Nomination for Marlow Theatre

From the form

The catalogue entry the section above was filed under.

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. Aug. 2002) (Expires Jan. 2005) RECEIVED 2280 United States Department of the Interior JAN 2 4 2008 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM NAT. REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property other names/site number 2. Location street & number S. Third and Park Streets not for publication_N/A city or town _ vicinity OH county 3. State/Federal Agency Certification request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.

In my opinion, the property State or Federal Agency or Tribal government Signature of commenting or other official State or Federal agency and bureau LAW-137-08 comments.) Lawrence Date Marlow Theatre historic name National Park Service This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts.See instructions in How to Signature of certifying official state Ohio only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPs Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by _ zip code _ - statewide & locally. (See continuation sheet for additional comments.) January 1e, 2008 _does not meet the National Register criteria.

(_ See continuation sheet for additional marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being nomination nationally meets hio HOhio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society Page 2 Lawrence County, Ohio 4. National Park Service Certification 1, hereby certify that this property is: determined not eligible for the removed from the National Register 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) - public-local _ public-State Category of Property (Check only one box) x building(s) _district _site Number of Resources within Property Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register0 object structure National Register Total _public-Federal Marlow Theatre entered in the National Register See continuation sheet.

Date of Action Xprivate USDI/NPS Registration Form other (explain): /Signature of Keepe Noncontributing Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) USDI/NPS Registration Form Page 3 Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Cat: _ Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation concrete brick, limestone Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more other Commerce roof Theater continuation sheets.) walls 7.

Description Recreation and Culture (Refer to Continuation sheets) Specialty Store Late 19t and 20t Century Revivals: Classical Revival asphalt, single ply roof membrane Sub Lawrence County, Ohio OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page 1 Narrative Description Constructed ca. 1920, The Marlow Theatre Building is a Neo-Classical Revival style four-story stretcher bond blonde brick commercial building and attached three-story theater. The building sits on a corner lot, with commercial storefronts along S. Third and Park Streets. The theater component is a three-story section adjacent to the commercial block, fronting on S. Third Street. The building is in the middle of Ironton's commercial district and adjacent to the National Register-listed Marting Hotel.

(See Site Plan) Commercial buildings are present across both streets and a parking lot is being two or three stories. Representatives of commercial Italianate and Queen Anne can be found, but the majority of railroad tracks and the Ohio River. The Marlow Theatre Building consists of a three-story theatre in combination with a four-story commercial block. Both designed in the Neo-Classical Revival style, and built with matching materials, including blonde stretcher bond brick with stone detailing. The buildings were built of fireproof construction with the exception of exposed steel in the roof of the building was constructed in 1920 and this date is supported by newspaper advertisements in 1920 for Johnston's December 25, 1920. Theater Exterior covered with corrugated metal.

Historically four small windows were symmetrically placed at the first floor and the these openings is a circular stone ornament. A plain stone parapet tops the flat roof building with three sections of projecting vertical piers that divide the façade into sections and frame the corners of the building, and an ornamental blank brick wall with plain stone bands in line with the stringcourses on the façade. Two side doors are at each end of to the rear of the building and the adjacent Marting Hotel. (8-86) Marlow Theatre ornamental balusters centered above the second floor windows. Other detail includes multiple stone string courses, level at this time.

Much of the glass is damaged or missing.The upper portion of the storefront windows have been NPS Form 10-900-a the central business district is comprised of the Neo-Classical Revival style.Two blocks south of the building are the theater door was near the corner of the building.(Attachment F) The symmetrical facade of S. Third has three pairs of casement window openings with iron grillwork and stone surrounds centered at the second floor level. Above each of adjacent to the theater. Buildings in the commercial district range in height from one to six stories with the average commercial storefronts, one on Park Avenue and the other on S. Third Street. (Photos1-2) They are compatibly department store located in the building.

The theater section of the building was completed with a grand opening on The current configuration of storefronts on the theater section appears to have occurred between 1952 when the theater movie theater (per the 1928 Sanborn map - Attachment D). The Sanborn indicates that the Park Ave. portion of the closed and 1960 when the 1928 Sanborn map was revised. The existing pigmented glass was likely added on the ground carved stone shield above the main entry in the bay closest to the commercial block. (Photos 3-5) The side elevation is a components appear to have been built concurrently.The building's corner location creates two primary elevationswith the ground floor. (Photo 5) The rear elevation has a metal fire escape and faces an alley-type space that provides access Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No.

1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page 2 Theater Interior At the ground level of the theater building is a row of commercial storefronts that historically was the main level of the theater. The original main entry of the theater was on S. Third Street in the storefront that is closest to Park Ave. In leading to the second floor. (Photo 8) In the neighboring storefront ornamental ceiling medallions are still present, which likely accompanied light fixtures over the first floor seating area. None of the other storefronts have historic detailing from the theater era. French doors, a ceiling medallion, and plaster detailing. (Photos 9-11). Bathrooms are underneath the balcony off of the lobby area. Stairs lead upto a walkway providing access to the balcony seats.

(Photos 16-18) Decorative plaster In general, the building has reinforced concrete floors, brick curtain walls and unadorned utilitarian concrete stairs. Although much of the original theater components are intact, including the stage, balcony and ornamental plaster detailing, the space is interrupted by hardware from the later installation of dropped ceilings hung throughout the Commercial Block Exterior Presently there are only two entrances into the commercial block on the corner, one on S. Third Street and one on Park Avenue. The storefronts of the corner commercial block were altered with a brick facing ca. 1980. The second through fourth floors of the commercial block have symmetrically-spaced 8/12 double hung wood sash windows. A few of the original windows in the fourth floor on the Park Ave. elevation have been covered with plywood.

