Major Bibliographical References (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data: _ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 X State Historic Preservation Office CFR 67) has been requested Other State agency _ previously listed in the National Register - Federal agency - previously determined eligible by the National X Local government Register University _ Designated a National Historic Landmark X Other Recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Name of repository: Jones Library, Amherst College Library _ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section number & Page 1 8.
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OMB No. 1024-0018 Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Summary Named for the family of prominent local resident and parishioner Moses Goodwin, Amherst's African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church building has been the place of worship for the Black community since it was dedicated in 1910. This is the second building built for the purpose. The first was built in 1869 north of the current site and demolished around 1917. The church is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under criteria A and C at the local level. The Goodwin Memorial A. M. E. Zion Church has functioned as place of worship for African American residents for 89 years, time enough for it to become a local landmark and spiritual center for Black people in the town.
Also, the church is significant under criterion C for its embodiment of distinctive characteristics of early 20* century architecture. Its exposed rafter ends, hipped roof and wood shingled walls are characteristic elements of Craftsman style design. The church is also a well-preserved example of religious vernacular architectural design and construction. Other religious facilities in the town exhibit more detail and different construction methods, such as spires, towers made of stone and large stained glass windows. The Goodwin AME Zion Church is simpler in its design and construction than other churches and for that reason is distinctive. The building is well maintained and retains integrity of design, material, location, setting and association. African Americans in Amherst African Americans had been communicants in Amherst's First Parish Church since the 18* century.
While it is likely that they were relegated to the rear pews or the balcony, it is made clear by church records and the research of local genealogist James Avery Smith that they were present. Smith notes that during the 18 century, African Americans named Pomp and George had been admitted as full members of the First Parish Church. Phillis Finnemore, a free African American, was admitted in 1804. In 1765, six Black residents, at least three of whom were slaves, lived in Amherst. Two Black residents in the 1760s named Thomas and Tabitha were free persons but were warned out of town, meaning they were informed that they were not eligible for charitable support. Other names from the period include Caesar Prutt, a French and Indian and Revolutionary War veteran and long time resident of the town whose presence is described repeatedly in town and census records.
The 1896 history of the town of Amherst notes that Prutt was sufficiently aged in 1807 that the town was obliged to care for him. The 1790 federal census indicates two non-White free persons resided in the town and no slaves, owing to the fact that slavery was abolished in the Commonwealth around 1782. In the 1800 federal census records, four African Americans appear, although there may have been as many as seven African Americans in the town functioning primarily as domestic servants. 1810 census information reveals eight Black residents living with White families, probably working as servants. The list of African Americans reflected in the 1820 census grew dramatically and contains names familiar in African American circles in Amherst, including Newport, Bias and Finnemore.
Also reflected in the 1820 census is that 23 of the 26 African Americans lived in their own homes rather than with White families. This trend continues into the 1840s (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Section number 8 Page 2 when seven Black families comprising 33 individuals lived independently of White families according to census information. Six of the seven families lived in the same area of the town and were listed sequentially in the schedule of individuals. These people were most likely living near the current Westside District (NR pending, 2000).
Thus began the core settlement of Black residents in the town, although it is difficult to prove where the group lived before the mid 19th century. By the 1860's, it is clear that the enclave of African Americans had developed in the Westside District (Hazel Avenue, Baker, Snell Streets) located south of State Route 9/Northampton Road. A resident directory from 1869 and census information from 1870 corroborate that Black families lived in the area. Names that appear in both the census and the directory are Burghardt, Newport and Smith. Many more than these three families lived in the area and may have been passed over by both the census taker and the directory compiler. Ira Burghardt, a 33 year old African American, lived with Juba Burghardt, 51 and 13 year old Harriet, a student. Ira worked as a laborer, as did the majority of Black residents at the time.
Dwight and Henry Newport were young students living with John and Martha Thompson. Another Newport named William worked and lived at a nearby stable. Hiram Smith was a 33 year old laborer who lived with Diana and young John, probably his wife and son on Northampton Road. It is no coincidence that Amherst's African American congregation would be located just east of the homes of this group of residents. On River Street, a young African American named Moses Goodwin worked as a machinist's apprentice for the locksmith Porter Dickinson according to the 1870 census. Later, he owned and operated a locksmith and bicycle shop in the center of town. While Goodwin did not live in the heart of the Black neighborhood but instead with a White family, he would become a community leader and successful businessman with a powerful influence on the AME Zion Church in Amherst.
