James L. Johnson House, 545 Canyon Road, Santa Fe

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-223. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

545 Canyon Road, Santa Fe, Santa Fe County, New Mexico. The James L. Johnson House is located in the Downtown and Eastside Historic District. Quad: USGS Santa Fe Quadrangle, New Mexico. Township R10E, SE quad, SE quad. Date of Construction:

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-223. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The James L. Johnson House is currently divided into eight units or apartments. One unit is used by the as offices and a conference room. The other seven units are rented as apartments. The site is open to the public and includes a formal garden.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-223. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The James L. Johnson House is an excellent example of a Territorial Style home. It is located on Canyon Road, one of Santa Fe's oldest streets. The history of the building reflects the major movements of the Santa Fe social and architectural history during the and centuries. It also has a unique historical aspect in that it was associated with James L. Johnson, a regionally prominent merchant involved in wholesale, retail, banking, real estate and mining. Johnson married a woman from Mexico and chose not to live in the newer area of town near the other anglo merchants, but rather constructed an adobe home in an outlying Spanish neighborhood.

(The term "anglo" is used here as it was in the nineteenth century and still is today, to refer to anyone not of Spanish or Indian descent.) One of the primary elements of Santa Fe's history with which the building is associated is the development of the Santa Fe style. In Margretta Dietrich purchased the Johnson House and had the property "restored" by Kate Chapman, a prominent proponent of traditional construction methods and the Santa Fe Style. The Johnson House, El Zaguan, is an enduring example of the 1920-3os architectural design philosophies in Santa Fe. The name El Zaguan is in reference to the prominent James L. Johnson House BABS No. (page 2) entry corridor. Such covered passageways were sometimes used in the Spanish Colonial residences of New Mexico.

The period of significance is is when James L. Johnson purchased the first tract of the property and began to develop the building that is now known as El Zaguan and was known during Johnson's time as one of the finest villas on the edge of the city." 1 During this period Johnson lost the property and it was sold to Thomas Catron. The property was owned by Catron, but continued to be leased by the Johnson family. In Baca purchased the property from the Catrons and began to make modern improvements. In Margretta Dietrich purchased the property and also made improvements, some of which were evidently intended to increase its value as a Santa Fe Style building. The period of significance ends when the property was sold by Dietrich's executors.

Administrative Summary

Historians: Corinne Sze: Archival Research/Oral Histories/Written History Karen Lewis: Architectural Documentation Photographers: Karen Lewis: Drawings/35 mm Photography Kirk Gittings: Large Format Photography Date of Research: September - August Sources Searched: City of Santa Fe, Planning and Land Use Department Historic Santa Fe Foundation Santa Fe Abstract and Title Company The Santa Fe New Mexican The Santa Fe Weekly Gazette Santa Fe County Deeds and Santa Fe County Mortgages State of New Mexico, Office of Cultural Affairs, Historic Preservation Division New Mexico Records Center and Archives Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe School of American r~esearch, Santa Fe United States Census records John Gaw Meem Archive, University of New Mexico Library Library of Congress Historic American Building Survey (HABS) Methodology: In the Board of Directors of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation initiated completion of a historic structure report and HABS documentation or the building to perpetuate the preservation of the James L.

Johnson House (El Zaguan), where their offices are located. The project research was Weekly New M exicc111 5 January James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 3) intended to aid in both the architectural conservation of the structure and the interpretation of its history for the public. The project formalizes the philosophy of preservation, as defined by the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, identifies features which must be maintained in order to retain historic integrity, and outlines a plan for the treatment and long- term maintenance of the building. The historic structure report and HABS documentation of the James L.

Johnson House at 545 Canyon Road in Santa Fe, New Mexico, were completed to provide assistance in the building's future conservation, maintenance, and renovation. The building is in the Downtown and Eastside Historic District in Santa Fe--a city which has a strong preservation ordinance and clear regulations regarding renovations to historic buildings. As well, the reports are to be used to help interpret the building for visitors by the owners of the building, the Historic Santa Fe Foundation, which is the principal preservation organization in Santa Fe. Housing the Foundation's offices and a group of apartments, the Johnson House, or El Zaguan, is one of Santa Fe's best recognized historic structures.

Its significance is also tied to its association with several important Santa Fe residents including Johnson, a leading merchant during the era of the Santa Fe Trail, and Margretta Dietrich, an activist in the woman's suffrage movement who also fought for the rights of Native Americans. She was one of several Santa Fe residents who strove to establish venues for the display of Native American art. Documentation of the history of the building is as complete as possible without undertaking destructive testing. Methods used to complete the architectural history include examination of extant building features, study of historic photographs, interviews with previous residents, dendrochronological examination of roof beams, and review of previous studies including a paint examination.

Together these sources have provided evidence that contributes to a reasonably thorough history. Further details would be provided by evidence that could be obtained through focused studies of materials exposed during future restoration efforts. The Historic Santa Fe Foundation possesses a sizeable collection of historic photos of the building. This includes photographs of El Zaguan from which are labelled as HABS photos. To verity the existence of previous HABS documentation, the project team has spoken with the Library of Congress, the National Park Service HABS staff in Washington and the John Gaw Meem Archive of Southwestern Architecture.

Research was conducted by the HABS number noted on the photographs and various names for the building, including the following: Johnson House Baca House Dietrich House El Zaguan 545 Canyon Road The documentation does not exist at the Library of Congress, HABS files, or at In fact, according to the HABS staff, was never used. There could be many reasons for the presence of the number on the photographs, but the most likely is that when HABS had regional field offices they allocated blocks of numbers to the offices for their general use. Often the numbers were never James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 4) used (as a result the HABS documentation numbering system is not consecutive) and in other cases the numbers were assigned to projects that were never sent to HABS.

It is likely that this number was generated for a project that was never completed. Local historians suspect that Bainbridge Bunting was involved with the documentation associated with the number, as this was the period when he was involved in documenting New Mexican structures and often enlisted the assistance of the University of New Mexico architecture students. If a drawing set was generated with the photography, it may be located in a local archive or has been lost. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 56) HISTORICAL AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY THE JAMES L. JOHNSON HOUSE (EL ZAGUAN) Santa Fe, New Mexico IV. ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION Description of Site Plan The James L. Johnson House is a linear structure which runs along the north side of Canyon Road.

The entrance to the building, now known as El Zaguan, is on the south elevation at the western end of the structure. Beginning on the east side of the entrance is a picket fence which runs the length of the building toward the east and ends at the garage. In front of this fence is a sidewalk made of pea gravel. 1 The curbs are concrete and the surface of Canyon Road is asphaltic. One enters the Johnson House by passing through an opening in an adobe wall with a decoratively paneled wood gate. Past this wall and gate there is a garden courtyard with apartments on either side (Unit 1 and Unit 3) and the entrance to the offices of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation offices (Unit la) straight ahead.

Connecting to the courtyard at its north end is a long covered exterior corridor, running east/west, which has a brick floor. Turning in to the exterior corridor and walking west one passes an apartment (Unit 1) on the south and the conference room on the north. At the end of this hallway and on the west elevation of the Johnson House lies a Territorial Style, brick floor porch that looks onto a formal garden. The garden has a widely spaced, wood picket fence on it south border along Canyon Road. Back through the exterior corridor, walking east, one passes another apartment (Unit 3) on the south and the offices on the north.

At the end of this hallway one enters a grassy courtyard which has a log column portal and apartments (Units 4, 5, 6, and 7) to the south and to the north, one apartment (Unit East of Unit 2b is an open area that slopes downward to the north. Below the Johnson House site is a gravel parking area with residential Dale Zinn indicated that at one point the Board discussed installing brick sidewalks, but determined that the gravel would aid in retaining the Territorial feel of the site. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 5) HISTORICAL AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY THE JAMES L. JOHNSON HOUSE (EL ZAGUAN) Santa Fe, New Mexico

Id. Historical Narrative

Introduction The building we have today, known as El Zaguan since the late was created in the mid-nineteenth century by James L. Johnson as a home for his large family. The son of a lawyer and a Baptist clergyman's daughter, Johnson was from a prominent family with roots going back to seventeenth-century Colonial Mary land. A great uncle was a member of the Continental Congress and Maryland's first state governor; his father's cousin, Louisa Johnson, married John Quincy Adams. He himself was one of Santa Fe's most prosperous wholesale and retail merchants in the days of the Santa Fe Trail.

Johnson first came to New Mexico in the year before Colonel (soon General) Stephen Watts Kearny led the Army of the West to seize New Mexico at the onset of the Mexican War, as a result of which New Mexico was annexed to the United States and became a Territory in Johnson eventually joined Preston Beck, Jr. as a junior partner in one of the oldest established wholesale and retail businesses in Santa Fe, the territorial capital and a major trade center until bypassed by the main line of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway in After Beck's violent death, Johnson took over the firm and eventually became the owner of the substantial business block Beck had built on the northeast comer of the Plaza, where the Catron Block is today.

By the Johnson was one of the region's most successful merchants. He had extensive land holdings in Santa Fe and throughout the territory and was involved in most of the important business activities of the day--wholesale and retail trade, real estate, banking, and mining. However, in he suffered a major reversal of fortune, possibly the result of new credit realities that came with the railroad. With Maria Jesus (Jesusita) Montoya of Chihuahua, Johnson had a family of seven surviving children. Beginning in the year before joining Beck's firm, he purchased several parcels of land on the north side of Canyon Road, an ancient trail up the Santa Fe River Canyon.

He chose an area that was somewhat removed from the Plaza, the main center activity, and sparsely populated amid cultivated fields by Spanish families as it had been one James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 6) hundred years earlier when the Urrutia Map (ca.1766) was drawn. Johnson enlarged this property with additional purchases in and 187 5 and here built a sizable Territorial-style home for his growing family. He eventually owned a large tract opposite on the south side of Canyon Road that contained orchards and stables and other outbuildings. As a result of the financial crisis, Johnson lost his home and all the Canyon Road property, his business block on the Plaza, and other significant properties to Thomas B. Catron, a powerful Santa Fe lawyer and politician.

The business was never recouped and members of the family lived on Canyon Road as Catron's tenants into the twentieth century. Near the end of his life, Johnson formed a friendship with Adolph Bandelier who was living in Santa Fe, himself in straitened financial circumstances. Although Bandelier lived at the Johnson home during the final year of his stay in Santa Fe, there is no evidence, even in the journals he kept at the time, for the belief that Bandelier designed the garden at the Johnson home. Johnson's career arid that of his associates illuminates the precarious life of a frontier merchant with its inherent dangers both physical and financial. Nevertheless, his life has been little studied, partly because it was completely anomalous with that of his fellows in the trade.

Unlike those of his major competitors, his business did not survive the end of the Santa Fe Trail. Instead, Johnson faded out of commercial life just as a new era was beginning and was lost sight of even by historians. He also differed from most other Santa Fe merchants in a number of defining factors: his place of origin, his family background, his marriage to a woman from Mexico, his isolation from other members of the Johnson family, his choice to build an adobe home in an outlying Spanish neighborhood, and finally the fact that he established deep roots in his adopted home and has many descendents still living in Santa Fe.

In contrast to Johnson, other successful merchants in the same period, such as the Spiegelberg brothers, their cousins the Staabs, and the Seligmans, were recent immigrants to America, primarily from Germany and of Jewish origin. They often came at least in pairs of brothers--there were six Spiegelbergs at various times in the Santa Fe trade; and they tended to go back to Europe or at least to the East to find wives. Their homes were near the Plaza, on newly fashionable streets such as East Palace Avenue, designed in imported styles derived from Europe, such as the Mansard-roofed Staab Mansion now incorporated into a hotel. Most eventually went back to the east coast or to Europe to live out their lives. It is this prominent and distinctive group that James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 7) has received the attention of historians. l Johnson has been almost completely ignored. The Johnson home returned to the family when James Johnson's grandson, James Baca, purchased it from the Catrons in Baca made extensive renovations, apparently turning the house into apartments. However, he borrowed heavily on the property and incurred several mechanic's liens. In the process he lost the property to Bronson Cutting who took over the debt. Cutting, the wealthy owner of the Santa Fe New Mexican and later U.S. senator, was a close associate of Baca's brother, Jesus Maria Baca. In Cutting sold the Johnson house to Margretta Dietrich, who already owned the property next door on the west.

In the early decades of the twentieth century, Santa Fe and its native cultures had been discovered by artists, writers, archaeologists, and anthropologists; a lively art colony formed in the Canyon Road and the Camino del Monte Sol neighborhoods. Far from eschewing adobe architecture, which had been consistently reviled and replaced with brick by newcomers from the states throughout the long Territorial period, this new group bought or built themselves hand-made adobe houses in Spanish neighborhoods. Civic leaders too, following the lead of the railroad, came to recognize the economic value of history as expressed in architecture.

Once statehood was attained in after a decades long struggle, an unlikely alliance of archaeologists, artists and business leaders took up the task of defining an authentic, "indigenous" architecture for Santa Fe, and of convincing the citizenry of the appropriateness and economic advantage of retaining, restoring and recreating a distinctly local style in both domestic and commercial architecture. The New-Old Santa Fe Exhibition held in brought the "Santa Fe Style," as it was then called, convincingly to a public audience and was the turning point in a movement which largely created the architecture of Santa Fe that we have today.

No one was more important in advancing this architectural transformation than John Gaw Meem, who came to Santa Fe for tuberculosis treatment in without architectural experience. He went on to become the premier architect in the Spanish-Pueblo Revival and Territorial Revival, as the historically appropriate 1 For example, William J. Parish, "The German Jew and the Commercial Revolution in Territorial New Mexico, New Mexico Historical Review (January (April Floyd S. Fierman has written a number of monographs and articles on Jewish merchants in the Southwest. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 8) styles came to be called, and a leader in the effort to enact Santa Fe's first Historic Styles Ordinance in that mandated their use.

Along with artists and scholars, Santa Fe attracted wealthy patrons who applied to varying degrees their time, energy, and financial resources to the preservation of Santa Fe's pre-American cultures in all of their expressions. Among these can be numbered Margretta Dietrich. Some of the others were the White sisters; Eva Scott Fenyes, her daughter Leonora Curtin, and granddaughter, also Leonora Curtin (later Paloheimo); and the William Fields with their daughter Lois. Dietrich, the daughter of a Philadelphia physician; was a Mawr graduate and the wealthy widow of a former governor of Nebraska and United States senator. She came to Santa Fe with an impressive record of public service on behalf of the most vulnerable in society as she had known it--women, children, and the aged.

She had been a state and national leader in the woman's suffrage movement, and once the right to vote was won, the first president of the Nebraska League of Women Voters and regional director of the National League. In New Mexico she turned her attention to the problems of Indian peoples. As president of the New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs from to she firmly steered the organization in defense of Indian rights for the betterment of lives and the preservation of traditional cultures. She herself amassed a definitive collection of contemporary Indian painting and became a noted expert on the subject. Dietrich moved to Santa Fe in with her sister, Dorothy Stewart, an artist, and bought the Juan Jose Prada house on Canyon Road; her home for the rest of her life.

Soon she felt impelled to purchase the Johnson property next door, to which she gave the name El Zaguan. Later she purchased the Borrego house, further east on Canyon Road. All three Canyon Road properties were restored under the direction of her friend Kate Chapman who championed traditional builders and their methods. Though Chapman built or restored many houses, and was a major influence on Santa Fe architecture from the time of the New-Old Santa Fe Exhibition, her achievements, like Johnson's, are little recognized today. Upon Dietrich's death in El Zaguan was sold by her executors to El Zaguan, Inc., a for-profit corporation set up under the leadership of John Gaw Meem expressly for the preservation of El Zaguan. By the last shares of James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 9) this corporation had been transferred to the nonprofit Historic Santa Fe Foundation which still owns and maintains El Zaguan. The Johnson House is an excellent example of a Territorial-style home on one of Santa Fe's oldest streets. Also on the property is a well-preserved, lined section of a major acequia, known as the Canyon Road Community Ditch (Ditch that was diverted from and returned to the Santa Fe River, and wherever it may have run in served as the north and west boundaries of Johnson's first tract of this property. Also significant on the property is the recreated Victorian garden, which, even if not originally designed by Bandelier, was a noteworthy feature in the time of the Johnsons.

Having survived the financial vicissitudes of James Johnson and his grandson, James Baca, the property was purchased for preservation by Margretta Dietrich and restored under the guidance of Kate Chapman in accordance with the best standards of the time. It remains today under the stewardship of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation, the leading private preservation organization in Santa Fe. The history of El Zaguan reflects the major movements of Santa Fe social and architectural history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and touches a wide spectrum of the personalities and events that make up that history. Summacy of Ownenihip Maria Josefa Ortiz to Juan Ignacio Moya, part or all of the subject property.

Before Juan Ignacio Moya to sons Ignacio, Pablo, and Juan Bautista Moya, by inheritance. Ignacio Moya, with Pablo's consent, deeds property to the third brother, Juan Bautista. Juan Bautista Moya sells to James L. Johnson a tract containing a house of unspecified dimensions and corral. Juan Bautista sells Johnson two additional tracts north and east of the first. Josefa Moya y Lucero sells Johnson a room and small tract on the east. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 10) 187 5: Maria Josefa Moya and son Ramon Winter sell Johnson a room of nine vigas and an alleyway as access; room located on the east and set back from the road. Johnson business fails, deeds entire property to Thomas B. Catron. Johnsons lease back the family home from Catron.

Catron deeds the property to his son, Charles. The Catrons sell the Johnson property to James Baca, James L. Johnson's grandson. Baca undertakes improvements. Baca defaults on loan; the property is deeded to Bronson Cutting. Cutting sells the property to Margretta Dietrich. Kate Chapman undertakes repairS and renovation. After leasing El Zaguan as a small hotel and then for one year as a school, Dietrich converts building into apartments. Dietrich executors sell to El Zaguan, Inc. El Zaguan, Inc. dissolved. All stockholder shares had been transferred to the Historic Santa Fe Foundation. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 11) History of the Property in the Nineteenth Centurv James L. Johnson's First Canyon Road Tract James L.

Johnson purchased the property which was to become his lifelong Santa Fe home in several parcels from members of the Moya family. The first was obtained in from Juan Bautista Moya and his wife Prudencia Lopes for The approximately rectangular tract lay 150 feet along the north side of Canyon Road I and extended 50 feet north from the road at its widest point. Included were a house with an unspecified number of rooms and a corral, the latter located 3 feet from the east boundary; presumably the house was farther west. An acequia ran along the north side of the property defining its north boundary line as well as the west boundary as the acequia turned south to meet the road.

2 Today a well-preserved section of a lined acequia runs along the north side of the building and turns south just beyond the west porch. . The property Johnson bought had been part of a tract conveyed by Maria Josefa Ortiz to Juan Ignacio Moya in Maya's sons, Ignacio, Pablo, and Juan Bautista, inherited the tract from their father, presumably before the year in which Juan Ignacio's wife, Josefa Archibeque, was listed as a 36-year- old widow in the Mexican Census of Santa Fe.

