Jackson County, Missouri - Chapter 59: Educational, 1881

Chapter 59: Educational

Introductory - Private Enterprise - Six Mile Academy - The Woodworlh School, of Independence-^ Mrs. Buchanan's School^D. I. Caldwell's School - Independence Female Academy - Mrs. Betlie T. Tillery's Academy - Woodland College - Highland CMlege - Independence HighSchool - Independence Female College - St. Mary's Seminary - Public Schools of the County - Suits. Report m 1866 - Jackson County Teacher's Institute - Report of the School Commissioner, D. I. Caldwell, in 18^0.

Missouri having been admitted as a member of the Union in 182 1, as early as 1825, the Legislature, impressed with the importance of a general system of education, as a factor in the success and permanence of Republican institutions, as well as of personal and social happiness, passed a bill establishing a system of public schools for the State. Born, as Missouri was, amid the alarming conflict of sectional prejudices; together with many hardships and calls for self-denial ever incident upon the settlement and organization of a new State, it was not wonderful that the people were slow in the practical adoption of such a system, and would pause to consider its advantages ; more especially, as the older States, from which many of the early settlers had come, had not given the public school system such importance in their legislation in this direction as it really deserved.

The hardy yeomanry, who are generally the pioneers in new States, are not, generally, as a rule, of that class, who comprehend in all its relations, the benefits of a thorough and general education; and not realizing these, they are generally disposed to subordinate them to the acquisition and accumulations of the more material comforts of life. Yet, at an early day, individual counties, as they increased in population, and had gathered around them the means of comfort, availed themselves of the munificence of the general government, supplemented by the intelligent legislation of the State.

The western border counties, contiguous to the Indian Territory, were subjected to many hindrances to the advancement of their educational interests. Like all border territory, the people found many exciting topics, and many absorbing subjects in the different departments of trade and business, to occupy their thoughts; Jackson county, from her peculiar location, had more of this than any other border county. Yet, settled as she was, by a hardy and industrious people; they were, from the very first, an enterprising, intelligent class of men and women, many of them men of fine ability, if not of liberal education, such as the Greggs, Owens, Simpson, Stith and others; and as early as 1838, having a number of scholarly citizens, such as Waldo, McCoy, Lee, Palmer, Woodson and Chiles. We are authorized in believing that attention was early directed to establishment and encouragement of good private schools, some of them affording advantages equal to those of older States.

As early as 1841 a charter was secured from the Legislature for the establishment of a Seminary, to be called the Six Mile Academy, and to be located in the Six Mile country, in the northeast part of the county, near the line between ranges thirty-one and thirty-two, east of Little Blue River. The trustees of this Seminary, as named in the articles of incorporation, were Thomas Douglas, Samuel Kimsey, Ebenezer Dixon, Jonathan Cameron, Thomas Hudspeth and Joseph Handson. For some cause, unexplained, this Seminary was never organized under the charter; but the enterprising citizens, with other intelligent neighbors, determined to avail themselves of the spirit of improvement thus aroused, and, near the original location, erected a commodious log house and made arrangements to open a school during the year 1814. The school was accordingly opened, with Mr. Walker Buckner, a native of Kentucky, as its principal. This house was continuously occupied from that time until the summer of 1880, when the citizens of district number one, township fifty, range thirty, substituted a good substantial frame building. The old log house was left standing as a memorial of the early enterprise of the pioneers and a sample of the original school houses all over the State. This house, however, was more pretentious, having glass windows, fire-places and chimneys of brick. The " old log school house" is not only traditionary, but, in many places, is still the only temple in which "the young idea is taught to shoot." Nor is this description of school house pecuUar to Missouri. Well does the writer remember, long years ago, in his native State, Kentucky, sitting through the long summer, or shorter winter, days, in just such a school house, on benches hewn from the trees of the neighboring forest, in the construction of which the only tools used were the axe, saw and auger. In these houses the children were generally free from any liability to contract diseases incident to the want of sufficient ventilation, however crowded they might be. Ventilation was admirably secured by the removal of a log the whole length of the room, and the aperture closed when necessary by a plank suspended by leathern straps. The most efficient means of ventilation, however, was the ceiling (loft), consisting, as it often did, of loose boards laid upon round poles, which served the place of rafters. The ill-fitting door, mutilated chinking, and floor made of slabs hewed from the larger trees and loosely laid, contributed essentially to the furnishing of fresh air to the future conservators of republican institutions. The means of warming were just as efficient. The fire-place occupied the greater part of one end Of the house. The chimney, from coping up, consisted of spUt sticks, the interstices daubed with mud. Many were the narrow escapes from conflagration incident to the near approach of the combustible to the abundant flame in such a furnace. Many more costly edifices have failed to furnish professional and business men superior to those receiving the ground-work of their usefulness in these old log school houses. Presidents, senators, judges and theologists have here received their first impulses to eminence. The love of learning, which has urged men on to deeper and higher attainments of sciences that have resulted in so much benefit to the world, was here first excited. Around the old log school house cluster brightest and dearest recollections, and for them the sensitive heart entertains a respectful reverence.

About this time - 1841 or 1842 - the enterprising citizens of Independence, many of whom in the states of their nativity had enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education, and having young families growing up around them, were moved to provide means of education superior to those furnished by the primary schools. Fortunately, a man well educated and devoted to the cause, endowed with a happy faculty and aptness for teaching and conducting a school of high order, presented himself in the person of Prof. H. D. Woodsworth.

A stock company was organized, composed of the intelligent citizens of the town ; a site was selected, and a building of limited accommodations was erected in the southern part of the city, near the present site of the Narrow Gauge roundhouse, and Independence Female Academy opened. (This title has been attached to several other institutions at later dates. ) Its opening prospects promised much more for the educational interests of Western Missouri than any former enterprise. This institution became the pride of the embryo city, and deserved all that was claimed for it. The patrons looked to it with hope for the education of their daughters, and not without circumstances of encouragement. For two years its success was wholly satisfactory. Unfortunately, however, circumstances wholly unconnected with the school occurred which resulted in disaffection and alienation on the part of the people toward Prof Woodsworth. Patronage was withdrawn ; and, after a successful career of nearly three years, the institution declined and finally closed. Discouraged by this failure, no effort was made to continue the school under the same arrangement, successive teachers continued, however, to supply the demand for the next four years.

