophon, Hannibal and the first Napoleon. The entire Army of the West, at the beginning of the campaign, numbered 1,658 men. The army, composed of dragoons and cavalry, marched across the plains in detachments, the first leaving Fort Lea\'en worth on June 29th, and the last on July 6, 1846. They rendezvoused at a famous trading post on the Arkansas River, in Colorado, the present site of Fort Lyon, known then as Bent's Fort. After resting several days the reunited forces proceeded south across the Raton mountains through the Raton pass and entered the city of Las

A^egas without opposition on August 15th. The alcalde and all other citizens of the place took the oath of allegiance to the United States. Here Colonel Kearnv received his commission as general, forwarded by messenger from Washington.

Learning that .\rniii(j. the (iovernor of New Mexico, had fortified Apache Pass, through which led tlie road to Santa Fe, and was occupying it with a considerable force. General Kearny marched to meet him. in the expectation of battle. But at his approach the Mexicans retired without offering resistance, and the army went through the pass and on to Santa Fe, which was occupied unopposed on August 18, 1846.

General Kearny at once proceeded to organize a provisional government for the ^lexican State, the capital of which he held. To Colonel Doniphan and to A\Mllard P. Hall was assigned the duty of constructing and formulating laws for the newly acquired territory. They were given quarters in the "palace," as the residence of the Governor of New Mexico has always been called, and went to work, each with four clerks and interpreters, in the room in which Gen. Lew Wallace wrote "Ben Hur'' a third of a century afterward. The result of their labors is known as the "Kearny Code," which forms an important constituent of the territorial laws of New Mexico to-day.

It was while thus engaged that Willard P. Hall was notified by Colonel Doniphan, who had received dispatches, that he had been elected to Congress over Judge Birch of Plattsburg.

On September 26th, General Kearny started with his column of regulars for California, leaving Colonel Doniphan in command of Santa Fe. On September 28th Gen. Sterling Price arrived in Santa Fe, followed by a force of 1,700 volunteers from Missouri. Colonel

Doniphan, who, at his own request, had been ordered to join General Wool in Chihuahua, was preparing to move south, when an order reached him, sent back by General Kearny, to make a campaign against the Navajo Indians, who had been attacking Mexican villages on the Rio Grande. Turning his authority as Go\*ernor of New Mexico over to General Price. Colonel Doniphan at once proceeded to execute General Kearny's order.

The Navajos were at that time a powerful tribe, numbering some 17,000, and inhabited what is now Northeastern Arizona. They had long been the terror and scourge of the civilized inhabitants of New Mexico. Colonel Doniphan divided his forces, dispatching Major Gilpin with 200 men northwest into San Juan country, while he himself, with the remainder of his regiment marched to Albuquerque and thence west up the Rio Puerco to its headwaters. The Navajos were encompassed and surrounded by this movement and made a treaty in which they bound themselves to cease their depredations and become friends of the United States.

On December 14, 1846, Colonel Doniphan commenced his march to Chihuahua. His route lay through a barren desert of ninety miles, known as the Jornata del Mucrto (Journey of the dead). No water is to be found the entire distance. Over this plain Colonel Doniphan successfully marched his troops in detachments, each requiring about 30 hours in the passage, and occupied the town of D(Mia Ana without resistance.

Leaving half his regiment here to guard the river crossing, Colonel Doniphan pushed south, and at Brazito met a Mexican force from Chihuahua that had advanced to oppose him. A sharp skirmish followed in which the Mexicans were routed and followed to El Paso, which was captured with its military supplies.

In the enem}'"s baggage here taken were found dispatches imparting the information that General Wool, instead of proceeding west to Chihauhua. had gone south to join General Taylor at Monterey. Colonel Doniphan was therefore confronted with the alternative of returning to Santa Fe or marching 1,200 miles through a hostile country to Monterey to effect a junction with Wool. He decided to go on and sent back for artillery. In response he was joined by a Missouri battalion of artillery and by the Laclede Rangers of St. Louis, increasing his force to about i.ooo men with six pieces of artillery.

Before him lay the city of Chihuahua, rich, populous and protected by a strong garrist>n. Colonel Doniphan marched south without serious opposition to the pass of Sacramento. 16 miles north of the city of Chihuahua, which the Mexicans had fortified and where they were then awaiting his coming with 4.200 men. cavalry and artillery. The Mexican flank was protected by a deep precipitous ravine difficult of passage.

The following- incident was related by the late Francis Carroll Hughes, of Agency township, who was Colonel Doniphan's c^uartermaster sergeant. Doniphan had not slept during the night before the battle of the pass and was seated in front of his tent early in the morning of February 28. 1847. The men had not slept much either and were seated about the camp fires talking. AMien Sergeant Hughes approached his commander, Colonel Doniphan requested him to go about among the men and ascertain what they were talking about. Doniphan had serious doubts of the result of the impending engagement : in fact he expected the worst, for the odds were over- Avhelmingly against him.

Doniphan's face lit up at this, and slapping his hands upon his knees, he jumped up and exclaimed prophetically, "By heaven, sergeant, we are going to win !"

Thus inspired. Colonel Doniphan gave the order tn adwrnce as soon as possible. He crossed the ra\ine above mentioned, under the fire, with his mounted troops, and on the other side was met bv the Mexican cavalrv, which was repulsed. Then he ordered a counter charge, which was successfully made, and drove the Mexicans from the field. He captured 1 1 pieces of artillery. 40 prisoners and the enemy's baggage, and entered the city of Chihuahua in triumph. The Mexican loss was 300 killed and wounded, while Doniphan's loss was one killed and eight wounded.

Reports were sent to Generals Taylor and Wood and the march to join the former at Monterey began. This expedition, in a hostile country, far from any base of .supplies, had to rely wholly upon its own resources for existence, exposed equally to the attacks of the Mexicans. A\hose country they were invading, and of the predatory bands of Indians which roamed over Northern Mexico. 0\'er arid plains, through mountain passes, in which Mexican guerrillas lay in ambush, and through fertile valleys as well, the expedition continued its triumphal march, defeating and dispersing all who opposed it. until on the first of j\Iay. 1847. 't mo\-ed into Saltillo with banners flying, ^ind joined Taylor.

and all operations Avere at a standstill. Colonel Doniphan's troops remained with Taylor abont one month, when, their terms of enlistment having expired, and there being no prospect of active operations at an early date, he marched his command to Brazos de Santiago and embarked for New Orleans, where the men were mustered out.

From the beginning to the end of the campaign the forces under Colonel Doniphan had lived wholly upon their own resources. Until they reached New Orleans they had not seen a paymaster, quartermaster or commissary, save as these posts were discharged by the regimental officers. As may be imagined, the men after such a campaign were a motley crowd as to raiment. They were in rags, except so far as they had supplemented their original uniforms with articles of ^Mexican costume acquired on the march.

From New Orleans to their homes in Missouri the progress of Colonel Doniphan's command was a continuous ovation. The expedition indeed had been a wonderful one. In 13 months the command had marched, mainly in a hostile country, 3,600 miles by land and traveled "27500 miles by water. On his arrival in ^Missouri Colonel Doniphan received the well-earned brevet of brigadier-general.

Willard P. Hall did not participate in the campaign beyond Santa Fe. The late Charles, A. Perry, whose name is prominently identified with the history of St. Joseph, was the sutler of Colonel Doniphan's regiment, but did not get beyond Santa Fe. Francis Carroll Hughes, Colonel Doniphan's quartermastersergeant, recently died at an advanced age in Agency township. Andrew Tracy, who is still a resident of St. Joseph, was with Doniphan through the entire campaign. Aside from General Hall there were only two others from Buchanan County with Doniphan. These were Joel Ryan, who died in Doniphan County, and \^ernell Thompson, who afterward went to California. Hughes went from Clinton County and Perry and -Tracy from Platte. Ryan and Vernell enlisted under Sterling" Price and were transferred to Doniphan at Santa Fe.

Buchanan Count}- also sent a contingent to join Gen. Sterling Price, whose expedition to New Mexico followed that of General Kearny and relieved Colonel Doniphan at Santa Fe, as related above. Many also went as teamsters. Among those now residing in St. Joseph who went under Price is Samuel D. Gann, who, how-ever, enlisted from Platte County. The late Isaac N. Brooks and his brothers Bride and Virgil were with Price, too. as were also Dr. Gray and his son, of the low er part of the county.

In the spring of 1847 Governor Edwards called for a battalion of five companies for service on the Indian frontier, and the routes to Santa Fe and Oregon, to protect traders and emigrants. Lieut. -Col. L. E. Powell, of St. Charles, organized the battalion, amongthe companies being one formed at St. Joseph. Our company was officered by Robert M. Stewart, captain; Henry Smith, ist lieutenant; Howell Thomas, 2nd lieutenant; John Searcy^ 3rd lieutenant. The battalion was formed at Fort Leavenworth. Reside Colonel Powell there were the following officers : Dr. S. Todd. St. Joseph, adjutant; James McDow^ell, St. Joseph, sergeant-major: Capt. Stewart Van Vliet. quartermaster ; Frank Warmcastle. Atchison Countv, commissarv of subsistence. The late Gen. James Craig commanded a company raised in Holt County. Captain Stewart was stricken with rheumatism at Fort Leavenworth and returned home. After faithfully performing the mission upon which it was sent, doing' business over a vast region of country between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains, the Ijattalion retiu-ned home and the men were mustered out late in the fall of 1848.

After the A\'ar with Mexico, interest in military matters lagg-ed. In 1853, the Robidoux Grays existed, under command of Capt. Bela M. Hughes. In i860 the Fourth Military District, in which St. Joseph was located, was commanded by Col. M. Jeff Thompson, and the First Battalion, consisting of three companies, under Maj. F. W. Smith, was organized in St. Joseph. Company A, "Jackson Guards," was commanded by Capt. Reuben Kay. Company B, "Emmett Guards," was commanded by Capt. T. J. Rafferty. Company C, Ger-* man Rifles," was commanded by George Landrv.

