Major Bibliographical References (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Please see Section 9 Continuation Sheets. Previous documentation on file (NPS) preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested. previously listed in the National Register previously determined eligible by the National Register designated a National Historic Landmark recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # # Primary Location of Additional Data State Historic Preservation Office Other State agency Federal agency Local government University Other Name of repository: NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 7 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Significance Summary Statement The U.S. Post Office and Courthouse is a fine and monumental example of the Neo-Classical Revival style, combining both Greek and Renaissance Revival elements, that conveys the federal presence through monumental architecture. It was built on a triangular shaped lot that dominates an important view corridor along Main Street, facing south from Worcester City Hall. Prominent Neo-Classical Revival features include a terra cotta cupola, a heavily rusticated first floor, arched entrances along the two most important elevations, a pair of monumental engaged marble columns on the primary elevation, and an exterior sheathed in cut granite.
Grecian influence is evident in the deeply projecting entablature consisting of a cymatium with broad granite mutules above a frieze made up of granite trigylphs with guttae and terra cotta metopes with alternating raised relief designs, featuring a bull's skull, ram's head, and armor. The Worcester building was one of four federal buildings in Massachusetts authorized by the Public Buildings Act of 1926. Its authorization of $650,000 was by far the largest in the state. The materials used, including granite, marble, and bronze, and the authorized cost indicates that it was a "Class B" building according to the 1915 classification system of Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo. The building was designed in 1929-1930, and constructed in 1930-1931, under the direction of architect Louis A. Simon, in the office of the Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury James A. Wetmore.
The Worcester building was one of the last federal buildings designed in the one of the classical styles prior to the more restrained modern movement in federal architecture that began in 1933. Although the exterior doors and some interior spaces lack their integrity, the important exterior Neo-Classical Revivalfeatures and materials retain all aspects of their integrity. Within the context of U.S. Post Offices, Courthouses and Federal Buildings, the authorization and design of the Worcester building falls within the Standardized Design era of 1915-1930. It meets Criterion C, at the local level of significance, with a period of significance of 1931. History The building was the second U.S. Post Office building specifically built for that purpose in Worcester, MA.
The earliest post offices were located in buildings not built to meet the federal needs but rather owned or used by the postmaster at the time. The earliest was set up in postmaster Isaiah Thomas' print shop on Court Hill on November 15, 1775, when Worcester's population was approximately 1,000. The next was located in Deacon James Wilson's home on Main Street in 1801.' The site of the current building was selected for the post office in 1897, and a Romanesque Revival style building commonly called the Flatiron Building housed the post office until it was demolished in 1928 for the construction of the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse. 1 "Dead Letters' Turn Up Trumps," Worcester (MA) Telegraph, September 23, 1959. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Design of the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Worcester, Massachusetts was completed by the time a rendering was published in the Worcester Gazette on September 7, 1929. The final working drawings were dated February 1930. Construction was undertaken in 1930-1931, and the building was officially opened on January 17, 1932. The Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury Department designed the building during the tenure of "Judge" James A. Wetmore (1915-1933). Because Mr. Wetmore had no formal architectural training, the office during his tenure was under the direction of Mr. Louis A. Simon. With passage of the Public BuildingsAct of1926, federal funding was authorized for four U.S.
government buildings in Massachusetts at the following levels: Worcester, $650,000; Fitchburg, $95,000; Leominster, an increase of $55,000 to a previous authorization of $145,000; and Southbridge, an increase of $18,000 to a previous authorization of $80,000.2 Until the Public Buildings Act of 1926, which authorized a total of $100 million for buildings outside Washington, D.C., there was no federal funding for new public construction since the expiration of the 1893 Tarnsey Act in 1913. In 1987, the building was named the Harold D. Donahue Building after the U.S. Representative who championed postal affairs for Worcester.
All remaining postal functions were eliminated from the building on June 1, 1993, in preparation for the courthouse expansion construction which began in Application of Criterion A Although the exterior still conveys the historical design, workmanship, and materials of the former postal service areas, the removal of the postal functions in 1993 and complete remodeling of the postal work spaces have diminished its integrity of feeling and association, and interior design. Because of this lack of integrity, the building does not appear eligible for the National Register under criterion A for its historic association as having served as the U.S. Post Office for 63 years. Construction of the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, was associated with the Public Buildings Act of 1926, which allocated $650,000 for its construction.
It was one of four federal buildings authorized in Massachusetts by the Act, and it was, by far, the most costly. Although the Public Buildings Act of 1926 may be construed as an important historic event, the Worcester building was not directly associated with its passage, only built as a result, and this indirect association would not meet criterion A. 2 "Public Buildings Bill is Passed," Worcester (MA) Gazette, February 16, 1926, 1. 3 "Post Office to Change Its Address," Worcester (MA) Telegraph & Gazette, May 25, 1993. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 9 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA The building represents the first and only presence of the U.S.