There are 6 bays on Classical Revival inspired stone decoration above the window bays and a decorative stone cornice. Other details include Park Ave. had an awning. (Attachment F) (8-86) present-day commercial spaces. Marlow Theatre stone string courses and contrasting masonry pilasters on the corners.(Photos 1-2) Historically the commercial block had centered entries on each facade and flanking storefront windows with multi-light transoms.The primary entry on plaster detailing on the walls and at the cornice. (Photos 6-7). This area originally served as the lobby with marble stairs this commercial space there is a checkerboard marble floor, marble wainscoting and embedded pilasters, and ornamental On the second floor above the S. Third Street entry is a small lounge with decorative detail including multiple light (Photo 19) Opposite the balcony is the stage.

The stage floor and decorative proscenium arch are still intact. (Photo detailingis still present in the balcony.(Photos12-15) The projection booth is centered above the upper balcony level. the Park Avenue side and four bays on the S. Third Street side. The top story of the building is capped with Neo- Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Section Page 3 Commercial Block Interior The first floor commercial space, currently a news/convenience store, is remodeled with little evidence of historic details. The second and third floors are laid out in early twentieth century apartments. These spaces with floor plan intact have original wood floors, doors, transoms, baseboards, windows, wood trim and bathrooms.

(Photos 21-24) The fourth floor is open space with wood floor, baseboards, and square plastered support columns. (Photo 27) There are small 8- An elevator shaft exists on all levels. (Photo 26) The interior finishes, including wood floors and plaster finishes are in deteriorated condition, particularly in the upper floors. Storefronts in the theater section post-date the theater's closure in 1952. The pigmented glass from this later alteration is broken or missing in many locations. Storefronts in the commercial block section were remodeled with a brick facing storefronts with prism glass panels. (See Attachments A, B, and F) The first floor store interiors are altered with modern partition walls, paneling and dropped ceilings - all easily reversible. theater interior are reversible.

The upper floors of offices, apartments and open spaces in the commercial section remain intact including original floors, detailing and windows. The vast majority of Ironton's commercial buildings had their storefronts altered during the mid-twentieth century, as was typical in most communities. Within this context, the building is typical of commercial development within the community. Despite the ground floor alterations on the exterior and interior of the building, the Marlow Theatre Building retains a high degree of historic integrity. It still conveys a sense of time and place and is an overall intact example of a particular building type, a combination (8-86) Historic Integrity CONTINUATION SHEET commercial opera house. The theater interior appears to be intact except for the removal of seating.

The dropped ceiling systems in place in the NPS Form 10-900-a light sash on the wall adjacent to the theater. The stairs leading to each level are utilitarian concrete stairs. (Photo 25) ca. 1980. Historic photos of the storefronts show details of the original theater marquee and sign, and traditional Page 4 Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio 8. Statement of Significance

Statement of significance

criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing) XA Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. a reconstructed building, object, or structure. Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) 1920 -1952 Significant Dates Significant Person Architecture Commerce Architect/Builder Entertainment/Recreation a commemorative property. a cemetery. Period of Significance removed from its original location.

Criteria Considerations (Mark "X" in all the boxes that apply.) Cultural Affiliation USDI/NPS Registration Form if Criterion B is marked above)) Applicable National Register Criteria(Mark"x"in one or more boxes for the a birthplace ora grave. represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. Page 5 Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation 9.

The rest of the file

Bibliography, boundary description, and the people who prepared and reviewed the nomination.

Major Bibliographical References (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation Previous documentation on file (NPS) - preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested. _previously listed in the National Register _previously determined eligible by the National Register designated a National Historic Landmark recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # _recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # Primary Location of Additional Data - State Historic Preservation Office _ Other State agency 1 17 353112 4266221 See continuation sheet.

Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) sheets.) University Other Local government Federal agency Zone Easting Northing 10. Geographical Data UTM additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) Name of repository: USDI/NPS Registration Form Acreage of Property _ Less Than One Acre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page 1 Statement of Significance under Criterion C as a distinctive and well preserved example of a late 19"*- early 20** century building type, a combination commercial/theater building.

The building is architecturally noteworthy for its Neo-Classical Revival style, characteristics of which include an entablature with dentils, stone ornament and string courses, corner stone pilasters with panels, and 8 over 12 double hung wood windows with voussoirs. Lawrence County was formed in 1816. Pioneers from Kentucky and Pennsylvania had established settlements on the Rock Iron Region. This region of rich mineral deposits covered nearly 1000 square miles in Ohio, Kentucky, and West County was the production leader in Ohio. The first iron furnace, Union Furnace, was established by John Means who arrived in Hanging Rock in 1819. Ironton, located three miles west of Hanging Rock, began essentially as a company town platted in 1849 by the Ohio name was an abbreviation for Iron Town. Ironton became the center of the iron production industry in the region.

strategic as well and Ironton eventually became a bustling port city. 1860. Population growth was steady, reaching 11,868 in 1900. It made another considerable jump by 1914 to over Ironton expanded as the iron business expanded in the region. Although there were other industrial pursuits, industries related to iron production were dominant such as foundries and refineries. Manufacturers of iron related products included rolling mills, nail mills, and casting companies. The quality of the iron coming from the area was such that 16,000.

