Indian Creek Bridge, National Forest System Road 150/North Star Road, Mimbres

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER NM-32. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Spanning Indian Creek along National Forest System Road Gila National Forest, Catron County, Mimbres Vicinity. Indian Creek Bridge is located approximately miles north of the intersection of NM 35 and FR 150 at latitude: longitude: The coordinate was obtained using GIS in and the datum is North American Datum

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER NM-32. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Indian Creek Bridge is thought to be a Civilian Conservation Corps Era bridge built between and The bridge is one of the best examples of CCC work on the Gila National Forest. In addition, the bridge is associated with the 150/North Star Road corridor. This road was built in large part and used by the US Military in the late and played a great role in the early development of what eventually became the Gila and Aldo Leopold Wildernesses in the century. Historian(s): Erin Knolles, July 2014-April Christopher D. Adams, July 2014-April Wendy Sutton, July 2014-April

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER NM-32. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Gila National Forest has approved a project called the Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation on 150 (also referred to as FR 150 Bridges Project). This project will replace or rehabilitate eight CCC era bridges along leaving two of the Terry Canyon bridges in place for future archeological interpretation. The bridges, along with several CCC culverts and are recorded as linear site AR-03-06-05-00618/LA The site is Eligible to the National Register of Historic Places under criteria A, and C. Therefore, the INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 2) removal or rehabilitation of the bridges is considered an Adverse Effect to the site.

A Memorandum of Agreement was developed and signed by the Gila National Forest and New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer in order to mitigate the Adverse Effect. Under this MOA, all of the bridges slated for demolition must be fully documented to HABS/HAER Level II documentation standards as specified by the Secretary of the Interior Standards and Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Documentation. This report fulfills this requirement for Indian Creek Bridge. The measured drawings, historical reports, and photography were completed by Gila National Forest Heritage staff under the direction of Dr. Wendy Sutton, Forest Archeologist. Erin Knolles, Assistant Forest Archeologist, completed research on Indian Creek Bridge and broader research on FR 150 and the Christopher D.

Adams, East Zone Archeologist, conducted measurements of the bridge for completion of engineering plans and produced large-format photography. Tony Flores, Civil Engineering Technician, completed engineering drawings for the bridge through Computer Aided Drafting software (CAD). Rex Null, Transportation Engineer, and Tracy Weber, Recreation, Heritage, Engineering, Lands and Minerals Staff Officer, provided technical expertise. Part I. Historical Information A. Physical History: 1. Dates of Construction: Indian Creek Bridge was most likely constructed by the CCC between and 2. Architect/Engineer: The architect/engineer for the original bridge is unknown. However, the design is most likely a standard bridge design, as similar structures are found on other Forests. 3.

Builder/Contractor/Supplier: Indian Creek Bridge was most likely constructed by the CCC using local materials. The Forest Service would have provided the construction plans and supervision of work. Presumably, funding for the materials and labor would have been provided through Congressional appropriations for the 4. Original plans and construction: No original plans, drawings, or photographs of the Indian Creek Bridge are known to exist. However, like many CCC-era bridges, the INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 3) original decks were probably wooden; and, the rock masonry bearing and wing walls were built utilizing locally available materials. 5.

Alterations and additions: Archeological site forms indicate that the wooden deck was replaced with concrete in the Bridge deck plans from the Coronado National Forest dated seem to confirm this and promote the idea that the decks are built into the bearing walls. 1 These plans were most likely used throughout Region 3. There are no known sources indicating major re-work and/or patch work on Indian Creek. However, with the age of the bridges, there most likely has been some work on the rock masonry. It does appear that mortar has been replaced along several areas of the bridge. This work is a little heavy handed in some places, but does not detract from the overall character of the CCC era bridge. B.