In Ignacio, with the consent of Pablo deeded the property to the third brother Juan Bautista, who subsequently sold a portion of it that included a house to Johnson in 3 1 Described as "a road running eastwardly passing to the south side of the Ri6 de Santa Fe and up the river to the mountains." (Santa Fe County Deeds A:405) 2 Santa Fe County Deeds A:405. This and the other pre-1881 deeds upon which the following discussion is based appear to refer to the El Zaguan property for reasons argued here. However, they were not included in the Abstract of Title prepared for Margretta Dietrich which begins for the Johnson property in 188 l.

Because of the usual imprecision in boundary descriptions, their attribution is at this time a highly probable supposition based on a number of coincidences and correspondences. Although Margretta Dietrich stated that Johnson purchased a two- room house in no deed has been found to corroborate either the date or the number of rooms. [Margretta Stewart Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections, Part II" ( 3 Santa Fe County Deeds A:405. James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 12) The Juan Bautista Moya Family In when the first United States Census was taken in the newly created Territory of New Mexico, Juan Moya was a thirty-year-old shepherd who owned property valued at He was living with his mother, Josefa Archibeque, aged 65; his wife Prudencia who was 23; Juan Lopes, 22, possibly a brother-in-law and also a shepherd; and his brother Ignacio Moya, 35, who was a carpenter. It is possible, although it cannot be proven, that the Juan Moya family was then living in the house sold to James Johnson in Juan Bautista Maya's birth is something of a mystery as it does not appear to have been recorded in the records of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe.

At the time of his death in he was said to be 75 years old, placing his birth date in Since Josepha was widowed by and Juan Bautista is said to have inherited from his father, he may have been born in However, he does not appear with the family in the census of In any case, at the time of his marriage to Maria Prudencia Lopes in he was declared the legitimate son of Ignacio Moya, deceased, and Josefa Archibeque. r His brothers, Jose Ignacio and Jose Pablo, were born in and respectively, to Ignacio Moya and Josepha Archibeque.

Their paternal grandparents were Juan Moya and Antonia Dimas Jiron; and maternal grandparents were Jose Archibeque and Rosa Archuleta.2 The two surviving children of Juan Bautista and Prudencia were Luis Maria (born and Juana Maria (born After Prudencia's death in Juan Bautista married Loretta Dominguez. 3 Moya is described by his great grandson, Waldo Alarid, as having been "of stocky build, about five foot seven or eight inches tall, light complexioned, hazel eyes and very distinctive looking features." 4 His dark hair with a receding hair line and full bushy beard are evident in a surviving photograph. 1 Waldo Alarid, Santa Fe Shadows Whisper, typescript [in press] 2 Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Recorded Births. New Mexico State Records Center and Archives. 3 Alarid 4 Alarid James L.

Johnson House HABS No. (page 13) He was elected sheriff of Santa Fe County in the and presumably In that capacity, among other duties, he collected license fees from merchants such as James Johnson. After his last term expired, he apparently did not pursue further elected office. At the time of his death in December he was "an old and respected citizen" residing on Upper Canyon Road, "the road leading to the reservoir." His mother, Josepha Archibeque, had predeceased him by only a few years. t Johnson's Additional Canyon Road Tracts James Johnson paid for two additional parcels of contiguous property bought from Juan Moya and Prudencia Lopez by a deed signed April 14, 2 These tracts adjoined Johnson's previous purchase on the east and north.

The first, another nearly rectangular plot between 46 and 53 feet wide, extended 90 feet along Canyon Road east of the Johnson house and lands and brought his total frontage along Canyon Road to 140 feet. The acequia lay on the north and the house and lands of Juan Melchor on the east. The second parcel was located north of the acequia and extended north to a row of stones that divided this land from that of Anastacio Sandoval, Vicente Ortega, and Pablo Ortega. On the east lay the lands of Anastacio Lucero and on the west those of Guadalupe Ortega, the mother of Juan Jose Prada for whom the house which is now directly west of El Zaguan was named.

Measuring 218 feet along the west boundary and 354 feet along the north, this tract was considerably larger in all dimensions than the tracts Johnson already owned. The acequia that formed the south boundary separated it not only from the other tract in this transaction, but also from the house and lands Johnson had purchased previously, and from the lands of Juan Melchor. 3 In Johnson added another room and a small piece of land (un cuarto con un pedacito de tierra) measuring 8.5 yards feet) from east to west for 1 Santa Fe New Mexican 6 December 2 Santa Fe County Deeds 3 Santa Fe County Deeds B James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 14) which he paid $94 to Josefa Moya y Lucero.

Located between the road and the acequia at the east end of Johnson's property, this purchase brought his frontage on Canyon Road to 265 feet. The house of Juan Moya y Melchor lay on the east. 1 The lineage of Moya y Melchor is not known at this time. However, Moya y Lucero may be the daughter of Encarnacion Lucero and Juan Moya listed in the census as living three households from that of Juan Moya and Prudencia Lopes. 2 Finally in Johnson made another small addition to the east end of his property in the form of a room of nine vigas and a little alley (callejoncito) of one and one half yards that provided access to Canyon Road.

Purchased for $20 from Maria Josefa Moya and her son, Ramon Winter, this small parcel was located just south of the acequia and shared a common wall on the east with the house of Juan Moya y Melchor. On the south was the wall of Juan Moya y Melchor and the little alley. 3 In John Winters (sic), a native of Virginia, was a 37-year-old "laborer" with a personal estate valued at Josefa was 23 and son Ramon 11 years old. 4 Johnson also acquired a la:r:ge tract of land on the south side of Canyon Road, directly across from his home, in two transactions dated and 5 When he turned this property over to Thomas Catron in it was said to contain houses, corrals, and stables. By when mortgaged by Catron and 1 Santa Fe County Deeds 2 United States Census 3 Two instruments mark this transaction.

The first, not completed, is undated and unsigned and partially records circa July the purchase of this property by Johnson from Juan Winter and his wife Maria Josefa Moya. (Santa Fe County Deeds The second is dated September and records the sale for the same price of a room and alleyway of the same description by Maria Josefa Moya and Ramon Winter, her son. (Santa Fe County Deeds 4 United States Census 5 Santa Fe County Deeds James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 15) his son Charles, it contained a fruit orchard with a large number of fruit bearing trees; the stable was used as a garage. 1 James L.

Johnson, Trader on the Santa Fe Trail Family Background 2 James Lewis Johnson was born on July 14, at Springfield in Frederick County, Maryland, to a long line of lawyers, businessmen, and other professionals with deep roots in Colonial Maryland; some of them, like Johnson himself, had chosen to make their fortunes in distant places. The Johnson family was descended from Sir Thomas Johnson of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England, a baronet in His son James, a merchant, was knighted in His grandson, Thomas Johnson (the great great grandfather of James L. Johnson), was a lawyer and emigrated to Calvert County Maryland about as a result of his elopement with Mary Baker, a chancery ward, at a time when such a marriage was illegal.

Thomas and Mary's son, also Thomas Johnson, farmed in Calvert County at the mouth of St. Leonard's Creek overlooking the Patuxent River, a large outlet onto the Chesapeake Bay. There he also had a bakery to supply ship bread to vessels that lay in the creek . In he had a patent from Lord Calvert for acres in Frederick County, Maryland. Some of this land is now the Presidential retreat at Camp David. This Thomas Johnson married Dorcas Sedgwick and raised a large family of eleven children. Thomas and Dorcas Johnson's second son, also named Thomas (James L. Johnson's great uncle), was a lawyer and one of the most eminent men of his time. He served in the Continental Congress between 177 4 and and was elected Maryland's first state governor.

He was a personal friend of George Washington whom he nominated Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. A noted writer, his last public appearance was to deliver the funeral oration in Washington's memory. Two other great uncles of James L. Johnson l Santa Fe County Deeds A:381-388; Q-Mort:296. 2 Johnson family data is derived primarily from James Johnson, "History of the Johnson Family by James Johnson for his Children," typescript, John Llewellin Eliot, "Johnson Family of England and Maryland," n. d. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 16) were lawyers and another a doctor, the latter described as indolent and self- opinionated by his nephew father). Still another ventured further afield.

Joshua went to London at a young age before the Revolution and became a large dealer in tobacco. Washington appointed him American Consul at London and his home was the lively resort of ministers, diplomats and the American community generally. Eventually, impoverished by an extravagant and ambitious wife (according to his nephew), he returned to the United States in His daughter Louisa married John Quincy Adams, son of President John Adams and himself the sixth president of the United States. James Johnson, the third son of Thomas Johnson and Dorcas Sedgwick, was James L. Johnson's grandfather. In partnership with some of his brothers in the ironworks business, he owned furnaces, forges, and mills in Frederick County.

His iron furnaces at Antietam and Catoctin furnished a large quantity (50 tons) of shells for the use of the Patriot Army of the Revolution at Yorktown. At the age of 35, he married Margaret Skinner, a descendant of one of the oldest families in Calvert County, against the will of most of his family, but with the approbation of the family mentor, his brother Thomas. James L. Johnson's father, a lawyer and also named James, was born in at Fort Frederick Furnace in Washington County. Johnson's mother was Mary Richards, the daughter of Louis Richards, a Baptist clergyman of Welsh origin. James L. was educated at Baltimore College and always carried a special remembrance of one teacher, John Prentice, who was a scholar from Boston. 1 1 William G. Ritch, "James L.

Johnson, Interview Notes," manuscript (13 January William G. Ritch Papers, RI Huntington Library, San Marino, California. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 17) Johnson's Business Career In at the age of 20, James L. Johnson first traveled the Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico, then still a state of Mexico. 1 It may have been a reversal in the family's fortunes that provided at least part of the motivation for his having set out for the West. His father, in writing a family history, mentions that he lost "during the pressure and troubles of the times" the property his own father had acquired "by industry and good management." 2 The following January, Johnson went on to Mexico 3 and was apparently caught there when the American invading forces were bearing down on Chihuahua.

A James Johnson was listed among some twenty merchants interned beginning in September at a village about 70 miles southwest of Chihuahua; safe conduct passes were arranged at the beginning of 4 Back in New Mexico Johnson, by his own account, first worked as a clerk for a Hugh Stevenson at Corraletas (location unknown), and then launched his own business in at the same place. 5 Having returned to Baltimore in he was back in Santa Fe a year later, where he established himself in the wholesale and retail trade business that he successfully conducted for the next 30 years with a series of partners and under various firm names. 6 1 Ritch 2 "History of the Johnson Family by James Johnson," 4. 3 Ritch 4 Max L.

Moorhead, New Mexico's Royal Road: Trade on the Chihuahua Trail (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 5 Neither Johnson nor Stevenson appear in the United States Census of New Mexico. 6 As listed in sequence in the Ritch notes these firm names were: Sarni. Wethered, Jr and Co.(two years); Beck and Johnson until Johnson and Wethered until Johnson, Koch and[?] to J. L. Johnson alone Johnson and Koch J. L. Johnson and Co. until March 1, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 18) His first partnership was with Samuel Wethered, of Baltimore; perhaps a fellow Marylander was the next best thing to having a brother in the trade. Johnson next joined Preston Beck, as a junior partner in an established and successful business.

Having come west as a trader from Missouri in Beck had established a business in partnership with a Robert Brent three years later. Brent would be killed by Indians while crossing the Jornada in just another three years. 1 Beck amassed a large fortune and his business connections extended throughout the territory. He took Johnson as a junior partner in the summer of just as he, Beck, was completing an imposing new two-story building on the northeast corner of the Plaza. 2 Beck and Johnson prospered in a world where every article of manufacture had to be hauled across the Great Plains in wagons, that is, "everything essential to the support, comfort or elegance of persons and their dwellings," including hardware, clothing, liquor, tobacco, canned fruits and meats, and building materials 3 .

Their wagon trains plied the route from Missouri to New Mexico and on to more distant points to supply military forts and other retailers. Typically in the early years one partner would travel east in the winter to purchase annual supplies which would arrive by trains of ox wagons the following spring, summer, and fall. 4 As the railroad moved westward and the Santa Fe Trail grew shorter, wagon trains arrived more frequently so that by new goods were received monthly .5 In the Beck and Johnson wagon train, in the charge of a Mr. Parker, made two trips to the states for goods, a trip to Fort Moore south of Tucson with sutler's stores, and then back New Mexico Union 3 July 2 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette I July 18 August In there were only two two-story buildings on the Plaza. H.

Davis, El Gringo ( Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 3 The New Mexican 9 April The New Mexico Union 3 July 4 It was Johnson's turn to travel in January when Beck was taken seriously ill (Santa Fe New M exiccm 30January 5 The New Mexican 9 April James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 19) to Fort Thorn in southern New Mexico via the edge of Sonora and Chihuahua, the former in a state of "high revolutionary excitement." At least two Beck and Johnson trains of 23 and 26 wagons reached the Plaza in June and July of The following year 40 to 50 wagons arrived in July, only the second of three arrivals. 1 By Johnson was among the most prosperous merchants in the territory, having amassed a personal fortune of 2 By then, however, the firm consisted only of Mr. Johnson.

The partnership had come to an abrupt end when Preston Beck, a bachelor of 38, was killed in a street fight in March of In an episode that says much about life in territorial New Mexico, Beck had killed John Gorman, a clerk in the Owens store, and was dangerously wounded himself. It all started one evening when Gorman beat Francisco Griego, a clerk in the employ of Beck and Johnson, with a stick until his "arms and head and face were a gore of blood" and then threw him into the street--this in retribution for Griego's having taken Gorman's "woman," who was Griego's sister, at least twice to a baile (dance). As Griego's employer, Beck went to speak with Gorman, a fight ensued, and each drew a knife. Beck was stabbed in the abdomen and Gorman was killed instantly by a wound to the heart.

3 Beck walked back to the Beck and Johnson store, holding his wound; a physician was called and told him to arrange his affairs. All Santa Fe seemed to take up the vigil. "Men swarmed the streets awaiting with beating hearts and trembling fear." The District Court session was postponed, too moved were the lawyers, judge, sheriff, marshal, and clerk to discharge their duties; and business of every kind was paralyzed. 4 It seemed for a while that Beck 1 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 21 February 20 June 11 July 24 July 2 United States Census No value of Johnson's real estate is given; the value of his Canyon Road property is apparently beneath consideration. For comparison, Levy Spiegelberg's personal estate was valued at plus in real estate and Sigmund Seligman at in personal estate.

3 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 27 March 4 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 27 March James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 20) might recover, but after nearly two weeks he took a turn for the worse and died. Despite the loss of his partner, Johnson maintained the firm under the same name and under his sole leadership it continued to prosper. The business became Johnson and Wethered in (The Historic Santa Fe Foundation is in possession of a large pitcher from this period.) In Johnson purchased for the two-story building on the northeast comer of the Plaza that he had occupied since joining Beck as a junior partner almost ten years earlier. 1 The firm was Johnson, Koch and Wenche in and then after a partnerless year, became Johnson and Koch.

For the trade of Johnson and Koch was assessed by the federal government as amounting to 2 Diederich B. Koch, a former clerk, remained in business until forced by worsening deafness to return to his native Germany in 3 Johnson then took on two junior partners, Romulo Martinez, and Lambert N. Hopkins, in the firm J. L. Johnson & Company. Six years later the business was gone. Johnson continually improved and extensively remodeled his business block on the Plaza, creating an edifice that was admired as outstanding in New Mexico. 4 An remodeling added plate glass windows, a gypsum finish inside and out, a two-story portal with a light open work railing, a neater iron staircase, and a metal roof.

5 Here he headquartered his own wholesale and retail business and rented space to other enterprises. Among his tenants were the l Santa Fe County Deeds 2 New Mexico Union, 3 July 3 Terry Lehmann, "Santa Fe and Albuquerque Contrast and Conflict in the Development of Two Southwestern Towns," dissertation, Indiana University, 24. 4 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 20 June The New Mexican 19 December Weekly New Mexican 26 August Daily New Mexican, 27 October 11 May 18 June 22 July 6 November 5 Weekly New Mexican 5 January Daily New Mexican 23 June James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 21) Zadoc Staab store for a time, the post office, and the offices of the territorial clerk and the collector of internal revenue. The New Mexican was published in the Johnson building for a number of years.

In John Clum rented two rooms above each other at the rear of the building, near a staircase leading to the flat roof. There he placed meteorological instruments and Santa Fe joined 49 weather stations throughout the United States where atmospheric conditions were recorded. 1 Johnson had been steadily acquiring other Santa Fe property. By the value of his personal estate was still but the value of his property had soared to 2 And his real estate holdings continued to grow.

The index of recorded deeds shows over 80 deeds granted to James and/or Maria Jesus Montoya de Johnson from the earliest in when he purchased a house and corral on Canyon Road to the latest in This property was in many areas of town, and included a subdivision surveyed in south and west of the Presbyterian Church, as "33 Choice Building Lots of James L. Johnson." The lots were slow to sell but two buyers were Alexander Irvine and Henry McKenzie for whom one of the streets in the subdivision is still named. Irvine was a tinner who placed the metal roof on the Johnson building, said to be the first such roof in Santa Fe. 3 In Johnson and Jose Ortiz opened a street along the south side of the subdivision, a street then regarded as a westward extension of Palace A venue.

They called it Garfield Street but by the name was Johnson Street and so it is today. 4 When the First National Bank of New Mexico was reorganized in Johnson was elected a director along with Thomas B. Catron, S. B. Elkins, and 1 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 11 June 28 August John P. Clum, "Santa Fe in the New Mexico Historical Review 2.4 (October 2 United States Census Corinne P. Sze, Sant a Fe Historic N eighborhooc/ Study, (Santa Fe: City Planning Department, 87. 4 Santa Fe New Mexican 14 June Hartmann Map of Santa Fe James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 22) W. W. Griffin among others.

1 This the only banking institution in New Mexico or Arizona and oldest bank in the Southwest, was controlled by leading professional and business men who asserted a powerful influence on political and commercial affairs throughout the territory. Johnson also had an interest in the old placer mines, 27 miles south of Santa Fe. 2 His name surfaces only infrequently in a non-business context. He seems to have supported the Democratic party early, and later was involved with the Republican party. 3 He testified in a treason trial brought against Southern sympathizers during the Confederate invasion of New Mexico.

4 In he was one of three commissioners appointed to make a full examination of the public buildings in the territory .5 In March just a year after a spur line from Lamy was completed connecting Santa Fe with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, Johnson was caught in a financial bind caused apparently by his inability to adjust quickly enough to the new economic realities of the railroad age. Johnson's predicament was announced sympathetically in the Daily New Mexican thus: Every citizen felt sincere regret yesterday at the announcement that Messrs. J. L. Johnson & Co. had been compelled to make an assignment--not because of insufficiency of assets but by reason of inability to collect accounts due to meet maturing paper.

It is one of the old houses of Santa Fe, has been conducted on good business principles, and is a sore trial indeed for Mr. Johnson to be placed in the present position. There is not a hint of dishonesty in this failure. They surrendered everything including accounts due for more than twice the indebtedness, and it is to be hoped that the assignee, Mr. W. H .. Manderfield, will be able to save them a good round sum in the final settlement. It was really occasioned by 1 Santa Fe New Mexican 18 May 2 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 5 October 11 July 3 Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 13 August Santa Fe Daily New Mexican 30 June 4 Edward D. Tittmann, "The Exploitation of Treason," New Mexico Historical Review 4.2 (April I 30. 5 Clinton P.