(8-86) Ironton Marlow Theatre situated on a corner parcel with an attached theater in the central business district of Ironton.It is significant under Ohio River in the late 1790s.The area was abundant with coal and iron ore deposits and became known as the Hanging Criterion A for its contribution to the entertainment and commercial enterprise in the community.It is also significant furnaces within Lawrence County.Ultimately four railroad lines serviced Ironton.Its location on the Ohio River was Ironton was reorganized as a city by the state legislature in 1851.The following year the county seat was relocated Iron and Coal Company for the purpose of erecting houses and businesses to support workers at the iron furnaces.The there.The estimated population when the town was founded was500-600.It made a considerable jump to 3,691 in The Marlow Theatre Building is significant as an imposing early twentieth century four-story commercial building almost immediately after the town's founding.

Hanging Rock was the main shipping port for the region until the railroad was completed to Ironton in 1851. Ironton was the terminus for the Iron Railroad where it ran to eleven pig iron Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page 2 The American Civil War caused a huge demand for iron and iron from the Hanging Rock Region was favored for casting weapons and for sheathing Union ships. The Swamp Angel, a cannon used during the Civil War, was made at the Hecla Furnace. A petition to Congress was made in the 1860s to establish a national foundry in Ironton. In 1873 construction was completed on the Big Etna Furnace, the largest blast furnace in the world.

The iron industry continued to grow until the market panic of 1873 slowed production. A second wave of demand for iron occurred in 1898 when the United States went to war with Spain. This caused resurgence in business and construction in Ironton. Region was significant enough in supplying the growing auto industry that Henry Ford established the Detroit, Toledo, and Ironton Railroad The early twentieth century iron boom lasted until about 1920 following the end of WWI. By the late 1920s all the iron finally been depleted. (A Story About Lawrence County, Ohio) Additionally, the furnaces in the hanging Rock Iron Region were old fashioned and out dated by the 1920s compared with the furnaces of new iron and steel factories in Youngstown and Pittsburgh.

(Lawrence County Genealogical Society) Despite the closure of the iron furnaces, the economy continued to thrive in the 1920s as Ironton's business and industrial community had diversified by then. In 1923 Ironton's Chamber of Commerce represented a membership of 500. Population in Ironton increased to 21,114 by Social activities also brought people from outlying areas into the city during the early decades of the twentieth century. The first apple show in recognition of Lawrence County's multitude of orchards was held in 1914. The Ironton Tanks, a professional football team, was organized in 1918. It was a popular and successful team through the 1920s and a remain steady as roughly the same number of clothing stores and department stores were operating in 1935 as were in 1928. Flood walls in Ironton were completed in 1943 after devastating floods along the Ohio River in 1937.

Ironton's economic base saw a boost in the 1940s with the arrival of the chemical industry. This contributed to a small wave of construction in the city after World War II. "As Ironton celebrated its Centennial in 1949, five new business buildings had recently been completed." (Lawrence County Historical Book Committee, p. 7) Rankin) (8-86) stadium was built for it in 1926 (later given to the high school in 1933). By the 1920s there were two theatres, three furnaces were shut down. This is mostly attributed to the fact that the once abundant native supply of iron ore had The nascent automobile industry also created a new demand for iron products.Iron coming from the Hanging Rock moving picture theatres, and a recreation and bowling center. Ironton also had a thriving commercial district with several shopping options, which further contributed to the city's regional appeal.

Ironton felt the pinch of the Depression years like most communities did. However, the retail community managed to the British preferred it during their Crimean War, 1854-1856, calling it 30% better than the best English iron. (Brook, 1928. Lawrence County, Ohio OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page By 1950 the population had declined to 16,621 and continued to decline through the 1980s as people moved out of Ironton and into suburbanized neighborhoods farther out in the county. As people moved away, shopping and governmental offices kept downtown Ironton relatively healthy through the 1960s. Downtown decline accelerated in the resulting in the demolition of numerous buildings.

Professional and governmental offices have kept Ironton's downtown include the Erlich House, 1980; Fifth & Lawrence Residential District, 1978; Marting Hotel, 1999; N&W Railroad Depot, 1978; Rankin Historic District, 1979; and Vesuvius Furnace, 1990. The Marlow Theatre opened in 1920 and was constructed adjacent to the Marting Hotel. To date, available resources have not identified an architect for the building. The name for the Marlow Theatre is commonly known to have been a contraction of the Marting and Lowry family names. Dr. A.C. Lowry was Henry Marting's business partner and son-in- law. (A Pictorial History, p. 36) Col. Henry A. Marting was an important name within Ironton and had been influential in the completion of the Marting Hotel after that project had languished for years under other leadership. The hotel opened in 1919 and Col. Marting died in November of that same year.

"Unfortunately, within the year after Col. Marting's death, the company stock was handled poorly and all was lost due to a drop in the iron market....Members of the Marting family continued involvement with business and civic activities throughout the years, but not to the extent that the Colonel did." (Kline, p.8, 6) The Marting family remained a fixture Marting name after 1920 did not reflect the family's industrial heritage. "The Marting family moved away from the and provided a certain type of boosteristic pride, they were not the traditional industries that provided industrial jobs for the community." (Payne, p. 118) Even with the Marting family involved as contributors to the Marlow Theatre, it appears that they had little or no role in the theatre's operation. Newspaper articles and the Marlow's advertisements grand opening.

(Attachment E) Following the grand opening the Daily Register reported, "The opening of the Marlow theatre Christmas day exceeded the expectations of the management. The new show house was crowded for every (8-86) instrumental in starting several businesses and owned three iron furnaces in the early 2o century. Col.

Marting was Marlow Theatre in Ironton's business community despite losses in the iron industry after the family patriarch died.Investments with the alive and currently rehabilitation of historic buildings is beginning to take place.National Register listings in Ironton production of iron and invested the family money in movie theaters and motels.While such businesses served a purpose 1970s after several industrial plant closings.Ironton's downtown was altered by 1970s urban renewal programs, NPS Form 10-900-a performance and the crowds were pleased with the program."(December 27,1920,p.8) simply discuss the building's features and programming as planned by'management.' recreational amenities followed them reducing the need for a trip to Ironton. Despite this, industrial diversity and local until Christmas Day.