Historical Context: The historical context of Indian Creek Bridge is intertwined with that of the North Star Road, today known as National Forest System Road 150 or Forest Road The following historical context focuses on this road and relates back to all the Forest Road 150 bridges. A Path Through the Wilderness: The Story of Forest Road 150 National Forest System Road 150 [commonly referred to as Forest Road begins within the confines of the Gila National Forest and stretches north about 55 miles from NM 35 near Mimbres past Beaverhead Work Center to NM 163 north of the Gila National Forest boundary. FR 150 is the main road accessing this area of the Gila National Forest.

Its location between two Wilderness Areas, Aldo Leopold and the Gila, makes it an important corridor for public access, as well as, administrative access for the Gila National Forest. Forest Road The Name and a Brief History has been known by several names. The road was first called the North Star Road by the residents of Grant County and US Military when it was constructed in the 2 Today, the route is still called the North Star Road and used interchangeably with FR 1 US Forest Service, Coronado National Forest Bridge Deck Plan, Tucson, AZ: Coronado National Forest, on file, Gila National Forest.

2 Neta Pope and Andrea Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story The Soldiers The Hostile Apache Indians The Settlers in Harm s Way , (Self-Published: Andrea Jaquez INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 4) Through most of the century, FR 150 was under New Mexico state jurisdiction and named New Mexico 61. 3 Of interest is that topographical maps dating to a least list the road as both NM 61 and FR 4 This is interesting because, today, it is common practice not to give roads Forest Service names unless they are under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service.

In addition, the Gila National Forest Map refers to the route as FR 5 There is still some question when the North Star Road and NM 61 became known as FR The earliest known account is A Truck Trail Inspection form from Camp Sully, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp near Mimbres, reports work completed on the Beaverhead Mimbres truck trail. 6 North Star Road: FR 150 began its life as the North Star Road in the At this time, the U.S. Military and citizens of Grant County were trying to establish a better route for travel instead of relying on Cooke s Canyon or Jornada del Muerto routes. These routes, due to their location and the encroachment of settlers, often saw settler-Apache conflicts.

7 Crawford of Silver City suggested building the North Star Road on the west side of the Mimbres Mountains. This idea was adopted by the citizens of Grant County, specifically, those in Mimbres and Silver City. They began building the road in early 8 Grant County citizens built sections of the road at Willow Springs, at Rocky Canyon, and at Black Canyon. 9 th Lieutenant C.A. Stedman, 9 Cavalry, to Acting Assistant Adjunct General, District of New Mexico, October 26, (Letter Record Group Records of United States Army Continental Commands Part III: Geographical Districts and Subdistricts: District of New Mexico Entry Letters and Reports Received National Archive Building, Washington, DC ). 3 Lawerence S.

Grebner, Historical Research and Current Status of NM 61 with Enclosures, (Memo to Bill Moyers, Assistant General Counsel, New Mexico Department of Transportation, March 10, On file, Gila National Forest). 4 USDA Forest Service, Gila National Forest Transportation B Quads: Black Mountain, Santa Rita, and Copperas Peak, (On file at the Gila National Forest, 5 USDA Forest Service, Gila National Forest Map , (Gila National Forest, 6 Forest Service Inspection Forms for Civilian Conservation Camps, (FS Inspection Forms); Camps PE-202-N, and Camps); Gila National Forest, Silver City, NM 7 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 8 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 9 Lt Stedman Letter, 4, 10 and 13. INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 5) Later, in the US Army began working on the North Star Road.

Military personnel and, reportedly, military prisoners worked to construct the road. 10 Companies from the Infantry and both the 8th and 9th Cavalry helped to construct various portions of the road. However, it appears companies from the Infantry and the 9th Calvary were much more involved in its construction. 11 Detachments from the Infantry worked on the east end of the North Star Road. This stretch included the area between Camp Sherman and Camp Vincent. 12 And, Company C of the 9th Calvary worked on segments of the road in Black Canyon. Camps were built close to work locations including Corduroy Canyon (Camp Sherman), Black Canyon (Camp Beyer), and the Diamond Creek (Camp Vincent) areas. The North Star Road was completed by it stopped at Wall Lake.