Early Forms of African American Worship The Wesleyan Revival in England, begun around 1729, was led by members of London's Wesley family and a group of students at Oxford University seeking to promote social and personal morality. This response to a perceived lack of religious righteousness in British life attracted a growing number of adherents to the new doctrine that emphasized strict guidelines or "methods" for proper living. In 1735, John and Charles Wesley traveled to the English colony of Georgia in order to preach to Native Americans, whom they saw as a people without spiritual leadership. This began the tradition in the Wesleyan, or Methodist Church, from its earliest days in America, of offering worship opportunities to non-White people.
Irish Immigrants who brought the Methodist religion from their homeland to New York City in 1760 began holding Methodist services in homes of communicants. David H. Bradley, historian of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, states that an African American domestic servant attended the first American Methodist meeting. Through donations, including some from African American women, the congregation was able, by 1768, to construct the first Methodist Church building in the country. Willingness by the Methodists to accept non-European converts, half of whom may have been Black, facilitated the growth of the church and promoted the doctrine of social and personal morality defined by the early Wesleyans. Richard Allen, the son of slaves, became the first Black Methodist deacon in 1799, ordained by Methodist bishop Francis Asbury.
He began preaching at a time of increasing Black membership and dwindling tolerance for integration by White (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Section number 8 Page 3 Methodist church members. Allen led several other ministers of Black Methodist churches in founding the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia in 1816, of which he became bishop. A second and closely related denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church was formed in New York in 1821. By the end of the 19th century, 300,000 members worshipped at the AME Zion Church in Virginia alone.
Other African American churches came into existence, including the Negro Baptist Church (founded 1773), and the Negro Episcopal Church (founded 1794), and combined to generate a period of Black religious revival. This gave rise to the anti-slavery minority within the Methodist church and the Wesleyan Methodist Church, founded 1843. Wesleyans rejected slavery as an inhuman institution and pressured members to set free their slaves in the name of racial tolerance. Abolitionists counted many Methodists among their number. African American Worship in Amherst Prior to the Civil War, Amherst College students acted as Sunday school instructors for the families of the faculty. To these services were invited the Black children of college staff as well. After the Civil War Amherst and many other northern towns and cities experienced an increase in the Black population.
Traveling away from the region that witnessed two centuries of human bondage was a natural method of trying to escape the prejudices, conventions and memory of slavery. While it may be argued that some improvements in opportunity and in the social structure existed in the north, the color barrier, if faded, still existed and the Black migrants to the town found themselves clinging together in modest neighborhoods. The location of the principal African American neighborhood off Northampton Road provided well for the fulfillment of physical and spiritual needs, however. The adjacency of the Westside neighborhood to Amherst College provided a labor force to staff the college and some jobs for Westside residents. By 1861, Amherst College faculty operated a religious mission on behalf of Black residents.
It is probable that African American parishioners were welcome in the First Parish Church as they had been since the 1700s. College faculty operated a Sunday school in the Amherst Academy building as an effort to reach out and assist in providing for the spiritual needs of their African American neighbors, although these services appear to have been segregated from Amherst society at large. By the mid 1860s, Sunday school services were held in the rear of the First Parish Church. Shortly afterward, three women involved with the Amherst College Chapel mounted efforts to construct a Zion Chapel on behalf of the Black community. These women, two faculty wives and a student mother, obtained permission from college officials to build a church on college property at the corner of Northampton Road and Parsons Street (now Woodside Avenue).
The small, one-story building was dedicated in 1869 by Amherst College President William A. Stearns in the presence of professors Edward Hitchcock, Rev. William S. Tyler, Rev. Julius H. Seelye and First Congregational Minister Rev. J. L. Jenkins, as well as a large percentage of Amherst's 91 African American residents. Two early ministers were S. L. Hobbs (1877-1880) and Dwight W. Marsh (1882-1890) and Sunday school lessons were subsequently held here under the instruction of J. B. Seabury, an Amherst College student. The locally published Amherst Record Almanac indicates the pulpit was supplied by Amherst College until at least 1877. Also in that year, the (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) OMB No.