The Civil War period was in some respects the most momentous in the history of the community. Buchanan County was settled largely by people who had come from the Southern States and the fact that over 2,000 slaves, valued at $1,500,000. were owned here will readily explain why there was a strong feeling against abolition on the part of 'a considerable portion of the community. In the election of i860. Bell and Everett, the Presidential candidates representing the remnants of the old Whig and Know-Xothing parties, under the name of the Constitution-Union party received 1,287 votes; Stephen A. Douglas, representing that wing of the Democratic party which opposed secession and the interference of the National government with the local affairs an.d institutions of any State, received 1,226 votes; John C. Breckinridge, representing that wing of the Democratic party known as strict State's Rights men, received 614 votes, Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, received 452 votes, of which number 410 were cast in the city of St. Joseph.

On February 18, 1861, an election was held to choose three delegates to the convention which was to decide the course of Missouri upon the cjuestion of secession or loyalty. Ex- Governor Robert M. Stewart, Willard P. Hall and Robert W. Donnell were elected. The first two were strong, outspoken Union men. while the latter sympathized with the South. Public sentiment was fairl)- reflected in the vote for these delegates.

Prominent among the local followers of Governor Jackson, who had declared that the destiny of all slave-holding- States was alike, were M. Jeff'. Thompson, Alonzo W. Slayback. J. H. R. Cundiff, then editor of the Gaccttc, and others. A delegation from St. Joseph assisted in the sacking of Liberty arsenal and a portion of the arms and military equipments there taken were brought here and secreted in cellars. The "Emmett Guards" and the "Jackson Guards" were disbanded, there being' a strong division of sentiment. Capt. John C. C. Thornton and Capt. Reuben Kay then formed companies of Jackson sympathizers and went into camp near the Patee House.

Excitement now ran high in St. Joseph and there was great uneasiness, as threats had been uttered against the loyalists, those who had voted for Lincoln being especially unpopular with the Southern sympathizers. At tliis time an incident occurred which hastened the impending crisis. John L. Bittinger, a prominent Republican, wdio had been appointed postmaster by President Lincoln, raised the United States flag over the Post Office, which was then located in a building on the east side of Second street, just north of -Francis. Th.is incensed the Southern sympathizers and was construed l)v the military companies as a direct afifront to them. One morning in May, 1861. several da}'s after the flag had been raised, a mob collected at Market square and an angry discussion of the affair took place. Colonel Thompson, who was then engaged in the real estate business with Thomas Harbine. opposite the Post Ofiice. went down and addressed the mob, denouncing the postmaster's course, but counseling moderation. Then, as if seized by a sudden impulse, he did the exact opposite. Proceeding to the rear of the Post Office building, he ascended the roof l)y a shed, and when his associates saw him again he had torn the flag from its pole and was waving it to the mob on Market square and excitedly blowing a tin horn. The mob charged up Second street and swarmed upon the roof to join Colonel Thompson. The flag was torn to shreds, the pole was broken off and carried in triumphant procession by the mob to the ri\er, where it was demolished and cast into the water. No resistance was offered to this piece of violence and the frenzied rabble had clear field.

A contingent, headed by Alonzo W. Slayback, proceeded to Turner Hall, where the United States colors were also displayed. Several members of the Turn-Verein, guarded by Robert Bradshaw, saved the flag there by taking it down in the face of danger. Rebel flags were raised in various parts of the city.

As a result of this outburst, a company of United States dragoons, under command of Captain Sully, was sent here to protect loyal citizens. The dragoons broke up the camp near the Patee House and the State troops scattered.

Colonel Thompson joined the Confederacy and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. He was known as the ''Swamp Fox," and his career in the great struggle is now a part of the* nation's historv.

Capt. John C. Landis had secretly formed a company for the South. In July of 1861, he had the Liberty arsenal arms and ammunition secretly loaded into wagons, covered with hay, and taken through the Federal camp in the daytime to avert suspicion. Outside of the city Captain Landis' company recei\ed them and carried them successfully to Price's army, then encamped near Springfield. This was the only company that went to the South from St. Joseph. The others who fought on that side went singly or in small, unorganized squads. Among these was A. ^^^ Slayback, mentioned abo\e, who, after the battle of Lexington, was elected colonel of a cavalry regiment and served under Kirby Smith. He was killed some years ago by John A. Cockrell, then the editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Captain Landis fought at Corinth, Champion Hills and Vicksburg, where he surrendered and was exchanged. Subsequently he commanded a Ijattery and surrendered at the close of the war with the Army of the Gulf.

Elijah Gates went out as a private in a company formed at Easton and joined Governor Jackson in the summer of 1861. He served with distinction at Lexington and Elkhorn, also at Corinth, was promoted step by step for bravery and retired only after the guns had been silenced. He came out a brigadier-general, but left an arm upon the battlefield.

A regiment to join Price at Lexmgton was organized from Buchanan, Andrew, Nodaway and Atchison counties, in August of 1861. John Saunders was colonel, J. H. R. Cundiff,, lieutenant-colonel, and J. C. C. Thornton, major. These troops fought heroically under Colonel Green at Lexington. Thornton's men rolled a bale of hemp before them as they ascended the hill to attack the Union breastw^orks. The bullets did not penetrate the hemp

It is estimated that between i,6oo and 2,000 men "went South" from Buchanan County during the war. As there are no records to refer to, it is impossible to give details of -their achievements in the field. Reuben Kay, of St. Joseph, was in command of a company in the Confederate service, as was also Thomas R. Penick, a brother of Col. William R. Penick, who was an extreme Union man. The late John S. Tutt. county assessor, lost a leg at the battle of Corinth. John Kemper, son of Simeon Kemper, also a captain, was killed in battle, as was also George Baxter, an attorney, who went from St. Joseph and joined "Stonewall'' Jackson. John R. Boyd, another attorney of St. Joseph, was killed at Independence. Sidney Cunningham, who had taught in the public schools of St. Joseph, joined John Morgan, was with that leader throughout his career and escaped capture by swimming the Ohio River. Ephraim Kelly, of the county, commanded a battery under General I'rice and also distinguished himself. It will be impossible to state more in this brief work concerning the sons of Buchanan County who fought and suffered and gave their li\-es for the cause that was lost. But there is no douljt about the valor and the heroism of these men, nor of the loyalty and patriotism of those who lived to see the nation reunited and prosperous.

Matters grew worse instead of Ijetter in St. Joseph after the arrival of the dragoons. These were supplanted by the Second Iowa Infantry under Colonel Curtis. This regiment remained from June until August, 1861. In September, die i6th Illinois, under Colonel Smith, was here for a short time. This regiment and the 52n(l Illinois returned and spent the winter oi 1861-62 in camp on Prospect

Early in September of 1861. St. Joseph was visited by a Confederate regiment, under Boyd and Patton. These troops were on their way South from the upper counties and remained in the city several days, levying tribute and helping themselves to whatever they fancied. There was a reign of terror during their stay, beside which the ordinary run of local dissension was mild and welcome.

Following them, and before the arrival of the Illinois troops, came ]\Iajor Cranor and a battalion of raw militiamen from the Grand River country. These remained only a short time and created much amusement by their grotesque awkwardness. They soon learned how to fight, however.

In the spring of 1862 Benjamin F. Loan of St. Joseph was' appointed brigadier-general and placed in command of Northwestern Missouri with headquarters at St. Joseph. In the fall of that year he was put into active service ! in an effort to run the bushwhackers from the ; central part of the State, and finally took com- I maud of the Jeft'erson City district, where he remained until after he was elected to Congress. On his staff were the following from Buchanan County : John Severance, major and aide-de-camp : Joseph Penny, major and quartermaster ; James M. Wilson, major and aide-de-camp : Nicholas J. Schlupp. lieutenant and aide; Dr. R. P. Richardson, brigade surgeon.

General Loan was succeeded by Brig.-Gen. Willard P. Hall in the fall of 1862. as commander of the Seventh ^Military District, which embraced Buchanan and Platte counties. He remained until February, 1864, when, as Lieutenant-Governor, he succeeded Governor Gamble, who had died. On General Hall's staff were: Silas Woodson, colonel and inspector- general ; Jonathan M. Bassett, colonel and inspector; Allen P. Richardson, colonel and aidede-camp ; Mordecai Oliver, colonel and aide-decamp; Thomas J. Chew, Jr., major and quartermaster; Dr. William Bertram, major and brigade surgeon; John L. Bittinger, major and aide-de-camp; James Hunter, major and aide-de-camp; Peter W. Fredericks, lieutenant and inspector.

Col. John F. Williams of the Ninth Cavalry was in charge of the district after General Hall. In the spring of 1864, Gen. Clinton B. Fisk was in command of the forces in this county and remained until he was succeeded by Col. Chester Harding, in the fall.

In the winter of 1864-65 Gen. James Craig was in command. On General Craig's staff were these from the neighborhood : Isaac B. Halsey, major and aide-de-camp; E. S. Castle, major and aide-de-camp.

Col. John Pinger was in command in the spring of 1865, and when the year closed William R. Penick was in command of the Missouri militia in this section as brigadier-general.

Among other citizens of St. Joseph and the county who held general staff positions are the following: John F. Tyler, colonel and aide-de-camp to General Scofield ; James Rainsford, major and assistant aide-de-camp on the staff of General Guitar. William Kemper, major and quartermaster on the staff of General Guitar. George H. Hall, brother to Governor Hall and afterward mayor of St. Joseph, also rose to the rank of brigadier-general, as did also Col. Chester Harding and Robert Bradshaw.