In 1846, Mrs. Gertrude Buchanan, a lady of superior accomplishments, good scholarship, fine administrative ability, withall endowed with decided practical talent, opened a school for young ladies in the Presbyterian church on Rock street, on the site of the present First Baptist church. The citizens were in a condition to embrace so favorable an opportunity, and, consequently, the school was a success from the first. Mrs. Buchanan, in addition to her accomplishments, possessed superior qualifications as a teacher of music ; and through the urgent solicitation of her patrons to enlarge her sphere of usefulness, was persuaded to take a music class, which she continued to teach, in addition to her other duties, until the summer of 1847, at which time she was only too glad to relinquish her school to Mr. D. I. Caldwell. Mr. Caldwell, a graduate of Center College, at Danville, Kentucky, brought to the school ripe scholarship connected with large experience and energy and decision of purpose. This enterprise was necessarily hmited for want of suitable buildings. In the winter following, Mr. Caldwell purchased the property known as the Old Irish Tavern, well located on South Main street, but not as suitable for the purpose of a seminary as could have been desired. The school increased in patronage until every foot of space was filled. Thus it continued until the spring of 1849, when, worn and enfeebled by overwork,'he was constrained to retire to the country to recuperate his health. At this time the community was much excited with regard to the Smta Fe trade,

Had the people been free to give to the cause of education that attention which its importance demanded, this was the time to have inaugurated a female school on a high basis, liut the circumstances above mentioned so absorbed all attention, that schools and all pertaining to schools were measurably lost sight of.

In 1850, Rev. R. S. Symington opened a school for young ladies in the room formerly occupied by Mr. Caldwell. This school met with a success fully commensurate with the accommodations until 1852, when Mr. S. was called to Pleasant Hill to take charge of the Presbyterian church and the Female Seminary of that thriving village.

Dr. Bruner succeeded as the principal of the school at Independence. How long he continued to conduct the school is not known to the writer.

Independence thus continued to be supplied with good schools until 1853. About this time Rev. W. H. Lewis, of the Methodist Episcopal church, South, who had been President of Monticello Academy, in Howard county, and afterward Principal of a Female Seminary at Jefferson City, opened a school in the Methodist church on Rock street.

The next year a stock company was organized, and the large, commmodious building on North Liberty street, now occupied by the city Public Schools, was erected, and a large and flourishing school opened with Mr. Lewis as President, aided by a full corps of competent assistants.

This school was well patronized by the citizens of this and adjoining counties and soon became a beacon of encouragement to Western Missouri. All the departments of literature generally taught in the best schools of the country were filled by competent teachers and success was secured. A career of prosperity adorned its history until 1861, when the scourge of nations and the destroyer of our highest hopes - the unfortunate civil war - dashed these hopes and closed the doors of the seminary which promised so much usefulness to an anxious people. The school was suspended and the building occupied as a barracks and hospital for Federal soldiers.

This institution having continued longer, was, perhaps, the most successful in its results of all the enterprises undertaken up to this period- Mr. Lewis, having during the war made other arrangements, did not propose to open the school after the close of the unfortunate interruption.

In 1847, Mrs. M. M. Langhorne, a lady of fine culture, opened a school on West Lexington street, for young ladies, and was well patronized for about two years, when her husbund, Dr. J. W. Langhorne, partaking of the great California epidemic, determined to embark for that Eldorado of the West.

One of the most successful enterprises in the interest of education, and one that told with marked results upon the community and especially upon the young ladies enjoying its advantages, was that of Miss Bettie T. Tillery. Mrs. T. was endowed with more than ordinary mental ability, cultivated and strengthened by education in all the branches usually taught in our best seminaries ; possessed also of firmness of purpose, connected with kindness and amiability of temper; all these adorned with womanly modesty. She commanded not only the respect, but the love and devotion of the young ladies under her tuition and control. Her fine administrative ability contributed very much to her eminent, success. Mrs. Tillery opened her school in the basement of the First Presbyterian church, on West Lexington street. Soon after, she purchased the property nearly opposite the church on South Osage street, and added largely to its accommodations, and in 1855 moved her school to that place and connected with it a boarding department. Mrs. T. aimed at no more extensive arrangements than such as she could personally supervise and control; hence, school was always as full as she desired it to be. It must not, however, be concluded that it was very much lim- ited in its range of influence. On the contrary the boarding department was usually filled to its utmost capacity with pupils from a distance. Rarely has \yestern Missouri enjoyed such educational advantages as were afforded by thig. institution.

Like most of the private institutions of learning, especially those under the control of principals and teachers not in sympathy with the invasion of southern rights, this school was suspended, during the war and Mrs. Tillery was banished from her home. When the war closed Mrs. T. returned, but so reduced in her resources that she was unable to afford the accommodations usually enjoyed in the institution. Having conducted the school for a few years longer, the position of first assistant in the public schools of the city was offered and accepted; which situation she continue to fill until 1876, when she resigned and went to Kentucky, where she still resides.

In 1869 Profs. W. A. and W. Buckner, former principals of Bourbon Female College, Paris, Kentucky, purchased at a cost of $11,000 the property known as the McCauley property, in the western suburbs of the city, an eligible and commanding site on the Kansas City road, and on the line of the contemplated boulevard. The building was suitably enlarged, by the addition of wings, at a cost of $4,500, making the whole cost of property and furniture nearly $17,000.

With encouraging prospects, these enterprising young gentlemen opened their school in the fall of the same year. This school was from the first designed for a female school, and Messrs. Buckner, bringing to the institution ripe scholarship and large experience, could but command the patronage of an intelligent community. The faculty was composed of Profs. W. A. and W. Buckner, associate principals. Mrs. H. S. Twyman, first assistant, and Miss Hattie Hutton, preparatory department.

The session of 1870-71 opened with the same gentlemen as principals. Prof. Frank Smith, mathematics; Mrs. Smith, preparatory, and Miss M. Gossine, music.

For the years 1871-2-3, the working principal. Prof. W. A. Buckner, having been called to the presidency of Lexington Christian Female College, Woodland College came under the control of Prof. A. E. Higgason. During this time young gentlemen were admitted to the classes.

At the opening of the session of 1873-4 Prof. W. A. Buckner again took charge of the school, as president, assisted by Mr. F. W. Smith, Mrs. C. B. Buckner and Miss Jessie Tipton.

In 1879 the institution was purchased by a stock company and organized as a mixed school for young ladies and gentlemen, with the following gentleman as a board of trustees : Messrs. E. A. Hickman, J. S. Mott, J. P. Jones, Chas. E. Wilson, L. M. Sea, H. C. St. Clair, John Bryant, Jr., H. H. Noland, Alexander Procter and J. P. Alexander.

The officers of the board were Maj. E. A. Hickman, President ; J. S. Mott, Vice-President; H. H. Noland, Secretary, and H. C. St. Clair, Treasurer.

The faculty consisted of the following: Alex. Proctor, A. M., President and Professor of Mental and Moral Science and Evidences of Christianity ; J. W. Ellis, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, Latin, Ancient and English Literature, and Dean of Faculty; H. Christopher, A. M., M. D., Professor of Natural Science, Natural History and Greek; W. A. Buckner, A. M., Professor of English branches and Astronomy; Maj. E. A. Hickman, Professor of Field Practice and Applied Mathematics; Miss Nellie Loar, instrumental and vocal music; Mrs. C. Buckner, primary department.