13 Today, FR 150 does not follow the exact prism of the original North Star Road. In fact, there is some evidence of improvements to North Star Road in the late due to flooding that would have varied its location from the original construction in 14 Nevertheless, today, the names are used interchangeably by residents of the area. NM 61: FR 150/North Star Road was considered a state highway for a good portion of the Century. In the New Mexico State Highway Commission created NM 61. 15 The original description of the route did not include FR 150/North Star Road. 16 However, a map from displays this segment as NM 61.

17 The exact date that FR 150/North Star Road became NM 61 is not known, but it appears to be somewhere between and Data discussed below would point to the In correspondence relating to maintenance of roads in the SHC states that Grant and Catron Counties did not maintain the route, but the Forest Service provided some 10 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 11 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 12 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, Lt. Stedman Letter, 13 Pope Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 14 Lt. Stedman Letter. 15 Grebner, Lawrence S., Historical Research Memo , 16 Grebner, Lawrence S., Historical Research Memo , 17 Grebner, Lawrence S., Historical Research Memo , INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 6) maintenance.

18 This may be why the name FR 150 was attached to the road before the Forest Service took over jurisdiction in A SHC memo states that in the state vacated and abandoned several segments of NM 61, specifically, the FR 150/North Star Road segments, to the US Forest Service. However, it appears this was not finalized until when Declaration of Vacation and Abandonment documents were signed. 19 FR 150 and The First Wilderness Area Most documentation describes FR 150/North Star Road as a military or wagon road that received some level of use. The road was improved upon and constructed into a more permanent road by the Gila National Forest and CCC in the 20 This influenced the boundaries of both the Gila and Aldo Leopold Wildernesses.

21 In the early public lands existed in the form of National Parks and Forests. In the early days of the National Forest system, forest management leaned toward production be it timber, grazing, minerals, etc. and providing access through roads for said production or recreation. As time passed, some people argued that some tracts of land within these forests should not be allowed to undergo such modernization. Aldo Leopold, an early employee of the Forest Service and well known conservationist, was one such person. In a article, Leopold describes a wilderness as, 18 Charles A. Sayer, County Maintained Roads on Rural State Highway System District 1, (Memo to Tony Gonzales, Planning Bureau, New Mexico Department of Transportation, August 10, On file, Gila National Forest).

19 Grebner, Lawrence S., Historical Research Memo , 20 FS Inspection Forms; CCC Camps; David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, ed. Aldo Leopold s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, Richard H. Spray, Gila Wilderness Boundary History, (Memo to Director of the Recreation Staff Unit, Region 3, June 30, On file, Gila National Forest). Richard H. Spray, The Gila Wilderness: Boundary Adjustments and other High Jinks, to (presentation, Southwest Wilderness Conference at Western New Mexico University in Silver City, NM, September 29, Paper on file, Gila National Forest). Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work, (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press: 21 Spray, Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff.

Spray, High Jinks. INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 7) a continuous stretch of country preserved in its natural state, open to lawful hunting and fishing, big enough to absorb a two weeks pack trip, and kept devoid of road, artificial trials, cottages, or other works of man..., 22 He argues such wildernesses have an important place in Forest Service recreational policy. Due to its isolated nature, lack of railroads and limited intrusion of roads, presence of large game, fowl, and fish, and its potential for pack trips, Leopold suggests the headwaters of the Gila River in the Gila National Forest as good example of where such an area could be established. 23 On October 2, Leopold proposed the formation of the Gila Wilderness Area.