Both the Morning Irontonian and the Ironton Daily Register ran advertisements for the Marlow's Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 8 Page _4 Marlow Theatre was managed by the Ohio Amusement Enterprise, owned by Nicholas McMahon, Jr. The address of the 735-seat theater at this time was 212 S. Third Street. The theater was built to accommodate motion pictures, music, Hall's Symphony Orchestra. In 1926 the theater was sold to Robert and Joseph Stern, owners of the Iron City Amusement Company. Under the movies on a Sunday in the tri-state region and drew crowds from neighboring cities. The Marlow showed the first talking pictures in Ironton on August 12, 1929. (Story of the Glorious Past One Hundred Years, p.

39) Between 1935 and 1938, the address changed from 212 to 206-208 S. Third Street. By 1942 the theater transferred to the Sexton three commercial spaces, each with their own storefront. Addresses correlating to the Park Avenue side of the commercial block, 210 and 220 Park Avenue, in city directories reflect various businesses through 1935. The occupants are W. F. Phipps & Co. (Brokers, Stocks, Bonds & Insurance) at 210 (only in 1922-23) and C. F. Johnston & Co. (Dry Goods and Ladies Ready-to-Wear) at 220. C.F. Johnston & Co. moved to this location in 1920 from 6 N. Second St. and had been in business since ca. 1914-15. A newspaper article dated May 2, 1932 announces the closing of this business. In 1935, 220 Park Avenue is listed as the side entrance for the Marlow Grill. (The restaurant's main address was 202-204 S. Third St.) The address disappears by 1938.

The only other businesses listed on Park Avenue between 1926 thru 1958 are the Hotel Marting and businesses The Marlow Grill Restaurant was listed just one year,1935, at 202-204 S. Third St. After it, the Gas Appliance Co. (heating appliances) was at this address between 1947 until post-1958. In addition, other short-term businesses between a finance company (210), and a dentist and a chiropractor (204 ½). (8-86) Historic Context LAW-137-08) The Marlow Theater last appears in the city directories in 1952 and the address is listed as "vacant" in 1954.

A dry 1947 and 1958 included a few women's clothing shops (204), a few insurance companies (204), a realty company (204), although special vaudeville type performances were presented on occasion.The silent films were accompanied by live port on the Ohio River and busy railroad stop.This and other industrial endeavors beyond iron production made cleaner is at this address in 1956.A 1928 Sanborn map revised through 1960 shows the theater as being adapted to Theatre Company.In 1949 Mrs.Fronice Sexton is listed as the manager of the theater. The theatre also served as a venue for large community meetings, of particular note was one held in 1937 regarding stewardship of the Sterns, a Sunday movie screening was initiated on October 10, 1926.

It was the first showing of Because of Ironton's importance in the iron industry of the Hanging Rock Region, it also developed into an important within it. flood control. When surveyed in the 1980s, the building was considered to be eligible for the National Register. (OHI # Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section ( Page 5 Similarly the status of the region was reflected in Ironton's central business district. Several large scale buildings were style architecture, in particular, Neo-Classical Revival. In addition to the Marlow Theatre, other Neo-Classical Revival Being the county seat, Ironton's downtown was not completely dependent upon local industry for survival.

Additionally, its commercial enterprises were able to flourish as people from the countryside traveled to Ironton for shopping, recreation, and business. Horse drawn streetcars had been facilitating travel into the business district since 1888. In 1897 that mode of travel became more efficient as the lines were electrified and expanded. The Ironton- Russell Bridge, the first bridge over the Ohio River for private use in Lawrence County, was completed in 1922. This enabled Ironton to be a regional destination in the 1920s not just for southern Ohioans, but also for people living across Located in the very southern tip of Ohio and being in the center of the Hanging Rock Iron region, Ironton is more comparable to Ashland, Kentucky and Huntington, West Virginia than other southern Ohio cities.

Historically, and The Marlow Theatre meets Criterion A for its association with entertainment and recreation in Ironton. The city boasted various entertainment options by 1920 including: theaters, skating rinks, professional sports teams, circuses, street fairs, city. The Ironton Elks organized in 1890, the local Rotary Club was organized in 1920 and the Lions Club in 1924. which supplied extra people in the downtown looking for evening entertainment. Ironton's theatres included venues for live performances as well as motion pictures. Previous to the Marlow Theatre were the Opera House, within the Masonic Temple, and the Empire Theater. The Masonic Temple burned in 1915 and the Empire Theater in 1920. At buildings include the depot, 1908; post office, 1912; the county courthouse, 1909; and numerous commercial structures. Although a private club the Elks held weekly public dances.

Special dances were also held at the Marting Hotel. Because Ironton had a healthy economy and regional draw in the early 2o" century, it was able to support several the time of Marlow's construction there were three other theaters in operation: the Eastern (2105 S. 3r), the South Side (8-86) and showboat performances at the river landing.Beechwood Park established in 1903provided recreational space in the theaters. Additionally, Ironton was an overnight stop on the Chicago to Washington D.C. railroad line (Kline, p. 8, 1) Symphony Orchestra was transferred from the Grand upon Marlow's opening. Additionally, the company opened the (1223 S. 3), and the Grand (319 Center). the river in the Russell, Kentucky vicinity. At 22 miles away, the next largest city in southern Ohio was Portsmouth.

the status of the region is reflected in the massive homes built by these industrialists." (Brook, Rankin) Ironton a lively city into the 194os."This nationally renown iron producing area was centered in Lawrence County, and currently, it is identified as part of the tri-state region. Ohio Amusement Enterprise managed the Marlow and also began management of the Grand Theatre in 1920.Hall's constructed in the downtown, especially during the first decades of the twentieth century.The majority of them are high Orpheum Theatre in 1920. This theatre was located in the remodeled space of the former Princess Skating Rink on 3rd Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Street.