At the close of the first session, Prof. EUis retired and took possession and control of the flourishing Academy at Plattsburgh, Mo. The vacancy thus occurring, was filled by the appointment of Prof. C. R. Thomson, of Midway, Kentucky.

Miss Nellie Loar having resigned her position as teacher of music, the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Miss Rosa Lee Wilhoyte, of Louisville, Kentucky.

There has been inaugurated a school, which, .with intelligent and liberal management, may prove a rich blessing to this broad, God-favored western country.

In 1845, McDonald District No. 2, in the southwestern part of the county, in township lorty-eight, range thirty-three, was organized into a High School, by Mr. Jefferson H. Johnson, of Hinds county, Mississippi, a gentleman of liberal education and endowed with a spirit of enterprise and progress. Devoted to the cause of education, and realizing the necessity of suitable accommodations for such an enterprise, he, on his own land, and at his own expense, the next year, erected suitable buildings, about one and a half miles from the original site, and a short distance north of the south hne, of what is now Brooking township. In the fall of 1846, Mr. Johnson, as proprietor and head of the [boarding department, opened the school under the title of Highland Academy. The first Principal was Mr. S. S. Woods, Of New York, a man of superior scholarship and accomplishments, but soon developed a lack of administrative ability, and was discharged after a few months' service. The number of pupils was about forty. In this school were taught the higher branches of English, together with Latin and Greek. Prof. Woods was succeeded by Mr. Young, who, proving wholly incompetent to conduct the school, at his own suggestion, was relieved, and succeeded by Mr. Joseph Bledsoe, a gentleman of fine endowments, who had devoted himself to the profession of law; and having with great ability and success, conducted the Academy for five months, resigned, to enter upon the practice of the profession of his choice. The resignation of Mr. Bledsoe was much regretted by all the friends of this young and growing enterprise. Through all these discouragements the school was continued, and in 1846, Prof. J. H. Youley was induced to accept the position of Principal, than whom, perhaps, no better selection could have been made. Thoroughly conversant with all the departments of English and classical education; and endowed with eminent decision of character, and withal devoted to the profession of teaching, he was especially fitted to take charge of such an institution. His eminent qualifications being recognized, the school opened with fifty or sixty pupils, which number was soon augmented to seventy or eighty of all grades, but chiefly of the higher. They came from several different States, north, as well as south. Prof. Youley continued to preside over the institution until 1849, when, having been called to a position at Camden Point, in Platte county, he resigned the trust, carrying with him the regret of the whole community.

In this school, were educated young men, who, in after life, became the most useful and influential citizens ot the States, from which they came ; among whom may be mentioned, of this county : J. T. Belt, J. L. Winchester, Hon. S. C. Ragan, N. L. Simpson, H. Clay, James Cogswell and Charles Cowherd ; Reed and McGee, of Platte, James Payne, of Clay, Quincy and Thomas Mercer, of Hinds county, Miss., and R. and W. Forbes, of Nelson Co., Ky.

The failing health of Mr. Johnson, shortly after resulting in his death, lead to the suspension of the school. After his death, the property fell in other hands, and the school was not re-opened.

After the suspension of Highland Academy, the intelligent citizens of the same neighborhood, having enjoyed the blessing of a good school, and not altogether disposed to give up the good work, built a commodious school house, about one and a half miles southwest of Highland, which is now known as Union Point. A school was here opened under the direction and tuition of Mr. S. C. Ragan, a pupil of Highland. At this place, a good school has ever since been sustained. The school, however, about 1850 or 1851, was organized under the public school law, and has thus been conducted ever since.

An important enterprise connected with the educational interests of Jackson county, known as Independence High School, chiefly under the supervision arid instruction of Prof. George .S. Bryant, deserves especial notice. Some time in 1857 Prof. M. W. Miller opened a school for instruction in the higher branches in the southwestern part of the city. The accommodations being limited and wholly unsuited to the purpose, the friends of Prof. M. associated themselves in a stock company and erected the building still standing on the property adjoining that of Dr. John Bryant, Sr., where the school was conducted by Prof. M. until i860. At this time George S. Bryant, having graduated with honors at Bethany College, Va. , and the success of the school demanding assistance, went in as associate principal. The war ensuing a few months later, Prof. Miller, on account of his strong Southern proclivities, was forced to leave the county. He went to St. Louis, and is now one of the ward principals in that city. Mr. Bryant continued the conduct of the school after the war and until 1875. At this date he was chosen Principal of the Christian Female College at Columbia, Mo., and severed his connection with the school at Independence, and is still the popular and honored President of the above named college.

Independence High School has, perhaps with justice, been regarded as the school of the county. The writer of this sketch has had much to do with the schools of the county, and, as a general thing, has found the students of Independence High School better drilled and more thoroughly instructed than those of any other school in the county, and perhaps not excelled by any institution in the State.

In the summer of 1871 the corner stone of Independence Female College, on North Liberty street, was laid with masonic ceremonies. Grandmaster W. E. Whiting officiating, and Rev. M. M. Fisher, D. D., delivering the address.

This institution was founded by enterprising citizens in connection with the First Presbyterian Church of Independence. The following gentlemen constituted the first board of trustees: William Chrisman, A. Comingo, George P. Gates, Charles D. Lucas, G. W. Buchanan, John H. Taylor, William McCoy, John T. Smith, John McCoy.

The school opened with flattering prospects in the fall of 1871, and had in attendance during its first session eighty-three pupils. The faculty consisted of

Rev. M. M. Fisher, D.D., President; Miss M. Henderson, First Assistant; Miss Sadie Allen, Intermediate, and Miss Kate Buchanan, Preparatory. At the close of the first session, June, 1872, there were three graduates. Misses Velona Henderson, Annie Ralston and Mattie A. Wyatt. The music department was under the direction of Prof. H. Shultz, Mrs. M. Moulton and Mrs. M. Lucas Watson.

The session of 1873-4 was under the same faculty, and graduated six young ladies. Misses Hattie Colbern, Emma Farrar, Bettie Parberry, Laura Ragan, Susie Mariner and Maggie Chrisman.

In 1874 Prof. Strother, formerly President of St. Charles Female College, a gentleman of fine scholarship and much experience in teaching, succeeded Dr. Fisher in the presidency of the college, and brought to his assistance his accomplished lady, Mrs. S. Strother, and his daughter Miss Minnie Strother and Miss Ruffner in the preparatory department.

The graduates this year were Mi'-ses Ella Dent, Luella Mitchell, Marietta Garvin, Jennie McCoy, Lizzie Chiles, Minnie Waldo and Scottie Buchanan.

In the fall of 1875 Rev. J. E. Wheeler, formerly of Vicksburg, Miss., and latterly of Sedalia, Mo., a gentleman of accomplished scholarship and ability, having accepted the charge of the First Presbyterian Church, was chosen president, and in September opened the school, with Miss M. Clark, First Assistant, and Miss Lillie Treadway in the primary department.