Anderson, "The Adobe Palace," New Mexico Historical Review (April James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 23) selling under the old system of long credits and buying under the new or short credit system.' The previous June, Johnson had mortgaged four Santa Fe properties and all the real estate he owned in San Miguel, Mora, and Valencia Counties to Thomas B. Catron, a controversial lawyer, politician and land grant manipulator who at one time was said to own nearly two million acres and be part owner or attorney for four million more. 2 The Santa Fe property included the Johnson block on the Plaza, the family home on Canyon Road, the tract opposite on Canyon Road, and a property south of Santa Fe on Galisteo Street that was used by Johnson and Co. as a slaughterhouse and cattle corral.

The agreement was that these properties would become Catron's in the event that Johnson did not pay back within one year a mass of debt going back to on which Catron was either the surety or the principal. 3 Before the year was out Johnson was forced to surrender these properties and more. By a deed signed three days before the announcement of his predicament appeared in the newspaper, he gave over to Catron for (of debt) all of the above plus the trader's store at Fort Wingate, all interest he had in any real property anywhere in Santa Fe county whether held individually or in partnership, and last "all of the household and kitchen fu~iture and family supplies contained in ... [the] residences." 4 Catron drove a merciless bargain. Nor were Johnson's troubles over.

A month later a judgment was rendered in District Court in favor of the National Bank of North America against James L. Johnson, Romulo Martinez, and James L. Johnson and Co. for In consequence, six years later the sheriff was directed to seize six tracts in Santa Fe, the largest of which were 17 acres along the Catholic graveyard on the south side of Cerrillos Road; another 32 acres on Cerrillos by the Odd Fellows cemetery; 20 acres on the west side of the Galisteo Road; and 130 acres also on the 1 Santa Fe New Mexican 10 March 2 Corinne P. Sze, "A History of the Catron Block," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (September 3 Santa Fe County Deeds B 4 Santa Fe County Deeds P-1 James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 24) Galisteo Road, near the stone powder house and not far from Johnson's old slaughterhouse. All of this and more were sold at public auction for to George W. Morse of Boston.' Although he continued to buy and sell property through the Johnson never recovered his mercantile business or his former prosperity. Nor did he regain the Canyon Road property but lived another 16 years as Catron's tenant. Upon his death in November his life was summed up in a few spare words: "At one time he was one of the wealthiest men in Santa Fe, the store doing an immense business all over the territory. At the time of his death he was in moderate circumstances having met with many reverses. "2 The Johnson Family James Johnson and Maria Jesus (Jesusita) Montoya (b.

in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico 3) had seven children who grew to adulthood: Santiago, Jr. (b. Thomas Anna (Anita b. Margarita (Margaret, b. Robert Lee (b. George Appleton (b. and Jesusita (Jessie, b. Johnson's children were bilingual, a necessity of life in nineteenth-century Santa Fe. The oldest sons followed him into the family business. The two oldest, James and Thomas, were clerking in 5 James eventually moved to Albuquerque and apparently never married. Thomas died in at about age 40. 1 Santa Fe County Deeds Historic Santa Fe Foundation, Old Santa Fe Today (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 83. 2 Santa Fe New Mexican November 3 According to Robert R. Johnson his grandmother's parents were from Spain.

This is not confirmed by the data given in the census although that information is not always reliable. 4 A record of family births shows an eighth child, Mary C. Johnson born May 12, She does not appear on the or subsequent censuses and is presumed to have died at a young age. ("Births of the Family," William Baca Collection, The United States Census lists an older son, Juan Johnson, 8 years old. Twenty years later Juan Montoya, aged 28 was listed as a step-son (United States Census In April when Bishop Lamy officiated at their marriage, the four oldest children, not including Juan, were declared legitimate. Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Record of Marriages. 5 United States Census James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 25) Robert Lee lived in Santa Fe until his death in about His son, also named Robert, is the last living grandson of James L. Johnson. 1 The youngest brother, George, succumbed to typhoid fever at 29 about four months after Thomas's death. He was schooled at St. Michael's but was just 11 years old at the time of his father's business failure and had to begin to earn a livelihood at an early age in order to contribute to the support of the family. After working in several stores, he was engaged as a clerk by the Territorial Secretary and then for ten years until his premature death was private secretary and stenographer for the solicitor general, E. L. Bartlett.2 He was also active in the Republican party; with his father he joined the Republican League Club and served as interpreter.

3 Later he formed a Republican League precinct club in Agua Fria. 4 Johnson's oldest daughter Anita married Bert Chapman, an easterner, in Two children, Constant and Dolores (Lolita), were born before Chapman, a liquor dealer and a gambler, deserted the family. Anita continued to live in the Johnson home with her children until she moved to her own home on De Vargas Street in about 5 She had been Adolph Bandelier's assistant when he worked on cataloguing and translating the New Mexico Territorial Archives under legislative contract in From to she was the first 1 Robert R. Johnson, interview, 29 February Robert R. Johnson was born in to Patrocinia Padilla and Robert Lee Johnson.

During World War II he served in the Pacific for 36 months with the United States Marines, engaging in some of the fiercest battles of the War. He was discharged from the Marine Corps in and in February of the same year married Candy Lujan. They have four children: Beverly J. Sadlowski, Robert James, Mark Gerard, and John Matthew Johnson. 2 Santa Fe New Mexican 9 September 3 Santa Fe Daily New Mexican 17 May 4 Santa Fe Daily New Mexican 30 June 5 James H. Purdy, "Jose Alarid House," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation 1.1 James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 26) woman to serve as territorial librarian, and held the post again from to as state librarian.

1 She was 91 years old at the time of her death in Chapman's daughter Lolita married Isaias (Ike) Alarid in Her only surviving child, Bernardino Horacio, was born at her grandfather's home on Canyon Road on July 20, He is the last Johnson descendent born at the family home, and he remembers well his early years there. After Lolita's divorce from Alarid, she resumed her maiden name and her son took the name Bernie H. Chapman.2 Bernie Chapman married Toni Rodriguez Lovato, who also lived as a child on Canyon Road. Anita Chapman's grandson, Constant, lives in Santa Fe and has served on the Board of Trustees of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation. The second daughter, Margaret Johnson, never married and was known to the family as Aunt Cottie.

She lived at the Johnson home until she moved with her sister Anita to De Vargas Street. She lived until reaching the age of 95. Having been born when ox-drawn wagons brought most material necessities to the citizens of New Mexico, she saw the era of the jet plane and the atomic bomb. Jessie3 , the youngest Johnson daughter, in married Bernardino Baca of an old and distinguished New Mexico family and the son of Santiago Baca of Albuquerque. Jessie Johnson Baca's son, James Baca, purchased the family home from the Catrons in Another son, Jesus Maria Baca, was a close associate of Senator Bronson Cutting, and after Cutting's death in inherited the Santa Fe New Mexican and later purchased the Cutting home from the estate.

4 Jesus Maria's son, Bill Baca (James Johnson's great grandson) sold insurance in Santa Fe for many years. 1 Charles H. Lange, et al., The S outhwestem Joumals of Adolph F. B andelier, (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2 Bernie Chapman, interview, 28 February 3 Jesusita on the United States Census 4 Corinne P. Sze, "The Bronson Cutting House," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (September James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 27) Johnson and Adolph Bandelier Johnson was 65 years old in the spring of and living in the home he had built for his family but leased from the Catrons, when he became acquainted with Adolph Bandelier who was renting living quarters from John Schumann on De Vargas Street, not far from the Johnson home.

Bandelier, the pioneering scholar of Southwestern archaeology and ethnology, had come to Santa Fe in lacking resources and fleeing the failure of his father's bank, for which he was the only available target of angry depositors .1 Bandelier's first mention of the Johnson family in his journal speaks of their visit to admire his three magnificent phy llocactus blooms. ("Repeated visits, not so much for us as for the flowers. Felicitas came first; afterwards, the Johnsons.") 2 A close friendship soon developed between the two families with an almost daily exchange of visits. The Bandeliers, who had no children, also seemed to enjoy the three twenty-year-old Johnson children, Anita, Margarita, and George, who were living at home.

In April the Bandeliers left their rented quarters to move into the Johnson house. Josephine had injured her arm and could no longer do housework; an additional motivation may have been an opportunity to save money as no rent is mentioned in this arrangement. The Bandeliers brought with them carpets, bookcases, pictures, and curtains. Bandelier described the situation in the Johnson house as "amiable and comfortable." 3 Anita assisted Josephine with housework and Bandelier in his translating and cataloguing of the New Mexico Territorial Archives--a source of income that Bandelier needed desperately and the Johnson family probably welcomed as well.

The Bandeliers remained at the Johnson home for about a year until May when, despairing of ever earning a living in Santa Fe, Bandelier found a place on an expedition to South America. 1Corinne P. Sze. "The Kaune-Bandelier House," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (November 2 Lange, The Southwestern Journals 3 Lange, The Southwestern Journals James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 28) According to Margretta Dietrich, Johnson possessed the largest library in the territory .1 This might suggest a source of common interest with Bandelier, although Bandelier nowhere in his journals mentions the presence of a library in the Johnson home.2 According to Constant Chapman, his grandmother, Anita Chapman, saved books from the library which have since been lost.

3 Dietrich also was the source of the idea that Bandelier designed the west garden, an attractive and persistent story that cannot be substantiated. Bandelier mentions working there only once, "We worked on the Archives and in the afternoon it was necessary to take care of the garden." (June 9, A second mention is cryptic and does not involve himself, "Nagel came and made the center in the garden. A very nice bit of work!" (June 23, In contrast, while living at the Schumann house he frequently recorded the progress of the garden--the flowers then in bloom, the fruits and vegetables, and always the vicissitudes of the water supply in the acequia.

5 It is possible that Bandelier provided some consultation on the garden, a subject in which he had displayed great interest in his previous home; however, his participation was not at a level that he chose to mention in his diary. Charles Lange, the editor of the Bandelier journals, found no outside evidence of Bandelier's designing or even working in the garden. 6 In when Dietrich bought.the property, the late James Johnson was credited with it. 7 According to surviving members of the family, Margaret, the 1 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II, 14. 2 Lange, The Southwestern Journals 3 Constant Chapman, interview, 8 April 4 Lange, The Southwestern Journals 5 Charles H. Lange, et al.

Southwestern Journals (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Lange, Southwestern Journals 6 Charles H. Lange, interview, 17 October 7 Santa Fe New Mexican 1 May James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 29) unmarried Johnson daughter, took special interest in the garden; some credit her with its design. 1 The Johnson Family Home In at the height of Johnson's career, his home was described as "one of the finest villas on the edge of the city, with very neat and attractive surroundings built without regard to expense.

None is more inviting on the whole range of the Rocky Mountain section." 2 It has not been possible to ascertain from documents how many rooms Johnson originally bought from Juan Bautista Moya, precisely where they were located, nor whether he incorporated them into the impressive Territorial-style home that he built on Canyon Road. Documentary evidence is equally silent on when and how Johnson added rooms. By the Johnson household included three Johnson sons; 3 four Montoyas, two men and two boys, presumably relatives of Jesusita; 4 and two servants. Itis likely that a good portion of the family home was built by this time. Ten years later four Johnson children were in residence, as well as a manual laborer, anda domestic servant and child.

5 In seven Johnson children were at home as well as a stepson, and a domestic servant. 6 By this time the house must have reached its greatest extent. It is not probable that major changes were made after when Catron took possession, until when James Baca bought it. 1 Bernie H. Chapman, interviews, 28 February 1 May 19 May Bill Baca, interview, 25 February Frances Baca, interview, 6 October 2 Weekly New Mexican 5 January 3 United States Census Juan Johnson, 8 years old, who is listed as the oldest son does not appear among the children that Johnson declares legitimate at the time of his marriage to Jesusita Montoya in Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Record of Marriages. In the United States Census Juan Montoya, aged 28 is listed as a step-son.

4 United States Census The Montoyas are Dario, a master carpenter, age 60; Tomas, an apprentice carpenter, age 20; Jose, 13; and Manuel, 11. 5 United States Census 6 United States Census James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 30) History of the Property in the Twentieth Centurv The Johnson Horne Before The Johnsons continued to lease the family home from Thomas Catron, who in deeded the property to his son Charles C. Catron. 1 In there were four generations in residence: the widowed Jesusita Johnson who was 76; her unmarried daughter Margarita and other daughter Ana (Anita); Anita's two children, son Constante and daughter Dolores Alarid; and Dolores's infant son, Bernardino (later Bernie Chapman).

Living there as well were the Baca children, Elena, Santiago (James), and Jesus Maria, as well as one servant. There were also 31 farm animals recorded on the premises. 2 Bernie Chapman, who lived in the house until about recalls that the present Community Room was the main family living room. The next room on the east (now partitioned) was his great grandmother's bedroom James L. Johnson). The present office was a dining room and the smaller room on the east a kitchen. A door led between the kitchen and the dining room. He has no recollection of a library (apartment 1), the chocolate room (apartment 3), or a chapel (apartment 2b) to which Dietrich alludes. However, according to Constant Chapman, the chocolate room was where the liquor was kept.

3 Others believe it was where chocolate was ground and served. The rest of the house contained bedrooms. Chapman's recollection of the east end of the building is vague but he does not remember apartments. 6 and 7 jutting north as they do today. Inside he recalls wood stoves rather than fireplaces. Men with burros laden with wood were a familiar sight on Canyon Road as they sold the fuel that they had cut farther up the river canyon. 4 Chapman also recalls that what is now the east patio was uncultivated dirt. The only planting on the upper terrace was the flower garden west of the house. The vegetable garden was down below.

The portal and brick walkways are not familiar to him, nor is the well house in I Santa Fe County Mortgages K-mort: Santa Fe County Deeds J- l 2 United States Census 3 Constant Chapman, interview, 8 April 4 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II," 14. Bernie Chapman, interviews, 28 February l May 19 May James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 31) its present location. There was no running water in the house and Chapman very definitely recalls the well at the end of the row of lilac bushes that still lies along the north side of the acequia, perhaps near the top of the steps that now lead to the lower level. Butter and cheese were placed in the well to keep them cool.

The dispensa, a storage room for foodstuffs that was typically the coldest spot in a house, was located toward the west side of the building. An homo was located in the northwest corner of the placita, but not used in Chapman's recollection. The grounds descended gradually to the lower level without terracing or steps. Chapman remembers a large opening on Canyon Road into the property near the west end. Beyond the gate was another room not attached to the main house. Wagons came through this gate and down to the lower level which contained a stable, a corral, pens for hogs and chickens, and a smoke shed. There was also a large orchard with many fruit trees such as apple, pear, cherry, plum, and peach in this lower area, as well as a vegetable garden and fields of corn and alfalfa.

Most of the basic food stuffs were raised right on the property. In the fall hogs were butchered on a slanted wood platform kept for that purpose down on the lower level. The fat was rendered for lard and stored in large stone jars, placed in the dispensa. Some of the pork was packed away in jars with red chile, garlic and other ingredients to make came adobada. Much of the meat was smoked in a small shed that was located on the north side of the lower garden. James Baca's Ownership of the Property Thirty-seven years after Johnson lost the family home, his grandson, James Baca bought it back from the Catrons by deed dated March 19, for The tract Baca purchased was of about the same dimensions as that taken over by Catron in and included the family residence and an orchard garden.

1 A few days after the purchase, Baca sold Alfredo Howland a strip of land on the east end which adjoined on the north and east property Howland already owned.2 At about the same time Baca purchased the property to the west 1 Santa Fe County Deeds 2 Santa Fe County Deeds James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 32) from Feliciana Chavez de Prada 1 and the property on the east from Maria Moya. 2 Neither of these tracts had ever been part of the James Johnson property and each was later sold separately by Baca. 3 James Baca apparently made ambitious improvements to the Johnson house. By vigas protruding beyond the exterior wall that appear in a photograph had been cut off and a thick brick coping added.

Three windows facing Canyon Road were added to what had been a blank wall on what was then the far end of the building. 4 The room that juts out at the southeast corner was a garage in 5 Baca apparently turned the house into apartments. Leonora Curtin (Paloheimo) stayed there with her family about and has donated valuable photographs of the house from this period. Bernie Chapman, who was born at the Johnson family home in and lived on the property until about remembers no indoor plumbing. In Joe McCabe, a plumber, placed a lien for labor and materials valued at for the "construction and installation of bath tub, lavatory, toilet, sink, boiler and connecting water main, sewer system, etc. in the improvement of the grounds and residence property of James Baca.

"6 Other debts may also reflect work done on the house. In both Beacham-Mignardot Hardware Company and Santa Fe Builders Supply Company obtained judgments against James Baca for totals of 1 Santa Fe County Deeds 2 Santa Fe County Deeds P-1 3 Baca sold the Prada property to Margretta Dietrich through her sister, Dorothy Stewart, in (Santa Fe County Deeds T-misc:212) and the Moya property to John Evans' Flying Heart Development Company in (Santa Fe County Deeds S-misc:477). The house as enlarged by Evans' then father-in-law, William Penhallow Henderson, has been listed and plaqued by the Historic Santa Fe Foundation as the Edwin Brooks House and now belongs to the Thaw Foundation. 4 Historic photographs dated and l Collection of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation.

5 Santa Fe County Deeds U-misc:549. 6 "Mechanic's and Laborer's Lien," Abstract of Title No. 605 l, The Santa Fe Abstract and Title Co., Inc., July 19, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 33) and respectively .1 When sold in the property was described as containing "many rooms and on Canyon Road... a string of apartments with private baths." The Bacas, it was said, "made many improvements in recent years." 2 Robert R. Johnson, the son of James Johnson's son Robert Lee, was born in and remembers visiting the Johnson home as a child when it was owned by James Baca. His recollections differ somewhat from Bernie Chapman's and may provide clues to alterations made by Baca. The east end of the building is much more clear to him as this was where guests were entertained.

At the far end, facing Canyon Road, was a large parlor with exposed v igas and bancos on the north wall. On the same wall was an arched door with two glass panes on top and two panels below. In agreement with Chapman, he thinks the building did not jut out as Apartments 6 and 7 do today and that apartment 2b did not extend as far east. Johnson remembers the portal and thinks the well was there while Chapman does not. He agrees that the stone terracing was not there and that the slope was more gradual. 3 Baca used the property to secure a series of promissory notes, many of which were repaid or refinanced.

However, in he mortgaged the Canyon Road property, obtaining from the First National Bank at 8 per cent per annum; four years later the note was transferred to Bronson Cutting and in May the property was deeded to Cutting by Baca and his wife Antoinette. 4 James Baca, Grandson of James L. Johnson James Baca was born in to Jessie Johnson and Bernardino Baca. The Baca family was long established in New Mexico. Bernardino's father, Santiago had a successful business and political career in Albuquerque. At one time he owned most of Old Albuquerque as well as a large ranch at Pecos. As a merchant he did business with James Johnson. A Democrat, he 1 Abstract of Title No. The Santa Fe Abstract and Title Co., Inc., July 19, 2 Santa Fe New Mexican I May 3 Robert R.