On June 3, the Gila Wilderness Area was created through the approval of a Recreational Work Plan for the Gila River drainage area. Which included the last largest body of undeveloped forest management and recreational standpoint in New Mexico 24 While the Gila Wilderness Area is considered the Nation s first wilderness designation, this designations was not based in regulation. 25 At the time the Gila Wilderness was created, the idea of wilderness areas was new and very different from today. 26 According to Richard Spray, USDA Assistant Director of Outdoor Recreation, retired, reports dating to this time period imply wilderness to be only a temporary land use until timbering or something else became more economical.

27 In the Recreational Working Plan that created the Gila Wilderness, provisions were made for the construction of several roads that would allow access to timber or for recreational purposes. 28 At this time, FR 150/North Star Road was not one of those listed. The plan further stated that the wilderness policy would not affect grazing or preclude water development or construction of roads for such development. 29 22 Aldo Leopold, The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy, in Aldo Leopold s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, ed. David E. Brown and Neil B.

Carmony, (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books: 23 Leopold, Wilderness and Its Place, 24 USDA Forest Service, Recreational Working Plan, dated March 28, and signed, June 3, Gila Wilderness Resource Files, (Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, 2. 25 Spray, Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff, 1. 26 Spray, Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff, 1. 27 Spray, Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff, 1. 28 USDA Forest Service, Recreational Working Plan, 2. 29 USDA Forest Service, Recreational Working Plan, 3. INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 8) When the Gila Wilderness was designated by the Recreation Plan, the area totaled acres.

However, by the Gila Wilderness was split into two landmasses, the Gila Primitive Area acres), and the Black Range Primitive Area separated by FR 30 The boundaries of the areas changed several times over the years, prior to their official designations as Wilderness Areas.

In a memo and a paper presentation discussing the Gila Wilderness inception and its boundary changes, Spray explains that one of the first adjustments to the Gila Wilderness boundaries came about because of FR Due to the vague language in the Recreation Working Plan, the fact that FR 150/North Star Road accessed private land and still received use, the actual or perceived need for Forest Administrative access (specifically for fire), and the reclassification of the Gila Wilderness Area as a Primitive Area, all provided some reasoning behind the Gila National Forest s decision to allow FR 150 to be improved upon. 31 Other sources cite the deer population as a reason for this decision.

32 In a draft forward for A Sand County Almanac found in his personal papers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives, Aldo Leopold suggests that the road was improved or constructed, so that hunters could access the area in order to control the deer population. In his draft forward, he suggests land management policies he supported including eradicating large predators, like wolves or mountain lions, caused the over population of deer in the Gila Wilderness. 33 He says: Here my sin against the wolves caught up with me. The Forest Service, in the name of range conservation, ordered the construction of a new road splitting my wilderness area in two, so that hunters might have access to the top-heavy deer herd.

I was helpless 34 Ironically, when the Black Range Primitive Area became a Wilderness Area, it was named the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Area. 30 Spray, Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff. 31 Spray, Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff , 1. Spray, High Jinks , 32 Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work, David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, eds, Aldo Leopold s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 33 Aldo Leopold, Forward, in Companion to A Sand County Almanac, ed. by J.

Baird Callicott, (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 34 Leopold, Forward, INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 9) Regardless of the reason behind improving FR its improvement shaped the history of the Gila Wilderness Area. FR 150 and the Forest Service Inspection forms show that the Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from two camps, at Mimbres and at Beaverhead, worked on the North Star Road intermittently from This work included maintenance and betterment work including culverts, headwalls, and catch basins. While construction is mentioned in specific information is not included. Bridges are mentioned as being on work schedules, but again no specific information on location or actual construction is provided.

35 As stated above, the Gila National Forest decided to improve, reconstruct, and/or maintain the North Star Road in The Forest Service Inspection forms show that this work began as early as There are a series of letters about the mishandling of blast caps in at the Beaverhead Camp. In these letters, it is suggested that the blast caps were left in the powder house in by a crew working on the North Star Road. There is no mention of the type of work, but this provides some indication on how quickly the Forest started working on the North Star Road. 36 It is thought that the bridges and culverts along the FR 150/North Star Road are from the CCC era. As seen above, culverts on the road can be directly linked to the CCC through Forest Service documentation.