The session of 1876-7, under the control of the same faculty, with the exception of the primary department, which was efficiently conducted by Miss Annie Groesbeck.

In 1877 the board secured the services of Prof. P. F. Witherspoon, of Pautotoe, Mississippi, a gentleman of much experience in conducting Female Colleges in the South. Mr. Witherspoon entered the college in June, but not until September did he take full charge of the institution, at which time he opened with an encouraging roll of pupils and the following faculty :

The faculty for the session 1878-9 were Prof. P. F. Witherspoon, Rev. J. C. Wheeler, Mrs. W. Wheeler, Miss Jessie Farrar, Miss Ida Hope, and Miss Maggie Hollis.

Prof. P. F. Witherspoon, president and professor of mental and moral science; Rev. A. Carroll, superintendent literary department and professor of ancient languages, science and mathematics ; Mrs. Witherspoon, history, physiology and botany ; Mrs. Helen M. Nash, modern languages and English literature; Miss Mary Fulton, preparatory department; Miss Evelyn Westlake, vocal and instrumental music; Mrs. H. C. Crysler, oil and portrait painting; Mrs. Witherspoon, wax and hair flowers, photocrome and Grecian painting ; Miss Lila Carr, matron.

Rev. A. Carroll, having for several years conducted the Independence public schools, as superintendent, and more lately the schools of Olathe, Kansas, brought to the institute that literary culture and experience that give to the friends of the college assurance of large success. This institution has been founded with an outlay of about $19,000. A liberahty and devotion to the cause of education, and consequently to the best interests of the city and vicinity, on the part of the founders, so commendable, calls for cooperation and encouragement, on the part of a community so enlightened.

With Independence Female College, Woodland College, St. Mary's Seminary (afterward to be mentioned), and Independence public schools. Independence offers educational advantages unsurpassed by any city in the west.

St. Mary's Seminary, under the control of the Catholic Church, was built in 1878. The building is substantial and commodious, and well suited for the purposes for which it was built. It is located on North Liberty street.

This institution opened in the fall of 1878, with the following corps of instruction in the female department : Mother Vincent, Sister Mary Francis, Sister Bernadette, Sister Mary Gregory; Sister Mary Gougago, music; Sister Rose, male department. The above conducted the school for two years.

In 1880 the institution was placed under the control and instruction of the following corps of teachers in the female department : Mother Xavier, Sister Joseph, Sister Mary Austin, Sister Placide, Sister Cunagunda ; Sister Seraphine, music ; Sister Mida has control of the boys' department.

This institution opened with a full attendance in both departments, which patronage has continued to the present time, thus insuring success to the institution.

In addition to the above mentioned schools there have been several private schools, the history of which, at this present writing, could not be fully ascertained. Notable among these is that of a school for boys, conducted by Mr. John 0. Buchanan. It is much to be regretted that so few facts regarding this school are accessible to the writer. Perhaps, for the time it continued in operation, there was no school more worthy to be remembered than this. Mr. Buchanan came from New York to this county at an early date and taught several schools in different parts of the county, and in 1846 or 1847 located in Independence and occupied the building originally built for the Independence Female Seminary, in the southern part of the city. This was a school for boys. But where facts are so meager it must suffice to mention them, with such remarks as we are fully persuaded are reliable. The writer was well acquainted with Mr. Buchanan and has ever esteemed him as an able instructor of youth in the common branches.

be learned at this dite concerning the first organization of schools under the common school laws. All that can be learned rests upon the recollection of the old citizens interested in this cause, paramount to all others save that of the church of Christ.

From the best information derived from this source, it is certain that there were organized districts, with schools and teachers, as early as 1842. In 1841, the citizens of township 48, range 32, with a spirit of progress worthy each man, conceived the idea of availing themselves of the privileges and advantages vouchsafed by the Government, and took the preliminary steps to organize a district school, which is beheved to be the first common school district in the county. This organization was completed in 1842. The Hon. Alvin Brooking, John Minir and Ben. Thomson composed the first board and Jas. H. Thomas was the first teacher. The school house was built on thp southwest quarter of section 27, township 49, range 32.

In the same year another district was organized in township 47, range 29, of which David Harris was the first teacher. This was in what is now called Van Buren township, and was numbered 6, from which we reasonably conclude that there were five previously organized. It is probable, however, that these were all organized during the same year. In 1838 the Legislature revised the school laws, and, from the superior provisions offered, doubtless a spirit of progress in this direction was aroused in the minds of the people which awoke them to a sense of their best interests and the advantages of a system that looked to the education of the masses. The school house in the last mentioned district was built on the southeast quarter of section 29, township 47, range 29. It was a log structure and remained until 1861 ; at this date having the same stove that warmed the fingers and toes of the little sovereigns who there secured the foundation of their future usefulness. We are assured by the rural bard, who was a citizen of this district at the time of its organization, that the said stove is good for at least twenty years longer

From this time onward districts continued to multiply, adding more or less every year to the number. These schools, however, having no supervision, it is not remarkable that the advance was slow. It must not be inferred that the unorganized territory was destitute of all means of education. On the contrary, in many districts where the population was sufficiently dense, might be found good schools - some taught in the "old log school house," and others in buildings more pretentious. The people, having no one whose business it was to visit their schools, explain the law to the people, and to set the system before them with all its advantages, were prone to hold on to the old system of "pay schools." Under the system in operation at this time, the teachers were examined by a commission - usually the township directors who gave the certificates.

The first County Commissioner of whose acts we have any record, was Mr. Wm. Chrisman, at present one of the banking firm of the banking house of Chrisman, Sawyer & Co. From the record we infer that he was appointed to theofficein 1853. For that year twenty-six districts reported. The enumeration of children, thus reported, amounted to 1,981. The apportionment of public funds amounted to bank dividend, $1,278.99; county revenue, $1,755.56; total, $3,034.35. In addition to this there was apportioned to districts not reporting $734.90, making the whole amount of public funds for that year $3,767.25. Installment not given. ,

In 1854 Mr. Chrisman reports 4,853 children enumerated, with an enrollment of 1,229. This year fifty-three districts reported, giving an average enrollment of twenty-three to the district.

sioner. The only word recorded, other than the examination of teachers, during his continuance in office, is the enumeration of children, which amounted to 4,931. The number of districts reporting, fifty nine.

In November, 1857, W. L. Bone, Esq., was appointed County Commissioner. The record, of this administration, is much more full and satisfactory than that of any previous commissioner. In 1858, together with the last two months of 1857, certificates were granted to seventy-four teachers. The enumeration of children of school age amounted in 1857 to 5,110. Enrollment not recorded. The amount of public funds disbursed was as follows ; Township fund, $2,598.- 97; county fund, $743.00; State fund, $3,577.00; total, $6,918.97. The enumeration of children for 1858 was 5,539. The distribution of public funds, not given.