It was Ironton's new vaudeville house and had a grand opening December 27, 1920, two days after Marlow. The 1928 city directory lists the Lyric (226 N 2nd) along with the Eastern and South Side as moving picture theatres. Marlow and the Grand are simply listed as theatres and the Orpheum is not listed. By 1935 only Marlow, the Lyric, and South Side are still operating. In the post World War II economic boom there was a revival in downtown theatres. The Ro-Na Theater, located on 3rd Street in the next block from Marlow, was built in 1949. The Grand and Marlow are still operating and the old Eastern Theatre was reopened as the State. Another new theatre, the Queen, is listed at 442 played in Ironton. (Payne, p.

118) Theaters were long considered an asset to a community and having multiple theaters advertisements boast of metropolitan features in the theatre and first class movies like those shown in big cities. Of the other theaters operating in the early 20* century, only the Marlow and Ro-Na remain. The Ro-Na is currently vacant and was last used as an auto parts store. The two theaters differ architecturally as the Ro-Na represents the later eye- catching Art Deco era of theaters, while the Marlow represents the more conservative early twentieth century theaters that had the outward appearance of being any other commercial building in the downtown. Ironton's retail development c.1920. The C. F. Johnston & Co. department store was located on the first and second floors from 1920 to 1932.

Specialized stores for dry goods, clothes, and home furnishings required shoppers to patronize multiple shops. Department stores combined these disparate items under one roof and the emerging trend of department stores had arrived in Ironton by the 1920s. Five department stores were listed in the 1928 city directory (Frankel's Union, C.F. Johnston, McCain, C. Gilbert Marting, Minces, and Reynolds). The 1920s also witnessed the arrival of chain stores in Ironton with J.C. Penney's being the first in 1922. A Kroger grocery and two 5 & 10 stores (Kresge and Woolworths) were present in Ironton by 1928. the city directories. In the mid 1950s five men's and four women's clothing stores were still operating along side seven department stores, including the J.C. Penney's and Sears chains. commercial/theater building.

Opera houses had become increasingly popular after the Civil War and many small cities and villages had one. A combination city or township hall and opera house building type emerged in this era. A second built by a fraternal organization, which then used the building for their meetings as well as having public performances in the theater, while other times this commercial variation was strictly a private investment.

The Marlow Theatre meets Criterion C as a good example of a late 19- early 2o century building type, a combination Bellefonte.In the 1950s only the Ro-Na and State are operating such as in Ironton contributed to its status as an urban center.Newspaper articles and Marlow's opening day (8-86) "The well lit Marlowe was a cultural attraction in the 192os"and is significant in illustrating the role that entertainment NPS Form 10-900-a The Marlow Theatre building housed several commercial enterprises including the theater itself and exemplifies Despite the Depression and World War II retail business in Ironton seems to have remained steady based upon listings in commercial variation on the building type also developed, particularly later in the 19th century. Sometimes this type was Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No.

1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 8 Page 7 The combination opera houses had a common plan, whether they were the municipal or commercial variation. "The performance space was housed on the second and/or third floors, while the first floor contained commercial space or governmental offices. Typically, the theater had a separated entry with a stairway that lead to the lobby and ticket window on the second floor. Small-town opera houses seated between five hundred to one thousand people. The larger houses of the big cities. "Externally, the building was usually indistinguishable from its neighbors except for the begins on the first floor rather than the second as in earlier examples. This difference may be attributed to the late construction date of the Marlow.

It was built at the tail end of the popularity of this building type. Motion pictures succeeded in popularity over live performances and once talking films were introduced in 1929 the need for a large built specifically for viewing movies, but it was during the silent era and therefore needed to be the larger opera house building type to accommodate a live orchestra. It was also to host the occasional traveling live performance. Some elements of the common configuration of a combination opera house/theater are evident in the Marlow Theatre. Because the performance space was on the ground floor rather than the second or third floor, the commercial portion of be a part of the theater as was then common. As has also been identified with this building type, the exterior of the last of this building type left in Ironton.

(8-86) the building was constructed as an abutting separate section.However the commercial section was intentionally built to ones were more likely to have a gallery or balcony. Interior decoration varied, but was less ornate than the large opera occasional more ornate pediment or gable and the crowning glory - the words OPERA HOUSE."" (Wright, p. 3) In plan the Marlow Theatre differs slightly from the defined combination opera house/theater building type. The theater Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 9 Page 1 A Pictorial History of Lawrence County, Lawrence County Historical Society, 1998. A Story About Lawrence County, Ohio, Paul Brown Publishing Co., Huntington, West Virginia, 1966.

Brook, David and Jane Elizabeth Baughman. Fifth and Lawrence Streets Residential District. National Register Nomination, 1978. Brook, David and Jane Elizabeth Baughman. Norfolk and Western Railroad Depot. National Register Nomination, Brook, David and Jane Elizabeth Baughman. Rankin, Revered John, Residential District. National Register Nomination, Cramer, Ann C. and Mary A. Wilson. Vesuvius Furnace. National Register Nomination, 1990. Illustrated Industrial Edition of the Ironton Register, Ironton, Ohio, 1903. Illustrated Souvenir of Ironton, Ironton Board of Trade, Ironton, Ohio, date unknown. Ironmaster Days. Ironton Business Association, June 25-28, 1998. Ironton City Directory: 1882/83, 1893/94, 1904/05, 1906/07, 1908/09, 1910/11, 1914/15, 1916/17, 1922/23, 1924/25, 1926/27, 1928, 1930, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958. Ironton Tribune: 05/02/1932.