1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Section number 8 Page 4 Original Colored Virginia Singers performed in College Hall, perhaps because the Zion chapel was too small for the concert. The first AME Zion Church building is depicted in the 1886 bird's eye view of Amherst at the southeast corner of Vorthampton and Parsons Streets. Labeled "Zion Church (African)", it appears as a gabled building with three windows visible on the south wall. The church is recognized by its floorplan on Sanborn Fire Insurance Company maps of the town drawn in 1896 and labeled "Zions Chapel". It faces west and has a small entry porch at Parsons Street (now Woodside Avenue).
It is quite small, especially when compared to college halls and fraternities to the east. The diminutive size may have been a factor in the decision, taken by the congregation in 1907, to build a new church building. The original church building was demolished around 1917. Beginning around 1904, funds were raised by members of the college community, local citizens and members of the Black Community. Local historians indicate that in 1904, teacher, writer and speaker on African American issues Booker T. Washington paid a visit to raise additional funds. The congregation raised money by holding an "egg auction" wherein people bid money to support the church building fund. A total of $611.60 was raised in this manner with donations from parishioners, local citizens, Amherst College president William Stearns and other professors.
The parish used the money to buy a parcel of land from Carroll Hasbrook around 1907. In 1909, the parcel transferred to Moses Goodwin who owned it during the time of construction of the church in 1910. In 1914, Mr. Goodwin transferred ownership of the land and building to the trustees of the church. In October, 1907, the 43 voting parishioners requested independence from the Congregational Church of Amherst College Chapel so it could join the Hampshire Conference of Congregations. Members of the committee to lead efforts toward independence were Julian Miller, Charles Finnemore, Egbert Brown, Frederick Dwight Newport, Perry Roberts, Charles Roberts, George Davis and church clerk Edward Newport. Deacons of the church at this time were Charles Pettyjohn, Robert Till and William Franklin. Moses Goodwin acted as treasurer and spoke at the building's dedication ceremony held in 1910.
The 1869 "Zion Church" is depicted at the Parsons Street location on 1910 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company maps with a notation that it is heated by stove and lit by electricity. The building in which the AME Zion Church currently meets also appears on the 1910 map, however it is labeled "Union Methodist Church". A 1910 Hampshire Gazette news article describes the ceremony dedicating the AME Zion Church, which most of the congregation attended and at which Mr. Goodwin Spoke. On the 1916 version of the Sanborn map, the current building is marked as the "Putnam AME Zion Church", indicating that Amherst's Black congregation had reached the place of worship it would retain through the turn of the 21" century. The congregation was drawn in large part from the Westside district of Amherst. This is a neighborhood occupied by high proportion of African American residents since the 1860s.
Westside is west of the church on Hazel Avenue, Snell Street, Baker Street and part of Northampton Road. (National Register nomination pending 2000) While parishioners were from all parts of town, a large proportion were from this neighborhood. Some early ministers of the Zion church include E. C. Brown 1903-5; E.T. Barrow 1905-08; John D. Nichols 1908-10; Clarence A. Gooding 1914-17 (later an antique furniture dealer); George Biddle 1923-25; Luther C. Jones 1933-38; Nicholas Franklyn (also manager of a local establishment called Terpsey Parlors) 1946-47, 1953-ca. 1960. Some of these ministers were shared with another African (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) OMB No.
1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Section number 8 Page 5 American congregation in Amherst, Hope Church Congregational Church, i.e.: George Biddle 1923-25; Clarence A. Gooding 1932-36. In September, 1967, the AME Zion congregation decided to rename their church after the Moses Goodwin family for their long attendance and service. Ruth Goodwin, known as a regular attendee, and her sister Amy, church organist, were present at the ceremony honoring their father, a former trustee and treasurer, and noted for their own continued activities in the church. Moses Goodwin was born in 1851 in South Carolina. He moved to Amherst after the end of the Civil War and apprenticed himself at the age of 19 to the machinist Porter Dickinson.