Johnson, interview 29 February 4 Santa Fe County Mortgages Santa Fe County Deeds James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 34) was elected sheriff of Bernalillo County and served in other political offices including two terms in the Territorial Legislative Council (Senate). 1 Santiago Baca's son James was long active in Santa Fe and New Mexico political and military life. For nearly a year he commanded Company E of the New Mexico National Guard in service on the Mexican border. He served as Adjutant General of the State of New Mexico from to partly during World War I. In Santa Fe politics he was twice elected Santa Fe City Councilman and politically was identified with the Progressive wing of the Republican party of which Bronson Cutting was an intermittent leader.

He married Antoinette (Nettie) Hanna of Edington, Kentucky, who herself had a career in the National Guard. When Baca was adjutant general, she was a stenographer in his office. His successor as adjutant promoted her to assistant adjutant general and at the same time obtained for her a commission as a major in the National Guard, the only woman National Guard officer in New Mexico. 2 The Bacas had two daughters, Antoinette and Frances. In about when the younger daughter, Frances, was about three years old, her mother returned with her children to her native Kentucky. Frances now lives in Ohio, and has generously contributed photos to the Historic Santa Fe Foundation from her early years at the Johnson family home.

James Baca died in at the age of 49 and was buried at the National Cemetery with military honors. 3 Bronson Cutting Bronson Cutting owned the former Johnson property for about two years after assuming James Baca's debts. It is probable that little was done to improve the house in this period and it may have suffered significant neglect. Cutting was the scion of an old and inordinately wealthy New York family. He reputedly arrived in Santa Fe on a stretcher in seriously ill with tuberculosis. He recovered to buy the Santa Fe New Mexican and launch a highly successful career in New Mexico progressive politics. He was a United States Senator who 1 George B. Anderson, History of New Mexico: Its Resources and People, vol.

2 (Los Angeles: Pacific States Publishing Company, The Historical Encyclopedia of New Mexico, vol. 1 (Albuquerque: New Mexico Historical Association, 2 Santa Fe New Mexican 14 February 3 Santa Fe New Mexican 20 June James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 35) had been talked of as presidential material when he was prematurely killed in a plane crash in 1 Margretta Dietrich's Ownership of the Property In April Margretta Dietrich, a wealthy widow originally from Philadelphia, who had recently resettled in Santa Fe from Nebraska with her sister Dorothy Stewart, purchased the Johnson property from Bronson Cutting.2 She herself described it thus: Adjoining my residence on the east was another very old place generally known as the "Baca Place." It had a beautiful garden with a paling fence running along the street, and many times I had gazed through the pickets of that fence with great pleasure.

The house and garden were about 300 feet long, and although I had never been in the house I had admired its long lines and native architecture The acreage at the rear of the house was enclosed by a high wall of round river-stones and adobe, which also separated it from my property to the west. At a lower level still was an orchard, which was used as a playground by neighborhood children, and is still remembered as such by the old residents. 3 Furthermore the building was under imminent threat of destruction: I was ill in a hospital in Nebraska when I received a telegram saying that Senator Bronson Cutting had foreclosed on the mortgage he held on the Baca Place and was about to sell it to a development company.

I couldn't bear to think of the place cut up, and my view of the mountains to the east perhaps cut off. . . I. . . phoned my bank to see if they would loan me the money to buy the place. The cautious banker asked if it was a good investment. .. I assured him it was a wonderful investment--that Santa Fe was becoming a resort town, and that if I needed to ... I could sell it at a profit. In addition, I told him that the value of the property I already owned would decrease if the old hacienda next door was cut up into small logs. He ... agreed to loan me the money and I then phoned my friend Kate [Chapman] in Santa Fe to consult a lawyer there, and to buy the property at the best figure possible, but to buy it. Senator Cutting was so pleased 1 Corinne P. Sze, "The Bronson M.

Cutting House," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (September 2 Santa Fe County Deeds U-misc: 3 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections, II" 14. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 36) with the idea that the old hacienda was to remain intact that he sold me the place for exactly the amount of the mortgage, thereby losing money by not selling to the development company. 1 At the time of Dietrich's purchase in the value of the old adobe house and lands was estimated at to 2 Three years earlier when Dietrich was negotiating with Baca the price was 3 The actual purchase price has not been found. Later there would be changes of ownership at the east end of the property.

In Dietrich purchased from Alfredo and Tomasita Howland a rectangle at the north end of the Howland property measuring 75 feet along the west side of Rose Avenue (now Camino Escondido), 64 feet along the northern boundary. 4 In 195 8 she deeded to Maria Chabot a rectangular section of the property north of the former Maria Moya property (now Thaw Foundation). On this property was the Galeria Mexicana that Dorothy Stewart had built. 5 Immediately upon purchasing the property, Dietrich announced plans to tum the "Johnson Place" into an "elite summer hotel." It was rented to a Grosshans of Denver who was to make "important additions, numerous restorations of the adobe buildings under the direction of Kate M.

Chapman, well-known artist in building Santa Fe style homes." Experts were also to improve the grounds and the already beautiful garden. 6 By the following summer, the building had been "remodeled, refinished and furnished" and renamed El Zaguan. In her account Dietrich recalls, "I named the place 'El Zaguan' because of the long zaguan or corridor which opens at the west end into the old garden and into a l Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections, II" 2 Santa Fe New Mexican l May Santa Fe County Deeds U-misc: 3 Francis C. Wilson, letter to Charles H. Dietrich, 29 May 4 Santa Fe County Deeds Walter G. Turley, plat, February 5 Santa Fe County De~ds 143-misc:446. Chabot received the property in an exchange for a piece of land above town that Dorothy Stewart had bequeathed her.

6 Santa Fe New Mexican l May Chapman was the wife of Kenneth Chapman of the Museum of New Mexico. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 37) patio at the east end, with its roof supported by three arches." 1 She claimed that she "did not alter the outside at all and on the inside only just enough to turn it into small apartments." The wiring and plumbing needed attention and the floors were "almost worn out." The squared beams in the reception room were "sagging from the weight of layers of dirt on the roof." She spent, she said, the purchase price again putting the property into rentable condition.2 One major known exterior alteration was the raising of the front wall to create an enclosed entrance placita.

3 Apparently the brick walkways of the zaguan and the west porch floor were added by Chapman. Historic photographs show that these areas had wooden floors in the Baca period. Dorothy Stewart is believed to have painted the doors in the hallway. It is probable that Kate Chapman added many if not all of the Spanish-style fireplaces on the interior. She made a specialty of fireplaces built in the traditional manner by women from the pueblos. The door from apartment number 3 that faces west onto the entrance patio does not appear in photos taken by Kate Chapman and thus may be later than her remodeling. Other improvements to the property made by Kate Chapman include building garages, a heating plant, and three cottages, the latter replacing farm buildings at the north end of the property.

The Santa Fe City Directories show three apartments in addition to El Zaguan itself as early as However, Apartment 2 joined 2b only in Apartment 10 appears for the first time in bringing the total to 11. Dorothy Stewart built a studio, La Galerfa Mexicana, before on the east side of the property. 4 Dietrich's last building project was the house opposite the studio that also backed onto Escondido Street, to which she planned to retire but never did. 5 1 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II," 15. 2 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II," 15. 3 Santa Fe New Mexican 21 July Also evident from historic photos. 4 Maria Chabot, interview, 3 April 5 Sylvia Loomis, "Some More History about El Zaguan," typescript (May 1, El Zaguan files, Historic Santa Fe Foundation. James L.

Johnson House HABS No.

(page 38) When Dietrich bought the property, the "beautiful garden" behind a "paling" picket fence that ran along the street was a noted feature of the property and credited to James Johnson: "The garden was planted by the late Johnson and contained many Madonna lilies, peonies and the wonderful horse chestnut trees which provided what looked like an oasis in the desert on the hot summer days." 1 The belief that Adolph Bandelier designed this garden appears to have originated later with Dietrich who wrote that there was "a tradition that Adolph Bandelier helped lay out the garden." 2 Bandelier did live at the Johnson home from April 3, until May However, in his journals he made only two references to the Johnson garden, and only one that involved himself, despite mention of developments in the garden while renting from John Schumann.

Lois Field, another Philadelphian who would make Santa Fe her home, stayed at the Hotel El Zaguan when she first visited Santa Fe in March She wrote in her journal, "The little hotel El Zaguan is a dear. Just an old Spanish house modernized as little as possible to take in boarders." 3 However, the hotel was not a success. The managers' claim to experience in running a hotel turned out to be based on the claim that the oldest son had many friends who would wish to stay with them because he had acted with Miss Minnie Maddern, and that the mother was a good housekeeper. Dietrich soon found that they had no business ability and thought her grasping to ask for more than the two month's rent they came up with during a year.

4 Next the building was leased for one school year to Brownmoor, a girls' boarding school. 5 The directors, Mary Atwell Moore and Miss Justine Ames Browne, 1 Santa Fe New Mexican 1 May Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II," 14. 2 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II," 14. 3 Lois Field, diary, manuscript, March 30, 4 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections II," 5 The building was apparently leased as apartments for a period before the school moved in. The Hudspeth's Sant a Fe City Directory, which was published every two years, lists eight tenants and one vacant apartment in the edition. The tenants are with one exception single women; several are couriers with the Santa Fe Transportation Company. Apparently the directory did not canvas during the year of the school.

The edition lists a new set of tenants, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 39) aimed to provide "for a consideration a sound classical, mathematical, technical, and general education of the highest order." 1 Moore was a widow; her husband had died in World War I. A Mount Holyoke graduate with an M.A. in history from Yale, she had met Miss Browne, who had gone to Oberlin, while Browne was also doing graduate work at Yale, she in English. Founded in Brownmoor was held the first year on the Galt property at the west end of El Caminita and the second at El Zaguan. The next year a more permanent home was found at Bishop's Lodge where the school remained for 12 years until moving to Phoenix in 2 At El Zaguan Brownmoor had 16 students, both boarding and day, and seven faculty members.

The school uniform was shorts which had to be worn even in winter. Among the teachers that year were Miss Browne, English; Miss Quigley, math; Moore, history; Miss Davis, history and English; Harvey, Latin and Spanish; Mme Boutourline, French; and Miss Hicks, sports. 3 Among the local students were Helen Chapman, the daughter of Kate and Kenneth Chapman; Marchia Meeker, the daughter of Lois Field; and N. C. Breese and Elizabeth Wiley, both of whom were interviewed for this report. Instead of the usual bell, school life was regulated by the "tom-tom" which called students to classes, meals, and recreation--to work and play. School activities included parties, weekend picnics and all-day rides, and trips to local sights and events such as Indian dances.

Students were allowed to have pets and the highlight of the year was the Albuquerque dog show at which they had several well received entrants. 4 Drama was also part of the curriculum; plays that year were presented both on the east placita and sometimes down below. The school 1 "Brownmoor at Santa Fe, Inc.," Articles of Incorporation," Francis C. Wilson Papers 11 New Mexico State Records Center and Archives. 2 Santa Fe New Mexican 16 January 3 Betty Wiley Samuels, interview, 27 February Virginia Davis was a Mount Holyoke graduate. She later married Cecil Wirth and her son John married Nancy Meem, the daughter of John Gaw Meem. Another son, Timothy was a United States Senator from Colorado.

John and Nancy Wirth's son, Peter, has served on the Historic Santa Fe Foundation's Board of Directors. Harvey was the former Katharine Van Stone, known as Peaches. Her daughter-in-law, Susan Mayer, is presently a member of the Foundation's Board of Directors. 4 "The Tom-Tom," school annual, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 40) rules were not rigid but demerits, given for the usual offences such as lateness or giving a teacher a hard time, were marched off around the oval. 1 It was said later that large folding doors at the entrance and the Escondido Street exit were added at this time to close the girls in at night.2 The present community room at the northwest comer of the building was the assembly room.

There the whole school met first thing each morning; once a week each student was expected to be prepared to discuss a current event. For some this was a moment of dread. Subjects were assigned to different rooms; Mme Boutourline taught French in the room just east of the assembly room, which did not yet have the east partition. The bathroom was evidently there as one day a student sitting on the sink to chat with another ripped the fixture off the wall. The dining room was at the far east end of the portal (apartment number 7) where students ate around one long table. They lived in rooms with a bath between. 3 After one year the school departed, and Dietrich turned the building into fully furnished apartments, as it remains today, although no longer rented furnished.

4 The tenants were primarily of no or modest employment and mostly single women. There was a nearly complete turnover at least every two years in the and An exception was Grace Guest who was a long-term tenant beginning in In the there was more continuity--tenants who stayed at least five-years included Julia Shishkin of the Museum of New Mexico History Division; Hester Jones of the Museum of Fine Arts; Mary Connell, an artist; Hare Lippincott; and Edith Cawthon. From to the office of the New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs, which had previously been in Dietrich's home, was located at El Zaguan. 5 Charlotte White lived at El Zaguan for one year in She 1 Betty Wiley Samuels, interview, 27 February 2 Sylvia Loomis, "More History," 1.

They do not appear on a photo taken that school year ("The Tom- Tom," school annual, 3 N. C. Breese, interview, 16 November l Betty Wiley Samuels, interview, 27 February l 4 Some of the furniture is still owned by the Foundation. 5 Robert William Mayhew, "The New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs, M.A. thesis, University of New Mexico, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 41) later moved to Santa Fe and with Boris Gilbertson made major contributions to the Donaciano Vigil House. 1 More recently Brinton Turkle, the author of the much loved Obadiah series of children's books, was a long-term tenant. Dietrich and her sister, Dorothy Stewart, were famous party givers.

The lengthy description in the society column of one such gala to dedicate a new fountain at El Zaguan gives a feeling for these occasions: EL ZAGUAN FIEST A THURSDAY MUY PINTORESCO, BRILLIANTE; FIRE EATER;

Yucatecan Dance

Shapely and buxom Yucatecan ladies tripped Mayan measures with Vay Morley as presidente de las ceremonias. Monte Longa, magician from Mexico, New York, Paris and all points east gave a thrilling exhibition of fire eating, perforated a senorita with a bullet, ran a ribbon through the bullet hole, did juggling tricks.

Jana Gonzales and others sang Spanish airs, the native orchestra played vagabond Castilian melodies, gorgeous senoritas and caballeros on prancing steeds caracoled around the plaza, gaily decorated burros and carretas moved here and there, gambling games drew crowds and a gang of yelling, shooting, masked outlaws on horses and afoot abducted two shrieking coy maidens named Norman Magee and Eddie Brooks whose dainty undies were revealed to the horrified gaze of some 222 gayly dressed celebrants. At the fiesta at El Zaguan Thursday night. ... the ancient Baca hacienda with its vast placita and gardens in dedication of the new fountain with Senora Margretta Dietrich, Sra Gertrude Dietrich de Knox Smith and Srita.

Dorothy Stewart as hostesses, with Sra Kate Chapman, duchess of Albuquerque, as principal assistant. The fiesta began at and was going good all evening. The gardens were a fairy land with colored balloons, colored paper streamers, luminarias, fireworks, and scores of gay and festive Indian, Spanish, Mayan, Mexican, Spanish-colonial costumes of every hue and pattern. Charro suits, the stately black lace of the lame and venerable duchess of Albuquerque, poblano chino and Guatemalan finery, peons, grandees, Navajos and Pueblos. Combs and mantillas were exquisite. So were shawls. . . Banners and Navajo blankets added to the decorations. The singers and musicians were grouped during the latter part of the evening on the high terrace just back of the house.

Candles in paper sacks shed their yellow glow along the far reaching adobe walls. Artificial moonlight illumined the terrace audience. In the rear lurked a sinister tall female Apache from Paris in a yellow dress, a black broad-brimmed hat over her hectic eyes, a yellow sunflower in her hair; they called her Jane. 1 Historic Santa Fe Foundation, Old Sant a Fe Today, I James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 42) Spanish dishes, hot and savory were served cafeteria fashion in booths trimmed with chimiza; the guests ... seated themselves at long tables, on woodpiles and railings. Frozen popsicles added the cooling touch, dispensed by picturesque vendors. The fountain tinkled and the guitars strummed. Scotty Woolford presided at the miniature roulette wheel. Judge Holloman refused to gamble.

Everywhere was heard the jingle of pesos, iron washers in paper sacks furnished the guests at the door. .. The guests included many amigos and paisanos from the Canyon Road region. Never was a larger, more delightfully Santa Fean party. Sra Dietrich, greeting the guests in a dozen places at once, was charming in her grandmother's quaint gown and her pink high shoes. There was so much going on that probably half the things have been overlooked in this inadequate description. 1 Margretta Stewart Dietrich Margretta Shaw Stewart was born in Philadelphia on November 26, the daughter of Dr. William Shaw Stewart, a physician, and Delia Allman.

Upon graduation from Mawr College in she took up charity work in Philadelphia, beginning her life-long vocation of working to better the lives of the less fortunate. Her earliest effort, she recalled, had actually been as a small child when she got up an entertainment and raised a few dollars on behalf of the victims of the Johnstown flood. Looking back over her life's work near its end she mused: I recall a pamphlet, I think by Jane Addams, in which a certain lady of great age attributed her unusual vigor to the fact that all her long life she had supported unpopular causes.

I, too, supported causes, but looking back I can hardly call them unpopular, for with my generation to have "advanced" opinions and to serve on boards took the place of sitting up with the sick and carrying baskets of food to the poor.2 Among her college classmates was Gertrude Dietrich, the daughter of Charles H. Dietrich, then a United States senator from Nebraska. In Margretta Stewart married Dietrich, who was 28 years her senior, and moved to Hastings, Nebraska.3. Dietrich was a self-made man, a land speculator and banker--what was then called a "capitalist." Born in Illinois and out on his own at the age of nine, he made a strike in the Black Hills Mining District and l Santa Fe New Mexican 19 July 2 Margretta Stewart Dietrich, "Nebraska Recollections," Santa Fe, l.

3 "Margretta Dietrich, Suffragette," Historical News Adams County Historical Society (January 3. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 43} bought land near Hastings where he settled in There he established the German National Bank of which he was president. Elected governor of Nebraska in he resigned a year and a half later to fill the unexpired term of a United States senator who had died.

Some two years into his term he was indicted on charges of selling the appointment of postmaster at Hastings for 1 He was apparently exonerated and returned to Hastings at the end of his term in By the time of his marriage to Margretta Stewart, he had been replaced as president of the German National Bank and was occupied with other business interests and travel.2 Having settled in Hastings, a small town of people, Margretta Dietrich became involved in the struggle for woman's suffrage in response to a debate at a Woman's Club meeting. As she described it, My active participation in the fight for woman's suffrage began after my marriage and I had gone to live in Hastings ...

At a Woman's Club meeting one afternoon, when I was still a newcomer in the town, there was debate on Woman's suffrage--a weak presentation on both sides, it seemed to me. The judges brought in a decision for the negative and something inside of me began to boil Until this time I had never raised my voice in one of the club meetings, but the boiling got me onto my feet and with a dry mouth and pounding heart I tried to tell the women there about the powerlessness of women in the factory and in the slums, as I had seen them in Philadelphia. As I became accustomed to the sound of my own voice and could look about me I perceived that I was doing something quite out of order and not approved. I ended as quickly as possible and hurried away from the Club rooms.