Kline, Ralph and Berardi-Plaisted Architects. Marting Hotel. National Register Nomination, 1999. Kounse, Martha J.,Chronological Year of Events of Lawrence County Ohio 1890-1938, http://lawrencecountyohio.com/stories/misc/stories/chron1890_1938.htm, 2003. Lawrence County Atlas, 1882. Lawrence County Auditor's Records. 1978. 1979. Bibliography (8-86) Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 9, 10 Page - Lawrence County Genealogical Society. History of Lawrence County, Ohio: Volume 2, Ohio Bicentennial Edition 2003, County Heritage, Inc., Waynesville, North Carolina, 2004 Lawrence County Historical Book Committee, Editor. History of Lawrence County, Ohio, Walsworth Publishing, Waynesville, North Carolina, 1990.

"Marlow Opens Christmas Day and Orpheum Opens Dec. 27," Ironton Daily Register, December 17, 1920. "Marlowe Theatre Arranging for a Grand Opening," Ironton Daily Register, September 1, 1920. Payne, Phillip Gene. Modernity Lost: Ironton, Ohio, In Industrial and Post-Industrial America, Dissertation, 1994. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps: 1885, 1889, 1893, 1900, 1904, 1909, 1916, 1928, 1960. Story of the Glorious Past One Hundred Years, Ironton Centennial Commission, 1949. The Morning Irontonian. Marlow Theatre advertisement. December 25, 1920 and December 28, 1920. The Semi-Weekly Register: 01/03/1922. Wright, Nathalie. Loudonville City Hall & Opera House. National Register Nomination, 1997. The boundary includes parcel number 34-009-1800.000 as assigned by the Lawrence County Auditor.

Verbal Boundary Justification The nominated boundary includes the property historically associated with the Marlow Theatre. (8-86) Roberts, Herman A. Happy Days Are Here Again. Unpublished booklet at Briggs Public Library, 1984. "Marlow Had a Great Opening Christmas Day," Ironton Daily Register, December 27, 1920. The Morning Irontonian. Orpheum Theatre advertisement. December 25, 1920. Verbal Boundary Description Page 6 Marlow Theatre Lawrence County, Ohio 11. Form Prepared By May 2007 street & number 112 Arden Rd city or town Columbus state_OH zip code_ 43214 Submit the following items with the completed form: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. or numerous resources. Representative black and white photographs of the property.

Additionalitems (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) Ironton & Lawrence Co. Community Action Organization _telephone_740-532-3534 city or town_Ironton _state_OH _zip code 45638 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement:This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). displays a valid OMB control number. Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1hours per response including the this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to Keeper, National Register of Historic Places, 1849 "C" Street NW, Washington, DC 20240.

date organization Photographs Maps Additional Documentation Property Owner Continuation Sheets USDI/NPS Registration Form telephone 614-263-3440 A sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage street & number 305 N. Fifth St. to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this A federal agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding Lawrence County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No.

1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Section Additional documentation Page 1 Date: May 8-9, 2007 Location of Negatives: 112 Arden Rd, Columbus, OH 43214 1. Park Ave. façade with Marting Hotel to the right 2. Third St. and Park Ave. facades 3. Façade detail above original theater entrance 4. Third St. façade detail 5. Third St. façade and side elevation 7. Third St.-marble floor in current commercial space 11. Second floor lounge above Third St. entry -ceiling detail 12. Theater interior detail 16. Balcony seating area 18. View toward balcony lobby 19. View toward projection booth 20. View of proscenium from the balcony 21. Park Ave. interior - third floor window trim detail 22. Park Ave. interior - third floor door trim detail 23. Park Ave. interior - third floor 24. Park Ave.

interior - third floor restrooms with marble stalls 25. Park Ave. interior - typical stairway 26. Park Ave. interior - fourth floor, original elevator detail 27. Park Ave. interior - fourth floor Photographs (8-86) CONTINUATION SHEET 9.Second floor lounge above Third St.entry - door detail 8.Marble stair from first floor to theater balcony Photographer: Kathy Mast Kane Marlow Theatre 10. Second floor lounge above Third St.

entry - original decorative detail Third St.-first floor detail in current commercial space STONE ARCHITECTS TANNER SITE PLAN FIRST FLOOR THEATRE NTS STAGE MARLOW THEATRE BUILDING, LAWRENCE CO., OHIO PARK AVENUE 3RD STREET PARK AVENUE OPEN TO SECOND FLOOR (BALCONY) BELOW NTS STAGE MARLOW THEATRE BUILDING, LAWRENCE CO., OHIO 3RD STREET MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE CO., OH COMMERCIAL BLOCK) IRONTON LOFTS #1 The Gearhart Building & COMPANY Febuary 9,2007 TANNER STONE ARCHITECTS Existing Typ. 2nd/3rd & 4th Floor Plan MARLOW 1 HEATRE LAWRENCE CO, OH IRONTON LOFTS #1 Existing Typ. 2nd 3rd & 4th) Floor Plan The Gearhart Building & COMPANY Febuary 9,2007 TANNER STONE ARCHITECTS CommERCIAL BLOCK) MARLOW THEATRE ATTACHMENT A LAWRENCE CO., OH Panoramic views of Downtown Ironton PHOTO COURTESY OF EAST END HARDWARE Another fine product of Ironton Stove Company.