Maj. William M.' Albin was provost marshal under General Loan, Jonatnan M. Bassett and Silas Woodson under Generals Willard P. Hall and Guitar. General Bassett was also under General Fisk, and was followed by

St. Joseph was a prominent base of military operations during the Ci\il \\'ar and a number of regiments were organized here. In June, of 1861, the 13th Regiment, Missouri Volunteers, was formed, of home guard battalions, under Major Everett Peabody, Maj. Robert T. Van Horn and ]Maj(^r Berry. The regiment was employed in guarding a portion of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad and upon garrison duty, until ordered to Lexington, in September. Colonel Mulligan, who commanded at Lexington, surrendered to Sterling Price on September 16. 1861, who paroled the officers of the 13th and released the men upon their oaths. Exchanges were subsequently effected and the regiment was reorganized as the 25th Regiment, Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, with Everett Peabody as colonel, R. T. Van Horn as lieutenant-colonel, James E. Powell and Fred C. Nichols as majors, and Dr. J. T. Berghoff as surgeon. There were 10 companies and the aggregate

Among those from St. Joseph who held commissions were Capt. Joseph Schmitz, Capt. B. F. Buzard. Capt. Robert C. -Bradshaw, Capt. Joseph Thompson, Lieut. Litt R. Lancaster and .Lieut. Augustus Salzman. In 1862 the regiment was sent to General Grant at Pittsburg Landing and was brigaded in McKean's l:irigade, Prentiss' division. It participated in the battle of Shiloh, losing \ery heavily in killed and wounded, among the former Colonel Peabody and Major Powell. Chester Harding, Jr., was appointed colonel. In the advance upon Corinth the regiment was constantly on picket duty or engaged in the construction of earthworks. During the summer of 1862 the. reeiment constructed a chain of forts south and west of Corinth. It was ordered to Mis- souri in 1862, for the purpose of recruiting, but on its arrival at St. Louis was sent to Pilot Knob, Missouri. Subsequently it was assigned to General Patterson and became a part of the Army of Southeast Missouri. Upon returning to Iron Mountain in 1863, it was ordered to St. Joseph and actively employed in clearing the district of Northwest Missouri from bushwhackers until June, when it was sent to New Madrid, where it reconstructed the fortifications and constituted the garrison of the post. In November, of 1863, it was consolidated with the Engineer Regiment of the West.

Under Governor Gamble's call for 42,000 volunteers for six months' service, August 24, 186 1, William M. Albin directed the formation of three companies of infantry at St. Joseph. These were mustered into service on September 19, 1861, as the First Battalion, under Major Albin, and assigned to guard duty and scouting in Gentry, Worth, Andrew. Buchanan and DeKalb counties ; also attached to General Prentiss' river expedition. The battalion was never in any general engagement, but had many skirmishes with the enemy, killing a number and taking o^-er 200 prisoners. The officers were: \\'illiam M. Albin, major; John M. Sullivan, adjutant; Thomas Evans, -commissary. Compan}' A had 48 men. James Stockton was captain, Philip Huggins ist lieutenant and Alex. R. Stockton 2nd lieutenant. Company B had 54 men, under Capt. Horace Hunter, with Jackson Dye and Isaac Phillips as lieutenants. Company C had 43 men, under Capt. Henry B. Rust, with Edwin N. Storms and John Ray as lieutenants.

Joseph's battalion of six months' militia was also organized in St. Joseph in September of 1 86 1. It was commonly known as the '"Third" and was also engaged in scout duty. It was mustered out February 11, 1862. Peter

A. Joseph was major, R. B. Linville adjutant, George W. H. Landon surgeon, Willis M. Slierwood quartermaster and Samuel Rosenblatt commissary. There were four companies. Capt. John Pinger commanded Company A, 64 men, with John Watson and Henry Kelling as lieutenants. Company B, Capt. William Drumhiller and Lieuts. Elezier S. Castle and Aaron ^\'iddle, had 84 men. Company C, 64 men, was under Alex. McLaren and Frederick Downey. Company D, 54 men. was under Capt. D. H. David and Lieuts. Christian Cook and Thurston Chase.

The Fourth Cavalry, Alissouri State Alilitia, was organized in St. Joseph, April 28. 1862, with eight .companies, and two companies \\ ere afterwards added. George H. Hall commanded as colonel, William M. Albin as lieutenantcolonel, George W. Kelly as senior major, Douglass Dale as junior major and Lieuts. Joseph K. Robinson and David Bonham. Jr., as battalion adjutants. In 1863 Lieutenant- Colonel Albin was succeeded by Lieut. -Col. Walter King. The regiment did service in Southwestern Missouri and was attached to General Brown's brigade, taking part in the battles of Springfield, Marshall. Huntsville, Arkansas, and in many skirmishes. Colonel Hall was made brigadier-general. The regiment remained in service until 1865.

The Fifth Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia, was also organized in April of 1862. There were 10 companies. The regimental organization was as follows: William R. Penick, colonel; Philip A. Thompson, lieutenant-colonel ; William Drumhiller and Thomas B. Biggers, majors; Lyman W. Densmore, adjutant; Josiah C. Spring, commissary; Joel H. Warren, Henry Douglass and Henry Frasse, surgeons ; Joseph H. Hopkins, chaplain. The companies were officered, during the life of the regiment as follows: A. \\'illi:un Drum-

HISTORY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY AND ST. JOSEPHhiller, captain, promoted to major; John G. Woods and David E. Shannon, captains, successively; Morgan Jerman, Charles W. Eeach, William Castle and Washington Bennett, lieutenants. B, Daniel fl. David, captain; Benjamin T. Henry and William H. Bixby, lieutenants. C, Joseph H. Richards, captain; Don Alfonzo Colvin and John W. Enoch, lieutenants. D, George W. Fitzpatrick and John S. Minick, captains; Henry S. Hill and George W. F'airbrother, lieutenants. E, George Wakerle, captain ; Nicholas Schlupp and Herman Springer, lieutenants. F. John B. Van Zant, captain ; Edward N. Roberts and Theron W. Crandall, lieutenants. G, Robert G. Hubbard, captain; William V. Miller, Henry Ogle. Joseph Penney and John B. Magers. lieutenants. H, John Pinger, captain ; Peter Lanenger and George Welder, lieutenants. I, \Villiam McCarthy and Luther Tillotson, captains; John W. Coughlin. Peter Simpson, Thomas W'ilson, lieutenants. K, J. D. M. Thompson, captain ; Frederick Dony, George D. Tolle, L. Densmore and William Fowler, lieutenants. Lieutenant Densmore was made adjutant and Lieutenant Fowler quartermaster. This regiment was employed in fighting the bushwhackers and guerrillas in Northwest Missouri. Li July of 1862 the regiment was ordered broken up and the companies attached to the First and Ninth Cavalry regiments of the Missouri State Militia.

Li 1862 Buchanan and Platte counties formed the Seventh Military District of Missouri, and three independent companies were organized for duty at home. One of these, commanded by Capt. William Randall, with Benjamin F. Larkin and Jonas D. Butts as lieutenants, was organized August 9, 1862. Another, commander] by Capt. G. E. Landry, with Henry Harding and William Backer as lienienant>^. was organized August 21, 1862.

These were afterwards merged into the militia. A third company organized among railroad employees for the protection of railroad property was officered by John S. Kellogg as captain and John Broder and Horatio N. Turner as lieutenants.

The 25tli Regiment of Enrolled Missouri Militia was organized in St. Joseph, in July, of 1862, with John Severance as colonel, Thomas Harbine as lieutenant-colonel, Peter Walter and John T. Ross as majors, Gustave FL Koch as adjutant, C. W. Davenport as quartermaster, Alfred H. Starr as surgeon and Rev. A. H. Wright as chaplain. Colonel Severance resigned .\i)ril 22, 1863, and was succeeded by Col. John Scott, who was transferred to the 81 st Regiment shortly afterwards, and was succeeded by Col. Thomas Harbine. James Hunter commanded Company A, with Thomas Young and Ed. Freeman as lieutenants. John R. Snyder commanded Company B, with James S. Barnes and E. E. Cramer as lieutenants. James Brierly commanded C, with Peter Davis and \\Mlliam Simmons as lieutenants. Louis Hax c(jmmanded D, with John Kieffer and Fred Riesenmy as lieutenants. Charles Mast commanded E, with Charles F. Ernst and Philip Arnholdt as lieutenants. Jonathan ]\[. Bassett commanded F, with John A. Dolman and G. W. Davenport as lieutenants. He was succeeded by Captain Dolman, with Robert S. Gunn and Henry T. Gore as lieutenants. G, was commanded by Capt. George Lyon, with William C. Toole and R. J. S. Wise as lieutenants. H was commanded by William Loving, with Joseph S. Browne. J. T. Ross and Anthony Volls as lieutenants. I was commanded by Ephraim Perry, with Peter A. Jones and Hamilton Wilson as lieutenants. K was commanded by James H. Da\-is, with Francis M. Hall, William S. Tyler and H. B. Goss as lieutenants. There were also three battalion.!

companies, one under Capt. O. G. McDonald, another under Capt. Elias Parrott and a third under Capt. G. M. Brown. This regiment was stationed in Buchanan County. In consequence of an extraordinary reduction in numbers, the regiment was disbanded November i, 1863, and the commissions of the officers revoked, with the exception of those in charge of Companies F and K. Colonel Scott was instructed by the same order to reorganize the militia of Buchanan County, which had become demoralized. He organized the 8ist Regiment of Enrolled Missouri Militia, and used companies F and K as the nucleus. This regiment formed a component part of what was called the "Paw- Paw Brigade."

T]}c "Pazv-Paics." - The border was overrun with outlaws of all sorts - bushwhackers, Southern recruiting officers, thieves and robbers, without regard to politics. In addition to local troubles of that sort, great excitement prevailed in Kansas on account of the Lawrence massacre, and an invasion of Missouri was threatened by Jim Lane and Jennison's "Red-Legs." The militia service hereabouts was in a very demoralized condition, and the protection of life and property was a serious problem. Feuds that had been engendered between the border residents of Kansas and Missouri in 1 854-57 were reopened or made pretexts by marauders and freebooters. A number of citizens of the county had returned from Price's army and were, of course, classed as disloyal. They were, howe\'er, fully as anxious to protect life and property from the marauders as were the loyal men. It was proposed by Gen- Williard P. Hall that all of these be organized into militia companies, and President Lincoln, who .sanctioned the ])roposition, saw m it the possibility of keeping many from re-enlistment in the Confederate .service. A knowledge of the conditions that existed at that time can be gathered from the testimony of Col. John F. Williams, who was in command of the district, with headquarters at St. Joseph, before a committee appointed by the Legislature to inxestigate the militia. Colonel Williams testified as follows :

"When I took command (in July of 1863) I found portions of the district in a lawless condition ; mobs and riots were common in a number of counties in my district; I found also that a numl^er of the troops then in service in the district were disobedient, and rather mutinous; were under no discipline or control. I urged upon the officers to subject their men to the observance of the rules and articles of war; some succeeded, others failed. The condition of the troops was improving until Ouantrell made his raid on Lawrence; that creaied great excitement in the country, both among the troops and citizens ; numbers of them openlv declared they would not resist an inxasion bv General Lane, or anybody else, made in retaliation from Kansas.