For 1859 the number of certificates recorded was only forty-nine. The report to State Superintendent shows the following facts : Number of districts,

At this date the records fail, and we have no certain knowledge of facts connected with the history of pubUc schools, until 1862. At this date it appears that one worthy County Clerk, John R. Swearingen, was appointed County Commissioner. How long he held the office, or what was done, during his administration, appears not on the record, save a few items with regard to district government, of no pubHc interest.

From a single item, we find that after this time. Prof. Wm. Taylor served as County Commissioner ; but as to date of appointment or length of term of service, or what was done, we have no record. 1866 Mr. W. J. Shaw seems to have acted as County Commissioner, as there is a record of the examination of a few teachers, but nothing more.

In November, 1867, Prof. Geo. S Bryant was elected commissioner; and this seems to have been the first election of County Commissioner, by the people. The only record left by Prof. Bryant, is that of the examination of 125 teachers, between November i, 1867, and the close of 1868.

In November, 1868, at the general election. Prof. D. I. Caldwell, without solicitation on his part, was elected County Commissioner, and contmued to perform the duties of the office until January ist, 1871.

According to his report to the State Superintendent, there were at that time eighty-two districts, in addition to the city schools of Kansas City, Independence and Westport. Total number of teachers in the county, 103; total enumeration of children, 12,379; total enrollment, 5,293; number of months taught, 4^; average salary of teachers per month: males, $50.50, females $36.00; estimated value of property, $100,000. Previous to the administration of Prof. Caldwell, the schools of the county had not been visited, whilst required by the law, to visit all the districts in the county ; yet the time allowed for this work, together with his office work, examination of teachers, etc., was only sixty days. The consequence was that he failed to visit half the districts in the county. He visited enough, however, to find out that there was a number of schools where good work was being done. An additional fact was also fixed firmly in his mind, viz : that intelligent, faithful supervision was the life of the system. The limited visitation which the commissioner was able to do, in the time adopted, infused new life and vigor into the work, and public schools, all over the county, were greatly improved. The work was better done ; the children became more interested ; and the people estimated their schools at an increased value.

During the year 1869-70 the number of districts had increased to eightysix - the number of teachers the same as the preceding year. Total enumeration, as far as reported, 12,400; total enrollment 7,461. The above enumeration and enrollment embraced the cities. Average salaries of teachers: males, $46.80;

In the letter of County Superintendent to State Superintendent, the following facts and suggestions were stated: "The cause of common schools has steadily increased in interest and in favor with the people. The handsome, commodious school-houses - most of which are fitted up with patent desks and good blackboards, and some with globes, maps, charts, blocks, etc. - all are evidence of great interest on the part of the people. Another, and perhaps a better evidence, is the demand for a higher grade of teachers.

"In as large and populous a county as Jackson, and where the school officers - township and local - are so little acquainted with the law and the duties of their offices, and where the law itself is so vague and unsatisfactory, there is a great deal of work of which the County Superintendent can make no note or record, which, however, requires many little ' scraps ' of time, and which, in the aggregate, make quite an item.

"In a few weeks I shall leave the office. Permit me, respectfully, to suggest to you, as State Superintendent, and through you to the Legislature, that the office of County Superintendent, at least in Jackson county, should be a salaried office, the salary at least fifteen hundred dollars.

"The enlightened judgment and skill of the city superintendents and boards in the organization and management of the public schools under their direction, have done much toward rendering the cause popular. The qualifications of teachers is about what it has been, not up to the demand, nor what it ought to be.

"The great obstacles to the success of the public school system are prejudice and a want of interest on the part of many good citizens, but especially of the school officers. I am happy to say, however, that these are slowly but surely passing away. D. I. CALDWELL,

At the general election in 1870 Prof. Caldwell having declined a re-nomination, Mr. John E. Hale was elected County Superintendent, and administered the office for two years. From his first annual report for 1870-71 we gain the following facts : Number of districts 93, besides Kansas City, Independence, Westport, Lee's Summit and Lone Jack, organized under the special act. There were employed during the year, winter and summer terms, 156 teachers; total enumeration 14,310; total enrollment 10,062; average salary of teachers per month, males $61.00; females $41.00; estimated value of school property

The report, embracing the work of 1871-72, shows as follows: enumeration, whites 13,627 ; colored 776; total 14,703; enrollment 9,656; number of teachers

The annual report for 1872-73 shows the following facts : The enumeration and enrollment, as reported, were very imperfect, the former amounting to 14,343 - the latter 9,861; number of districts xoo; number of teachers 151; average salary per month, males $47.68; females $39.04; total valuation of school property $208,538.

The report for 1873-74 embraces the following statistics: enumeration 15,381 ; teachers 158; average salary per month, males $61.55; females $40.96; total valuation of school property $253,378.

spects : an increased demand for teachers of a higher grade ; an increased interest on the part of the people and the manner in which the township and sub-district officers discharge their several duties ; but especially in the improved methods of teaching, giving more life and cheerfulness to the school-room. I might also mention, as another encouraging feature indicative of progress, the fact that, whilst there has ever lurked in the bosom of a number of the people of the county an antipathy to the whole policy of public schools, there is a giving away of opposition, and many former op posers are now earnest advocates of the system.

Having been for many years, a sincere and earnest advocate for the education of the masses, I am more than gratified to find the system so nearly a complete success. This county is now dotted all over, as previously remarked, with commodious, comfortable school houses. There is not a neighborhood, where the children do not enjoy the privilege of a primary education, from four to ten months in the year. Much of this, I am sure, is the result of the efficient work of the county superintendency.

In compa.ring the grade of teachers four years since, with those of the present year, I am pleased to find a difference of from twelve to fifteen per cent in favor of the latter.

The city schools, organized under the special act, are an honor to the county, and some of them, in their appointments, second to none in the State. I trust, that I may, without any seeming favoritism, allude especially to the schools of Kansas City, under the intelligent and scholarly superintendence of Prof. John R. Phillips, whose energy, aided by an intelligent board, has brought the schools of this young but growing city, to a degree of efficiency, little inferior, if not equal, to any in the west. The corps of teachers, from the Primary to the High School, is of the best material that good wages can command. Their school' buildings and furniture are at once a wonder to strangers and an ornament to the city, as well as an honor to the wisdom, energy and perseverance of the board.

It may here be remarked, that, from 1866 to 1874, the public schools were under the supervision of a county superintendent, whose business, in addition to the common duties of examining teachers, and gathering statistics for the annual report, was to visit and examine the schools, deliver lectures on education, etc. In 1874, the office of county commissioner was restored, the duties of which were the same as above, with the exception of visiting and examining schools. This was a great mistake on the part of the Legislature, and its results were soon marked in the efficiency and consequent dechne in the grades of schools.