Third Street Looking North, Ironton, Ohio HANEY ARCHIVES MARLOLU ar General Anthony Wayne also a garden lot for her to have it during her he nation, at only 176,000 And give and bequeath unto my son, Isaac, the plantation whereon I now live - part iying le forest over the past four known by the name of the Boyd field. I further wish and give to my son, Isaac, that part of land Detroit Southern Railroad, 2nd and Railroad Sts. ca 1900 t has grown to more than that I leave with my wife, Caty, him to have it at res of land for public use. the upper end of the tract of land I now live on if Athens, and the third is in mentioned part 1 give her and I give unto her also so much of my tract of land known by the e timbering and coal mining. name of the Crooked Run survey at the lower of the land for forest use end as will make her up three hundred acres in whole of the land given.

*Burt I have mentioned and l also give unto her ; in the southeast corner of orth of Ironton off state route Cumi land that I have not named to my daughter. D.T. & / Railroad building, 2nd and Railroad Sts. ca 1920 d gentle streams. It boasts Finle 1 recreation areas. One of the disposed of with as hereunder written. First I leave with my wife Catythe whole of ices in the world capable of my negroes her to have them her life time and at her death I give the whole of them to my son Iso features Lake Vesuvius. daughter Peggy and she is to have her choice 133 and 1940 by the Civilian - and 1 give to my wife Caty two of my cows and one horse beast and at her death my son :aches depths of 40 feet.

It got Isaac to have them - and I desire the land | e old iron blast furnace which give to my daughter Peggy together with the ear the dam, reminiscent of a son consent - I wish my wife to have her choice in the cows and horse, also l leave my wife the whole of my household furniture and as many of my sheep as she may think well to keep Third St. at Vernon, looking north.

1935 keep- her time of life the whole left to her in this my will I give it at her death to my son Isaac whensoever it may be I give to my son Isaac only so much as is hereafter mentioned - that is l give unto my son James one dollar -to my - and as dollar and to my son William one dollar - also my daughters namely Mary, Nancy, Patsy, and : Versuvius in Wayne National Park Ann -one dollar to each of them to be paid out of my estate - andI hereby appoint Jacob ie Vesuvius furnace was among Peck, George Walker, Gentlemen Executors to this my will together with my son Isaac - and I hereby revoke all will or wills heretofore by RO NA movie theater and restaurant. 1950s ius offers a variety of recreation testament as I have hereunto set my hand and seal this first day of April, 1819 At Monroe June Court, 1819 HENRY Mc- DANIEL (his seal) or panfish, bass and catfish.

As ure center and the restored iron aniel was presented in Court and proved by the Oaths of Joshua Butler and Matt Farley sub- ive to enjoy the beautiful forest, - week, and to enjoy the natural recorded. And on motion of Isaac McDaniel, land. The Forest office is located one of the executors namedin the said Will Ave., Ironton, Ohio. Submitted by who made Oath and together with John Neely. James Sumney, Joshua Butcher, and Joshua Callaway his securities entered into and ac- knowledged bond in the penalty of two thou- sand dollars - Conditioned as the law directs A copy Teste: Isaac Hutchison, Clerk Submit- ne of God, Amen. I, Henry McD- ted by Carrol McDaniel - his fourth great grandfather Addition to Lawrence County Courthouse.

1978 g of a sick and weak body, but of memory and understanding, do last will and testament in manner follows, to wit: follow Arr Jayn lineag clude develc McD cialists have added almost These sections is the Hanging Rock *Blai LL OF HENRY utheastern section of Ohio. ng the Civil War, this was one peration until 1906. Wayne Forest are spread Forest was named in honor oppings of sandstone and sell, te Forest was the smallest memt DANIEL, SR.

scribing witnesses thereto and ordered to be rest officials expect that by 'ayne National Forest in Law- kin, This last will and testament of Henry McD- me made and declare this my last will and and as many geese as she may think well to lundreds of acres of rolling licat nigh grade iron needed for est is made up of land once - that is from the above named branch to the negro not to be sold in her time and with her to my son David one dollar - and I give unto MACHMENT Lafor 'Hall Apur. atta is one section, the sec *Sto 'Dow `Cas 'Ver 'Pen to my wife. Caty the house I now ave m er holds that title.

Forest below a small branch at the head of a field her decease and give to my daughter Peggy the th back line of Ed Tervy - and i give to daughter, Peggy, one strip of land of about one Branch - The balance of the Crooked Run Peggy, I give to my son, Isaac - and as to the personable part ofmyestate lwish -and as to the balance of my estate of John one dollar, to my son Henry one trailer parking, swimming, boat Certificate for obtaining probate thereof in due form granted him. I recommend my soul to God who. MARLOW THEATRE, LAWRENCE CO, OH ior pri Societ the Wayne could contain ence County residents do not blast furnaces in the famous enl betice time of life. of the state, southwest of County of Monroe and State of whole of my land lying on the Sinking Lick District, built in 1833,and Tov 'Hig! MARLOLU 6:30, 8:15 EVERYBODYS PLAY HOUSE rned Sunday from Hunting- Il and family. Mr.

with the former's daughter. Ranshihous of Wheeler 3. A. Rutledge and daugh- 'uraed to their home in Co- Monday for isit with her mother. Mrs. cmating picture. with GLORIA SWANSON THEODORE KOSLOFF s sister. Mrs. William Pat- south Third street. A Paramount Artcraft Piclure Today Shows Hall's Symphony Orchestra Only Children 15c WHY CHANGE Sweethearts? BEBE DANIELS THOMAS MEIGHAN Their Husband's Admission: PRODUCTION A.Layman and daughter. ssie White who has been turned to Dayton Monday. In Addition: A Good News Reel and Night Patterson and children Lower Floor 35c; Balcony 25c Time of Why Don't Wiues Remain Friendhip Class of the First YOUR WIFE? Compton whn togg left Monday for her Charles Lintner and fam DeMILLE'S Matinee O.are visiting at the home saacs of south Third street. exie Meek returnel to her ling sereral days with Hunt nd Mrs. P. Cannon and fam sit with her parepts, air.