"Both before and after the Lawrence raitL raids from Leavenworth city and other portions of the Kansas terder w^ere dailv and nisfhthmade into Misouri, the troops stationed at Weston failing or refusing to prevent them. Those raids were made bv armed negroes, assisted by white outlaws, called 'Red-Legs' ; thev were not in the military service, with the exception, perhaps, of some negroes. Just after Lane's s])eech at Leavenworth city, immediately after the Lawrence massacre, an expedition was gotten up at Leavenworth city, of some magnitude, to invade Platte County, composed of 'Red-Legs,' outlaws, runaway negroes, etc. They took the ferryboat to start across. General Fwing telegraphed to the commander of the post at Fort Leavenw^orth to take the boat and prevent the raid, which he did.

"When I took command in St. Joseph and the district there, there were refugees in the city from several counties in the district, having been ordered to leave the State by a band calling themselves 'Midnight Rangers.' Their mode of operations was about this : They would leave a written notice, three of four matches enclosed in it, at a party's house, notifying him that if he did not leave in five <Iays, with his whole family, he would be hanged and his house burned. Then some other members of the gang, who were on friendly terms with the victim, would call and condole with him, and advise him to stay. But the victim had already made up his mind to go, which they knew, and they would take advantage of "his fear and buy his property at nominal figures. Thus a system of wholesale robbery was carried on. The reorganization of the militia, or the arming- of the Taw-Paws,' has entirely stopped this species of lawlessness.

"When I first took command at St. Joseph, countrymen who came in to trade were pulled off their horses, sometimes by soldiers and sometimes by citizens, and threatened wdth if they ever came back. An old man from the country was knocked down by a soldier. The fact was reported to me and I had the soldier placed under arrest. The next day the old man came to me and begged that I do not compel him to testify against the soldier before the provost marshal, as he was afraid of Toeing killed by the companions of the soldier. There were hundreds of such instances. * * * Most of the troops in the district <ire now concentrated on the border along the river to prevent raids into Missouri from the thieves and outlaws of Kansas, assisted by their friends in Missouri. * * * j ^^^it a sc|uad -of ten men over the river at St. Joseph to recover two mules stolen from a citizen of Buchanan County, having learned that they were secreted in a cornfield just back of El wood. The squad recovered the mules, but \vere fired upon by citizens of Kansas on their return to the river. At another time I ordered Major Garth of the Ninth Cavalry with forty-two men across the river to recapture some horses, guns and money that were stolen from Judge Woodson and another citizen of Buchanan County. The military and civil authorities of Kansas drew up their forces - some hundred and fifty strong, composed of negroes and whites together - in line of battle, and resisted the crossing of my men. I then sent the major across w^ith one man; he had a conference with the commander of the post at Elwood, who promised to recapture the property, but who failed to do so. These raids were frequent."

The 8 1 St Regiment was organized by Col. John Scott and there were many remonstrances to the arming of men who were known or suspected ot have been at one time in sympathy with the South. Col. William R Penick, who was an intense and uncompromising Unionist, in his statement to the legislative committee,, said of a portion of the "Paw-Paws :"

"The two companies I saw were notoriously disloyal. They were in our city last election to guard the polls. I placed myself in a position to look every man in the face as they marched up the street. These were the first Secessionists I ever saw carrying arms under the authority of the government, and I gave them a close inspection. I am almost confident that there was not a loyal man in either company. I saw men who had belonged to Price's army - some were there in the Rebel ranks at Lexington and Blue Mills who never joined the army. Some who had assisted in raising Rebel flags. Some who had often cheered for Jeff Davis. Some who had acted as recruiting officers for Price's army, but who were too old to go themselves. Nearly all of them are notoriously dis-

Axd Representative Citizens

This, of course, was an extreme view, particularly so in the light of what the late Judge Henry M. A'ories said to the committee, among other things being the following :

"Those called Taw-Paws." in my part of the State, have behaved themselves very well ; in fact, exceedingly well - as far as I either know or have been informed, and the county has been more quiet and seemed to be more secure since about the time of their organization. But I do not atrribute this change for the better so much to the change of the militia organization as to the fact that an election took place about the same time as their organization. ]My judgment is that a great deal of the trouble we had in our county last summer was caused by the excitement produced by politicians who were running for office, who were haranguing the soldiers and others, by which they were kept in a constant state of excitement, and that out of these excitements quarrels arose, and that persons were embittered against each other so as to induce them to commit lawless acts. I think that after the election these acts of violence would, in a great measure, have ceased without any change of the militia. Yet I think that the late militia called the 'Paw- Paws' have exerted themselves to keep the peace of the county. I think they have Ijeen anxious to make a good character, knowing that they were charged with disloyalty; at least, they have done well, and we have during this winter had more peace and quiet than we have had since the rebellion."

It is not the purpose of this history to sit in judgment upon the merits or demerits of the militia system, but as there is little known of the "Paw-Paws" it is thought proper to present the matter as gathered from official sources. The organization of the 81 st was as follows: John Scott, colonel; Charles West, adjutant. Company A, George J. Lucas, captain; D. L. Irvine, ist lieutenant; Thomas L. Crumpacker, 2nd lieutenant. B. F. J. Stratton. captain; U. L. Hyatt, ist lieutenant ; T. J. Bracken. 2nd lieutenant. C. Jacob B. Cox, captain ; Cornelius Day, ist lieutenant; Robert B. Thomas, 2d lieutenant ; D, ]\Iilton- M. Claggett, captain ; Jacob T. Child, ist lieutenant; Thomas C. Roberts, 2d lieutenant. E, Harrison W. Davis, captain; James Dye, ist lieutenant; Joseph H. Dicken, 2d lieutenant. F, John A. Dolman, captain; Robert S. Gunn, ist lieutenant; Henry T. Gore, 2d lieutenant. G, Anthony Grable, captain; Daniel A. IMeadows, ist lieutenant; John T. Ferrill, 2d lieutenant. H, John W. Smith, captain; William A. Cornelius, ist lieutenant ; Thomas L. Blakely, 2d lieutenant. I, Miller Woodson, captain; Urial Griffen, ist lieutenant ; Jacob Schultz. 2d lieutenant. K, James H. Davis, captain; William S. Tyler, ist lieutenant ; H. B. Goss. 2d lieutenant. L, James Xoland, captain; B. F. Catlett. ist lieutenant; D. C. Hart, 2d lieutenant. M, Milton R. Singleton, captain; John L. Stanton, ist lieutenant ; Isaac Havs, 2d lieutenant.

The 43r(l Regiment Infantry. Missouri Volunteers, was organizen in St. Joseph in June of 1864, with Chester Harding as colonel, John Pinger as lieutenant-colonel, B. K. Davis as major, Joseph Thompson as adjutant. Francis Rodman as quartermaster and J. O. Eggleston and E. W. Dill as surgeons. The regiment was on duty in this State during its term of service. Six companies participated in the battle of Glasgow, October 15. 1864. In the spring of 1865 the whole regiment was assigned to the district of Central ^lissouri and was actively engaged keeping down bushwhackers, so long as its serv- ices were needed. The regiment was mustered out June 30, 1865, at Benton Barracks. The companies were organized as follows : A, Captain, Andrew Dusold; lieutenants, Augustus Saltzman and Horace Sayre. B, captain, John B. Edwards; lieutenants, Henderson Edwards and John P. Herren. C, George M. Brown, captain ; A. M. Chesmore and A. J. Culbertson, lieutenants. D. Henry W. Ogle, captain; Walter C. Gantt. Richard Buis and Charles S. Pickett, lieutenants. E, Simeon Sutton, captain ; W^illiam Caneday and Daniel Boyce. lieutenants. F, William F. Flint, captain ; John W. Johnson and Thomas Flint, lieutenants. G, Oscar, Kirkham, captain ; Ebenezer Wickman and Griffith Davidson, lieutenants. H. Marcus Morton, captain; \V. J. Porter and Elijah Brunck, lieutenants. I, George W'alser, first captain; Robert B. Stockton, second captain; John S. Morgan and Austin F. Tiffany, lieutenants. K, Perry A. Wright, cai)tain ; :\ndrew J. Wray and Martin \'. Baker, lieutenants.

Hartwig's Independent Company of Artillery was formed by Capt. H. R. \\'. Hartwig in October of 1864. Captain Hartwig was commissioned by Governor Hall to form this Cvompany, the strength of wliich consisted of 84 men and four four-pound pieces. Joseph Andriano was ist lieutenant, John Riplinger, 2d lieutenant, and Charles Barrington, orderly. The company was on duty in this section and in Platte County, and was mustered out at the close of the war.

In July, of 1864, the 87th Regiment of Enrolled Missouri Militia was organized in St. Joseph. This ^^-as a home guard regiment and was mustered out in March of 1865. Thomas Harbine had been elected colonel, but declined. Robert C. Bradshaw was then elected and serv-ed until October. James \\\ Strong w^as promoted from lieutenant-colonel and O. G.