The report of the county commissioner for 1874-5, shows the enumeration to be 16,353. Number of teachers, 162. Statistics of this year are unavailable. For 1876-7, the statistics are more complete. Enumeration was so changed as to include only those between six and twenty, instead of those between five and twenty-one. The enumeration consequently, instead of being proportionately increased, was only 16,839. Enrollment, 9,399. Number of teachers employed during the year, 194. Average cost per day, .06^-^-^ cents. Receipts public funds, $23,543.91. District tax. $116,512.55. Total, $140,056.46. Total expenditures, including teacher's wages, incidentals, fuel, etc, $86,590.26. Past indebtedness, $58,760.64.

The report for 1877-8, shows a total enumeration of 18,878. Total enrollment, 9,361. Total number of teachers employed during the year, 205. Amounts received, public funds, $23,696. District tax, $130,307,97. Average salary of teachers per month, males, $45.44. Females, $42.70. Expenditures: Teachers' wages, $63,106.85.' Fuel, repairs and incidentals, $10,576.03.. Building, $960.00. Defraying past indebtedness, $43,853.57.

Commissioner's report for 1878-9 shows the following statistics - Enumera tion, 19,480. Enrollment, 11,885. Average cost per day, .07 cents Teachers employed, 223. Average salary per month, males, $66.88. Females $57 c8 Receipts, including cash on hand and money from all sources $1^0 ocx' 76* Total expenditures, $149,177.86. ^^ '' '

The annual report for 1879-80 developes a large increase in the number of children of school age, m the county. Total enumeration, 23,726. Enrollment 12,486. Number of teachers, -males, 84. Females, 154. Total, 238 Average salary per month, males, $43.79. Females, $38.58. Average cost per day .07 cents. Value of school property, $250,840.75. Total receipts, including cash on hand, $173,858.45. Total expenditures, including past indebtedness $123,037.32. '

It will be readily observed, that the educational facilities have kept pace with the wonderful increase in population. The increase in the population of the county for the last ten years, will be found to be about 49.5 per cent, while the increase in the number of teachers employed will amount to a 'small fraction less than 69.0 per ceat.

The people of Jackson county have ever been awake to the importance of education; and while some parties, sectional or denominational, may claim to be paragons in this the paramount interest in all sects and in all parties, it will be found that Jackson county, in her educational history, gives a flat denial to any such assumption. The people as a people, without any reference to sects or parties, have ever been ready to second every effort looking to the better education of the masses.

The schools organized under the special act for cities, towns and villages deserves a special notice ; notable, those of Kansas City and Independence.

meeting and resolved to organize the city into a school district under the special law. September 4th an election was held, and the following gentlemen elected as a board of directors : Wm. Chris man, Jacob Leader, Wm. McCoy, Jacob May, Peter Winters and U. P. Bennett. These gentlemen were soon qualified, and resolved to open a school for the primary branches, fixing the salaries of teachers as follows : superintendent, per month, $100 ; ist principal,$75 ; assistants, $50. Very liberal salaries, certainly. It was resolved to have one school for whites to be taught in the Anderson building.on Rock street, near the M. E. Church ; and one for colored children in the German church in the southeast part of the city. The teachers employed were Rev. Jasper A. Smith, superintendent, Paul Glove, ist assistant, Miss Sue Leader, in city proper and Miss Lucy J. Bennett in Gilpin town. Mr.' Wm. Byrne was principal of the colored school.

The first enumeration amounted to 1152. The president of the board and superintendent were authorized to increase the number of teachers as necessity required ; also to appoint the teachers so added.

In 1867, Mr. Geo. F. Thomson was employed at a salary of $75 for a month to teach in the basement of the Presbyterian church on Lexington street.

In March of this year the board purchased of the Rev. W. H. Lewis the Female Seminary building and grounds, at a cost of $11,000 to be paid in three annual installments. Thus having incurred heavy indebtedness, in addition to that of teachers salaries, incident to the want of a levy the previous year, the board now ordered a levy of $5,000 to pay the current expenses of this and the next year, together with a further sum of $5,000 to pay their indebtedness.

In May, 1867, the school - whites - took possession of the seminary building, where the school has ever since been conducted, except for a few years, the board allowed the Catholics to fit up two rooms in the old Catholic church, at their own expense, for the Catholic children. While the teachers were members of the Catholic church, they were chosen by the board and as much under the supervision and control of the superintendent and «board as any room in the main building In 1874, however, the arrangments being unsatisfactory to some members of the board as well as to a large number of the citzens, they were abolished and the schools transferred to the main building.

In July, the salaries of the teachers were readjusted, and the superintendent allowed $1200 per annum; ist assistant $800; and all others $400, except the teacher at Gilpin town who was allowed $500.

For the session of 1867-8, Rev. J. A. Smith was continued as superintendent, Prof. A. Carroll, ist assistant, with Misses Lucy J. Bennett, Sue Leader, Clara B. Allen, Mary Wardell, and Mrs. R. F. Thomas, completing the corps of teachers for the whites ; and Harriet L. Alivard and Mrs. Ellen J. Wilson had charge of the colored school, while Mr. James Rice and Miss Mary Ward conducted thfe Catholic school, and Mr. Wm. Kennedy had charge of the school in Gilpin town. In October 1867, Misses Isa Dodd and M. E. Hampton were added to the corps of teachers. Miss Isa Dodd has continued to occupy, with credit, the same room in the school from that date to the present, and is now the only teacher who has continuously occupied a position all the time from her first appointment. She now fills the place of ist assistant.

During the fall of 1867, Prof. Smith was requested, by the board, to deliver a course of lectures on natural philosophy and chemistry, and Prof. Carroll was requested to give a series of vocal concerts by the scholars. It was also proposed by the board that a class be formed for instruction in the theory and practice of teaching. It was further resolved by the board that the Congressional Teachers Institute be requested to hold their next session at Independence. These measures all manifest a wide-awake and intelligent interest in the cause of education, and in the elevation of the standard of moral and intellectual culture.

In 1868, Prof. Carroll was promoted to the superintendency of the city schools. Prof. Carroll was eminently qualified for the work. Through many difficulties surrounding his boyhood and youth, he succeeded in cultivating a naturally good intellect ; but especially is he adapted to work of supervision of schools, through his systematic and discriminating methods of thought. Quick in discernment, as well as firm and decided in his judgment, and kind in the administration of discipline, he was an eminent success as superintendent. He continued to conduct and control the school until 1873.'

In the summer of 1873, P^^of. A. E. Higgason succeeded Prof. Carroll, as superintendent. Prof. Higgason is a Virginian by birth, and a graduate in i860, of Bethany College, in that State. He came to Independence in 1871, and was associated with Prof. G. S. Bryant, in the Independence High Schools. In 1872-3 he had charge of Woodland College, and the next fall took charge of the Independence public schools, which position he still retains.

Prof. Higgason has developed fine executive ability, as well as aptness. Devoted to the cause of education, and thoroughly imbued with a spirit of progress, with discrimination of judgment, and skill in organization and drill, he has proved himself worthy of the trust committed to him.