DEC 28 1:45, 3:15 ig their former teacher. Mr. Vinterx, who is spending the da Carniil MARLOW THEATRE been visiting returned to their home Mr. Robert Lar- the reason? Who's to blame? - Lunsfond who has been home roturned to has been arnetsvilic. O. ru Killoran. Miss Hilda presents THEATRE CECIL have this When countless pairs of ardent Jovers the funeral mily of north Fifth street. been visiting her sister. several days with homo. JESSE L.LASKY visit in Huntington wher onday after a visit with mouth Monday. reception spending the on for Cincinnati wher Charicg Cloran loft Mon- The greatest problem of rith Mabel Leake las returned VcCarthy returned t Co her ock(his morning. Ironton relatives relative and friends. HJ Keiser and daughter.

d to his hone in Colum- to her home for the Emma Remy of Huntington who STAGE & AUTO REP O FLOUR & GW PIPE ATTACHMENT 309 307 ROME 306 HOTEL FLOORS 212 Fire 202 107 SCENERY VERNON SANBORN S.3RD FEED CEDAR BALCONY Fire Proof Constn CONC 222222 REPRIRING EXCEPT EXPOSED DRY BUS STA (112) 2ND 309 310 IENTI S STEEL IN ROOF THE : 207 205 308 WALL MOVING PICTURES RINFORCED CONC PARK BUILT 1920 FLRS & RF BR.CURTAIN (109). STERM: 110 213 MARLOW THEATRE, LAWRENCE CO, O city to be pursued in the conduct of The Mariowe. It is our inten- r tell il for most comfort in seeing our shows Wm. FAVERSHAM in Monday and Tuesday, "Why Change Your Wite?" Opening Attraction THEATRE itorium PLAY Dec. IDAY OPENING TODAY The Lucky In addition to the pictures we will from time to time in con are usually only seen in the large cities.

BELL LINES seats, superb projection and courteous treatment assure you of ut- ble the amount. that are worthy of a showing in such a fine theatre. screen productions that are usually shown in larger cities for dou- In preparing The Marlow everything has been done with a tion to have The Marlowe stand for all that is highest and best ins It is only right that we should say a few words about the poli- THE SIN THAT WAS HIS ing the joyous holiday season. We're giad and everybody else is Grant Fild Cats Lambert lower floor and 25c for the balcons will be the prevailing prices Wife, can giad. Elke EVERYBODYS PLAY HOUSE The opening of Lronton's beautiful new show place has long Hall's six-piece Symphony Orchestra will supply musie that junction with the pictures preseat some high class features that Matinee at 130...Running Continuously Until 9 p.m.

On with the Dance ance at ted LAWRENCE CO OH three floors. The remainder of the complex was built for the Marting and Lowr. Dr AC Lown was Col. Marting's son- in-law and pariner. The Thind Street area is now occupied by Tim Gearhart's news stand luck and Betty Adkins Hower and gift shop named Browse 4 Bit. and other shops. Page 30 * Business Center Street, Ironton with George W. Koonce as chairman, bought land on Park Avenue from Second to Third Street and began the basement excavation for a hotel The big hole languished until 1917 building on the Third Street comer has housed several busi Marlow Theater when Col HA.Marting and assoctales took over the lease.

- NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET NAME : N PERIOD: REQUEST: N COMMENT WAIVER: N V ACCEPT ABSTRACT/SUMMARY COMMENTS : If a nomination is returned to the nominating authority, the TELEPHONE DATE REJECT DISCIPLINE RETURN REVIEWER 1/24/08 MULTIPLE 3/08/08 2/26/08 SAMPLE: RECOM./CRITERIA OTHER: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PROGRAM UNAPPROVED: REASONS FOR REVIEW: DATE RECEIVED: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DOCUMENTATION see attached comments Y/N see attached SLR Y/N DATE OF WEEKLY LIST: DATE OF 16TH DAY: APPEAL: N N SLR DRAFT: N PROPERTY NATIONAL: PDIL: Marlow Theatre nomination is no longer under consideration by the NPs. LESS THAN 5O YEARS: LAWRENCE Co., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE Co., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH 5.

BA MARLOWO THEATRE LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE Co., OM LAWRENCE CO., OH JMIXEDUP PiE UP LAWRENCE Co., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE CO., OM 13. MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE Co., OH 14. MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE Co., OH Jeffro Pema Dabsy 16. MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE Co., OH 17. LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH 20. MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE CO., OH LAWRENCE Co., OH 21E. MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE CO., OH THEATRE MARLOW LAWRENCE CO. OH 24. MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE CO., OM 25.EL MARLOW THEATRE LAWRENCE Co., OH LAWRENCE CO., OH FILLING STA FLOUR A ROME VERNON S.2ND BALCONY CEDAR S.3RD CAMPBELL SANBORN MOVING PICTURES BUILT 1209 PARK S G'W PIPE 206 ÷ 208 MARLOW THEATRE HOTEL 212 REPRIRING STEEL IN ROOF 100 FEED BRIOGE (109))