Soon after that we left Hastings for almost a year. Nevertheless, upon her return she learned that on the strength of that speech she had been made vice-chairman of the newly formed Adams County Women's Suffrage Association, launching her career as a "promoter." 3 Soon elevated to chairman, Dietrich organized suffrage groups in all the small communities about the county. During World War I she also threw herself into war work, giving French lessons for two and one half months to the entire 1 Adams County Democrat 20 November New York Times 12 April 2 "Margretta Dietrich, Suffragette," Historical News l Adams County Historical Society (January 3. 3 Margretta Stewart Dietrich, "Nebraska Recollections," Santa Fe, l James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 44) 150-man Hastings company of the National Guard mobilized for duty in France, and later traveling throughout the state promoting food conservation. When the flu epidemic struck at the end of the war, she helped in households incapacitated by the disease. 1 When the Amendment to the United States Constitution that granted women the right to vote was finally ratified in Dietrich was president of the Nebraska Woman's Suffrage Association and immediately became the first president of its successor organization, the Nebraska League of Women Voters. Soon she was chosen regional director of the National League. Nevertheless, the end of the long suffrage campaign brought some sense of loss: "When the ratification of the federal amendment. ..

was announced, I remember going out into my garden alone, ashamed that I did not feel more elation. What I actually felt was, "Now the fun is over." 2 Nevertheless, she immediately turned her considerable energies to working through the League for legislation to improve the lot of women. As regional director she pushed, not always successfully, for legislation to help reduce the death rate of mothers and infants, to secure independent citizenship for married women, and to control child labor. Also concerned for the predicament of the aged, she helped to establish the Sunnyside Home for the Aged and Dependent in Hastings in and served as one of its original directors.

3 Her husband died in and two years later, having resumed the state presidency of the League, she moved to Topeka, the Nebraska capital, to spend full time lobbying. Just before moving to Santa Fe permanently, she was chosen Nebraska's only woman delegate to the National Republican Convention. 4 Dietrich and her husband had first visited New Mexico in when with her sister, Dorothy Stewart, they had motored down from Mesa Verde to Gallup, Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Taos. Dietrich had been invited to speak to the Santa Fe League of Women Voters 1 "Margretta Dietrich, Suffragette," Historical News I Adams County Historical Society (January 6. 2 Margretta Stewart Dietrich, "Nebraska Recollections," Santa Fe, 1.

3 "Margretta Dietrich, Suffragette," Historical News I Adams County Historical Society (January 5. 4 Mayhew 63. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 45) and stayed at the home of one of the officers of the League on Canyon Road. Her first impression, like that of most Easterners, was not without reservation: Her house had been described to us as 'beautiful,' and by Santa Fe standards it was, but at first glance it was not at all what we had expected or were accustomed to ... It was built flush with the sidewalk, just across the street from a butcher shop, and was constructed of adobe, with wood from an old Mission church. To our eastern eyes it appeared a little crude, but even then we saw some beauty in it and were delighted with its lovely inner garden.

1 Though she remained only a few days, Santa Fe was intriguing and drew her back the very next spring and for several subsequent visits. Her first attempt to buy Santa Fe real estate was short lived. In she purchased a small house on Buena Vista Street from the artist Paul Burlin only to find that Witter Bynner, a tenant since had expected to buy it himself. Within a month, Dietrich graciously ceded the property to him. 2 As she remembered the incident, ... although I was not ready to come [to Santa Fe] to live, I ventured to buy a sweet little old adobe house ... It was rented at the time to Witter Bynner, but the agent assured me that Bynner. .. was going to China to live.

His furniture was still in the house and I wrote him that I would be glad to let him have the house on the present terms if he cared to continue to rent it. .. I received a most indignant letter in reply--one that was typically Santa Pean-- asking how I had dared to buy the house without consulting him first? He had always intended to buy it, he said but just hadn't gotten around to it. 3 A few months later she was more successful and the house at 519 Canyon Road, which would be her home for the next 36 years, was hers. Kate Chapman had brought the property to her attention and eventually directed its restoration and enlargement.

4 At the same time Dietrich was trying to purchase the Baca property next door on the east for a purchase price 1 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections, Part II," 5. 2 Corinne Sze, "The Witter Bynner House," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation 3 Dietrich, "New Mexico Recollections, Part II," 6. 4 Historic Santa Fe Foundation, Old Santa Fe Today, 84. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 46) of out of which the lien holders were to be paid. 1 In Dietrich and her sister, Dorothy, made the final move to Santa Fe and the next year finally bought the adjoining Baca property--which she would rechristen El Zaguan--from Bronson Cutting, who by then held James Baca's debts and was threatening to sell to developers to recoup his losses.

A few years later, she saved a third old Spanish home, the Borrego House at 724 Canyon Road, which Chapman also restored for her. 2 In addition to buying and restoring historic property, Dietrich quickly threw her prodigious energies to the cause of Indian rights. The New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs (NMAIA) (the predecessor of SWAIA, the Southwest Association on Indian Affairs) was founded in Santa Fe in to fight federal legislation called the Bursum Bill after its sponsor, New Mexico Senator, Holm 0. Bursum. 3 This legislation sought to settle conflicts over non-Indian ownership of Pueblo lands in a way that was seen as. devastating to Indian land rights.

Pressure from NMAIA and other advocates eventually led to the creation of the Pueblo Lands Board in NMAIA soon broadened its areas of concern remaining a small but vocal advocate of the rights of the Pueblo Indians, Navajos, and Apaches of New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Soon after settling in Santa Fe, Dietrich joined NMAIA as a volunteer. She soon took over management of the annual Indian Arts and Crafts Fair after the School of American Research found it impossible to continue its sponsorship. The fair had begun in conjunction with Fiesta in as a means of encouraging and displaying Indian art. In addition to her organizational duties, she drove to homes to collect work for the exhibitions, sorted and marked pieces in the Museum patio, and drove back to deliver prizes.

After several years of dedicated service with the association, in Dietrich replaced John Gaw Meem as chairman of the NMAIA and was reelected chairman for the next twenty years. Dietrich brought to bear on the problems of the Indian the practical understanding of politics gained from her extensive experience in major national reform movements. The association became her major endeavor and she donated to it considerable amounts money as well as 1 Francis C. Wilson to Charles H. Dietrich, letter, 29 May 2 Historic Santa Fe Foundation, Old Santa Fe Today, 28. 3 Most of the information on NMAIA and Dietrich's participation therein is taken from Robert William Mayhew, "The New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs," MA Thesis, University of New Mexico, James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 47) time and energy, sometimes keeping it going nearly single handedly through difficult periods. A supremely self-confidant woman of independent mind and strongly held views, she ran a "tight ship." A friend remembered that she was " ... frank and free in expression and it was a pleasure to note her confidence in her own opinions and her frigid doubt of any opinions to the contrary." Robert Mayhew found in examining association records a pattern of people electe.d to the association's board "only to resign after disagreements with Dietrich." Thus it was inevitable that the association's activities and policies would be dominated by her opinions and concerns and that the course she charted did not always coincide with the views and goals of other Indian advocacy groups.

1 Although Dietrich, as she was generally known, could be a formidable opponent and a daunting advocate, she was physically quite small. She was exceptionally warm with friends and had a special way with children, for whom she gave memorable parties. Those close to her, even friends' children, such as the children and grandchildren of Kate Chapman, called her "Sister Piggy"--a nickname from childhood when she and her siblings each took an animal name. Hers was the one that stuck into adulthood. 2 NMAIA served as a watchdog group on behalf of Indian rights, pressuring government through direct lobbying and national publicity campaigns. The protection of tribal lands and resources from encroachment remained a primary aim.

The association also sought to better the lives of Indians and sometimes undertook direct humanitarian action of its own to solve specific problems, with or without government assistance. The public health field nursing programs that it established among the Pueblos and Navajos were a significant accomplishment of the and NMAIA opposed attempts to control or change the traditions of Indian life, such as the policy of the Indian Commissioner to discourage native dances and other ceremonies. It strongly supported Indian culture in the form of arts and crafts, and pushed for day schools close to home rather than the boarding schools to which Indian children were being sent. 3 The association was also willing to intercede for individuals and groups on a variety of local problems.

1 Mayhew 2 Margretta Stewart Potter Harnisch, interview 3 April 3 Mayhew James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 48) In NMAIA successfully opposed a plan to construct two flood-control dams on the Rio Grande that threatened to flood San Felipe, Santo Domingo, and Cochiti Pueblo lands on the one hand, and San Ildefonso and Santa Clara lands on the other. Dietrich spearheaded campaigns of leafleting and letter writing to the newspapers and Congress. After her unwavering testimony before the Congressional committee considering a bill authorizing exploration of the proposed dam sites on Indian lands, the legislation was never reported out of committee. 1 Dietrich and NMAIA regarded education in the arts and crafts as a major potential source of economic benefit.

Authenticity and high quality work were a priority. In addition to the Fiesta exhibitions, the association sponsored fairs at the Pueblos and offered cash prizes.2 The association began the Indian Market that is a thriving enterprise to this day. In the Art Studio was established at the Santa Fe Indian School under the sponsorship of NMAIA with Dorothy Dunn as its first director. Dunn encouraged students to work within their own cultures and provided instruction only in use of non-Indian materials. When student work was sold, half of the proceeds went to the artists and half to support the studio. In Dunn resigned in response to interference from officials of the Indian Bureau in Washington, who disapproved of her teaching philosophy.

They wanted less emphasis on tradition, less symbolism, and more instruction, derived ultimately from European tradition, in realism, perspective and so on. 3 Dietrich remained a lifelong friend and ally. Dietrich's interest in Indian painting was sparked on that first trip to New Mexico in when she visited a pueblo and bought her first example. After moving to Santa Fe, she worked hard to advance the cause of Indian art. She was a major patron of Dorothy Dunn's students, and as long as her health permitted never ceased to encourage new artists and follow their progress. By her own account, she bought paintings because she liked them, did not intend to be a collector, but acquired so many that it came to be called a collection.

Hers was in fact one of the finest collections of modem Indian paintings in the world, consisting of a total of 234 works dating from to by 104 artists from 25 tribal divisions, mostly 1 Mayhew 2 Mayhew 3 Mayhew James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 49) for the Southwest but with a scattering from the plains and woodland areas. 1 She herself became a noted expert on Indian painting and a frequent speaker on the subject. Her collection was a valuable resource for study and a source of illustrations in national publications, including Dunn's book on Indian painting.

It was exhibited throughout the country in museums and galleries such as the National Gallery of Art in Washington, the Art Institute in Chicago; the Brooklyn Museum; the Museum of Modern Art in New York City; Vassar College; Mawr College; and many other far-flung places such as Richmond, Virginia; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and San Francisco, California. In a number of paintings were sent on exhibit throughout Europe by the United States State Department. Dietrich bequeathed the collection to Dorothy Dunn who continued to make them available for exhibition and study.

They circulated in the Near East from through In Dietrich became seriously ill and though she could not participate actively in the affairs of NMAIA, "maintained a running commentary from her sick bed." The association's office was moved from her home at 519 Canyon Road to an empty apartment at El Zaguan and an acting president named. Nevertheless, her resignation due to illness was turned down in and she recovered sufficiently to carry on as president until finally retiring in December Thereafter she held the title of "honorary president" until her death. Although she remained active to the extent her health permitted, her influence inevitably waned and the organization changed both administratively and philosophically after her retirement.

3 Dietrich was active in many other civic and cultural organizations in Santa Fe. A founder of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society, she was a signer of the group's certificate of incorporation, a member of the Board of Trustees, and a major contributor to its collections. When the organization needed resuscitation in she was there. 4 She was a founder too Dorothy Dunn Kramer Collection, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 2 Dorothy Dunn Kramer Collection. 3 Mayhew 4 Sarah Nestor, The Native Market of the Spanish New Mexican Craftsmen: Santa Fe, (Santa Fe: The Colonial New Mexico Historical Foundation, Marta Weigle, "The First Twenty-five Years of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society," Hispanic Arts and Ethnohistory in the Southwest, ed.

Marta Weigle (Santa Fe: Ancient City Press, Ann Vedder, "History of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society, Inc., Hispanic Arts and Ethnohistory in the Southwest, ed. Marta Weigle (Santa Fe: Ancient City P.ress, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 50) of the Indian Arts Fund and served as a trustee of the School of American Research and the Laboratory of Anthropology. Margretta Dietrich was 79 when she died at home on Canyon Road in after a long struggle with failing health. 1 She was survived by two sisters living on the east coast, George W. Barr and H. Bertram Lewis. A grandniece, Elizabeth Barr Berry, today lives in one of the houses at the north end of the El Zaguan property.

Dietrich's estate was liquidated and divided among the heirs, except for special bequests such as the Indian paintings to Dorothy Dunn, other Indian items to the Indian Arts Fund, and her Spanish collection to the Spanish Colonial Arts Society. Dorothy Newkirk Stewart Dietrich's younger sister, Dorothy Stewart, was a well-known Santa Fe character, as well as an artist and illustrator of national prominence. Born in Philadelphia in the fifth daughter of William and Delia Stewart, she though similarly independent, differed from her older sister both in temperament and interests. Not a strong student, she was taken at age 17 on a trip around the world by her mother in belief that travel was education.

She eventually pursued an artistic education at the University of Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, but retained a life-long interest in travel and living among other cultures. She traveled about in a truck of her own devising. As Lois Field described her and her mode of transport in She ... has traveled all about in the most delightful, independent way. Santa Fe is her headquarters. She owns a Chevrolet truck, and over the rear or truck part has a contraption like the old Prairie Schooners, in which she sleeps on her travels--with small boxes on each side for cooking utensils, etc. This makes her quite carefree and where night overtakes her is home. Breeches--a sombrero--vivid shirts and a wonderful rosy leather coat are her usual garments.

Being quite impervious to the usual creature comforts she has taken marvelous trips in the mountains and deserts--her serious occupation is painting. 2 1 Santa Fe New Mexican 13 January 2 Lois Field, diary, manuscript (April 2, William Field Collection. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 51) Stewart made frequent trips to Mexico and spent several years living there. The book she wrote and illustrated, Homacinas: Niches and Comers of Mexico City, was published in Mexico in She built her Galerfa Mexicana on the El Zaguan property before after a studio she had built on land she owned with Kate Chapman was burglarized. All her paintings were destroyed, and she never wanted to go back. The Galerfa had two large rooms; one contained her press and studio, the other a gallery.

She made a point of showing Mexican artists who she felt did not receive the exposure they deserved. Meetings of groups interested in music, literature and drama, as well as painting were held there frequently as well. On the press she produced books which she designed and illustrated. At the time of her death she had just completed a beautiful version Shakespeare's A Mid-Summer Night's Dream which she felt would be more accessible with more pictures and less words. 1 In Stewart went to Mexico to spend the Christmas holidays with Maria Chabot. She arrived at Oaxaca feeling unwell and later collapsed while writing a letter. After efforts failed to locate a doctor, she was flown to Mexico City but never regained consciousness and died on Christmas day.

2 Katherine Muller Chapman When Dietrich settled in Santa Fe the movement that had begun in the early to create a style of architecture based on local historic prototypes was in full bloom. One of the less well known, but influential practitioners of the practical art of Pueblo Revival adobe building was Kate Chapman, who made a specialty of both restoring and building adobe homes in the traditional manner. Like Margretta Dietrich, Chapman was from Philadelphia. She first came to Santa Fe in with her family seeking health for an older brother. After he recovered she returned east to live with an aunt in Philadelphia and to study at the Pennsylvania Art Academy.

In she returned to Santa Fe to live and five years later married Kenneth Chapman who had recently 1 Maria Chabot, interview, 3 April Santa Fe New Mexican 25 December 2 Maria Chabot, interview, 3 April James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 52) gone to work at the fledgling Museum of New Mexico. 1 The Chapmans had two children, Helen (deceased) and Kenneth who lives in Albuquerque.2 Kate Chapman is remembered as a charming person--somewhat overweight and cheerfully enthusiastic--a memorable cook, and a gracious if casual hostess. Dinner guests were well advised to eat something first as they never knew when the meal would be served. Stories abound of her forgetting she was having guests, such as the time Kenneth Chapman had invited a group of anthropologists from England for dinner.

Kate, the famous cook, was not at home when they arrived. Soon she blew in, saying she had forgotten and dashed off a splendid meal. Another time it is said she invited guests for leg of lamb, arrived late as usual, and couldn't find the lamb. It turned up in the oven, still cold. 3 Kate Chapman was present at the birth of the Pueblo Revival style. One of the exhibits at the New-Old Santa Fe Exhibition of was a full-sized portal with hand-hewn corbels that she had purchased for use at the front of her apartment on the east side of the Arthur Boyle home on East de Vargas Street. 4 She began her career in construction by remodeling and then building adobe houses, at first for herself, then for friends, and later for clients.

In all, Chapman designed some 15 to 20 homes, acting as contractor and builder. 5 She restored three old properties for Margretta Dietrich on Canyon Road: Dietrich's home, El Zaguan, and the Borrego House. For the last she received the Cyrus McCormick prize for the best restoration of a residence within the previous two years. Two other houses that 1 Kenneth Chapman was an artist who came to New Mexico as a health seeker in He taught for the next ten years at the Las Vegas Normal School (now Highlands University) then presided over by Edgar Lee Hewett. When Hewett moved to Santa Fe to establish the Museum of New Mexico, he brought Chapman as one of the original members of the museum staff. Later Chapman organized the Laboratory of Anthropology.

Kenneth Chapman, Too Busy to Retire,': Santa Fe Mirror 2 Kenneth Chapman, Too Busy to Retire," 3 Betty Wiley Samuels, interview, 27 February Margretta Stewart Potter Harnisch 3 April 4 Chapman files, School of American Research. Historic Santa Fe Foundation, Old Santa Fe Today, 5 Kenneth Chapman, Too Busy to Retire," Santa Fe Mirror (Santa Fe: Pinon Publishing Company, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 53) she restored have been listed and plagued by the Historic Santa Fe Foundation as the Delgado-Hare House Delgado) and the Garcia-Stevenson House Delgado and 522 Acequia Madre). She also developed Plaza Balentine and built several houses there, including one that was her own for a number of years.

Chapman always built in adobe and in Dietrich's words "employed the oldest men she could find to do the work." She gave the carpenter a level because she said she knew then that nothing would be level. 1 She was loath to cut down trees and tried to build houses to fit in among them. She built rooms to the size of roof timbers as she did not believe in cutting off lumber and throwing any of it away. Dorothy Stewart claimed that she put new vigas in the Santa Fe River to age them and give them a bend. 2 She brought women from the pueblos to build fireplaces that were their traditional responsibility. Her monograph, illustrated by Dorothy Stewart and entitled Adobe Notes or How to Keep the Weather out with Just Plain Mud, was published by Spud Johnson's Laughing Horse Press in Taos.