McDonald was made lieutenant-colonel. The following were staff officers during the life of the regiment : William Drumhiller and Robert F. Maxw'-ell, majors; Joseph Thompson and W. W. Bernard, adjutants; Joseph Schmitz and John B. Harder, quartermasters ; Dr. John T. Berghoff, surgeon. Company A was Captain Kellogg's railroad guards, reorganized under Capt. Joseph Truex. Company B had been Captain Landry's detached company, now under Capt. John A. Dolman, and when Captain Dolman was commissioned as aide-de-camp to General Hall he was succeeded by Robert S. Gunn, who had been ist lieutenant. Other lieutenants were H. R. W. Hartwig. Henry T. Gore and H. H. Goodheart. C was captained at first by Hamilton S. Wilson, who was killed by bushwhackers and succeeded by Irvin Fish. These were lieutenants at various times : hl"uicis Goodby, Irvin Fish, Amos K. Jones and Oscar Kirkham. D was captained by James C. Karnes, with W'ashington Bennett. E. Shootner and John S. Smith as lieutenants. E was led by Capt. John Snyder, with Joseph Matthew and Thomas D.' Ridge as lieutenants. F was under Capt. Louis Hax. with John Kieffer. Christian Mast, llrich Schneider and Louis r\!elling as lieutenants at various times. G was first captained by James W. Strong, then by Robert Maxwell, both of whom were sent to the head of the regiment, and last by David Linger, whose lieutenants were Anson Whitney and Elisha h'ootc. PI was officered by Peter A. Jones, captain, and Henry F. Goss and Wiley H. Chapman as lieutenants. This company was consolidated with C in Octol^er. 1864. I was organized by Capt. O. G. Mc- Douald, who was afterward lieutenant-colonel. The next captain was William H. Lifers, whose lieutenants were Charles C. \"ance, George W. Howard and A. J. Culberson. K w-as organized by Capt. George M. Brown, who was

The 44th Regiment Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, was recruited in St. Joseph by Col. Robert C. Bradshaw and Lieut. -Col. A. J. Barr. in the month of August. 1864. and shipped on cars to Rolla. In November it arrived at Paducah, Kentucky, and was placed on active duty, though yet in a very raw condition. In the battle of Franklin, Colonel Bradshaw was pierced by seven bullets, but not killed. Lieutenants Dunlap. Warren and Kirgan and 35 privates were killed in the first charge of the enemy, but the regiment held its position. Tlie regiment fought continuously for three days and nights from November 2gth, and during the last two days lost 300 men and officers. On the 15th of December. 1864, says Lieutenant- Colonel Barr. in his report, "we were ordered to take a position on the right of Charlotte Pike and engage the enemy; participated in the battles of the 15th. i6th and 17th insts., and then followed in the pursuit of Hood's demoralized army. On the 27th we reached Columbia, where we first met the enemy. On the 28th we reached Pulaski, with two-thirds of the command barefooted. In this condition the regiment was compelled to march on the ice and snow to Clifton, sixty miles, wdiere we arrived on the 23d of January. 1865 - men worn out and feet terribly mangled." The regiment also participated in the siege of Spanish Fort, Alabama, and went from there to A^icksburg and thence to St. Louis, where it was mustered out on August 15, 1865, after having traveled 5.703 miles, of which 743 was on foot, and after having been for one-third of its term of service under fire and in the midst of the carnage of battle.

The regiment was organized as follows : Robert C. Bradshaw, colonel ; A. J. Barr, lieutenant-colonel ; Roger A. De Bolt, major ; William Drumhiller, adjutant; J. M. Lloskinson, quartermaster ; Henry Schoenich, Levi A. Wilson and Isaac Schatz, surgeons. Hanson W. Ware succeeded Captain Drumhiller as adjutant.

The \arious companies vvcre officered as follows during the life of the regiment: A, John C. Reid, captain ; James A. Trussell, William D. Schooler, Francis Audsley, lieutenants.

Under Go\-ernor Fletcher three regiments of militia were organized in October of 1865 - the Second, Third and Fourth regiments of Missouri Militia. Col. William R. Penick commanded the Second Regiment. He was appointed brigadier-general and placed in command of this district. Robert Gunn was lieutenant-colonel; H. R. W. Hartwig, major; Dr. William Bertram, Dr. John S. Logan and Dr. Harvey Bradley, surgeons. \Y. W. Bernard was captain of Company A and Henry Gore of Company B. David Pinger was captain of Company C, with A. V. Whiting and Elislia Foote, Jr., as lieutenants. Company D was commanded by Captain Greenfield H. Davis, who had Isaac Wilkins and Thomas Early for his lieutenants. Company E was commanded by Joseph Andriano and Company F Ijy William L. Chadwick, with L. L. Landon and George Hildebrand as lieutenants. Company G was under Capt. Joseph S. Browne, with George Buell and William B. French as lieutenants. Company H was under Capt. Philip xArnholdt, with Theodore Kroll and A. Burgmeister as lieutenants. Company J was commanded by M. Gordon Ruby, with William M. Clark and John Stuppy as lieutenants.

The Fourth Regiment had but fixe companies. It was commanded by Maj. Joseph Thompson. Company A was commanded by R. J. S. Wise, with Thomas H. Ritchie and Fred Amerine as lieutenants. Company B was commanded by Simeon Bell. Conrpany C was under Capt. Augustus Salzman, with Theodore F. Gross and Charles Frederick a? lieutenants. Company D was commanded by William Drumhiller, with D. 'M. Stillians as lieutenant, and B. F. Larkin was ca])tain of Company E, with William .Xrtliur as lieutenant.

times that followed the war. The test oath was particularly obnoxious, even to many who had been loyal, and politicians were not slow to grasp the advantages it afforded. The oath was as follows :

"I do on oath declare that I have not during the present rebellion wilfully taken up arms or levied war against the United States nor against the provisional government of the State of Missouri, nor have I wilfully adhered to the enemies of either, domestic or foreign, by giving them aid and comfort, but have always in good faith opposed the same; and, further, that I will support, protect and defend the constitution of the United States and of the State of Missouri against all enemies and opposers, whether foreign or domestic, any ordinance, order or resolution of any State convention or Legislature, or of any order or organization, secret or otherwise, to the contrary notwithstanding, and that I do this with an honest purpose, pledge and determination faithfully to perform the same without any mental reservation or evasion whatsoever, so help me God."

This oath was proscriptive to many, and there was much Ijitterness. There were those who had been in the service of the South, but who had surrendered and become loyal, those who had honestly sympathized with the lost cause, and those who had taken advantage of General Order No. 24 to escape service in the militia. Under this order any one who declared that he sympathized with the Soutl. was exempt from military duty. When it cunc to voting after the war, this declaration was held against them.

The Supreme Court of the United States set aside that part of the test oath which disfranchised so many men. Howexer, the ruling politicians in Missouri did not give up so easily and the Legislature, in 1868. passed a very string-ent registration law. The Governor was given power to appoint three registrars in each county and a superintendent for each senatorial district. These four ofticers were authorized to make a list of all the loyal voters in the county. They were forbidden to enroll an\- person who would not take the oath of loyalty, and besides were given the power to refuse to enroll any others than those they chose. No one was allowed to vote whose name was not enrolled bv these registrars. This law, perhaps, disfranchised more voters than the original test oath. It opened anew the sore places that had begun to heal, and there are many instances where men have not forgiven each other yet. politically speaking, for the trespasses committed under the license of this law. There was more or less turbulence until the constitution was amended in 1870 and these objectionable features eliminated.

Following the dissolution of the Missouri ]\Iilitia, interest in military matters weaned until, 1880. Meanwhile, however, there had existed, during the centennial year a company orga-, nized by Capt. Augustus Saltzman, called "Continental Rifles." They were dressed as Continental soldiers, in knee-breeches, etc., and wore wigs. In 1880 there were two battalions, one commanded by Maj. Joseph A. Hansen, the other by Major Condon. In 1882 the Fourth Regiment, National Guard of Missouri, was organized, with Joseph Hansen as colonel, Joseph A. Corby as lieutenant-colonel. Augustus Saltzman as major, Capt. Charles F. Ernst as adjutant, Capt. John \Mlson as quartermaster. Dr. Thomas H. Doyle as surgeon and Dr. J. A. French as assistant surgeon. Company .\ was commanded by Capt. William Osborn. Company B by Capt. John Donovan,

Company C by Captain Dowe, Company D by Capt. William Muehleisen and Company E by Captain Hazlett. Companies F and G were located at Brookfield, Companies A, B and C were known as "Saxton Rifles," and Captain Muehleisen's company as "Turner Rifles,'' being made up mostly of members of the Turn-Verein. These companies were uniformed according to taste, the State providingarms only. After an existence of several years the companies disbanded.

Subsequently there was little interest m militia matters until October, 1890, when Capt. Max Manheim organized the St. Joseph Light Guards. April 2, 1891, the Fourth Regiment was reorganized, with Colonel Arbuthnot of Brookfield as commanding officer and Captain Manheim as lieutenant-colonel. A brigade encampment was held in August of that year at Lake Contrary. Subsequently Capt. Clay C. Macdonald organized Company K, knowai as the "Wickham Rifles." The name was afterwards changed to "Macdonald Rifles." Company F existed until 1895 under various captains and was disbanded.

Captain Manheim organized Company C in December, 1897. When President McKinley called for volunteers to fight Spain in April, 1898, the Fourth Regiment, of which Joseph A. Corby was now colonel, responded promptly and two additional companies were at once formed in St. Joseph - J, by Capt. Charles F. Keller, and G, by Capt. Jacob S. Casey. Thesecompanies left for Jefferson Barracks May 9 and 10, 1898, and were mustered into the United States volunteer service. From Jefferson Barracks the Fourth Regiment went to Falls Church, Virginia, into Camp Alger; from there into Camp ]\Ieade, at Middletown. Penn- sylvania, and from there to Greenville, South Carolina. The regiment did not see service during the war. Each company left St. Joseph with 84 enlisted men. Under the second call for vokuiteers the companies were recruited up to their full strength of 106 enlisted men. Captain Macdonald was advanced to major and Lieut. Niel T. Sommer was promoted to the command of Company K.