District Court in Worcester, and that function continues to the present time. The presence of a U.S. Courthouse represents an important development in any city's history. Although the exterior still conveys the historical design, workmanship, and materials of the U.S. Courthouse, the complete removal and replacement of all the interior courtrooms has diminished its integrity of feeling and association, and interior design. Because of this lack of integrity, the building does not appear eligible for the National Register under criterion A for its historic association as being the first and only U.S. Courthouse in Worcester. Application of Criterion B At the time of the design in which the Worcester building was completed in 1929, Congressman George R. Stobbs and Postmaster James F. Healy were the local officials. Mr. John A.
Marshall was perhaps the single individual most directly associated with the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse. He had been a mail carrier for nearly 20 years when the building opened in 1932. After the building was constructed, he was named foreman in 1936, assistant superintendent of mails in 1945, acting postmaster in 1947, and postmaster in 1949, and remained in that office until at least 1957.* Although the building was named after Harold D. Donohue, the U.S. Representative who championed postal affairs for Worcester, he was not in the U.S. Congress at the time of the building's design and construction, and there is no evidence that there is a direct association between Donohue's lifetime achievements and this specific building. Although the exterior still largely retains integrity, the interior spaces have been almost entirely remodeled in several stages within the last 50 years.
The interior spaces, which would have been most closely related to important judges, federal officers, and postal officials, no longer retain their materials or appearance from the historic period, and do not convey the association with important persons who worked there. Because of this lack of integrity of interior spaces, the building does not appear eligible for the National Register under criterion B for its historic association with potentially important federal officials and administrators. Application of Criterion C-Eligible for the National Register The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) determined this building eligible for the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. In a letter dated May 10, 1985, the Massachusetts State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) concurred with GSA's determination of eligibility by stating: "Federal Building/U.S.
Courthouse; 595 Main Street, Worcester: Appears to meet criterion C as a distinguished and well-detailed monumental neoclassical public building that is exceptionally fine for its period and type." In a letter dated June 3, 1991, the Massachusetts SHPO stated "The Harold D. Donohue Federal Building and United States Courthouse, constructed in 1932, is a monumental neoclassical structure whose design and scale reflect the importance of this area of downtown Worcester. It is noted to be one of the most imposing post offices and courthouses in the state." However, in a letter dated January 17, 1992, the Massachusetts SHPO stated: "The [Massachusetts 4 "John A. Marshall completing 50 years in Worcester Post Office," Worcester (MA) Telegraph, March 27, 1949. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 10 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Historical Commission] (MHC) understands that the GSA proposes to renovate the courthouse and construct three additional courtrooms in the light well of the existing building. The MHC has previously determined...that the proposed undertaking constitutes an adverse effect...The MHC has since had the opportunity to meet with the project design team to review alternatives that have been considered that would eliminate, minimize, or mitigate the adverse effect...The MHC agrees to accept the adverse effect provided the mitigation plan in the enclosed draft Memorandum of Agreement is met." The building was not re-evaluated under Criterion C after the 1991 renovation and light well infill alterations were completed.
Within the context of U.S. Post Offices, Courthouses and Federal Buildings, the authorization and design of the Worcester building falls within the era of Standardized Design 1915-1930. The authorized cost of the Worcester building indicates that it was a "Class B" building according to the classification system of Secretary of the U.S. Treasury, William McAdoo. "Class B" buildings included post offices with receipts between $60,000 and $800,000. The Worcester building was one of four federal buildings in Massachusetts authorized by the Public Buildings Act of 1926, but its authorization of $650,000 was by far the largest in the state.The materials used, including granite, marble, and bronze, and the authorized cost indicate that it was a "Class B" building according to the 1915 classification system of Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo. As described in detail above, the U.S.
Post Office and Courthouse is a fine and monumental example of the Neo-Classical Revival style, combining both Greek and Renaissance Revival elements that conveys the federal presence through monumental architecture. It was built on a triangular-shaped lot that dominates an important view corridor along Main Street, facing south from Worcester City Hall. Prominent Neo-Classical Revival elements include a terra cotta cupola, a heavily rusticated first floor, arched entrances along the two most important elevations, a pair of monumental engaged marble columns above the primary entrance, and an exterior primarily consisting of cut granite. Grecian influence is evident in the deeply projecting entablature consisting of a cymatium with broad granite mutules above a frieze with granite trigylphs with guttae and terra cotta metopes.
The metope ornamentation has alternating raised relief designs, featuring a bull's skull, ram's head, and armor. The building was designed in 1929-1930, and constructed in 1930-1931, under the direction of Mr. Louis A. Simon in the Office of Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury. The Worcester building was one of the last federal buildings designed in the one of the classical styles prior to the more restrained modern classical movement in federal architecture that began in 1933. Although the exterior doors and some interior spaces lack their integrity, the important exterior Neo-Classical Revival features and materials retain all aspects of architectural integrity. Within the context of U.S. Post Offices, Courthouses and Federal Buildings, the authorization and design of the Worcester building falls within the Standardized Design era of 1915-1930.