In it she presents her philosophy and practice on using traditional methods and materials. She begins, The reason for making public these notes, is a conviction that behind every building tradition lies an age-long series of discoveries--practical, workaday discoveries, resulting from those struggles against the forces of nature that lent zest to primitive life. Each place developed its own methods, applicable to the materials there provided by nature; stone, wood, adobe, slate, or water, usable to keep the weather out, conserve heat, and provide a place for the preparation of food and the sheltering of children. . . . . .

In time [the Spanish] learned all that could be learned about making an adobe house, and upon this slowly gathered knowledge has been built a tradition that we would do well to follow. It would be well to heed her final words today: The outstanding quality of the Architecture of this region is simplicity. The earth, poor or rich, makes the walls, the forest trees the ceilings; so that the house of the Pueblo and the house of the Millionaire are not so very different. It is the only place in the world where this is so. Many people who could easily afford the exoticism of red tiles and plaster, lovely in other adobe countries, have with commendable restraint decided against them in favor of the homely "mud" of the land. In this lies Santa Fe's distinction.

There is a feeling almost of apology for any appea,:-ance of prosperity too great to be in harmony with the surrounding 1 Recollections, Part 2, 17. 2 Maria Chabot, interview, 3 April James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 54) bad lands, never far away, encircling each little fertile valley where the "gente," close to the earth and unhampered by many possessions, still wrest a living from great space and little water. There life goes on enriched by a sense of beauty and an innate dignity that are left over from an older time, when hard work and infinite care, not money, were spent to beautify a house and its furnishings.

Kate Chapman died in She and her contributions are not well known today; to some degree she has been overshadowed by her better known husband who outlived her by many years, and by the professional architects, such as John Gaw Meem, who began to work in the and Nevertheless, she was one of the earliest practitioners of Spanish-Pueblo Revival style adobe architecture who contributed to the acceptance of traditional materials and methods (long reviled by newcomers to New Mexico) by demonstrating the practical possibilities of creating, by new construction or remodeling, livable dwellings in adobe using traditional techniques. Others of the period, such as the artists that are better known than she, made this point by building one house for themselves.

She demonstrated it over and over by rehabilitating significant historic properties, such as El Zaguan, and by building many new houses. As such she had an immeasurable influence on the Twentieth Century Santa Fe architecture. El Zaguan, Inc. In the year following Margretta Dietrich's death, the First National Bank of Santa Fe and Sylvia Loomis Dietrich's secretary since as joint executors, sold most of the property for to El Zaguan, Inc., a New Mexico, for-profit corporation newly formed under the leadership of John Gaw Meem. John and Faith Meem together held 300 shares; other stockholders were Marshall McCune, 100 shares; Amelia White, 20 shares, and Lois Field, 10 shares. In John Meem transferred 10 shares to Sylvia Loomis in gratitude for years of dedicated service.

The previous month Jean Buchanan had purchased an L-shaped tract at the northwest corner of the property, identified as "Alfalfa Field" on the Turley Plat of A former El Zag uan tenant, Buchanan built a house on the site. Another section east of the Buchanan purchase and shown as Tract 8 on the Turley Plat was sold at about the same time to Grace D. Guest, another former tenant. 1 Today Dietrich's great grandniece, Elizabeth Barr Berry, and her husband Frederick live in another of the north cottages. 2 1 Santa Fe County Deeds 187-misc:145; 187-misc:164; 188-misc:344. Sylvia Loomis, "More History," 3. 2 Sylvia Loomis, "More History," 3. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 55) The Historic Santa Fe Foundation El Zaguan, Inc.

was dissolved in after all of the stockholders had transferred their shares to the Historic Santa Fe Foundation, a New Mexico non-profit corporation formed in to own and preserve historic properties, among other objectives. Sylvia Loomis, a 17-year resident and manager of the building for El Zaguan, Inc., received in return for her 10 shares, a lease granting her the rental of apartment 7 for per month as long as she chose to live there. Loomis continued as manager until her retirement in 19 81 and was a tenant until her recent death ( The Historic Santa Fe Foundation continues to own and maintain the property as apartments rented at below market rates. The garden was recreated by Stephanie Davis several years ago.

The Foundation offices are located in apartment 2; tours are given by docents in the summer; and the Community Room and garden are available on a limited basis for public functions. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 57) buildings beyond. Below the offices lies the mechanical building and garage; there is a small strip of land along the north elevation and above these outbuildings. On the north side of Unit 7, on the easternmost part of the building, is a small garden area enclosed with a rubble wall. On the south side of Unit 7 is a small garage which extends from both the east and south elevations. At the east end of the Johnson House, between it and the neigh- boring building, there is a narrow gravel road leading down to the parking area.

Architecture The Johnson House is constructed of adobe and finished with a cementitious plaster on all exterior walls except the north elevation. When the cementitious plaster was added (date unknown) the north elevation was left plastered in mud. In this wall was refinished with a mud plaster that included an adobe protector. The building is almost long and approximately 50' wide at the widest point. Historic photos referenced below are included in Appendix A. As mentioned above, the west porch is constructed in the Territorial Style. The east portal is constructed of log columns, beams, and vigas (Figure A-1).

This style may be Spanish Colonial, but is more likely of later construction, Spanish Colonial Revival, as the vigas are a small diameter (approximately 4") and they do not extend into the wall. Rather, the viga ends are sistered into dimensional wood joists which extend from the wall. Between the porch and portal is a covered exterior corridor which has a ceiling constructed of dimensional lumber joists. The portion of this corridor which faces onto the entrance courtyard has milled lumber columns and a series of folding doors. The floors of all the exterior spaces are constructed of brick. The south elevation, along Canyon Road, is constructed of adobe walls with a brick parapet. This elevation is shown in the historic photos in Figures A-2, A-3, and A-4 and the elevations in Figure A-5.

The parapet is very shallow on the west end and becomes eight bricks deep on the east side of the entrance courtyard. This deep brick parapet continues along the elevation to Unit 6 where it is reduced to a three-brick parapet. Along this elevation, although there are several styles of window units, the fenestrations are treated fairly James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 58) uniformly with flat window heads with a protruding molding. Each window also has vertical board shutters. On the north elevation, the doors and windows do not have decorative heads. Instead, the plaster follows the contour of the wall and joins the doors and windows at the jambs and heads.

The exception to this is in the exterior corridor and on the west porch where the doors and windows have decorative pedimented heads, flush with the wall. Figure A-6 shows the floor plan, reflected ceiling plan, and roof plan of the Johnson House. Documentation of Architectural Features Like other historic buildings in Santa Fe, the Johnson House has undergone changes during its period of significance which were accomplished to incorporate features of the Spanish-Pueblo Revival and Territorial Revival styles -- two styles which together have become known as "Santa Fe Style." The creation or renovation of buildings in this style often includes recycling of architectural elements from other historic structures.

The combination of the reuse of building materials and the local propensity to enhance historic structures greatly complicates the analysis of Santa Fe buildings. Although the written record of the Johnson House indicates that extensive renovations were made to the structure from the end of the l into the l and in some cases these changes may have altered or eliminated features that could be used to develop the building's history, the changes in fact contribute to its significance. The exact dates of many building features could be obtained through destructive testing,which was beyond the scope of this investigation. This report instead focuses on the visual physical evidence available from field investigations and the review of historic photographs.

The following sections will present documentation and analysis of the architectural features and insights into what the architectural developmental history might have been. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 59) Wall System The walls are constructed of adobe with various layers of plaster. The exterior originally had a mud plaster that went through various periods of disrepair, as shown by the and photographs. Currently there is a cementitious plaster coated with many layers of paint on all elevations but the north. The north elevation has a straw and mud plaster. The foundation was not visible. Interior partition walls are most likely constructed of wood framing. Doors and Window Typolo~y Doors Tables 1 and 2 are typologies of doors and windows at the James L. Johnson House..

The typologies include the style of the doors and windows, their construction methods, and dimensions. One of the important factors in the fabrication of doors and windows is the joinery. Methods of joinery have changed over time and often one can make assumptions from the joints and other design factors to determine a time period in which a door or window was fabricated. There are many resources which discuss and define joinery types, but not all use the same term for the same joint, and as a result there is no apparent standardized terminology for joinery terminology. Joinery resources illustrate many joints which, once installed, would not be visible.

The inspection of joints at the Johnson House was a visual inspection; the types of joints which were encountered are shown in Figure A-7 .1 Because the inspection was visual, there may be hidden door and window joinery types which have not been documented. Figure A-7 also includes the terminology for joints used in Tables 1 and 2 to describe the doors and windows at the Johnson House. Figure A-8 shows the door types. Within Tables 1 and 2 and the following discussion, several abbreviations or words are used as defined below: Joinery terminology derived from Donald Coleman, Woodworking Factbook (New York: Robert Speller & Sons, p.

The Window Conference and Exposition for Historic Buildings, The Window Workbook for Historic Buildings (Washington The Historic Preservation Education Foundation, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 60) Applied Molding: a separate piece of molding nailed to the door within a panel. Molded Panel: a panel in which bevelled edges or molding are cut into the surface prior to the fabrication of the door. The molding and panel are integral. DL: divided light. T &G: tongue and groove. There is a significant difference between applied molding and an integral molded panel. Prior to the introduction of advanced mill machinery, moldings were manufactured and nailed to surfaces to provide the desired architectural decoration.

Once more advanced machinery was available, panels with integral molding and bevelled edges were manufactured and assembled into doors. In the Johnson House it appears that the doors with applied molding are much older than the molded panel doors. There are five doors in the Johnson House which have applied molding and twenty-five with molded panels. The doors with applied molding are in the Territorial Style and seem to have been constructed with materials brought over the Santa Fe trail; earlier doors were usually constructed without intricately milled wood and used less sophisticated hardware. The territorial doors were constructed and then decorative molding applied, whereas the later doors had milled panels, integrally molded panels.

Four of the five doors are constructed with through tenons and one with a single board with applied dimensional wood to create the thickness of the door. All five of the doors with applied molding are located on the exterior corridor and have flush 1, pedimented heads. Within the twenty-five molded panel doors there are ten with through tenons, seven with stub tenons, four with curved stub tenons, one which appears to be solid, and three in which the joint was not documented. Of the through tenon doors, three have vertical panels, one has both vertical and horizontal panels, two have horizontal panels, and four include windows. One might expect that These window heads are flush with the wall.

They do not have a molding which protrudes from the wall as can be seen in the photograph of the south elevation. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 61) the through tenon doors are older (they are fastened with wood pegs and may well be) but in the James L. Johnson House the molded panel, through tenon doors are located on interior partition walls rather than exterior adobe walls. Most of these partitions were added in the century. The exception to these doors in partitions is between 1a-C and 1a-E (No. 27) which, although it is an interior door, it is located in an adobe wall. The fact that most of these doors are in partition walls leads one to believe that if the through tenon doors are older than the stub tenon doors, they were brought to the building from elsewhere.

The stub tenon doors are also located on partition, exterior walls, and openings which were added during the century. There is no specific pattern to where the stub tenon doors are located. In general, they are scattered throughout the apartments much the same as the through tenon doors. The curved stub tenon doors are all located in the northern portion of Units number 6 and 7. These rooms were most likely added during Dietrich's residence 1, so these doors date to or after. There are three molded panel, through tenon doors with windows. The two arched window doors (Nos. 29 and 2) date to the late century. These doors are similar to the addition on the Silver City museum. The other door (No. 10) seems to have been retrofitted with an operable window unit.

This door has a transom of 3 divided lights a flat head. Door No. 11 has a transom of four divided lights and a triangulated head. These doors have both similarities and differences. While Door No. 11 appears to be a Territorial Period door, the case for No. 10 is not so clear. Primarily, the rails on the transom are smaller than those on the Territorial Period doors and the surround is only 2" and flat at the head. The Territorial doors have a full 4" surround with pedimented heads. There are six doors with full height glazing. These are noted in Table 1 as "Doors as Windows." Of the six doors, one has a half lap joint, two have through tenons, and three have stub tenons. The stub tenon doors (Nos. 13, 7 and 56) are all in locations that date to Dietrich. Door No.

7 is the entrance door to Unit 7 and is located in the northern portion of the unit--the portion Neither Bernie Chapman nor Robert Johnson remembers these rooms. Also, the structure in the ceilings of these rooms reflect an addition. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 62) that was an addition. The other two doors are in locations that are visible in pre-Dietrich photographs, but in the photos, there are no doors in those locations. The 2 through tenon, full height glazed doors are located in Unit 7. Door No. 3 was added post as the photograph taken on Canyon Road shows a tall window in this location. Door No. 46 was most likely added also during Dietrich's time, as Robert Johnson remembers a single door in that location.

1 The half lap joint door is most likely an addition to the structure, although it cannot be dated by means used above. It appears to be an addition because of the geometry of the opening in plan. While the historic doors and windows have a splay and flat portion at the jamb, this door has a fairly flat, almost non-existent, splay. The final type of door at the Johnson House is the plank door. These are made from a series of tongue and groove boards which are fastened together with a nailed board on the back. There are two doors constructed with beaded tongue and groove (Nos. 38 and 23) and nine doors constructed with bevelled edge tongue and groove. These doors are located throughout the building and appear to date from Dietrich's residence.

The dimension notation in Tables 1 and 2 are in BABS field note format with inches as a superscript of the feet and noted in decimals. Interview with Robert Johnson on July 8, at the James L. Johnson House. James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 63) Table 1: Door Typology DOOR TYPE # ROOM DTh1ENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER Vertical Panel [1 J Single Door 19 1-A 610 X X Through None visible Applied molding Tenon [ 1J Single Door 18 la-A 611 X X Through None visible Applied molding Tenon [1] Single Door 17 Exterior approx 8 x 3 x Through None visible Applied molding Corridor 0 Tenon [1] Double Door 12 Exterior approx 8 x 2 x Two boards Nails Applied molding Corridor 0 [2] Double Door 28 la-E 6 7 X 2 X 7 Through None visible Molded panel Tenon [2] Single Door 44 6-A 645 X 24 5 X 0 1 Through Peg or nail Molded panel Tenon visible [2] Single Door 43 6-B 6 5 X 24 X 7 Through Nailed Molded panel Tenon [2] Single Door 24 3-A 63 X 2l0 X [2a] Single Door 35 3-A 66 X 2 X 7 Stub Tenon Molded panel [2a] Single Door 39 5-B X X Stub Tenon None visible Molded panel [2a] Single Door 51 7-C 64 5 X 2 X 01.

5 Stub Tenon None visible Molded panel Single Door 42 6-C 66 X 26 X 7 Curved None visible Molded panel Stub Tenon James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 64) DOOR TYPE #

Room Dimensions Joinery Fastener

Vertical Panel Continued [3] Dutch Door 11 3-D 14 x 29 5 Transom Molded panel i X X 7 Transom (3 DL) X X Single door 37 4-A 58 X 2 5 X 07 Flat panel Vert & Horiz Panel [2] Paneled Door 27 la-C 65 X 2 10 X 7 Through Wood peg 3 Molded panel Tenon Horizontal Panel [2] Single Door 32 1-B 645 X 255 X Ot. 37 Through None visible 5 Molded panel Tenon [2] Single Door 36 3-D X 25 X Ol.37 Through None visible 5 Molded panel Tenon [2a] Single Door 25 la-C X X Ol.37 Stub Tenon None visible 5 Molded panel [2a] Single Door 40 5-B X 26 X Stub Tenon None visible 5 Molded panel [2a] Single Door 41 5-A 511 X i.12 X 01 Stub Tenon None visible 5 Molded panel Single Door 45 7-G 63 X 26 X 0 137 Curved None visible 5 Molded panel Stub Tenon 2nd from top glazed James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 65) DOOR TYPE # ROOM DIMENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER Horizontal Panel Continued [2] Single Door 14 2b-A 65 X 25 X 7 Not visible None visible 5 Molded panel Top is glazed Doon; w\ Windows [2] Double Door 20 la-B 6 85 X 23 X Through Wood peg Vertical panel Tenon Applied molding 6 DL [2] Double Door 16 la-B X 23 X Through Wood peg Vert. molded Tenon panel 3 DL [2] Single Door 10 4-A x 3 15 Trans. Through None visible Vert. molded 68 Tenon panel Operable 6DL Transom Single Door 5 T-E 68 X 28 X Curved None visible Vert. Molded Stub Tenon panel 4 DL (one operable pane) Single Door 8 6-B 66 5 X 26 X Curved None visible Horiz. molded Stub Tenon panel 4 DL James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 66) DOOR TYPE # ROOM DWENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER Doors w/ Windows Cont.

[2] Single Door 47 7-G X 26 X No joints None visible Horiz. molded visible panel 4 DL [4] Single Door 29 2b-A 68 X X Through None visible Vert. molded Tenon panel 2 separate arched window panes [4] Single Door 2 6-A X 25 X Through None visible Vert. molded Tenon panel 2 separate arched window panes [2a] Single Door 6 7-G 63 X 30 X Stub Tenon Wood pegs 4 separate and nails rectangular window panes Doors as Windows Single Door 15 la-C 65 5 X 26 X 01. 5 Half Lap None visible 15 DL 4 to 6" rails [Sa] Single Door 7 7-A 64 5 X 26 X Ol.3? Stub Tenon None visible 15 DL 4" rails James L. Johnson House BABS No. (page 67) DOOR TYPE # ROOM DIMENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER Doors as Windows Cont.

[5] Single Door 3 7-B X 29 X Through None visible 8 DL Tenon 4 to 8" rails [Sa] Single Door 56 3-A 66 X il.5 X Ol.3 7 Stub Tenon None visible 18 DL 4" rails w/ sidelights [Sa] Double Door 13 la-E 65 X 16 X 0 1 Stub Tenon Nails 5 DL 2 to 3" rails [5] Double Door 46 7-A 610 X 20 Ol.5 Through None visible 4 DL Tenon 4 to 6" rails Plank Door.; [6] T&G Beaded 38 4-B 63 X i 1 X 0 1 Board Nails Board Approx. 8" nailer [6] T&G Beaded 23 8 x2 6 X 0 1 Board Board Nailer [6a] T&G 50 7-F 66 X 11 l.5 X Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx. 6" [6a] T&G 33 1-C x x O' Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx. 4" James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 68) DOOR TYPE # ROOM DIMENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER Plank Doors Continued [6a] T&G 30 66 X 20 X Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx.

4" [6a] T&G 31 2b-A X 111 X Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx. 4" [6a] T&G 34 3-B 60 X X 01 Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx. 4" [6a] T&G 52 7-C 5 I X 20 X Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx. 4" [6a] T&G 55 7-C 32 X 20 X Board Nails Bevelled Board nailer Approx. 4" [6a] T&G 54 la-C z10 X 17 X Board Nails Bevelled Board each nailer Approx. 4" [6a] T&G 9 5-A X 26 X 01 X Top- Nails Bevelled Board 26 X 0 1 window Approx. 4" Bottom- Dutch Door nailer James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 69) Windows In the James L. Johnson House, the oldest windows are the 9-over-6 double hung units. There are a few reasons to believe this.