St. Joseph was represented in the Fourth Regiment as follows : Colonel, Joseph A. Corby; majors. William E. Stringfellow. Wilson S. Hendrick and Clay C. Macdonald ; adjutant, George L. Rollins; assistant surgeon, AVilliam L. Whittington. Company K was organized as follows : Niel T. Sommer. captain ; Charles E. Foster, ist lieutenant; John E. O'Donnell, 2d lieutenant. Company C was organized as follows : Max Manheim. captain ; Frank R. Hinds, ist lieutenant; Atel H. Knutson, 2d lieutenant. Company I, Charles F. Keller, captain; William H. Cocke, ist lieutenant ; Victor C. Sommer, 2d lieutenant. Company G, Jacob S. Casey, captain ; John B. McNeely, ist lieutenant; Mortimer P. Wald- Ton, 2d lieutenant. Major Hendrick resigned

The Fourth Regiment was disbanded in J 900 and reorganized in 1901. It is officered as follows: William E. Stringfellow. colonel; Wilson S. Hendrick. lieutenant-colonel ; Clay C. Macdonald, major, ist battalion; John D. McNeely, major, 2d battalion ; Dr. Daniel Morton, major and surgeon; Dr. Daniel L. Humfreville, captain and surgeon; H. L. Walker, lieutenant and surgeon. Regimental headquarters are in St. Joseph, where all the a1)ove named officers reside. There are nine companies in the regiment, located at St. Joseph, Tarkio, Unionville, Kirksville, Trenton, Milan, Mexico, Mound City and Jefiferson City. Company K, located at St. Joseph, is officered by E. K. Stewart, captain; George Graham, ist lieutenant; Louis Browne, 2d lieutenant.

James H. McCord, who has for a number of years been foremost in the promotion of National Guard interests in Missouri, is attached to the staff of Brigadier-General Clarke, as assistant inspector general, with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Chapteh Xix Railroad History

Hannibal & St. Joseph. - Agitation lor railroad connection with Mississippi River points began in St. Joseph as early as 1846. One of the most ardent advocates of the then newmode of transportation was the late Judge Birch of Clinton County, who was at that time stumping this district as a candidate for Congress. His opponent, the late Willard P. Hall, was not favorable, and after he had left the campaign to its fate and entered Doniphan's regiment to fight Mexico, he issued a circular letter warning the people not to be tricked by such impracticable things as railroads. Judging from the enthusiasm and enterprise afterwards exhibited by this gentleman in the promotion and development of railroads, he atoned well for this error. As there was no railroad west of Ohio in those days he may be easily pardoned.

Another enthusiast was Robert M. Stewart, then a lawyer at St. Joseph, who was afterw^ards Governor of Missouri. He went actively to work, organized meetings, talked railroad, interested the people, and as a member of the State Senate, aided l)y James Craig and Judge

Gardenhire, who represented Buchanan County in the House, secured, in February of 1847, the passage of an act to incorporate the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company.

The incorporators were Joseph Robidoux, John Corby and Robert J. Boyd, of St. Joseph ; Samuel J. Plarrison, Zachariah G. Draper and Erasmus ]\I. Moffett, of Hannibal; xA.lexander McMurtry, Shelby County; George A. Shortridge and Thomas Sharp, Macon County ; Wesley Halliburton. Linn Coimty ; John Graves, Livingston County ; Rol^ert Wilson, Daviess County; George W. Smith, Caldwell County. The capital stock was $2,000,000.

A railroad convention was held at Chillicothe in June of 1847, at which resolutions were adopted, recommending the following- as the best method to procure means for the construction of the Hannibal & St. Joseph road : "(i) To appoint a committee of three members to draft an address in the nai^ie of this convention, to the people of western Missouri setting forth the advantages to be derived ivom the contemplated railroad from St. Joseph to Hannibal ; (2) To appoint a committee of three, whose duty it shall be to petition the Legislature of Missouri for such aid in the undertaking- as can be afforded consistently with the rights of other sections of the State; (3) To appoint a committee of three to petition Congress for a donation of alternate sections of lands, within six miles on each side of said road, when located; (4) To appoint a committee whose duty it shall be to superintend the publication and distribution of die proceedings of the convention, and the address to the people of Northern Missouri."

There was considerable enthusiasm among the people as the result of this convention, but material aid came slowly. A few dollars were raised in St. Joseph for a preliminary survey and a surveying- corps was organized, with Simeon Kemper and James O'Donoghue as engineers in charge. Six months after their departure from St. Joseph they returned and reported having fcnuid a practicable route for a railroad. A meeting of citizens was held, at which the two heroic surx-eyors made their report, and a banquet was spread in their honor. A subscription paper was circulated and enough money secured to purchase each of the- engineers a handsome suit of clothes. This is all they received for their six months' \\ork, except meager expenses and glory.

The first survey was completed to Hannibal on Christmas Day, 1850, by Simeon Kemper and James O'Donoghue. The two surveyors were accompanied by Col. Robert M. Stewart, Col. M. F. Tiernan and a newspaper correspondent from Baltimore named Brennan, besides some chainmen, etc. Later on the final surveys were made under charge of Colonels M. F. Tiernan and M. Jeff. Thompson.

Tn 1852 the building of the road was assured. Willard P. Hall, who had, in 1846, argued against railroads on g-eneral principles, now l)ecame the good angel of the despondent enterprise. .\s chairman of the committee (jn public lands in Congress, he secured the passage of a bill granting 600,000 acres of land to the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company, and \\\^ work of construction began at Hannibal, as soon as possible.

The State loaned its credit to aid the work in the sum of $1,500,000 bonds to be issued and used conditioned on proof that the sum of $50,000 had been actually expended in construction. John Corby of St. Joseph, agent ot"' the road, borrowed the iirst $50,000, and this enabled the work to continue until funds were secured from land sales and bonds issued by the counties through which the line passes.

Again, in 1855, the company having exhausted all its resources, the State loaned an additional $1,500,000. making in all the sum of $3,000,000. which was lic|uidated, with interest, in about 17 years after the completion of the road.

The contract for building the entire line was let to John Duff & Company, August 10, 1852. its construction being sublet to various parties. Work was commenced first on the eastern line. and progressed slowly.

In August, 1857, the steamboat "Saranak"^ brought an engine and cargo of rails to St. Joseph. Some grading was done, a track laid, and the engine hauled out on the bank, with all the people in tow'n and vicinity as lookerson. It was a great curiosity.

Work proceeded very rapidly for thc^se days, and progress was reported all along the line. John Corby of St. Joseph was a director and a heavy contractor in the construction of the road. When the two ends of the line were a hundred miles apart stages were put on to carry passengers from one ]:)oint to the other, and a lively business was done.

On P^ebruary 14, 1859, the first through passenger train arrived at St. Joseph from Hannibal, with Edgar Sleppy as engineer and Benjamin H. Colt as conductor. A great celebration in honor of the completion of the road was held on Washington's Birthda}-. at the old Odd Fellows' Hall. A jug of water from the Mississippi was emptied into the Missouri River at the mouth of the Blacksnake, the ceremony of mingling' the ^^-aters being performed with great solemnity by Broaddus Thompson, a prominent citizen in those days, and a most unique character withal.

John Patee had donated a strip of ground containing 40 acres, from Olive street, west of Eighth, south to Mitchell avenue^ for terminal facilities. A depot was built at Eighth and Olive streets. In 1857, before the completion of the road, shops were established, with C. F. Shivels as master mechanic. In the summer of 1872 a branch was built from St. Joseph to Atchison. The Hanni1>al & St. Joseph road became part of the C, B. & Q. system in 1884.

Kansas City. St. Joseph Council Bluffs. - The consolidation of several pioneer railroads is represented in the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs line. February 24, 1853, the Legislature of Missouri granted a charter for a road to extend from St. Joseph to Kansas City. A company under the name and style of the Platte County Railroad, was org-anized in 1857, by William Osborne, Davis Carpenter. M. Jeff. Thompson and others. Under the auspices of this company a line was surveyed from St. Joseph southward through De Kalb, in Buchanan County, Platte City and Parkville, in Platte County, to Kansas City. The Legislature of 1856-57 granted aid to this road in the sum of $700,000. A subsecjuent act pro- \ided that none of the bonds of this road should be available till the year 1859. The charter also authorized the extension of the road tO' the northern boundai^y of the State, under which provision it was completed to Savannah in i860, and graded to Forest City.

December 11, 1855, the Atchison & St. Joseph Railroad Company was incorporated. The articles of association provided that Benjamin String-fellow, John H. Stringfellow, Peter T. Abell, John Doniphan, Stephen Johnson, Elijah H. Norton, Harvey Collier, Robert W. Dounell, Reuben Middleton, Bela M. Hughes. James H. Lucas, John Simon, or any five of ihem, should constitute the first toard of directors.

In the summer of 1858, Gen. Benjann'n Stringfellow, Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, Peter T. Abell, Harvey Collier, Reuben Middleton, John Doniphan and Robert W. Donnell met in St. Joseph, in the Methodist Church, which then stood on the northeast corner of Third and Felix streets, and there organized the company. At this meeting- Samuel C. Pomeroy, of Atchison, was elected a director and president of the company. Charles West, of St. Joseph, was also at this meeting elector a director. Stock was taken by the parties present, and in a short time after the city of Atchison subscribed $100.- 000 ; Abell & Stringfellow, $10,000 ; John Doniphan, $1,600, and Samuel C. Pomeroy, $10.-, 000. Other parties contributed liberally, swelling the aggregate of subscriptions over and above the city stock, to about $60,000. Contracts for grading were immediately let along* the entire line of the road, and work commenced at Winthrop, opposite Atchison. By July i . 1859, tbis grading was completed between St. Joseph and Winthrop.

Railroad Company was incorporated under the general laws of the State. The officers of this incorporation were : John Doniphan, president ; James N. Burnes, vice-president; Fielding H. Lewis, secretary, and Daniel D. Burnes, treasurer. Private subscriptions were forthwith made to the road to the amount of $44,000, and the city of Weston issued her 1j<:)nds to the amount of $50,000 in aid of the building of the same. Ground was broken at Weston April

Atchison & St. Joseph companies, finding that their means would be inadequate to accomplish more than the work of gTading the road, for the purpose of an early completion of the same made a contract with the Platte County road by which they transferred to that corporation the roadbed, franchises and right of way from St. Joseph to Weston. This company was enabled on the work so done, during the year 1859, to draw most of the State aid, and in January, i860, the road was completed and in operation from St. Joseph to Atchison. In Deceml>er of the same year the road was finished to latan, and by April 4, t86i, trains were running through to Weston. In 1863 the nam.e of this road was changed, the style "Platte Country" being substituted for the original "Platte County."