It meets Criterion C, at the local level of significance, with a period of significance of 1931. NPSForm 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 9 Page 11 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Ann Beha Associates. Donohue Federal Building: Historic Building Preservation Plan. Washington, DC.: U.S. General Services Administration, December 1991. Boland, Beth M. National Register of Historic Places Bulletin 13: How to Apply National Register Criteria to Post Offices. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1994. Coyle, David Cushman. "The Planning of Public Buildings." Architectural Forum, September 1933. Craig, Lois ed., and the staff of the Federal Architecture Project.
The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and Symbols in United States Government Building. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1979. Harris, Emily. History of Post Office Construction, 1900-1940. Washington, DC.: United States Postal Service, 1982. Leers, Weinzapfel Associates, Inc. U.S. Post Office and Courthouse: HABS No. MA-1261 (Harold D. Donohue Federal Building; Worcester, Massachusetts). Boston: Historic American Buildings Survey, February 1993. Massachusetts Historical Commission. Worcester Survey Report. 1984. - Letter dated May 10, 1985 to J. Richard Poulin, Region 1, U.S. General Services Administration. - Letter dated June 3, 1991, to Peter A. Sneed, Region 2, U.S. General Services Administration. - Letter dated January 17, 1992, to Peter Sneed, Region 2, U.S. General Services Administration. McClelland, Linda F.
National Register Bulletin 16A: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rushford, David J. "Historical Highlights of Worcester." Worcester Office of the City Clerk. http://www.ci.worcester.ma.us/cco/history/general/pdf/HistoricalHighlights.pdf. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section _Page12 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Tymeson, Mildred M. Worcester Centennial 1848-1948. Worcester, MA: Worcester Centennial, Inc., 1948. Withey, Henry F. and Elsie R. Withey. Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Deceased). Los Angeles: New Age Publishing, 1956. Worcester (MA) Gazette, "Public Buildings Bill is Passed," February 16, 1926.
"Retains $650,000 Worcester Item: City and County Post Office Building Appropriations in Federal Program,"January 21, 1926. Worcester (MA) Telegraph, "John A. Marshall completing 50 years in Worcester Post Office," March 27, 1949. Worcester (MA) Telegraph and Gazette, "Post Office Arrives at New Address," June 18, 1993. _. "Post Office to Change Its Address," May 25, 1993. Worcester Heritage Preservation Society. Worcester's Best. Worcester, MA: Commonwealth Press, 1984. Worcester Public Library. Various clippings files entitled "Post Office and Federal Plaza." Including: "John A. Marshall completing 50 Years in Worcester Post Office Next Friday; Was Named Postmaster in 1949." Includes photograph of Post Office and Courthouse. "Another Look at Worcester." Includes photograph of main entrance. "Main Street, looking south, Franklin Square, 1930s." Photograph.
"Mystery Is Solved." Includes photograph of building cupola. U.S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, Massachusetts 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property Less than an acre UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) 1 2 Zone 19 19 Easting 268764 268722 Northing Zone 4682518 19 Easting 268761 4682473 3 4 Northing 4682448 X See continuation sheet. Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) See continuation sheet. Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) See continuation sheet. 11. Form Prepared By Name/Title Richard Starzak, Senior Architectural Historian Organization Street & Number City or Town ICF Jones & Stokes Associates Date 01/04/2006, rev. 8/17/2009 811 W.
7* Street, Suite 800 Los Angeles Telephone State CA (213) 627-5376 Zip Code 90017 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. Photographs Representative photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPOor FPO.) Name U.S. General Services Administration Organization Region 1 Telephone (617) 565-5072 Street & Number Ten Causeway Street 975 City or Town Boston State MA Zip Code 02222 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings.
Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). A federal agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to range fromapproximately 18 hours to 36 hours depending on several factors including, but not limited to, how much documentation may already exist on the type of property being nominated and whether the property is being nominated as part of a Multiple Property Documentation Form.
In most cases, it is estimated to average 36 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form to meet minimum National Register documentation requirements. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, 1849 C St., NW, Washington, DC 20240. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 13 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Geographical Data Boundary Description The site is bounded by: Burnside Court, now Federal Plaza, along the northeast; Main Street along the northwest; Myrtle Street along the southwest; and Southbridge Street along the east. Boundary Justification The boundary was selected because it is consistent with the historical limits of the parcel, and because the building was sited as the only building on a triangular shaped lot so that it would be visible from all four sides. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Map Page 14 USGS Map OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31-2009) U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Image from USGS National Map Viewer, http://nmviewogc.cr.usgs.gov/viewer.htm, July 20, 2007. Hard copy of original USGS Map to be submitted with registration form. USGS Quadrangle name: Worcester North. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Context Page 15 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Historic Context--U.S. Post Offices, Courthouses and Federal Buildings designed and constructed by the Treasury Department, 1864-1939. Treasury Department Design, 1864-1896.