The 9-over-6 windows show in the and photographs; they are located in the area of the building which appears to be the oldest part of the structure; and they have panes of glass which include blisters and wavy surfaces. The 9-over-6 units are located in Units la, 1, 2b, 3; and 4. The historic photographs show an additional 9-over-6 in Unit 5. From oral histories and the photograph of the eastern courtyard (in which Unit 2b appears recently constructed), it is believed that Unit 2b was reconfigured sometime after The 9-over-6 window located in Unit 2b has a stub tenon, the same as windows in Units 3 and 4, and is most likely the window which was originally located in Unit 5.

If indeed a window was moved from Unit 5 to Unit 2b, then the 2-over-2, segmentally arched sash windows located on the south elevation were installed in the building post-1920. Also, the photograph taken along Canyon Road does not show these segmentally arched windows. With respect to these windows, it appears that Windows G and H were installed at the same time, as they have the same sash thickness of 1 and a single slip comer, while Window I 'has a 2" thickness and double slip corner. It seems that when the north end of Unit 6 was extended, the segmental arched window was added to the south elevation.

Casements began to be installed in building in the eastern United States in the late nineteenth century, but given the historic photographs of the Johnson House and the above discussion, it appears that the casement windows were added to this building either during the Baca or Dietrich residence. Bernie Chapman and Robert Johnson both agreed that the north part of Unit 7 was not in existence prior to so windows in this part of the building were most likely installed by Dietrich. The casement windows on the south elevation were most likely installed by Baca, as they are in evidence in the photograph taken looking east on Canyon Road. In the photograph, the opening which is now Door No. 3 is a tall window.

Robert Johnson's memory of Unit 7 is that of one long room running toward the east and no direct James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 70) entrance from Canyon Road. 1 Prior to Dietrich, the south wall of Unit 7 had three tall windows. The windows in these fenestrations are casement, but they closely resemble, in style, the casements in areas know to be altered by Dietrich. We can say that there were three tall windows on the south elevation, but we cannot be sure what type of windows they were. \ On site interview with Robert Johnson, July 8, l James L. Johnson House BABS No. (page 71) Table 2: Window Typology WINDOW #

Room Dimensions Joinery Fastener Type

Double Hung 9 over 6 A 1-A 65 X 39 X 7 Double Slip None visible Corner 9 over 6 BB 1-B 56 X 2 11 X 02 Double Slip Nail or peg Comer 9 over 6 AA la-A 56 X X Through Wood peg Spring Bolts Tenon 9 over 6 z la-A 56 X X Through Wood peg Spring Bolts Tenon 9 over 6 y la-E 53 5 X 2 10 X Single Slip Wood peg Spring Bolts Corner 9 over 6 D 3-D 555 X 29 X Stub Tenon None visible 9 over 6 B 3-A 55 5 X 2 10 X Stub Tenon None visible 9 over 6 E 4-A 56 X 2 11 X Stub Tenon None visible 9 over 6 V 2b-A X 210 X Stub Tenon None visible 6 over 9 M 7-D 56 X X 02 Double Slip None visible Round metal Corner friction opener; patterned glazing in lower sash 2 over 2 G 5-A 645 X 25 X Ql. 37 Single Slip Wood pegs Segmental Arch Corner Spring bolts and sash chord James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 72) WINDOW # ROOM DIMENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER TYPE Double Hung Continued 2 over 2 H 5-A 64 5 X l5 X Ol.3 7 Single Slip Wood pegs Segmental Arch Corner Spring bolts and sash chord 2 over 2 I 6-A 645 X 24 5 X 02 Double Slip None visible Segmental Arch Corner Sash chord Casement Single cc 1-C 26 X 23 X Through None visible 4DL Tenon Single DD 1-B 26 X 2 10 X Through None visible 4DL Tenon Single xx 25 X 2 X Through None visible 4 DL Tenon Single Q 6-B X Double Slip None visible 4 DL Corner Single GG 7-D 19 x2 1 x0? 4 DL Single s 5-A X X 6 DL Single T 5-B 26 X 21. 5 X Double Slip 6 DL Corner James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 73) WINDOW # ROOM DIMENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER TYPE Casement Continued Single R 6-C 1 11 X 24 X Double Slip 6 DL Corner Single N 7-E X X Q 9 DL Double C 7-C couldn't measure 4DL Double F 4-B 2 1 X 39 X 0 4DL Double w 2b-A 56 X X 0 Through Nails 4DL Tenon Double J 7-B 125 x 2 10 Transom Double Slip Nails 4DL 525 X 210 X Corner Transom Double K 7-C 12 5 x 2 10 Transom Double Slip Nails 4DL X 210 X Corner Transom Double p 7-A X 23 X Double Slip Nails 3 DL Corner Double 0 7-A X 23 X Double Slip Nails 3 DL Corner Double X 2b-A 3o.s X 3 X Ql. 37 Through Nails 2 DL Tenon Double LL 7-C X 12 X QI.5 Curved Stub None visible single light Tenon James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 74) WINDOW # ROOM DIMENSIONS JOINERY FASTENER TYPE Awning Double FF 3-B 111 X X Q?

6 DL Fireplace Typology There are basically three types of fireplaces in the James L. Johnson House: angled Spanish Colonial Revival corner, curved Spanish Colonial Revival corner, and Greek Revival. The angled fireplaces are similar to the curved in design, but appear almost triangular in plan. Within the angled fireplace group there are three which are basically identical and these are the located in Units 1, 3 and 7. The angled fireplace located in Unit 4 is different from any other fireplace in the Johnson House. This fireplace is, in design, somewhat between the angled fireplaces and the curved. The opening is on one plane which is flanked by planes which angle back towards the wall.

Also, this is the only unit without a flat "mantle." The top angles up from the opening to intersect the walls. Three of the curved fireplaces are also identical. These are located in Unit 1a and Unit 6. They are curved in plan with arched openings and a square chimney above. The fourth curved fireplace (Unit 2b) is very tall and narrow with a painted dado around the opening. The chimney for this narrow fireplace was constructed on the outside of the wall. There are two Greek Revival fireplaces in El Zaguan located in Units 5 and 7. The surround located in Unit 5 is more decorative than Unit 7. This surround has more molding details and includes a cementitious keystone and cementitious inserts at the "capitals" of the columns.

It is known that Kate Chapman had a great affinity for creating "handmade" fireplaces, favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style, and had women from local pueblos aid in the construction. It is known that she designed the fireplaces in the two buildings to the north of the Johnson House and these James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 75) fireplaces were investigated for analysis in this report. Although there are similarities and differences in each of the fireplaces the primary connection was that they all had smooth, curved chimneys tucked into the corner of the wall. Interestingly enough, the fireplaces with this characteristic in the Johnson House are the angled fireplaces with square openings. The curved fireplaces with arched openings have a square chimney.

The fireplace which is most like the fireplaces in the north buildings is that located in the southeast comer of Unit 7. Kate Chapman most likely had a hand in creating some or most of the Spanish Colonial Revival fireplaces in the James L. Johnson House. Looking at the roof plan one can see that there are many penetrations that have been roofed over. The penetrations that show are located in rooms 2b-A, 3-A, 4-A, 6-A, 7-B and Five of these rooms currently have comer fireplaces. It is probable that these rooms once had different fireplaces 1 or wood burning stoves. One might speculate that the rooms where there is now a corner fireplace and roofed over penetrations may be the rooms that K~te Chapman worked on. These rooms include Units 2b-A, 3-A, 4-A, 6-A, and 7- C (See Figure A-3).

The anomaly is the fireplace in Unit 4. This fireplace is completely different from every other fireplace in the Johnson House and it also is very different from the fireplaces in the two buildings to the north. Some chimneys show in the and photographs which suggest different locations and sizes of fireplaces. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 76) Table 3: Fireplace Typology

Unit Location Type Description

Angled Spanish Colonial Revival 1 Southwest Corner SCR Angled; square opening; plaster. 3 Northwest Corner SCR Angled; square opening; plaster. 4 Southeast Corner SCR Polygonal (3 sides); top angles up towards ceiling; rectangular openmg. 7 Southeast Comer SCR Angled; arched opening; plaster. Curved Spanish Colonial Revival la Northwest Corner SCR Curved; arched opening; square chimney; plaster. Northeast Comer SCR Curved; arched opening; square chimney; plaster. 6 South wall and partition SCR Curved; arched opening; between entry and square chimney; plaster. living room 2b Southeast Corner SCR Curved; arched opening; plaster; painted opening. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 77) UNIT LOCATION TYPE

Description

Greek Revival 5 Centered on North Wall Greek Revival Rectangular opening; plaster; wood decorative molding columns and mantle; cementitious keystone. 7 Centered on North Wall Greek Revival Rectangular opening; plaster; wood decorative molding columns and mantle. Interior Finishes Floors It appears that most the living area wood floors may have historic integrity, while the bathrooms and rooms with brick and saltillo tile are replacement floors. Work completed in Unit 3 uncovered mud floors which pre-date the wood floors.

The floors in the bathroom of Unit 3 and the kitchen of Unit 1 were replaced during Spring Table 4: Floor Finishes UNIT ROOM TYPE BASEBOARD DESCRIPTION la Conference Wood Plank Size varies from 4 to 10" Painted; boards with molding at top run east/west Kitchen Wood Plank No baseboard; 1/4 round Painted; boards -run north/south James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 78) UNIT ROOM TYPE BASEBOARD DESCRIPTION la File Room Wood Plank ? Painted; boards run east/west Bathroom Wood Plank 1O" with molding at top, Painted; boards 1/4 round at base; 1/4 run east/west round Office Wood Plank 4" with small 1/4 round at Painted; boards top run east/west 1 Livingroom Wood Plank No baseboard Painted; boards run north/south Kitchen Asphaltic Tile ?

Bathroom Asphaltic Tile 1 x 4 on south wall 2b Livingroom Saltillo Tile None; painted Bathroom Saltillo Tile ? 3 Livingroom Wood Plank No baseboard Clear finish; boards run north/south Kitchen Asphaltic Tile 1/4 round Bathroom Asphaltic Tile 1/4 round Bedroom Wood Plank No baseboard Painted 4 Livingroom Wood Plank ? Painted; boards run east/west Bathroom Wood Plank ? Painted; boards run east/west James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 79) UNIT ROOM TYPE BASEBOARD DESCRIPTION 5 Livingroom Brick ? Patterned; 2 courses e/w then course n/s,etc ... Bathroom Asphaltic Tile 1/4 round 6 Livingroom Wood Plank ? Painted; boards run east/west Kitchen Wood Plank ?

Painted; boards run east/west 6 Bathroom Asphaltic Tile 1/4 round 7 Livingroom 3" Wood No baseboard Painted; boards Board run north/south Kitchen Carpet Bedroom 6" Wood Boards run Plank east/west Study 6" Wood Boards run Plank east/west North 3" Wood Boards run Room/Hall Board north/south Bathroom 1/4 round Ext Hall/Porch/ Brick Portal James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 80) Walls The walls are currently plastered and painted. Work completed in Unit 3 uncovered layers of mud plaster under the existing plaster. Because the plaster is very hard, paint samples could not be taken from the walls without causing damage, so it is not known how many layers of paint may be on the walls. It is assumed that there may be layers of mud plaster under the newer plaster.

These earthen plasters may also include pigments or coatings. Ceiling Most of the rooms in the western part of the structure have dimensional lumber structural elements with a plastered ceiling in between. Along Canyon Road and on the eastern side of the entrance courtyard the building primarily consists of log vigas with wood board ceilings. The north portion of Unit 7 has a furred down ceiling, but evidence on the exterior of the building points to a dimensional lumber joist system. The v iga and board ceilings are stained a dark brown, while the dimensional lumber and plaster ceilings are painted light colors. Structural Members The roof is supported by exposed vigas and timbers, except in the north portion of Unit 7 where the structure is hidden from view by a ceiling.

Many of the structural vigas slope to the south, east, or west, but most of the roof has been built up to provide a slope to the north. Additional framing over the roof structure prevents access to the space between the roof and the exposed roof deck. Dendrochronology A reflected ceiling plan was completed in order to see the structural pattern and get an understanding of how the building may have developed. Tom Windes, dendochronology consultant, completed the dendrochronology sampling and added observations to the viga data. Noting that the overall strategy of setting the roof vigas varied throughout the five apartments as evidence of James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 81) discontinuity in building construction, three or more roof events are believed to have occurred.

Appendix B contains the dendrochronology data from this analysis. Table 5 includes reflected ceiling data. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 82) Table 5: Reflected Ceiling Data LOCATION BEAM TYPE CEILING DENDRO COMMENTS TYPE Unit la Conference 4 X 1 x's n/a Ceiling Painted White Kitchen/File 4 X 1 x's n/a Office Vigas Not sampled Sample in future; include portals. Unit 1 4 X 8's n/a Furred down in bathroom Unit 2b 4 X n/a Unit 3 Livingroom Vigas 18 E/W; large diameter/small {reused} diameter ends alternately repairs set. Kitchen/Bath Vigas C. large diameter/small diameter ends alternately set. Bedroom Vigas C. large diameter/small w/repairs diameter ends alternately set. Unit 4 Vigas {later large diameter end date; rings on south wall except 2nd removed} from east. James L.

Johnson House HABS No. (page 83) LOCATION BEAM TYPE CEILING DENDRO COMMENTS TYPE Unit 5 Livingroom Vigas Late east vigas have large diameter on north wall and west vigas have arge diameter on south wall. Baths Vigas large diameter/small diameter ends alternately set. Unit 6 Livingroom Vigas Late large diameter ends set on south wall. Kitchen/Bath Vigas large diameter ends set on beam (south). Unit 7 South Side Vigas Late large diameter ends set on north wall. North Side Furred down Roofing Material The building is currently roofed with built-up roof, surfaced with loose gravel. Electrical Historical Data The electrical system was upgraded 10 years ago, and meters were added for all units at that time. James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 84) Existing System The electrical system, which is served from a main distribution center and a second drop, appears to be in good condition and is operating adequately. Mechanical Historical Data The house was once served by a on-pipe system with radiators that were intended to use low pressure steam. This system has been converted to use heating water. Existing System A boiler located in the boiler building serves radiators in the building through subterranean piping. Each apartment has one or two radiators which are controlled by adjusting the flow of water through them; they are not controlled by thermostats. Domestic hot water for the entire building is supplied by a 75 gallon water heater, a recirculation pump, and a 120 gallon storage tank.

Plumbing Historical Data Running water was first introduced to Santa Fe during the Fall of when construction of the Old Stone Dam was completed. Prior to the construction of the dam, water was supplied to residences and farmland through acequias. Those who supported the water company and the construction of a dam wanted indoor plumbing and running water to have civilizing effects. In another dam was constructed along the Santa Fe River just below the Old Stone Dam. This was the Two Mile Dam and its storage capacity was 387 acre feet of water, compared to the Old Stone Dam's capacity of 25 acre feet of water. It was at this point that the residents of Santa Fe had enough water available for continued irrigation and water supply for residences. James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 85) Pl um bing Fixtures There were two periods when plumbing may have been added to the Johnson House. Unfortunately, the extent of the effort was not recorded at the time. The first modernization of the Johnson House, the time when most of the plumbing was added, occurred when Baca was able to purchase the Johnson property and bring it back into the family. Bernie Chapman's memory of the property in was that there was no indoor plumbing; a plumber's lien was filed against the property in and by the property was described as having a string of apartments with private baths. It was in that Margretta Dietrich purchased the property. Table 6 is a catalogue of fixtures in the James L. Johnson House, most of the sinks and water closets date to and after.

The primary manufacturer was Crane. There is only one fixture which was most likely installed prior to and that is the bathroom sink in Unit 2b. This fixture is dated and was manufactured by Great Western Potteries and it is the only Great Wes tern Potteries fixture in the building. It is possible and likely, given the amount of the plumber's lien, that there were more fixtures installed by Baca, but that Dietrich had them replaced in Most of the fixtures, which have the date of their manufacture imprinted on the underside of the sink, date to February, and Dietrich bought the property in April. It would take time for the fixtures to travel from the factory to Santa Fe and it is unlikely that these fixtures were installed prior to Dietrich's April purchase of the building. James L.

Johnson House HABS No. (page 86) Table 6: Catalogue of Plumbing Fixtures UNIT FIXTURE DATE MANU. NO. COMMENTS 1 Water December 20, Closet Sink December 12 Crane WK 8 There is also a 2 26 X 24 noted underneath. la Water Not documented. Closet Sink Not documented. 2b Water December 13, Great None Closet Western Potteries Sink February 20, Crane C 17 X No 2 3 Water Replaced in Unit replaced. Closet Sink No Date Crane C 21 X 17 p 4 Water Not documented. Closet Sink Not documented. 5 Water No Date Illini Crane 12 77 Closet 119 Sink February 20, Crane C 17 X 19 6 Water December 9, None noted None Closet Sink February l 5, None noted None James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 87) UNIT FIXTURE DATE MANU. NO.

COMMENTS Kitchen None noted None Sink 7 Water Crane None Closet Sink Standard 2 21 21 Elec. Water None noted None Room Closet Sink None noted None James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 88) Previous Documentation The Historic Santa Fe Foundation currently has a policy of completing investigation of portions of the structure as the opportunity arises. When an apartment is vacated or repairs are required, investigation of the apartment or area is completed. Some of the previous investigations at the Johnson House are summarized below. Garden Archaeology In archaeological investigation of the garden was carried out with a goal to determine the original size of the garden and what some of the earlier plants might have been.

The testing was carried out to provide the least amount of disturbance to the existing garden and the stratigraphy below it. As such, there were two types of test pits: four 2 x 4' pits and 21 narrow holes. The pits were dug to determine the size of the original garden and the narrow holes were dug to collect pollen samples at different layers. It was hoped that by collecting the samples throughout the stratigraphy the archaeologists could determine the plant types growing in the area before the garden was established as well as throughout its history.

The archaeological testing determined that "several wagon loads of sandy, gravelly native soil was hauled from an unknown but probably close distance to level the slope." 1 Many early Native American and century artifacts were found in the fill soil. The report stated that: The garden was probably fenced in and possibly contained a low wall in the west end that separated a dumping area from the more showy Victorian garden that was probably 2/3 the size it is today. The shorter narrower pathways through the garden as it was originally laid out probably gave one a' more intimate stroll through the garden after the plants had a few seasons to mature. 2 Judith Mills letter to Dale Zinn. Faxed March 7, 1 Ibid. James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 89) The archaeologists believe that there were cultivated species in the garden prior to levelling and replanting for the formal garden. Through the pollen analysis the archaeologists believed that the horse chestnut trees were along the west porch and the mock orange bushes ran along Canyon Road at the garden's southern border. These two plants are now reversed and in the report it is speculated that the reversal took place when the formal garden was planted. No kitchen vegetables were found in the sampling and it is believed that the kitchen garden was either located near the east portal or the sampling missed the vegetables.

The report stated that many roses accompanied the horse chestnut trees and mock oranges and that peonies were among the first items planted in the formal garden. The pollen evidence shows that two decades after the initiation of the garden there was uncontrolled growth and hardier species became the predominant plants while the more delicate varieties died out. During the early there was a program which promoted planting of native wildflowers and other drought resistant plants. The roses and peonies which existed in the garden before this time survived the drought resistant planting program. Unit 3 Investigations While the unit was vacant between tenants, archaeological investigations were carried out in Unit 3.