In 1864 the road was seized by Governor Hall for non-payment of interest on State bonds. Immediately the Weston & Atchison and the Atchison & St. Joseph railroad companies commenced suits for their road-beds on the ground that the original contract was illegal. The Legislature of 1867 acquiesced on condition of a reorganization under the name and style of the Missouri \^alley Railroad Company, and a completion of the road from Savannah through iMaryville to the northern

The road from Council Bluffs to Hamburg, Iowa, 52 miles in length, was built by Willis, Phelps & Company, and completed in 1867. It was styled the Council Bluffs & St. Joseph Railroad. Hon. James ¥. Joy and his friends came to the front and built the road from St. Joseph to Hamburg, 79 miles long, opening it for traffic in 1868. This was called the St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad. In 1870 the Missouri Valley and the St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroads were consolidated and the road called the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council BlufTs.

The INIissouri Valley road ran from St. Joseph to Savannah I'ia Jimtown, up to 1871, when this road-bed was abandoned, a cut-off to Savannah having been built from Amazonia. In 1884 the K. C, St. J. & C. B. road became part of the C, B. & Q. system.

Davis Carpenter was superintendent in 1866; Col. A. G. Gower from 1866 to 1869, Maj. A. L. Hopkins from 1869 to 1870. Col. J. F. Barnard was superintendent from 1870 to 1884, when he Avas made general manager of the K. C, St. J. & C. B. and H. & St. J. roads under the C, B. & Q. system, serving as such until the summer of 1887, when he was succeeded by W. F. Merrill, who remained until August of 1889, being succeeded by W. C. Brown. Mr. Brown remained until January, 1896, when he was succeeded by Howard Elliott, who remained until early in 1904.

St. Joseph & Grand Island. - This is the successor of the Maryville, Palmetto & Roseport, the first railroad projected in Kansas, which was chartered February 17, 1857. In 1856 a party of South Carolinians, who had moved to Kansas with the expectation that slavery would be perpetuated, purchased a claim adjoining Maryville ancl founded a town, which they called Palmetto, but which has long- since disappeared. The projectors of the road anxious to please the people of both Palmetto and ^Maryville, blended Ijoth names into the title of the railroad. Roseport was the original name of Elwood, opposite St. Jo.seph, named for Richard Rose, a prominent promoter in those days, who lived in St. Joseph. Roseport, however, ga\-e way to Elwood, and Elwood has since given way to the tawny and turbuleiit current of the Missouri River. There remain, however, the post office, the depot and the name.

In April of i860, when M. Jeff. Thompson was president of the road, a small engine, named "Albany" and three Hat cars were crossed on the ferryboat 'Tda." lii June of i860 the track-laying began. John Broder, late chief of police of this city, drove the first spike. Sinclair ^Miller was superintendent, George Lewis superintendent of track-laying and James Whitney engineer of the "Albany." By July 19, i860, the road was completed to Wathena, and on that day there was an appropriate celebration at that place. The "Jackson Guards" of St. Joseph and many of our citizens assisted. They crossed the river c^u the ferry and rode to Wathena on the fiat-cars.

Work was suspended owing to disturbed political conditions, and the engine was lirought back to St. Joseph. During the \\ar the farmers in the Kansas bottoms used the fiat-cars, drawing wood and i)roduce to the ferry landing with oxen. In time, however, the track rotted and Cottonwood trees grew profusel\" among the ties.

In 1862 the name was changed to the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad Company, tlie purpose still being the building of a line to ]\lar\\ilk'. The Nrvrthern Kansas Railroad

Company was authorized to build an extension from Maryville to the Nebraska line, and acquired the lands granted by an act of Congress approved July 23, 1866. The two companies were consolidated August 11, 1866, under the name of the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad Company, with a capital stock of $10,000,000. The city of St. Joseph aided this enterprise to the extent of $500,000.

The work of extension was begun in 1867, and the road opened to Hastings, Nebraska, in 1872. The portion of the road in Nebraska was built under the general railroad law of that State. The total amount expended in construction was $5,449,620.77, of which $1,400 was from stockholders, $782,727.10 from the State and county subsidies, and $4,665,493.67 from the sale of $6,755,900 mortgage lx)nds. The property was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874. and sold under foreclosure in November. 1875. Under the scheme of reorganigation two companies were formed - the St. Joseph & Pacific Railroad Company owning and . operating the road from Elwood westward to Marysville, and the Kansas & Nebraska Railroad Company owning and operating the road from AIary\ille, Kansas, west to Hastings, Nebraska. On the 29th of March, 1877, those two companies were again consolidated under the title of the St. Joseph &Western Railroad Compau)-.

The Hastings & (irand Island Railroad Company was incorporated May 9, 1879. Its road extending from Hastings to Grand Island, Nebraska, 25 miles, Avas opened Octo1)er i, 1879, 'i"^^ bought by the St. Joseph & Western Railroad Company February 18, 1880. By the terms of the sale the stock was exchano-ed for an equal amount of the St. Joseph & Western stock. Of the land grant, 300,000 acres were placed in the hands of trustees for the benefit of the stockholders of land scrip.

In January, 1880, the roads came under the control of the Union Pacific Railroad Company. From February, 1880, to January, 1884, the road was operated by the Union Pacific Railroad Company. On the latter date it began to be again operated independently.

On the nth of June, 1885, the St. Joseph & Western road was sold under foreclosure, the sale of the Hastings & Grand Island Railroad following on the 19th of the same month, both lines being bought by a committee of the bondholders. The St. Joseph & Maryville Railroad Company and the Grand Island & Mary- \ille Railroad Company, two new corporations, w-ere organized in the States of Kansas and Nebraska and consolidated into the St. Joseph & Grand Island Raolroad Company. The property of the company includes the St. Joseph bridge and the entire line between St. Joseph and Grand Island, 252 miles.

John F. Barnard was superintendent in 1871-72, and was succeeded by William H. Sheridan, who served only a short time and was succeeded by L. D. Tuthill. Mr. Tuthill remained until June, 1885, wdien he was succeeded by Daniel McCool, who served until January, 1888. William Lush was then made general manager, remaining until May, 1888. when he was succeeded by G. M. Cummings. who served until December, 1888, when E. Mc- Neill took charge. Mr. McNeill was succeeded in August, 1890, by W. P. Robinson, Jr. During 1 89 1 the office was abolished, the road being under the Union Pacific system. In January. 1892, Mr. Robinson returned and remained eight years, being succeeded by Raymond Dupuy, the present manager.

St. Joseph c'r Topcha. - \n 1 858 the St. ]oseph & Topeka Railroad Company obtained a charter from the Kansas Legislature. The St. Joseph City Directory of i860 shows that Willard P. Hall was president ; John Corby, vice-president; M. Jeff. Thompson, secretary; Joseph C. Hull, treasurer, and Adam Brenner, of Doniphan, assistant treasurer. The city of St. Joseph issued bonds to the amount of $50,- 000 to aid this enterprise. It was not until 1872, however, that anything materialized. In that year a line was built from Wathena to Doniphan, via Palermo and Geary City, by George H. Hall, John L. Motter, O. B. Craig, W'illiam Craig and George W. Barr. The road was leased to the K. C, St. J. & C. B. company and operated until 1876. Trains were run from St. Joseph to Atchison, the St. Joseph & Western tracks being used to Wathena and the Atchison & Nebraska tracks from Doniphan to Atchison. The road had been bonded and the bonds placed with a firm of New York brokers. Before the bonds were disposed of the firm failed and the bonds were taken by its creditors as assets and foreclosed. The line was acquired by the St. Joseph & Western Company. After a time the rails were taken up and relaid on that road. The Hannibal & St. Joseph would have purchased the line had it been possible to acquire the city's interest in the bridge. The St. Joseph & Topeka was also known as the "George Hall" road and as the "Corkscrew" route.

Santa Fc System. - The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company enters the city froiu two directions - from the southeast and from the southwest. The branch from the southeast was begun in 1867 and completed in the winter of 1869-70. It was then called the St. Louis & St. Joseph Railway. Shortly after the completion of the n^ad. the company went into bankruptcy. lender a sale in the bankruptcy court, the road was bought by the bondholders, who leased it to the North Missouri Railroad Company. Subsequently it was controlled by the \\'abash Railroad Company. In 1886 it passed into the hands of the late Winslow Judson and others and was called the St. Joseph & St. Louis. In 1888 the road passed into the control of the Santa Fe system and was called the St. Joseph, St. Louis & Santa Fe.

At about the same time the Santa Fe company built a line from Atchison to St. Joseph, Rushville. This company also built a line to Lake Contrary shortly after the completion of the Atchison line.

The St. Joseph Terminal Company was organized in 1889. The Santa Fe and Grand Island companies are jointly interested. Shops and a round-house were built on lower Sixth street, and, in 1890 a freight depot was erected at Fourth street, south of Olive. Formerly the Grand Island and St. Joseph & St. Louis companies jointly used a freight depot that stood near where the shops and round house are now located. Before the erection of the Union Depot this was also used as a passenger station for these roads.'

Rock Island System. - In 1872 a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was built from Edgerton Junction, in Platte County, through Crawford, Bloomington and Rush townships, Buchanan County, to Winthrop. Bloomington township voted bonds to aid this enterprise. This was not accomplished without opposition, however, and the majority was so small that there was a protest. The bonds were certified to by the County Court, lout for some years there was objection to paying the levy called for l)y these bonds ; there was also litigation, but without avail.

Early in 1886 the Rock Island projected a line west of the Missouri River. The Chicago, Kansas & Nebraska Railroad Company was chartered in Kansas and the people of St. Joseph subscribed for stock to the amount of $300,000. The road was bonded and built. Shops were located at Horton, where a prosperous town soon sprang up. At Florton the road forks, one branch going through Topeka and fi^ichita to Oklahoma and Texas and another through northern Kansas to Denver. Trains Ijegan running into St. Joseph in November, 1889. After several years the bondholders foreclosed and the stockholders lost what money they had invested.