The history of design and construction of Federal buildings falls into distinct eras typically defined by congressional authorizations for public buildings, the preferences of the Supervising Architect and the extent of involvement of private architects. In the nineteenth century, federal civilian facilities were designed and constructed by the U.S. Treasury Department and military facilities by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In asod auanrnatornede ntno niogon nitay ecoderal the first half of the nineteenth century, the U.S. Treasury Department primarily purchased existing buildings for its own use, typically custom houses and marine hospitals. Monumental buildings built for the U.S. Treasury Department at that time were designed in the Classical style by Robert Mills, the Federal Architect, including the U.S. Treasury Building (begun 1836), U.S. General Post Office (1836), U.S.
Patent Office (1839), and four U.S. Custom Houses at New Bedford, MA; Newburyport, MA; New London, CT; and Middletown, CT (1836). In 1854, increasing demand for new federal buildings caused Secretary of the U.S. Treasury James Guthrie to create the Office of Construction. Captain Alexander H. Bowman from the U.S. Corps of Engineers was named Engineer-in-charge and Ammi B.Young was named Supervising Architect of the Office of Construction. Young had previously assisted Federal Architect Robert Mills until 1842 and served as Architectural Advisor for the U.S. Treasury Department in 1842-1852 Young remained in the position of Supervising Architect when it was formally established in the U.S. Treasury Department in 1864.
Young designed about 70 buildings from 1853-1862, mostly two- to three-story structures in remote locations, with standardized designs reviving the appearance of Renaissance villas." Until the 1890s, the design of federal buildings tended to follow the favorite style of the Supervising Architect.? Alfred B. Mullet was the most notable among the early Supervising Architects, serving from 1865-1874.
Mullet designed in a variety of classical styles, but his most well recognized works, such as the State, War, and Navy Building (1871-1888), were designed in the French Second Empire style and often were monumental in scale.® Unfortunately, the post of Supervising Architect was not particularly well paid, which meant that it did not attract prominent architects, and the heavy burden of work often meant that the federal buildings, especially outside Washington D.C., were designed by assistants and apprentices? The responsibilities of the Supervising Architect had grown from its inventory of 23 buildings in 1853 to 297 buildings in 1892, with 95 in the process of completion, but the position was criticized for cost overruns and construction delays. In 1893, near the end of President Benjamin Harrison's administration, Congress passed the Tarnsey Act, which permitted the U.S.
Treasury Department to contract out for private sector architectural services through ' Lois Craig, ed., and the staff of the Federal Architecture Project, The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics, and Symbols in United States Government Building (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1978), 99, 195. "Ibid ' Beth M. Boland, National Register Bulletin 13: How to Apply the National Register Criteria to Post Offices (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1994), 4-6. ® Craig, The Federal Presence, 155, 162 ° Thomas S. Hines, Burnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 126 (hereafter cited as Burnham of Chicago). 10 Craig, The Federal Presence, 202. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Context Page 16 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA competition or to continue design within the Treasury." Passage of the Tarnsey Act coincided with the successful construction and exhibition of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1892-93. The Exposition was largely planned by one of Chicago's most influential architects, Daniel Burnham, who served as Director of Works. Featuring designs by Burnham & Root; Richard Morris Hunt; McKim, Mead & White; Adler & Sullivan; Peabody & Stearns; and George B.
Post, it was so well received by the public that it would popularize the Beaux Arts and Neoclassical Revival styles for the design of monumental architecture for decades to follow.In 1893 and 1894, Burnham was elected President of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), which had long opposed the role of the Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury, and had lobbied for passage of the Tarnsey Act. In 1893, the AIA represented less than 20 percent of the nation's architects. In January 1894, Secretary of the U.S. Treasury John G. Carlisle of President Grover Cleveland's new administration announced that a new federal building in Buffalo, NY was to be designed by the Supervising Architect and not by a private sector architect.
This caused a confrontation between Secretary Carlisle and the Burnham-led AlA that effectively stalled implementation of the Tarnsey Act until the McKinley administration took office in 1897.! Individual Design, 1897-1914 In 1897, President McKinley appointed Lyman Gage as Secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Gage was one of the financiers of and served as President at the World's Columbian Exposition. Gage was also a good friend of Daniel Burnham and was aware of the AIA's issues."In 1897, Secretary Gage and the new Supervising Architect of the Treasury, James Knox Taylor, began implementing the Tarnsey Act, and the Beaux Arts and Neoclassical Revival style began to dominate the design of monumental federal buildings. The Colonial Revival style was also used for smaller scale buildings or where a more traditional American design was warranted.