During the investigations, mud floors and layers of historic plaster were discovered. No other information was available to the author during the production of this report. Paint Analysis In a paint analysis seminar was arranged between the NPS and HPD with El Zaguan as the subject. Primarily, the work was completed on the exterior and random samples were taken. The goal of the exercise was to train the attendees in the process of paint analysis. Some of the paint analysis data sheets and original samples were provided for this report. No paint analysis report accompanied the data or samples. Information from the data sheets that were on file with El Zaguan is transcribed in Table 7.

Without a full sampling the data cannot be used for a comparative analysis of paint color layers for the purpose of determining what time periods are associated with the layers. Research into the trends in paint colors used in the history of Santa Fe James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 90) would aid in getting some information out of the samples; knowing the trends is also important when taking a full sampling. Primarily, the samples show that the earlier layers consist of mostly grays and whites. The dark green and white scheme that exists today is on the top layers. The entrance courtyard and the west porch had a yellow color scheme at one point.

Although, as noted above, we can see that a white and gray color scheme and yellow colors for the entry courtyard and west porch had previously existed, we do not know with which period the colors are associated. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 91) Table 7: Data from Paint Analysis Sample No. Substrate Layers A 1 - West Portal Wall: Plaster Light Yell ow South End White A 4 - West Portal -- Poor sample; various Column layers of white and grey. A 5 - South Portal: Wood White Ceiling A 7 - West Porch: South Wood Stain side of 3rd Column Grey from East Light Grey Tanish White White 3Z - Entrance to Wood White HS FF Office: Door White Trim (location taken White from map) White Yellow White Gray White Gray Grey-White Dark Green Light Green James L. Johnson House HABS No.

(page 92) Sample No. Substrate Layers 3Z - Entrance to Wood Dark Green Office: Door White Trim (location taken White from map) Light Grey ( continued) Charcoal Grey (Munsell 2.5 White Light Grey N Dark Green Turquoise (new) Dark Green (new) 4Z - Right Side of Adobe White (thin layer on Main Door adobe) dispersed and erratic Yellow (thin layer) White (thin layer) 6Z - Baseboard of Wood Charcoal Original Building at Green Grey Arched Pier Blue Grey White White Green Grey RY White (Note: Stained Wood) 72 - Upper Left Side of Mud Plaster Bright Yellow, with Door (does not say some seepage into which door) substrate Light Yellow White Dirt White James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 93) Sample No.

Substrate Layers Lower Corner A re of Mud Plaster Yellow Arched Opening Above Light Yell ow Wood Baseboard White (Note: Poor sample; need more) 1 - South Elevation/4th Not Wood Dark Green Window from East: Grey Shutter Face Light Grey White Dark Green Outer White ? Dark Grey Louve Green Turquoise Olive Green White Olive Green 2 - East Door/South not noted Stain ? Elevation: 8 Lite Wood Light Grey Door White Dark Green Filler? Dark Green White Dark Grey White James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 94) Sample No. Substrate Layers 3 - Main Door/Gate: Not noted Dark Grey Back of East Panel Lime Green Spackle? Dark Green Lime Green Dark Green White Turquoise?

4 - Rear Window Unit Wood Green 5: Window Trim Grey White Green White 5 - North Window Not noted White (does not say where) Dark Grey Green Light Grey White Dark Grey White Green 6 - West Porch Post: Wood Stain North Face White Dark Grey White James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 95) Sample No. Substrate Layers 7 - West Porch Wood Light Grey Balustrade Rail: Dark Grey Underneath Light Grey White White 8 - East Corridor Door Not noted White Grey Green James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 96) Conclusions on Developmental History The following information is based on the previously discussed data and assumptions as to how the building might have developed. Because the data does not provide conclusive evidence, the developmental history includes many assumptions.

As such, the following information should be used only for the purposes of further investigation. As changes to the building are made and further documentation completed, the data should be added to this report and the resulting information compared to the scenarios depicted in this portion of the The developmental scenarios should be used as tools. Future data should confirm or disprove these scenarios. Keep in mind that what is written below is assumption and conjecture. When there are facts or clues to back up a theory they are expressed, but in general these scenarios should be used to gather more information. Throughout the research and documentation of the Johnson House, not much information about the Territorial Period has been discovered.

As such, we know very little about what the structure may have looked like when James L. Johnson first purchased the property. However, there are several architectural features which may lead to some ideas on the configuration of the building prior to Johnson's purchase. Figure A-13 shows a conceptual plan of what the layout might have been. This plan was developed by taking away the Territorial porch and looking at the wall thicknesses to pare the building back to a smaller residence.

The assumption that thick walls denote older construction may not necessarily be true, but combined with the change in orientation of the building toward the west with the Territorial porch, and the introduction of symmetry of layout of rooms on either side of the exterior corridor, one may assume that perhaps the two rooms of the office, which have thicker walls, were a stand alone building. Also, the deed describes a corral and its wall, which was located 3' from the eastern boundary 1 (Figure A-14). If the corral was included in the Johnson property, the corral wall enclosed an area around the thick- walled rooms. If the corral wall enclosed these rooms, the rooms were most likely connected with agricultural activities.

This scenario would also explain It seems most likely that the corral wall would have enclosed a corral on Johnson's property, rather than a corral to the east. If the corral had continued to the east, it would have straddled the Johnson and Moya properties. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 97) the small room which now serves as the electrical room. This room has a window original to the Territorial Period and there is little reason to believe that such a window would have been moved to this location at a later date. The addition of this little room would have enhanced the symmetry of the building and completed the exterior corridor. Figure A-15 illustrates what the building might have looked like during Johnson's residence.

This sketch shows the addition of the Territorjal porch, 4 rooms, and the exterior corridor. These changes to the plan made the building more formal and created a residential complex. The following discussion is based on Figure A-14 which plots the deed information on a site plan. In Johnson bought his first parcel of land which had of frontage along Canyon Road. Assuming the location of this parcel is correctly drawn, the eastern end of the parcel would have been the wall between Units 3 and 4. In Johnson purchased an additional 90' along Canyon Road which most likely included Units 4, 5, 6, and 7 as well as land extending the property boundaries to the north. In Johnson made another purchase which included the area of the modern garage and the road leading to the parking lot.

In he purchase a small "9 viga room" which had access to Canyon road through a small alley. If Figure A-14 is correct, the Johnson family would have inhabited Units 1, 1a, and 3 from to In they would have expanded into the other rooms up through Unit 7. In they would have added the area around the garage, which in the and appears to be a barn or stable. Adjacent to the barn or stable in these century photographs is a wall with a door, which appears to be a gate into an alley, rather than a door into a building as there is no evidence of a roof. If this is true, then that doorway may be the entrance to the alley which led to the 9 viga room which Johnson purchased in Figure A-16 shows the configuration of the building during Baca's residence.

From the plumber's lien which was filed against Baca, we know that there were additions of plumbing to the structure during his residence, but we do not know the extent. While there may have been more partitions constructed to create bathrooms in the building during this period, we do not where they were. The one partition we can be fairly sure of is the bathroom in Unit 3 as the window for this room appears on the photograph along Canyon Road. The only other evidence of bathroom fixtures from this period is the sink which is located in the bathroom of Unit 2b. A bathroom in this location during Baca's James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 98) residence does not correlate with the oral history information defining this room as a kitchen.

Figure A-16 shows a general layout of the building during Baca's period, but requires much more information to begin to locate which bathrooms would have been built by him. Figure A-17 shows the configuration during Dietrich's residence. This plan is almost identical to the plan as it exists today. We know that she made extensive renovations to the structure, but as noted above, we may not be able to attribute all the bathrooms to Dietrich. The north extensions to Units 6 and 7 are attributed to Dietrich through oral history information. Bernie Chapman does not remember the eastern rooms jutting north into the eastern portal area as they do today. He remembers a long, straight portal.

It is assumed that portions of the garage have been reconstructed from the earlier structure that is visible on the and photographs. Bernie Chapman remembers a wagon pass through into the eastern portal from Canyon Road. There is no evidence of such a pass through in the or photographs. The only evidence of a pass through the eastern part of the building is in the area of the garage. In the earlier photographs this looks like a barn or stable structure; in both the and photographs, stacks of hay sit in front of it. Entry into the door to the building is parallel to Canyon Road.

Given the apparent width of the structure and the location of the door, it is difficult to believe a wagon could have travelled into the structure and then turned to gain access to the eastern portal area, whereas a horse or mule could have easily passed into or through the building. Both Bernie Chapman and Robert Johnson remember that the eastern portal area gently sloped to the north. They do not remember a terrace or the retaining rubble wall which is there today. In fact, this wall is shown in the photographs of the site which were taken by Kate Chapman, so we can assume that Dietrich had the site terraced and the wall installed. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page 99) GLOSSARY Acequia: drainage ditch used to supply water for irrigation.

Dendrochronology: the study and analysis of wood features to aid in determining when certain trees may have been felled and incorporated into a building. Dimensional Lumber: structural wood elements which been milled. They are usually rectangular in section. Fenestration: an opening in a wall for a window or door; the arrangement of windows and doors along a building elevation. Glazing: the glass in a window sash or door. Parapet: the portion of a wall which extends above the roof. Pediment: a low triangular feature, usually located over doors and windows. Sistered: structural wood members which are nailed or bolted to other members to provide a contiguous beam.

Tenitorial Style: an architectural style reflecting the New Mexican Territorial Period The style usually includes Greek Revival carpentry details, a brick parapet, and pedimented windows. Viga: a structural member made of a log stripped of its bark. Zaguan: an exterior corridor, usually covered. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page

Bibliography

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Clum, John P. "Santa Fe in the New Me:tico Historical Review 2.4 (October Daily New Mexican, 27 October 11 May 18 June 22 July 6 November 23 June 17 May 30 June Davis, H. El Gringo. Lincoln: University oJJl.!ebraska Press, Dietrich, Margretta Stewart. "Nebraska Recollections." Santa Fe, Dietrich, Margretta Stewart. "New Mexico Recollections, Part II" Kenneth Chapman: Too Busy to Retire." Santa Fe Mirror Eliot, John Llewellin. "Johnson Family of England and Maryland." n. d. Field, Lois. Diary. Manuscript. William Field Collection. Hartmann Map of Santa Fe Historic Santa Fe Foundation. Old Santa Fe Today. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page The Historical Encyclopedia ofNew Me:xico. Vol. 1.

Albuquerque: New Mexico Historical Association, Johnson, James. "History of the Johnson Family by James Johnson for his Children." Typescript, Kramer, Dorothy Dunn Collection. Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Lange, Charles H. et al. The Southwestern Journals ofAdolph F. Bandelier, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, _ _ _ . The Southwestern Journals ofAdolph F. Bandelier, 1889-1892.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Lehmann, Terry. "Santa Fe and Albuquerque Contrast and Conflict in the Development of Two Southwestern Towns." Dissertation. Indiana University, Loomis, Sylvia. "Some More History about El Zaguan." Typescript (May El Zaguan files, Historic Santa Fe Foundation.

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Johnson, Interview Notes." Manuscript, 13 January William G. Ritch Papers, RI Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Santa Fe County Deeds. James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page Santa Fe County Mortgages. Santa Fe New Me:xican 30 January 9 April 18 May 14 June 10 March ca. 25 November 9 September 6 December 20 June 21 July 1 May 21 July 19 July Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 13 August 1 July 18 August 14 February 21 February 20 June 11 July 11 July 27 March 24 July 20 June 19 December 11 June 5 October 11 July 28 August Snow, David. The Santa Fe Acequia System. Santa Fe: Planning Department, Sze, Corinne P. "The Bronson Cutting House." Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (September _ _ _ .

"A History of the Catron Block." Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (September _ _ _. "The Kaune-Bandelier House," Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation (November _ _ _. "The Witter Bynner House." Bulletin of the Historic Santa Fe Foundation Sze, Corinne P. and Beverly Spears. Santa Fe Historic Neighborhood Study. Santa Fe: City Planning Department, Tittmann, Edward D. "The Exploitation of Treason." New Mexico Historical Re.view 4.2 (April "The Tom-Tom." School annual of Brownmoor, a girls school United States Census Vedder, Ann. "History of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society, Inc., In Hispanic Arts and Ethnohistory in the Southwest, ed. Marta Weigle. Santa Fe: Ancient City Press, Weekly New Me:>..-ican 26 August 5 January Weigle, Marta.

"The First Twenty-five Years of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society." In Hispanic Arts and Ethnohistory in the Southwest, ed. Marta Weigle. Santa Fe: Ancient City Press, Wilson, Francis C. Letter to Charles H. Dietrich. 29 May James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page Interviews Alarid, Waldo. 25 February Baca, Bill. 25 February 1 February Baca, Frances. 6 October Breese, N. C. 16 November Chabot, Maria. 3 April Chapman, Bernie H. 28 February 1 May 19 May Chapman, Constant. 8 April Chiba, Kay. 6 November Harnisch, Margretta Stewart Potter. 3 April Johnson, Robert R. 29 February Lange, Charles H. 17 October Meem, Barbara Townsend. Numerous conversations. Samuels, Elizabeth Wiley. 27 February Additional Sources Historic Santa Fe Foundation.

Photo of James Baca at east portal area Museum of New Mexico. Photo looking west on Canyon Road negative number Museum of New Mexico. Photo by Anna L. Hase, looking east on Canyon Road negative number James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page Cl 0 0 rmE illm!JI fmE &]II; I ffl 11 - "l j "D THE JA/'1ES L. JoHN~ 1-bJSE r--e l 1 - ~ CANfON RQAD - SA.WA FE, NM . _,. ~e,(~UWle.t /i1Go - O,,\~,D oH tw..e. f. 2.IMH 19,.eoR f'U',N6 .A ~ UilNh> nia..o ~ =1iJif I( S J Ii nm1 I ii fr TI TI [l THE JAME5 L. JoHN50N 1-bJSE: ~ oZ:'1'- ~ zo I 0\N'TON 5ANTA FE, NM S,c..A4.a ... n.a.r ~ pf lQ I.JJN~ nzo- ~:5 0 oH f'HO'R;)qAAf"H L. f'M..Ot-te.JMO au.li.cflDH i lf if 1 ffl I Bl 1l-\E JAME5 L. JoHN50N HOUSE. l':5-e oz:1 kl 1 ZD ~--'Fa&T 5"i5 CAN'(ON Rt'.:lA-0 - 5.AN"V'-.

FE, NM - ""'e..o ON ~ R A R l Of' NliW MSXIO:> (tl""I- NO- . .~ a l1I I llI I 11-JE JAME.5 L. JoHN50N J-lcOSE I:". .,I CANYON ROAD - 5AN1A FE, NM J:>'6,U:, ON pttcm:,oRAPH n.,e lM Of' NEW ME><I= NQ. ~lf,ZI) KAI.a...,....., -:::anyon Road Elevations (based on historic photographs) James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page r i- _ 1, ! ! ~ wmm - - . . -~- ~- ,. :_ gffiTiillill] ~ . ]; . . \ . . QDi3 <o=T I ~ .ii~ . a u l u, -~ i ~ ~ ) , ~.( i ... .. J~: l-Jb.Jb.!JI - I " L @?f E'k":cl EHR=='l ~IIFtr.r REFLECTED CEILING PLAN ~ ~&NfU,T Ut.llT l.s LEGE.ND 6 - c:::a:>lt. NOt-"l>CR 0 WHDoN LK.He.c.R 0 R=o-1.,,,,.__., ~ --- U i '.:=::c::t=--i ~ &~ 1 '\....I J 11 0 1~ : : ; ; [ u u a' 0 11 ' CJ uo J -~- L=-~o.J_ ..@ __ 1J lJ & u.,: 7 l JAMES L. JOHNSON I-IOU5f:.

- FLCOR PLAN ~ o .1 1 Go au ~ C1f -,;..Lt.W1~/~Da.-J Oo,i.l!;.f.ZlMN ft,&:IOIR~ ~>'raa.T Floor, Reflected Ceiling, and Roof Plans James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page Joinery Types en d) 0.. ~ n ~ ~ 0 0 0 @ d.l (") G:l ~ ~ en N t-- ~NO Q I ~ d.l .o: : z oJlro C/) 0.. "' @@ C: 0 z 0 if! ': ~ i! t~ i ~ :::~i--~ ~~ s ro ,-, ii ji ;1 @) @ d ~1 c. ~ 0 ir () ~ ~ . ri:i,~ D IE:d.~ @ } z ~ ~g i :c ~2 (G]o[g j ~ ~~ @@@ i r;:=:::=====::==i ~ c::i D @ O i 8 James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page i c~ 5?AN~ IA\... RE.Vl'VAL- ~~RBI\YAL- CDRN.ER Fl RE.PLACE flRE.Plke Diagram of Fireplace Types James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page a f;l::OFe;:D ~ i 1 o N ~N~ Location of Possible Chapman Fireplaces James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page ~A-:J 1 I -e&>~L- 4" W><U.

----------------,I l ( _ fv"TV~E: ADDITIO~'!:> ~ I \ I L - - --- - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - . - - . 5(.l-\EMAT\C Of PRE - lBe>4 Co"1Fl~ORA-TlON co~J~e Schematic Plan of Pre-1854 Configuration ~ '9 James L. Johnson House N "' 3 N HABS No. lI \[I RoSE J- (page ,a, a;.s c 6v. ""I{\ .r, r<) 1. :'JloOI i{l -z,,.oo 1 5 1E :J. 'r9 .5 = ' ~ "' (,ee, 1 ~l l~IB-..... -_ V) ~ 4-J ,9 '\I ~ '~ rLINE of c.ot:=RAL WALL I I i,~=urr-Jr 4~. ., / Q__ i.fTl,__ ~ ~- - -v ~ --- . v ~' , ~, j ~~ ij*' - . ,-' :. I ,. I u ' '. "' f :! i' ' =;- I : .. -.I ' : __ .~ I ~ .__ ~ -; l -~ I ? ' ' ,:,i. ; ~ , 22 1 & 10- ~Ye~i ~ - Deed Information Plotted on Site Plan James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page ~tAJ t?ATI! UNll:.HOWt,.I i J 1 ~HEr4AT\C.. OF. 16 IB C0Nrl60RATI~ . ~ 1 ~ tO 'IO ~ . , . r e , ~ED O\sl Ev IDENc..e.

f\, ~ffiO~:::, :,ematic Plan of Configuration (Conjectural) A~IA 5Cl-\EMA11C. OF CDNF1G0RATIC5N. Schematic Plan of Configuration (Conjectural) ~ ci4 f\\OiZ:)qRA:f'tt=,) ~ E='YIDi=;NCe, Zf A::tx!MPTIDN'::, James L. Johnson House HABS No. (page AC~IA '5CHEMATIC. OF CO~FlolJ~llON ~ IO JD ~Hr"'l,a.T. ~ED 6N ~ JGA,f>~ P\-trSI CAL. 811 DE:NCE: .f A:::evMPTiof\ls ;i::- ~chematic Plan of Configuration (Conjectural)