The public schools of Independence having been mostly under an intelligent working board, superintended by intelligent, working superintendents and teachers, have taken rank among the best schools of the West. Ample provision has been made for competent instruction for all children, both white and colored; thus adding to the testimony above given, to the devotion of the people of Jackson county, of all parties, to the education of the masses. Let the people of other States, who have been duped and frightened by lying magazines and other pubHcations, come and examine for themselves, and it will be found that the grade of teachers, the appearance, comfort and convenience of the school houses and fixtures, as well as devotion to the efficiency and success of the schools, on the part of the people, no part of the Union will take precedence to Jackson county, Missouri. The work done in Kansas City and Independence will compare favorably with that of Boston or any other city in the Union. Many of the country districts are doing a work which, if more extensively known, would command commendation from intelligent educators.

Dear Sir: - Were the school interests of Jackson county in as flourishing a condition as her wealth and natural resources should indicate, I would take more pleasure in penning, and you would be more highly gratified in perusing this letter. It is anything, sir, but a pleasant duty to make a just statement of educational matters as they stood at the time Of the adoption of the late law ; but the approaching future under the new order of things begins to mantle brightly over the gloom.

School Houses

The school buildings of our county are, as a general thing, very inferior structures, chiefly log, and permitted, during the war, to get much out of repair. Occasionally, however, is found a more substantial brick or frame building, and there are some five notable exceptions in the way of seminaries or colleges. I have considered it strange that our agricultural community are, on the whole, better than our towns and cities supplied with school structures. For example : Independence, with its 1,052 children to educate, has but one public school house, located in one of its additions, and Kansas City has none of which I am aware. Independence and Kansas City, however, had their seminaries for the education of such in the community as could afford to pay. Such facts induce the conclusion that it has been held wise in Missouri conservative policy not to educate the poor ; and the old imperfect system, while it gave a mite of state patronage behind which the moneyed- aristocracy could hide their worst designs, proved a fitting instrument to accomplish the object. In September our citizens of Independence adopted the special act, and elected as a board of instruction progressive men, who, entering spiritedly upon their task, have accomplished everything that could be immediately hoped for. Houses have been rented, qu#lified teachers employed, and to-day, six school rooms are filled to overflowing and the number of scholars daily increasing. About twenty-eight subdistricts in the county have organized under the law. Besides these, a number of private or select schools have been put in operation, as well in the city as in the county, gene 'ally under the auspices of men who with difficulty can scratch their own names, yet affirm " they will school their own children before they will send to aiman who will take the oath of loyalty." Such opposition, however, must shortly cease. The wedge has been entered in Jackson county, and will accomplish its work.

So far as I can learn, there is no school furniture in Jackson county worthy the name ; nor apparatus of any kind. These things, I ana assured by many of the boards, will be obtained when the opportunity for raising money by taxes comes round. Our boards have shown a disposition generally to pay teachers liberal salaries ; but I have found it difficult to supply the demand for good teachers. With one or two exceptions, those certificates by me have held the third and fourth grades. I have adopted for teachers a periodical written examination ; for schools none, as they have been in operation but a few weeks.

Our county institute has been convened but once, and was then adjourned until the completion of school organizations in the county. There are now materials out of which to organize an effective association.

The reports of schools officers have been necessarily incomplete; for that, in this county at least, there have been very few public schools in operation since the inception- of the war.

In the matter of the education of the colored people, there are prejudices to overcome, and such influences have been brought to bear upon it as made it difficult, for some time, to obtain a person with sufficient nerve to undertake the duty of instruction in this city. It has, however, been accomplished, and a fine school is in operation. I know of no place in the county where they are of sufficient numbers to make school privileges practicable.

The school interests of Kansas City never have, and probably will not thrive under their special act. Such of the citizens to whom I have spoken on the subject seem to realize the fact, and would doubtless, on its repeal, support the adoption of the general act for towns and cities. The success of the school system in our county, as throughout the State, doubtless depends in a great measure upon the election. Should the progressive party fail, from the disposition manifested by our local conservative leaders, it will be uprooted or rendered ineffective in its administration. That such may not be its fate, is the wish of

Wm. J. Shaw

The Jackson County Teachers Institute was organized in 1868. It held its second session at Lee's Summit, October 25th to 29th, at which the following instructions were presented :

Resolved, That we tender our hearty thanks to the citizens of Lee's Summit and vicinity for the manifestation of their support of the public schools of Jack son county, and their very hospitable entertainment of the teachers in attendance.

Resolved, That we tender our sincere thanks to the Baptist Church, who have so kindly tendered to the institute the use of their house of worship.

Resolved, That the Executive Committee be requested to assign conductors before the close of this session, for the different class exercises, and essayists Tor the next session of the institute.

Resolved, That we recognize in the public school system of the State, an educational system well calculated to meet the wants of the greater number, and, therefore, worthy of our earnest support.

Resolved, That as an organization dependent upon and growing out of our pubHc school system, we will stand by our public school officers in their efforts to secure to the public a more general, thorough and efficient organization throughout the county.

Cornell Crysler

The resolutions were adopted unanimously, with the exception of the sixth, on which a discussion arose, opened by Mr. Carroll, who took strong grounds in

It having been previously announced that any person in the audience might take part in the discussion, Mr. Yantis, of Lee's Summit, in reply to Mr. Carrol, denied that " the State should educate the children of the State." ' He did not believe that common school education was cheaper - did not think the burden was equalized. With regard to religion and politics, he thought politics was in the system, from the Superintendent downward. He complimented the teachers present, but " was down on the whole system."

President Caldwell agreed in part with Mr. Carroll, but spoke against the resolution. The system in our community was forced upon us, and does not meet the wants of the people. The school law was imperfect, and the County Superintendent has only advisory powers in case of dispute There was too little religion in the schools: for he had not yet found the Bible used as a textbook. But we have the new system and should make the best of it.

Rev. Mr. Bright next spoke. Considered the system wholly unrepublican, and, further, as a Missourian, he was not in favor of it. He thought the public schools ignored religion and that therefore, as in Germany, they will foster infidelity. The only safe method was to place the schools in the hands of those who had the moral interest of the community in their care. He was opposed to the whole system.

Mr. Crysler was astonished that a minister of the Gospel and County Superintendent should oppose the system and not suggest a remedy. After some stirring remarks on the prejudices against the system, he proposed a plan for remedying the defects.

Mr. Caldwell, in reply, stated that he was pledged to try to make the system work, and cared not where it came from ; was in favor of the education of the masses, but still contended that the school system, in its plan and working, was very imperfect.

J. A. Blair, of Lee's Summit, replied to the charge that the public school system was unrepublican, and wanted to know when Missouri would be ready for tihe system, if not ready now. If the system is imperfect, it is our duty to try to correct it.