From 1897-1912, 35 buildings were designed under the provisions of the Tarnsey Act by some of the country's most prominent architects, including McKim, Mead and White; Albert Kahn; Cass Gilbert; and Daniel Burnham." As stated in National Register Bulletin 13, "During the tenure of James Knox Taylor (1897-1912) as Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury, the federal government promoted the concept that government buildings should be monumental and beautiful, and should represent the ideals of democracy and high standards of architectural sophistication in their communities. Taylor preferred styles derived from classical or early American traditions. Believing that federal buildings should be built to last, he also emphasized the use of high quality construction materials.
Private architects worked on many of the larger projects, while the Office of the Supervising Architect produced mostly smaller buildings, including many of the post offices. In either case, the buildings were individually designed; Taylor firmly resisted suggestions that designs be standardized."IS In 1902, the first omnibus public buildings law was passed, which saved authorization time in Congress and allowed construction of vastly more Federal buildings. It provided an increased limit of cost on over 60 "Emily Harris, History of Post Office Construction, 1900-1940 (Washington, DC: U.S. Postal Service, 1982, 3. 12 Hines, Burnham of Chicago, 127-133. 14 Craig, The Federal Presence, 203. 15 Boland, National Register Bulletin 13, 2. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section_Context Page _17 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA buildings and authorized approximately 150 new projects. After an experiment by Taylor in 1903-1904, it was learned that smaller valued projects did not attract skilled architects. As a result, most post offices and federal buildings outside of major cities were designed within the U.S.
Treasury Department after 1904." Five of Taylor's Treasury-designed smaller buildings were published in 1907, in the architectural journal The Brickbuilder, illustrating his Neoclassical Revival and Colonial Revival designs for buildings costing under $100,000.'8 Among the buildings designed and constructed during James Knox Taylor's tenure (1897-1912) were: Ellis Island Main Building (1898-1900, by Boring and Tilton); West Point improvements (by Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson); National War College Building, Washington D.C. (1903, by Stanford White); the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia (1898, by Cass Gilbert); U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Chicago (1905 by Henry Ives Cobb); Customhouse, New York (1901-1907, by Cass Gilbert); Federal Building, Cleveland (1905, by Brunner and Tryon); Federal Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming (1906, by William Dubois); and the U.S.
Post Office or Farley Building, New York (1913, by McKim, Mead and White)." The vast majority of these buildings was designed in the Beaux Arts and Neoclassical Revival styles, and stressed the importance and permanence of the U.S. Government through their monumentality, prominent site selection, and quality of materials. In 1911, a Congressional committee recommended that the Tarnsey Act be repealed because of "pork barrel" criticism and because the fees of private architects were considered greater than those for the same services rendered by the Supervising Architect.?In 1912, both the Tarnsey Act was repealed and Taylor resigned, signaling the beginning of the end of the emphasis on individual plan and design and high quality materials and construction used for federal architecture.
In 1913-1914, however, Supervising Architect Oscar Wenderoth continued to design federal buildings in the individual manner of his predecessor, typically in the Renaissance Revival style with arcaded loggias, but legislative action and policies were developing that would end this era.? 16 Craig, The Federal Presence, 239. 1 Harris, History of Post Office Construction, 4. 18 Ibid., 6. 1 Craig, The Federal Presence, 230-243. 20 Ibid., 203. "' Harris, History of Post Office Construction, 7. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Context Page 18 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Standardized Design, 1915-1930.
In 1913, an omnibus Public Buildings Act was enacted and the Public Buildings Commission was established, both of which sought to economize costs and led to the standardization of plans, specifications, and materials for different classes of Federal buildings. For example, while it authorized construction of a large number of public buildings, the Act stipulated that communities with postal receipts totaling less than $10,000 would not receive authorization for a new post office building." This policy culminated in 1915, when William McAdoo, Secretary of the U.S. Treasury and Chairman of the Public Buildings Commission, established a classification system for four classes of federal buildings. McAdoo's classes were differentiated by the value of post office annual receipts and the value of metropolitan real estate adjoining the proposed site.
The higher the class, the higher the quality of design and materials allowed, including exterior facing, windows and doors, interior finishes, and ornament in public spaces." In 1916, standardized plans were developed under the direction of Acting Supervising Architect James Wetmore, and they typically retained the basic Beaux Arts and Neoclassical Revival style, massing, and plan, but with less detail on smaller buildings.? In actuality, between 1913 and 1926, Congress authorized no new spending for public buildings? The Public Buildings Act of 1926, also known as the Keyes-Elliot Act, was a general enabling Act that allotted $100 million for federal buildings outside the District of Columbia. This Act allowed the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury and the U.S. Postmaster General to select towns and cities and specific sites for new buildings.