They also show characteristics of being from that era. The bridges also show some characteristics of CCC design, but are not documented through these inspections forms. The CCC bridges would probably have had wooden decks. However, archeological site forms indicate that the wooden decks were replaced with concrete in the Bridge deck plans from the Coronado National Forest dated seem to confirm this and promote the idea that the decks were built into the bearing walls. 37 These plans were most likely used throughout the South Western Region of the Forest Service (Region 3). There is also documentation suggesting the Terry Canyon Bridges were replaced in 38 This has not been confirmed. However, most of the bridges show signs of rock re-work, as mortar has been replaced.

This work varies in quality from bridge to bridge, but in several cases the work does not detract from the overall CCC feel of the corridor. 35 FS Inspection Forms; CCC Camps; 36 FS Inspection Forms; CCC Camps; 37 US Forest Service, Coronado National Forest Bridge Deck Plan, Tucson, AZ: Coronado National Forest, On file, Gila National Forest. 38 M. Eriksson, C. Milo McLeod, and Dan Gard, Identifying and Preserving Historic Bridges, (USDA Forest Service and Technology & Development, Missoula, Minnesota, 41.

INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 10) Beginning in the the FR 150/North Star Road, culverts and several bridges including Terry Canyon Black Canyon (Black Canyon Big Bridge), tributary to Black Canyon (Black Canyon Small Bridge), and East Indian Creek were combined and recorded as historic site AR- 03-06-05-00618/LA The site is historically significant given its use as a military road, its relation to the Gila Wilderness Area boundary, and the CCC related bridge and culvert construction. Conclusion: Currently, a project on the Gila National Forest called the FR 150 Bridges Project will replace or rehabilitate several bridges along the route. The objective of the project is to address deficiencies in the bridges, providing safe passage to those who travel the road.

Due to the historic significance of the bridges, their removal is considered an Adverse Effect to the site. As such, mitigations have been put in place to preserve two bridges, document one of the bridges being dismantled to see if there is evidence of military or CCC activities, buried road alignments, or construction techniques. Also, a CCC overview on the Gila NF will be researched and written. All of this research and information will be used to interpret the history of the North Star Road/FR These mitigations are meant to strike a balance between preserving history, while allowing the project to continue. Part II. Structural/Design Information A. General Statement: 1.

Character: Indian Creek Bridge is a simple span bridge with a reinforced concrete deck and bearing and wing walls constructed of rock masonry and mortar. Although there is evidence of re-work or patching, this work does not detract from the essence of the bridge. With this, Indian Creek Bridge is still considered one of the best examples of a CCC-era simple span bridge within the Gila National Forest. 2. Condition of fabric: Indian Creek Bridge is constructed of reinforced concrete and rock masonry with mortar bearing and wing walls. Some dry laid rocks are noted along the tallest point of the northwestern and southeastern wing wall next to the bridge deck.

Also, these wing walls and the northeastern wing wall have dry laid rock either extending from the wet laid wall or stacked along the embankment above them. Rock masonry work has most likely occurred given the replacement mortar along some areas of the bearing and wing walls. As stated, this work is heavy handed in places, but does not detract from the overall essence or character of the CCC bridge. Archaeologists have visited this bridge several times over the past few years. From these visits, they have noted exposed rebar on the underside and side of the deck and INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 11) spalling on the underside and topside of the deck, at the eastern end of Bearing Wall 1, and along the curbs.

In a Engineering report Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation on 150 Project, the Indian Creek Bridge was described as structurally deficient, i.e. the structure s deck are in poor or serious condition. 39 Weight restrictions had been put on the bridge at this point, these were further restricted in (see below). In addition, the report stated, all the bridges [on except for Black Canyon [Large Bridge], appear to be built in accordance with a Regional Standard Design. The standard design has 3/8 diameter reinforcing steel connecting the curbs to the slab. The reinforcement has 1 concrete cover to protect the steel, which is less than the standard 2 cover for bridge slabs today.