St. Joseph & Dcs Moines. - The St. Joseph & Des Moines Railroad Company was organized in this city in 1877, wnth Col. John L. Motter as president. In November of the same year a contract for the grading was let, work was commenced at once, and by the first of April, 1878, the first 20 miles of road-bed was ready for the rails. Track-laying was commenced June I St, the first engine placed on the road June 26th, and the line was in operation 1)y October. This was a narrow-guage road while under the control and ownership of John L. Motter, James H. Pickering, F. L. McLean, William B. Johnson, Isaac T. Hosea, A. N. Schuster, R. L. McDonald and John B. Hundley. The first officials of the road were : John L. Motter, president and general manager; James H. Pickering, superintendent ; F. L. Mc- Lean, general freight and ticket agent ; William B.. Johnson, secretary and treasurer.

The guage was at once widened, it thus added one more important feeder to the great Bur- Hngton system. The depot was located on Mitchell avenue, near Fifteenth street, where stops are still made, though all trains run to the Union Depot.

Missouri Pacific. - In January of 1880, when it was learned that Jay Gould desired the entrance of the Missouri Pacific Railroad into St. Joseph, a number ()f citizens, interested directly or indirectly in revixing the St. Joseph & Topeka road, ofifered him a 1)()nus of $30,000 to enter the city over that line. The ofifer was accepted and the money paid o\-er. Gould, however, disappointed these people by leasing a right of way over the Hannibal & St. Joseph tracks. The first train of the Missouri Pacific reached St. Joseph on February 23. 1880. Until the completion of the Union Depot in 1882, the old Hannibal & St. Joseph depot at Fighth and Olive streets was used.

Chicago Great Western. - This road was built to St. Joseph from Des Moines in 1889. It was then called the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City, and known as the "Diagonal" route. In 1890 the road was completed to Kansas City. Its name was changed to Chicago Great \Vestern some years ago and it is familiarly known now as the "Maple Leaf" route, the emblem l)cing a maple leaf. The trains of this road ha\"e ne\cr entered the L'nion Depot, it ha\ing" been impossible to make arrangements for this that were mutuall\- satisfactory. A modern passenger station was built at Third and Antoine streets. The management has always dealt liberally with the ])eople. asking no bonus, paying for e\erything and aiding the city by large ex])enditures in tlie building of the Blacksnake sewer.

Union Pacific. - Up to the war period, St. Joseph was generally regarded as the logical starting point of the Union Pacific Railroad. The Hannibal & St. Joseph road connected the Mississippi and Missottri rivers; the Kansas Legislature had chartered the Maryville, Palmetto & Roseport, from Elwood to Maryville, and this road was^completed to Wathena ; the "Pony Express" w^as operated out of St. Joseph o\er what was supposed to be the route of the future trans-continental railroad. When the L^nion Pacific was projected, two branches were contemplated, one from Memphis by the southern route, and one from the Missouri River. When the road was chartered by Congress, in 1862, two branches were provided for, but both were to start from the Missouri River and meet at the looth parallel, about where North Platte, Nebraska, is located. Wyandotte secured the southern branch, and there was a contest 1>etween St. Joseph and Omaha for the Northern branch. The Senators from Missouri - Wilson and Henderson - strongly advocated the cau.se of St. Joseph. The prospects of success seemed good until an Omaha champion recited in fervid eloquence the fact that the United States flag had been torn down from the Post Ofiice here in May of t86i, and that the ])eople of St. Joseph had been so disloyal as to require the constant presence of United States troops to preserve order and protect those who held Union sentiments. In conclusion be urged that such conduct deserved a rebuke and the proper way of administering this was to start the northern 1)ranch of the Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha. He carried ofi^ the honors, ithough he did this communitv a gross injustice.

ganization formed by John Donovan and others interested in the St. Joseph Stock Yards, and work is now in progress biiikhng tracks. The Hne will rnn from the Stock Yards nonh to the river bank below Alessanie street, and thence upon piling to a point near Jules street, where it will join the Chicago Great Western. The purpose of the project is to facilit;He tratiic to the Stock Yards and packing houses and also to afford terminals to any other railroads that might come to St. Joseph in the future.

The Bridge. - In 1870 there was incorporated the St. Joseph Bridge Building Company, composed of Gen. \\'illard P. Hall. J. AL. Plawley. J. H. R. Cundiff. J. B. Hinman, John L. Bittinger. James A. Matney. O. M. Smith, I. G. Kappner, John Pinger, J. D. McNeely, W. Z. Ransom, Mordecai Oliver and Isaac C. Parker. A bridge across the river had long been a necessity and the people were willing to give all possible aid. Hence, on January 25, 187T, they ratified an ordinance, at a special election, authorizing a subscription for 5,000 shares of the capital stock of the company above mentioned, to be paid for in the city's bonds, 20 years after date and bearing 10 per cent, interest per annum. This practically meant a donation of $500,000. But 19 negative votes were cast.

The company at once secured the services of Col. L. D. Mason, an eno;ineer of national reputation, who, after having fixed the Ic^cation of the bridge, was empowered to advertise for bids for its construction. The highest bid received was from the Baltimore Bridg'e Company. $1,175,000; the lowest from the Detroit Bridge & Iron Works. $716,000. The latter company was awarded the contract. On July 25. 187T. the first material arrived, and on September 26th, the first stone was laid, on the

Kansas side, in the presence of a large assemblage of people. In 1872, while the work was in progress, a proposition to transfer the bridge to the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company, according to the proposition of B. F. Carver, was presented at a meeting of the Manufacturers' Aid Association, held March 20, 1872. The proposition, as may be supposed, caused a great deal of excitement among the people.

Mr. Carver's proposition was to furnish the money to complete the bridge under the present direction, as fast as Chief Engineer Mason would estimate for the required funds; that he would extend the St. Joseph & Topeka Railroad to Atchison, Kansas, and connect it with the various roads at that town ; that he would remove the machine shops, car works and general offices of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, located at Hannibal, to St. Joseph; that he would fix the tarift* of highway travel on the bridge at rates one-half lower than those of any similar structure on the Missouri or Mississippi rivers ; and that he would make the tariffs to railroads equal as between his and al? others, and that rates guarded and liberal be assured to all. In consideration of his doing these things, he asked that the city transfer to him its entire stock of $500,000, and that the machine and car shops should be exempt from taxation, as they were in Hannibal for 20 years.

There was much de1>ate and a great \'ariet\- of opinions delivered. Some wanted the bridge made absolutely free for highway travel, while others thought it was better to allow the owners of it to collect a low rate of tariff and return to the city a portion of the bonds voted to the work. All appeared to favor the proposition in one form or other, and adopted a resolution, unanimously, that it was the sense of the meeting that the city's stock ought to be sold whenever judicious terms could be made. The

There are si>^ piers. Wooden caissons were sunk to bed rock. The work in the interior of these caissons was carried on under pneumatic jjressure and the masonry of the piers progressed upward as the caisson was sunk. Nearly one and one-half millions feet of luml^er and 16,000 cubic feet of concrete were required for the caissons and 172,000 cubic feet of masonry for the piers. The superstructure consists of three fixed spans of the quadranglar Pratt truss, each 300 feet long, one fixed span at the east approach of 80 feet, and a draw span of 365 feet, making the entire length of the Imdge 1,345 feet.

On the 20th of May, 1873, the first loco- ' motive crossed the bridge. This w^as engine No. 6, of the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, in charge of Edgar Sleppy, master mechanic of the shops of that road, and the man who ran the first passenger train out of St. Joseph on the opening of the Hannibal & St. Joseph road more than 14 years before. Charles N. Stine, now a passenger engineer on the St. Joseph & Grand Island road, performed the duties of fireman on this engine.

On Saturday, May 31, 1873, occurred the grand celebration of the completion of the l^ridge. This was, beyond doubt, the most magnificent pageant ever displayed in the city. Not only was every civic association and benevolent society represented in the vast procession, but the German citizens of the Northwest had selected St. Joseph as the place for holding their annual saengerfest, and May 31st, \vas selected as the time. The procession which traversed the streets of St. Joseph on that day had never been equaled west of the Mississippi. Every trade was represpented.

June 16, 1879, the control of the bridge was transferred to Jay Gould and associates. It is now the property of the St. Joseph & Grand Island Railroad Company.

During the year 1902 a perpetual lease for joint use was made to the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company, and during the year 1903-04 the superstructure of the bridge was entirely rebuilt to accommodate the increased traffic.

Union Depot. - In October, 1868, the county judges voted an appropriation of $10,000 to aid the citizens of Buchanan County to procure grounds for a Union Depot, the same to be erected between the foot of Jules street and the foot of Edmond street, for the use of the Hannibal & St. Joseph, the St. Joseph & Council Blufifs, and all other irailroads thereafter centering in St. Joseph. Machine shops w-ere also to be maintained. This scheme, though urgently advocated by a number of St. Joseph's most prominent citizens, never materialized.

In April, 1880, the St. Joseph Union Depot Company was formed, the following railroad companies being incorporators and bondholders: Hannibal & St. Joseph, Missouri Pacific, St. Joseph & Western, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, and St. Joseph & Des Moines. A building was erected across Mitchell avenue, with a frontage of 405 feet on Sixth street, which was completed on April 30, 1882. Col. Joseph Hansen, the present superintendent, was placed in charge. The upper story was arranged for a hotel. The first train to leave the Union Depot was over the Missouri Pacific route, and was called at an early hour on May i, 1882, by

During the same year a new building was erected upon the site of the old one, with many improvements. This new Union Depot was opened for business early in January of 1896.

Telegraph Lines. - The first telegraph line built to St. Joseph was completed on March 3, ^s5"5'*^. The first message received was the inaugural address of President Franklin Pierce. Peter Lovell was the operator and his office was at the southwest corner of Second and Jules streets. There were two newspapers in St.

Joseph at that time - the Gasette and the Adventurer - and the forces were combined in putting the message into type. Capt. Francis M. Posegate was among the compositors of the Adventurer, and Charles M. Thompson, now residing in California, was of the Gasette force. The Stebbins line, from St. Louis to St. Joseph, via Atchison, was built in i860. In 1880 three telegraph companies had offices in St. Joseph - the Western Union, the American Union, and the Atlantic & Pacific. In 1884 there were three companies - the Union Pacific, the Mutual Union and the Pacific Mutual. The last named line was built from St. Louis to Sioux City by Joseph A. Corby of this city, and was absorbed bv the Postal Telegraph & Cable Company. This and the Western Union are the only companies now having offices in St. Joseph.