As a result, a survey report was prepared in 1927 that listed towns and cities with no federal buildings, including 799 with postal receipts over $20,000 and 1,512 with postal receipts between $10,000 and $20,000. The estimated cost of implementing construction was $170,420,000, but the actual construction was delayed by economic conditions, including the stock market crash of 1929.26 Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo's Classification System for Federal buildings, 1915'1 Class Definition Exterior Windows and doors metal frames, sashes and doors Interior Finishes Public spaces A Include a first class post office with annual marble or granite receipts exceeding $800,000 and would be facing; fireproof sited as part of a city development planor throughout. on an important thoroughfare of a great city with adjacentproperty reaching thehigher valuation of metropolitan real estate.
Interior finish to include the finer grades of marble, ornamental bronze work, mahogany, etc. Include a first class post office with Limestone or receipts between $60,000 to $800,000 with sandstone facing; adjacent property improvements somewhat fireproof below the higher valuation of metropolitan throughout. real estate. Exterior frames and sash metal; interior frames, sash and doors wood Exclude the more expensive woods ornamental metal tc eesed only wher monumental treatment, mural decorations; special interior lighting fixtures. Restricted ornament in public spaces. 22 Ibid. Ibid., 9-10. 24 Ibid., 11. 25 Craig, The Federal Presence, 281. 26 Harris, History of Post Office Construction, 13-14. 27 Ibid., 9-10.
NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Context Page 19 Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo's Classification System for Federal buildings, 1915' Class Definition Exterior Windows and doors Frames, sashes and doors wood OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Interior Finishes Public spaces C Include a second class post office with receipts over $15,000 or of the first class to $60,000, with surrounding property values that of a second-class city. Brick facing with stone or terra- cotta trimmings; fireproof floors, nonfireproof roof. D Include a post office having annual receipts of less than $15,000 with real estate values meeting only a limited investment for improvements.
Brick facing, little stone or terra- cotta used; only first floor fireproof. Stock sash, frames, doors, etc., where advisable iron is suitable. Exclude the more expensive wood and marbles; the latter used only where sanitary conditions Public spaces restricted to very simple forms of ornament. demand Ordinary class of building, such as any businessman would consider a reasonable investment in a small town. Public Works Administration Design, 1931-1939. With the onset of the Great Depression, the architectural profession and construction trades were extremely hard hit by unemployment.
On May 31, 1930, Congress amended the Public Buildings Act of 1926, with increased funding and further authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to contract with private firms and individuals.To meet spatial requirements of the Treasury Department and the Post Office Department, the Hoover Administration and Congress increased funding for the Federal building program in 1928, 1930, and 1931, for a total of $700 million. The Federal Employment Stabilization Act of 1931, directed Federal construction agencies to prepare six-year building plans and increased appropriations for that year by $100 million.
As a result, 133 architectural firms were commissioned to design Federal Buildings in 1931, and this number increased to 301 by 1934.3° This practice of commissioning private architects ended, however, on June 29, 1934, with an order that the Office of the Supervising Architect design all remaining Federal buildings." The Public Works Administration (PWA) was established in 1933 to oversee the planning and construction of public works projects. "In 1933, many of the properties of the Federal Government were in poor shape. In a number of cities, post offices were in disrepair, Federal justice was being dispensed in buildings with sagging floors and leaky roofs, and in scattered courthouses along our far-flung borders, customs men in some instances had to work in poorly heated and equipped buildings.
Federal prisons failed to live up to the standards set by the Government's own penologists. There was a shortage of post offices, prisons, veteran's hospitals, and other facilities."32 As of February 28, 1939, PWA Federal building construction projects totaled 3,167 buildings at $105,984,762, including 30 courthouses and city halls with an allotment of $1,312,012, and 406 post offices with an allotment of $43,607,814.33 28 Ibid., 17. 2 Craig, The Federal Presence, 281. 30 Harris, History of Post Office Construction, 15, 17, 19. 3' Boland, National Register Bulletin 13, 3. 32 America Builds: The Record of the PWA, 106 (hereafter cited as America Builds). 33 Ibid., 290. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Context Page 20 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Louis A. Simon was Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury from 1933-1939, but had been with the office continually since 1896. Simon had effectively directed the office during Judge James Wetmore's tenure (1915- 1933) as Acting Supervising Architect, because Wetmore had no formal training in architecture.34 Under the PWA and Simon's direction, government architecture in the 1930s was designed in either a simplified classical revival style, identified by Lois Craig et al as "Starved Classicism", or in the Colonial Revival style, and often- featured murals or sculptures.? "By the 1920s, the federal role in transforming the American environment was assuming immense proportions and implications.