40 This report also states that the bearing walls are not aligned with the stream channel which can cause scouring. In a bridge inspection reported extensive concrete delamination of the topside of the deck and the curbs. 41 As described in the Engineering Report for the project: Delamination is internal to the slab and not visible on the surface. Concrete delamination is caused by corrosion of the reinforcing steel, which expands and separates the concrete matrix. As water infiltrates the slab, the deterioration progresses, impacting the structural depth of the concrete s compression block that resist applied loads. 42 The topside and underside of the deck was also reportedly spalling.

The upstream deck was reported to have a horizontal crack with delamination, and minor rock loss was seen along wing walls at the top junction with bearing walls. 43 B. Description: 39 Scott F. Mitchell, P.E. and Rex Null, 150 Bridge Rehabilitaiton/Replacement Engineering Report, (On file Gila, National Forest, 1). 40 Mitchell and Null, Enginneer Report, 41 Rex Null and Tracy Weber, P.E., Indian Creek Bridge Inspection Report, (On file, Gila National Forest, 42 Mitchell and Null, Engineer Report, 4. 43 Null and Weber, Indian Creek Bridge Inspection Report. INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 12) 1. Materials: Indian Creek Bridge is constructed of reinforced concrete deck with rock masonry and mortar bearing and wing walls.

Some of the rock masonry appears to be dry-laid, however, this may be due to degradation of the mortar. 2. Dimensions: The concrete deck measures 26 -5 long (bearing wall to bearing wall) and 16 -0 wide (curb to curb) and 1 -6 deep. The concrete curbs measure 26 -5 long, 1 -0 wide, and 0 -9 tall. The concrete deck stem walls measure 26 -5 long and 1 -5 tall on the bearing walls. The southern bearing wall (Bearing Wall 1) measures 16 -0 long. The eastern (upstream) end of this wall measures 5 -5 tall with the western (downstream) end measuring 4 -6 tall. The northern bearing wall (Bearing Wall 2) measures 16 -0 long. The eastern (upstream) end of this wall measures 4 -4 tall with the western (downstream) end measuring 5 -8 tall.

The downstream profile depicts the northwestern and southwestern wing walls. The southwestern wing wall measures 8 -0 long and 7 -5 at the tallest point above grade. The northwestern wing wall measures 9 -2 long and 7 -9 at the tallest point above grade. The upstream profile depicts the northeastern and southeastern wing walls. The northeastern wing wall measures 8 -0 long and 6 -4 at the tallest point above grade. The southeastern wing wall measures 7 -9 long and 7 -7 at the tallest point above grade. For clarification of dimensions, refer to the engineer drawings and photos. C. Mechanicals/Operation: Indian Creek Bridge is constructed of reinforced concrete deck with rock masonry and mortar bearing and wing walls. The bridge was built to carry highway legal loads of the CCC-era.

However, recent evaluations of the bridge have resulted in posted weight restrictions. In the Forest Service conducted a non-destructive test to assess the structural integrity of the bridge deck. This test resulted in further posted weight restrictions for this bridge. Three posted weights are provided for varying trucks with varying number of axels. In the posted weights for this bridge varied from 22 tons 43 tons. Based on the test conducted in these postings were reduced heavily to 4 to 9 tons. 44 D. Site Information: Indian Creek Bridge is located within the congressional boundary of the Gila National Forest, along 150 between the Wilderness and Aldo Leopold Wilderness Areas approximately miles north of 150 s intersection with NM 35. The bridge spans Indian Creek.