Permit me to occupy a small space in your excellent paper, to make a few remarks with regard to the public schools in Jackson county. I am ha.ppy to say that the public schools, for the most part, are in a hopeful condition. That is, they are improving. The system is becoming better understood. The people are taking more interest in the subject. The law has been improved a little. A better grade of teachers are occupying the school houses. The school houses are better, and better furnished. Altogether the whole machine is in a better condition than formerly. All we want for a complete success, is a little change in some parts of the law, and more efficiency on the part of the school officers. I am sorry to say they are too little interested in the matter of reports. Facts that are of vital interest to the complete working of the system are often not reported without trouble on the part of the County Superintendent. This is a great drawback ; and much of the opposition to the system, is the result of an improper understanding of its workings ; and this depends mainly upon the efficiency of the officers, township and local. For the want of proper statistical reports, I am unable to give a full and complete report of the facts. But as I have said above, the condition of the schools is gratifying. The following is a summary of my annual report to the State Superintendent :

During the last year, there has been an increase in the demand for teachers of a high grade ; an evidence of progress and elevation in the grade of schools.

The public schools in Kansas City, under the judicious and intelligent management of Prof. J. R. Philhps, have attained to a position, that challenges the respect, if not the indorsement, of their most violent opponents. In Independence, Prof. Carroll, by his untiring energy, and the co-operation of an intelligent board, has placed the schools under his superintendence, upon a footing, not inferior to any schools of the same grade in the State. Not having had the opportunity and pleasure of visiting the public schools at Westport and Lee's Summit, I cannot speak so confidently of their condition. But from what I have learned from members of the boards, and from what I know of the teachers engaged in those schools, I feel warranted in saying, that their success is worthy the generous liberahty of those, who have furnished such commodious and comfortable buildings and such suitable furniture, as are to be found at each of these thriving little cities.

Any report of the educational statistics, of our county, would be incomplete without something being said of the several private enterprises in the county. To go into detail would make this communication too long. In Kansas City there are six such schools, and in Independence two : all of them worthy the very liberal patronage they enjoy. These schools employ twenty-seven teachers, and have enrolled 1,014 pupils, making the whole number of children - in school, in the county, 8,544.

About to retire from the superintendency of public schools in Jackson county, permit me to thank you for the prompt and generous support you have always given me, in my efforts to render the public school system a success and to give to the public, schools worthy of their support. Permit me, also, to bespeak for my worthy successor in office, the same kindness and co-operation. And, in conclusion, permit me to say, that I trust your pen and your tongue may ever be ready to plead the cause of popular education.

The following address was issued to the citizens of Jackson county in the interests of her public schools, by the County Commissioner of schools, March 26th, 1881.

To the Legal Voters : In a few days you will be called upon to re-adjust your boards by the election of one or more'directors, and to consider the interests of your several districts in all matters pertaining to the efficient running of your schools for the next year.

I have frequently been asked the question, "Who are qualified voters?" The general question is settled by the Constitution, in Art. viii. sec. 2. "Every male citizen of the United States, and every male person of foreign birth who may have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States according to law, not less than one year or more than five years before he offers to vote, who is over the age of twenty-one years, possessing the following qualifications, shall be entitled to vote at all elections by the people.

"Second, He shall have resided in the county, city or town where he shall offer his vote at least sixty days immediately preceding the election."

The only difficulty with regard to the above provision is, whether the sixty days residence applies to school districts. I am happy to say that the State superintendent, whose legal adviser is the attorney-general of the State, sustains me in my decision that it does apply to the school districts. I may also add that this decision is concurred in by the best legal talent of the country, including those who helped to make the constitution. No one, then, has any right to vote at the annual meeting who has not resided in the district at least sixty days immediately preceding that meeting. All such have a right to vote on any of the questions usually considered at the annual meeting, and enumerated in section 7031, School Laws.

There are, however, certain questions that may be considered at special meetings, such as the increase of levy for school purposes, or for erection of school houses ; in these cases none but tax payers can vote. A tax payer has been defined to be a man who has a tax receipt or is on the assessor's books, liable to pay taxes.

With this question settled, permit me to suggest the importance of selecting the best men in your district for directors. I do not mean best men so far as honesty and morality are concerned, but men, in addition to those things, who will best discharge the duties of the office.

This is a very important and responsible office. Every good citizen will not make a good director. He should be a man of sound judgment, interested in the success of the school, of fair education, of fair business qualifications and experience, and withal willing to make some sacrifice for the benefit of all.

The trust committed to a school board is a serious trust. The people's money is under their control and management, as well as the higher and more sacred interest, the proper instruction of your children.

To the directors and others, I would say, see well to the exercise of the prerogatives intrusted to you by the people. Do all things according to law. Let no warrant be issued except by order of the board, met and organized as a board. If possible, every member should have notice of each meeting; otherwise, I doubt the legality of any business transacted. See that every act of the board be recorded by the clerk, especially for the issue of a warrant for the payment of money, however small the amount.

In the selection of a teacher, the board should be very careful as to qualifications. A certificate of good grade is not the only criterion of qualification. While I would say that a certificate of a low grade, as a general rule, is sufficient reason for the rejection of an applicant. Yet there are a few every year who are examined for the first time, and consequently are not expected to obtain as good certificates as teachers of age and experience, and yet make successful teachers ; but these are the exceptions, and their success is the result of application, study and a determination to succeed. The general rule is good scholarship for good teachers. The means of Normal instruction are in the reach of all who desire to qualify themselves.. We have Kirksville and Warrensburg Normal schools supported by the State. Also a normal class at Woodland College and one at the Independence Female College, under the instruction of Prof. Carroll, a gentleman of large experience in this kind of work. Besides these means, we have a number of excellent educational journals, devoted to the instruction of teachers in all the departments of their work. So that there is no excuse for the want of qualification. I would, as a general rule, discourage the employment of a teacher who does not expect to make teaching his profession. See to it, then, that all applicants for positions are those who have availed themselves of the best means at command to prepare them for their work. A young man looking to the law or medicine, as a profession, or mechanics as the business of his life, not only

Studies his profession as a science, but its practical work. As a mechanic studies how to prepare and fit his work, so ought a teacher to study the art of organization and will of his pupils.

Again, the people and the boards as such should see to it, at the annual meeting, that the District Clerk is prepared to make a report that will show all the work of the school, and has made his settlement with the County Treasurer, and can give accurately the receipts and expenditures for the year. Then will his report to the county commissioner show a cltan balance.

These suggestions are eminently important to every citizen who feels any interest in the success of our public school system. There has been a manifestly increased interest, and consequent improvement in all these matters suggested in the last few years , and I trust the day is not far distant when the whole business of running the public schools will be such as we shall not be ashamed for the State Supeiintendent and Legislature to see ; and when the County Commissioner shall be enabled to make such a report as shall be an honor to the intelligence and business qnalifications of the school officers of our county.