Massive dams, extensive highway systems, multitudinous new buildings pervaded the land. The antecedents were nineteenth-century, but the scale of endeavor was new, reflecting the burgeoning growth of the administrative style ... recalling scholar H.P. L'Orange's description of the change between the early and later Roman Empire: '...the new "block-style" in art emerged contemporary with the formation of massive structures in the state and community, and...in both contexts the traditional individualization and articulation of the various elements were gradually reduced or disappeared altogether." Classical architecture had become the dominant style conveying the Federal presence across the nation.
The need to provide government space but save the cost of unnecessary ornament during the 1930s fit well with the principles of Modern architecture being then introduced, stressing functionality, open plans with interchangeable work areas, and exterior surfaces in uninterrupted simple planes and volumes. Yet the Supervising Architect's Office did not adopt the Modernist vocabulary on the exterior, but held steadfast to references to the Classical style, albeit unelaborated in detail, to convey the underlying role of the U.S. Government. Today,typically it is this restrained Classicism, rather than the correct Roman forms advocated by Jefferson, the Greek temples of Robert Mills, or the ebullient Beaux-Arts style of the early 1900s, that most Americans think of when they think of federal architecture.
Buildings and structures constructed during the PWA era that convey this restrained classicism, also known as the PWA Moderne style, include: Hoover Dam (1933, by Gordon B. Kaufmann); U.S. Mint, San Francisco (1937); and U.S. Post Offices in Minneapolis, Minnesota; Waterbury, Connecticut; Norfolk, Virginia; Manchester, New Hampshire; and Memphis, Tennessee (1932 remodel). 3 The U.S. Government's architects embraced the Modern movement. The Association of Federal Architects (AFA) was organized late in 1927 with Louis A. Simon, Supervising Architect of the Treasury as its first president. The AFA held dinners with prominent Modernist speakers such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Eliel Saarinen, and Richard Neutra, and published a quarterly magazine from 1930 to 1946, which largely defended the U.S.
Government's designs.3 Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Modernism became accepted and employed for federal buildings domestically as well as internationally. 34 Craig, The Federal Presence, 328. 35 Harris, History of Post Office Construction, 20, 25. 36 Craig, The Federal Presence, 280. 3 Ibid., 280-287. 38 Ibid., 298. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section_Context Page 21 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Federal Works Agency Design, 1940-1948. The Reorganization Act of April 3, 1939, created the Public Buildings Administration as part of the Federal Works Agency (FWA), removing control of federal architecture out of the U.S.
Treasury Department, and the title of Supervising Architect was abolished. According to National Register Bulletin 13, under FWA, "Although some variations to facades were allowed, standardized interior plans were well established by this time, and outlined in a publication entitled "Instructions to Private Architects Engaged on Public Buildings work under the Jurisdictions of the U.S. Treasury Department."39 Federal building design and construction slowed during the war years. General Services Administration, 1949-present. In 1949, the new U.S. General Services Administration was established, and absorbed the design function of the Federal Works Agency. The Public Buildings Act of 1949 allowed the Office of the Supervising Architect to rely on private architecture firms to carry out public building designs.
When the Office employed its standard designs, the result was extremely utilitarian with the emphasis on stripped modern design, functionality, and automobile access. The table on the next page provides examples of representative properties from the contextual periods from 1897 through 1939. 39 Boland, National Register Bulletin 13, 3. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section Context Page _ 22 Historic Context Representative Properties U.S.Post Offices, Courthouses and Federal Buildings designed and constructed by the Treasury Department, 1864-1939 Building Number Building Name Address Cin/State/Zip Treasury Department Design, 1864-1896 None under consideration for National Register eligibility, 2005-2006 Individual Design, 1897-1914 MN0021ZZ U.S.
Post Office & Courthouse 118 S. Mill St. Fergus Falls, MN 1903 W10003ZZ Elizabeth Kee Federal Building 601 Federal Street Bluficld,WV 1909-11 MN0036ZZ Federal Office Building 212 Third Avenue South Minneapolis, MN 55401 New Haven, CT, 06510 1912-15 CT0024ZZ (Richard C. Lee) New Haven US Courthouse Standardized Design, 1915-1930 TN0011ZZ (L. Clure Morton) USPO/Courthouse 141 Church Street 1913-19 NY0181ZZ Federal Building 9 East Broad Street (at Walnut) Margaret Street Cookeville, TN 38501 1916 Plattsburgh, NY 12901 1928 NY0218ZZ Alexander Pirnie Federal Building 10 Broad Street John Street Utica, NY 13501 1928-29 MA0113ZZ Harold C. Donohue Federal Building and Courthouse 595 Main Street Worcester, MA 01601 Public Works Administration and Federal Works Agency Design, 1931-1948 MJ088ZZ Clarkson S.
Fisher Courthouse 402 East State Street Trenton, NJ 08608 1930-32 1931-32 MA0013ZZ NJ0015ZZ Boston Federal Building John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse Building U.S. Post Office and Courthouse 5 Post Office Square Boston, MA 02109 1931-1933 4th and Market Streets Camden, NJ 08101 1932 IA0087ZZ Federal Building & U.S. Courthouse 316-20 6th Street Sioux City, IA 51101 1931-34 LA0034ZZ F.