Vegetation in the area includes ponderosa pine, 44 Scott Mitchel, P.E., Gila ARRA Bridges and Bridge Postings (E-mail to Rex Null Concerning Non-Destructive Testing of Bridges along July 18, On file, Gila National Forest). INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 13) juniper, oak, grasses and forbs. and the bridges located along it, provides the only access to this area. Part III. Sources of Information A. Primary

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER NM-32. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Grebner, Lawrence S. Historical Research and Current Status of NM 61 with Enclosures. Memo to Bill Moyers, Assistant General Counsel, New Mexico Department of Transportation, March 10, On file, Gila National Forest. Leopold, Aldo. Forward. In Companion to A Sand County Almanac, edited by J. Baird Callicott, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, Leopold, Aldo. The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy. In Aldo Leopold s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, edited by David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, Mitchell, Scott F., P.E. and Rex Null. 150 Bridge Rehabilitation/Replacement Engineering Report. On file, Gila National Forest, Mitchell, Scott, P.E. Gila ARRA Bridges and Bridge Postings.

E-mail to Rex Null Concerning Non-Destructive Testing of Bridges along July 18, On file, Gila National Forest. Null, Rex and Tracy Weber, P.E. Indian Creek Bridge Inspection Report. On file, Gila National Forest, Stedman, C.A., Lieutenant, 9th Cavalry, to Acting Assistant Adjunct General, District of New Mexico, October 26, (Letter Record Group Records of United States Army Continental Commands Part III: Geographical Districts and Subdistricts: District of New Mexico Entry Letters and Reports Received National Archive Building, Washington, DC. USDA Forest Service. Recreational Working Plan, dated March 28, and signed, June 3, Gila Wilderness Resource Files. Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, USDA Forest Service.

Forest Service Inspection Forms for Civilian Conservation Camps, (FS Inspection Forms); Camps PE- and Camps). Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, USDA Forest Service, Coronado National Forest Bridge Deck Plan. Tucson, AZ: Coronado National Forest, On file, Gila National Forest. INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 14) USDA Forest Service. Gila National Forest Map , Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, USDA Forest Service. Gila National Forest Transportation B Quads: Black Mountain, Santa Rita, and Copperas Peak, Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, B. Secondary Brown, David E. and Neil B. Carmony, ed. Aldo Leopold s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, Eriksson, M., C.

Milo McLeod, and Dan Gard, Identifying and Preserving Historic Bridges. Missoula, Minnesota: USDA Forest Service and Technology & Development, Meine, Curt. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, Pope, Neta, and Andrea Jaquez. The Fort Bayard Story The Soldiers The Hostile Apache Indians The Settlers in Harm s Way Self-Published: Andrea Jaquez, Sayre, Charles A. County Maintained Roads on Rural State Highway System District 1. Memo to Tony Gonzales, Planning Bureau, New Mexico Department of Transportation, August 10, On file, Gila National Forest. Spray, Richard H. Gila Wilderness Boundary History. Memo to Director of the Recreation Staff Unit, Region 3, June 30, On file, Gila National Forest. Spray, Richard H.

The Gila Wilderness: Boundary Adjustments and other High Jinks, to Presentation, Southwest Wilderness Conference at Western New Mexico University in Silver City, NM, September 29, Paper on file, Gila National Forest. C. Likely Sources Not Yet Fully Investigated: National Archives on Civilian Conservation Corps in New Mexico, including those involved with the Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, and Grazing Service. Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Newspapers. Oral history, and potential, videography sources in private and public institutions, and or organizations.

Indian Creek Bridge INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (Page 15) Catron County, New Mexico > 15 0 Indian Creek Bridge New Mexico Catron County Site Location Map UTM Reference: E, N, NAD 83 Zone 12 Miles USGS 7.5 Minute Series North Star Mesa Quadrangle, ADDENDUM TO: HAER INDIAN CREEK BRIDGE HAER (East Indian Creek Bridge) (Bridge Gila National Forest National Forest System Road 150/North Star Road Mimbres vicinity Grant County New Mexico FIELD RECORDS HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior C Street NW Washington, DC