Mr. Goodwin lived on River road, married a woman named Mary Turner with whom he had had a son. He was married again in 1891 to a Tennesseean named Anna Reed with whom he had three daughters, Ruth, Olive and Amy. Mr. Goodwin was on the building committee of the current AME Zion Church in 1910 and spoke at its dedication. He owned a bicycle, locksmith and general repair shop on Main Street beginning around 1870 which remained in business for the next 50 years. Mrs. Anna Goodwin, known as "Ma", operated the Colonial Inn boarding house for college students on McLellan Street beginning in 1918. While Mr. Goodwin died in 1923, Mrs. Goodwin remained in the business of boarding college students into the 1940s. Their daughters Ruth and Amy remained active parishioners at Goodwin AME Zion and attended services into the 1990s.
(end) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Section number 9 Page 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY African American Historical Sites, Amherst, Massachusetts. Amherst, Massachusetts: Revised by Melinda Le Lacheur, Amherst Historical Museum. Atlas of Massachusetts, the Chronology of Events in the Development of the Town of Amherst, Massachusetts, 1727- 1974. Compiled by Mary Mattoon Chapter, D.A.R., 1975. Amherst. Map. New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1899, 1910, 1902, 1916, 1930. Amherst. Map. Troy, New York: Lucien R. Burleigh lithography, 1886. Amherst. Map. New York: F. W. Beers, 1873. Bradley, David Henry. History of the A.M.E. Zion Church, Vol I: 1796-1872. Nashville: Parthenon Press, 1956.
Carpenter and Morehouse, Compilers and Publishers. History of the Town of Amherst, Massachusetts. Amherst: 1896. Hampshire County. Map. Boston: Walling, H. F., 1856. Lost Amherst. Amherst: Amherst Historical Commission, 1980. McCloud and Williams. Amherst Record Almanac of 1878. Amherst: 1878. Mount Holyoke. Map. United States Geological Survey, 1941, 1948. Mount Toby. Map. United States Geological Survey, 1941. Rand, Frank Prentice. The Village of Amherst, A Landmark of Light. Amherst: Amherst Historical Society., 1958. Resident Directories: 1869- 1951. Smith, James Avery. History of the African American Population of Amherst, Massachusetts, 1729-1870. Boston: New England Historical and Genealogical Society, 1999. United States, Bureau of the Census. Federal Census of the United States, 1790, 1800, 1840, 1870. (end) GoodwinMemorialAMEZion Church Name of Property 10.
Geographical Data Hampshire, MA. County, State Acreage of Property less than one TM References See continuation shee Place additional UTM references on a continuation shee 703960 4693710 EastingR Northing 2. Zone Easting Northing 3. Zone Easting "Zone Easting _See continuation sheet Northing Northing Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) 11.
Form Prepared By name/title_ Sanford Johnson, preservation consultant, with Betsy Friedberg, NR Director, MHC organization Massachusetts Historical Commission date March 2000 street & number 220 Morrissey Boulevard telephone 617-727-8470 city or town Boston state MA Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: _zip code 02125 Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) name Goodwin Memorial A.M.E.
Zion Church street & number Woodside Avenue telephone city or town Amherst state MA zip code 01002 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.0.
Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section number 10 Page 1 OMB No. 1024-0018 Goodwin Memorial AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts GEOGRAPHICAL DATA incide to the nominated are Boundary Justification: The boundaries of the nominated area were determined by following the outline of the building lot of the church. All land in the parcel and the church building have been included in the nomination. (end) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section number 10 Page 2 Map: OMB No.