Edward Hebert Federal Building 600 South Street AKO00SAK Federal Building 648 Mission Street New Orleans, LA 70190 Ketchikan, AK 99901 1935-39 1938 Determined eligible/DOE process USPS/Keeper 04-29-1980 Determined eligible/DOE process GSA/Keeper 10-18-1979 Determined eligible/DOE process GSA/Keeper 10-31-1974 NR eligible consensus determination GSA/SHPO Determined eligible/DOE process GSA/Keeper 06-10-1982 hard copy BPP plans and photos received 2/15/05; HABS report received from GSA 4/15/05 Eligible, Needs to be Nominated Determined eligible/DOE Process GSA/Keeper 11-14-1984 Eligible, Needs to be Nominated Determined eligible/DOE process USPS/Keeper 10-31-1980 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA DNCT Architect Second Renaissance Revival/ James Knox Taylor James Knox Taylor Neo-Classical Revival/ Beaux Arts/ James Gamble Rogers Renaissance Revival/Italianate Architect: N/A Colonial Revival/ ames A. Wetmon Teo-Classical Revival James A. Wetmore Neo-Classical Revival with Greek elements James A. Wetmore Neo-Classical Revival James A. Wetmore Modern Movement/Art Dec kalph Adams Cram; James A. Wetmon Neo-Classical Revival lames A. Wetmore Art Deco; Art Moderne/ Beuttler & Arnold; James A. Wetmore Art Deco Howard Lovell Chene Style: N/A Garfield, Stanley-Brown, Harris & Robinson NPS Form 10-900-a (8-02) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet - Additional Documentation Section PHOTOS Page 23 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 1-31 2009) U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse Worcester County, MA Additional documentation: Photographs Name: Location: Photographer: Date of Photographs: Location of Negatives: U.S. Post Office and Courthouse - Worchester 595 Main Street City of Worchester Massachusetts, 01601 Richard Starzak, ICF Jones & Stokes October 14, 2005 General Service Administration Headquarters, Office of Chief Architect 1. Streetscape, facing southwest down Main Street to primary (northeast) elevation. 2. Exterior view, facing south to primary elevations to northeast elevation along Burnside Court/Franklin Place and northwest elevation along Main Street. 3. Exterior view, facing northeast to Myrtle and Main street elevations. 4. Exterior view, facing north, of tertiary (east) elevation along Southbridge Street (right of frame), showing the 1994-1995 light court infill alteration. 5.
Exterior view, facing southwest to primary (northeast) elevation. 6. Exterior view, detail, above northeast entrance, featuring column capitals and incised letters. 7. Exterior detail, northeast elevation, featuring entrance arch, ironwork in transom, rusticated voussoirs, and lantern. 8. Exterior detail, Main Street northeast entrance, keystone with scales of justice, quartermaster's keys, olive branch, and olive press. 9. Exterior detail, facing northeast, of Myrtle Street entrance. 10. Exterior view, detail of terracotta elevator penthouse disguised as a tempietto and its base. 11. Interior detail, first floor, north lobby, entrance arcade. 12. Interior detail, first floor, north lobby, elevator doors, marble wainscot and flooring 13.Interior detail, typical upper floor elevator lobby, fifth floor. 14. Interior detail, Hearing Room, marble wainscot and door surround, fifth floor. 15.
Historic view, facing south of Burnside Court/Franklin Place and Main Street elevations. 16. Historic view, facing southwest to Burnside Court/Franklin Place elevation. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET REQUESTED ACTION: NOMINATION PROPERTY U.S.
Post Office and Courthouse NAME: MULTIPLE NAME : STATE & COUNTY: MASSACHUSETTS, Worcester DATE RECEIVED: DATE OF 16TH DAY: DATE OF WEEKLY LIST: 2/23/11 4/01/11 DATE OF PENDING LIST: 3/17/11 DATE OF 45TH DAY: 4/10/11 REFERENCE NUMBER: 11000161 REASONS FOR REVIEW: APPEAL: OTHER: REQUEST N N N DATA PROBLEM: N LANDSCAPE: NLESS THAN 50 YEARS:N PDIL: SAMPLE: N PERIOD: N PROGRAM UNAPPROVED: N SLR DRAFT: N NATIONAL: N N COMMENT WAIVER: N ACCEPT RETURN REJECT 4.8- 1| DATE ABSTRACT/SUMMARY COMMENTS: Entered in The National Register of Historic Places RECOM./CRITERIA REVIEWER DISCIPLINE TELEPHONE DATE DOCUMENTATION see attached comments Y/N see attached SLR Y/N If a nomination is returned to the nominating authority, the nomination is no longer under consideration by the NPS.
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