1024-0018 Goodwin AME Zion Church Amherst Hampshire County, Massachusetts Athtetic Field AMHERST COLLEGE 200 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET Goodwin Memorial African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church REQUESTED ACTION: NOMINATION PROPERTY NAME: MULTIPLE NAME: STATE & COUNTY: MASSACHUSETTS, Hampshire DATE RECEIVED: DATE OF 16TH DAY: DATE OF WEEKLY LIST: 3/27/00 4/23/00 REFERENCE NUMBER: 00000416 DATE OF PENDING LIST: 4/07/00 DATE OF 45TH DAY: 5/11/00 REASONS FOR REVIEW: APPEAL: N DATA PROBLEM: N LANDSCAPE: N LESS THAN 50 YEARS: PERIOD: PROGRAM UNAPPROVED: N SLR DRAFT: N NATIONAL: REQUEST: N SAMPLE: COMMENT WAIVER: N VACCEPT ABSTRACT/SUMMARY COMMENTS: REJECT 4.28.00 DATE Entered in the National Regiater RECOM.
/CRITERIA REVIEWER TELEPHONE DOCUMENTATION DISCIPLINE DATE : attached comments Y/N see attached SLR Y/N Lill goudwin A.M.E. Zion Church wesi intost Hampshite co. Mass SANFOrd JoLuSoN 6/99 Neas at eleuning Dept quudwin A.M.E. Zios Church Ambest Humpshire co. Mass Sanfard Johason 6/99 vess ot slownias Dept Wr 3-B 100|82.2 907 144 67 73 EE == 74 119 120 ..
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122 149 150 133H1S 147 324.3 168 1203 146 113.T I19.6: 139 145 1e T 144 143 1222 142 29.5 171 141 1403 299 NORTHAMPTON 169 170 ROAD $ 115 173 306 393 77° 209 R-G 205 204 311 : 198 : -5.12 # 310 ge 199 s 200 =: 201 7202 / 2033 "pytee. GAYLORD STREET 923 623 E 220 3091 228229g230% 231 232 Ts"iz1 308 125 227 $,234 233 3AN3AY 221 307 g 235 312 226 =)2 :236 - 238 237 184.44 100 35T :2399g 240 606 140'3 222 2243 241 sla 242 TLS 10': 243 244-245 223 914 189 R-G® 2673 174 $. 180* 181 200° TTOT 188 1545 187 122 186 TTS 185 130 180 183 40°m /% 182 201 VENUR 46.45 930 14-C-25 ED GotWN AME ZiaNChurch TOWN OF Herpshirefo.
MA AMHERST PRKATE HEAN DEMAON 10OT MAp HA MASSACHUSETTS lot 180 SOUTH PROSPECTT B 216 113.25 217 B-L 218 32 249 173.12 248 STEET 922 219 (163:) SELLEN 246 29 & 247 101 65.70 NORTHAMPTON&ROADI 905 189 19| 192 128' 190 195 18523 194 193 10527 STREET 931 192 SCALE -JOUTH PLEASANT SOUTH PLE(SANT PUBLISHED RY L. R. BURLEIGH. TROY. N. Y. Ghurches. First Conoreoational. First Bapust Grace Episcopal Wesley dethodist Episcopa St. Bridget's Roman Catholic. 2inn Chanel.(airieaa. Gollege Buildings. Callege Charch. Narta College, Collene Ham Lawrence nheeruatoru Walker Rar SAnnlalannrniss BDld Cumm AnuDIsuT ceAlREO GoodwIN A.M.E. ZioN Church Hampshife Co. MA AMHEEST, MI 1886. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts William Francis Galvin, Secretary of the Commonwealth Massachusetts Historical Commission March 24, 2000 Ms.
Carol Shull National Register of Historic Places Department of the Interior National Park Service Mail Stop 2280, Suite 400 1849 C Street, NW Washington, DC 20240 Dear Ms. Shull: Enclosed please find the following nomination form: Goodwin Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church, Amherst (Hampshire) MA The nomination has been voted eligible by the State Review Board and has been signed by the State Historic Preservation Officer. The owners of the property were notified of pending State Review Board consideration 30 to 45 days before the meeting and were afforded the opportunity to comment. Sincerely, Betsy Friedberg Betey Fredlierg National Register Director Massachusetts Historical Commission enclosure CC: Goodwin Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church Donald Frizzle, Chair, Amherst Historical Commission Bryanrd arvey, A.
Phest Board of Selectmen William O'Neill, Chair, Planning Board 220 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 - (617) 727-8470 Fax: (617) 727-5128 - TDD: 1-800-392-6090 www.state.ma.us/sec/mbc
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