Major Bibliographical References national telephone local Attest: 11. Form Prepared By 10. Geographical Data 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification The site is bounded on the north by the Maumee River, on the east by the Auglaize River, I hereby certify that this property is included in the National Register Historical Society, 1974 (reprint). Quadrangle scale1: 24000 Verbal boundary description and justification Keeper of the National Register the Defiance Public Library running between the north edge of Fort Street and the Maumee Chief of Registration ACREAGE NOT VERIFIED Slocum, Charles E.A History of the Maumee River Basin. 1.3 acres 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated Simmons, David A. The Forts of Anthony Wayne. Fort Wayne, Ind.: Historic Fort Wayne, 1977. name/title River.
Ohio List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries Quadrangle name Defiance East Photos - Inventory - REVIEW UNIT CHIEF Re-submit _ OTHER KEEPER ARCHEOLOGIST HAER CONTROL TECHNICAL HISTORIAN Send-back Maps Working Number Review State Federal Register Entry BRANCH CHIEF United States Department of the Interior-Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register Write-up 3.5:8 Entered Property 1-29-80322 STATE Ohio Geographical Data -- Acreage: _ UTM Reference (s) : on the National Register staff, telephone 202- 343-6401 Thank you for your attention to the above items. Date: - Description: Other: Certification: Map Coverage: Bibliography: Photographic Coverage: The attached National Register Inventory-Nomination form is being returned to your office for Verbal Boundary Description: IS RESUBMITTED.
clarification of the information indicated below.PLEASE RETURN THIS FORM WHEN THE NOMINATION NAME OF PROPERTY Fort Deliance Park United States Department of the Interior - Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service 3-19-80 received JAN 2 9 1980 JUN 2 3 1980 1. Name and/or common street & number _ not for publication city, town - vicinity of - county - _district X public - unoccupied _ agriculture - museum - private - park _ structure _ work in progress - private residence _ site .in process - yes: restricted - government X yes: unrestricted . industrial - military 4. Owner of Property 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. has this property been determined elegible?
- yes December 15, 1975 - local 039 both transportation Category Accessible entertainment Location educational code commercial Defiance date Status Ownership state religious other: Public Acquisition Columbus Ohio De-26 scientific Inventory-Nomination Form building(s) date entered being considered Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Ohio Historical Center 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Defiance County Courthouse congressional district 5th Delbert Latta Type all entries-complete applicable sections National Register of Historic Places Present Use United States Department of the Interior depository for survey records 3.
Classification Fort Street Clinton & Second Streets Ohio Historic and Ohio See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Perry Street title Archaeological Inventories City of Defiance FHR8300 (11-78) For HCRS use only Ohio 43512 - yes - _ federal x state object historic Fort Defiance Park 7. Description _ deteriorated X original site _ moved date X unexposed bank of the Auglaize River. The entire area, river confluence and the adjacent bank area, Within the park there are numerous tress, shrubs, interpretive markers, two Civil War era naval guns, a lighted flagpole and the remnants of the original earthworks marked with a stone path General Arthur Wayne's Fort Defiance, built on this strategic piece of land, was constructed in upon the army's arrival at the confluence and was completed in eight days.
From accounts by Wayne and other officers, it was a stockaded fort, with corner blockhouses. This phase of suspected the Indians, along with a force of British regulars, would counterattack his force description below, along with accompanying map, are from the Van Cleve memoir. of the adjacent grounds else [sic]. are intended to represent diagonal pickets secured to a log wall, one Condition fair unaltered excellent thrown against the walls. construction was under the direction of Major Henry Burbeck.
The second phase of construction began upon the army's return from its victory over a large Fort Defiance Park is at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers.The land area it The park is presently an attractively tree-shaded area bounded on the north and east by the Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance comprises what is historically known as the Grand Glaize, so named for the extensive mud flats along both rivers at the confluence. Check one yards from the fort which commands it.The fort commands every part memoir to his son after the campaign, and published in the American Pioneer in 1842.The upon their crest. There is a rising ground on the opposite side of the Manuee Riber 250 Note-The small marks on the line numbered 9.
on the plat of the works foot apart and are all round the works except on the side next the Grand Glaize(Miami below the forks).Those pickets are 4 feet long and extend in part over the ditch. X altered Benjamin Van Cleve, a participant in the campaign, described the fort after Fallen Timbers in a at Fort Defiance. Accordingly, vaults were dug to make the fort bomb-proof (able to withstand occupies is formed by the joining of the southern bank of the Maumee River with the western Maumee and Auglaize Rivers respectively, on the west by the Defiance Public Library, and on the south by a quiet residential area of late 19th and early 20th century private residences. Form No. 10-300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED JAN 2 9 1980 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM ITEM NUMBER 7 Fig.
7 A solid body of earth 8 feet through A ditch 15 feet wide and 8 feet deep A body of earth 4 ft. wide left as a path to the water A kind of sand bar (See continuation sheet A. for map.) a larger fort, named Fort Winchester, to the south of "Wayne's fort." In 1888 Colonel O. M. Poe, Corps of Engineers, surveyed the Fort GPO 892 455 one PAGE Fort Defiance Park Represents chimneys to block house. Perpendicular pickets Maumee River Port holes raised, leaving the ditch uncovered. The latter has sometimes been mistakenly called Fort Defiance.
The door ing too small an area to be useful for his campaign against the British A line of perpendicular pickets Grand Glaize Explanation to plan of Fort Defiance A ditch 8 feet deep by which water is got without exposing some river erosion on the eastern and northern edges of the site(see A fachine wall which supports the body of earth on that Stone houses TC FOR NPS USE ONLY Gateway to the river 5when Defiance was platted and the fort site was donated to the Village attached map B). Front and rear gate A falling gate which by the help of pulliesis occasionally A log wall to support said earth side of the fort the carrier to the enemy CONTINUATION SHEET l (one) still intact. Officers' quarters of past military works.
He found the earthworks, and most of the ditches blockhouse area where Front (now Fort) Street crossed it east to west, and The only encroachment was on the south edge of the southern Preservation of the site was due to its status as a park as early as as a public area.The only changes between 1888 and the present time are Form No. 10-300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED JAN 2 9 1980 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM CONTINUATION SHEET 2(two) ITEM NUMBER 7 PAGE two walls of both of the river sides. the natural banks and the wall, but to only about half of the bank's height, thus creating a low walkway area on the fill and lower than the GPO 892 455 Fort Defiance Park FOR NPS USE ONLY were built away from the bank and fill was placed in the space between a part of the City park system.
These walls were built in l936 to the addition of the markers, cannon, flagpole and concrete retaining stable.The park is maintained and policed by the City of Defiance as ground level of the fort site.The present condition of the site is Form No. 10-300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE JAN 2 9 1980 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM CONTINUATION SHEET A (Map) PAGE three GPO 892 RECEIVED ITEM NUMBER Fort Defiance Park DATE ENTERED Form No. 10-300a (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED JAN 2 9 1980 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM CONTINUATION SHEET B (Map) ITEM NUMBER PAGE four and Military Works in the Maumee Valley, Printing office, 1889. FORT DEFLANCE, OHIO.
GPO 892 455 Fort Defiance Park DATE ENTERED JUN 23 1380 Of Engineers for 1889. SCALE - 1:730 FRONT Washington: Government 1888. 8. Significance Areas of Significance - Check and justify below _ archeology-prehistoric - community planning _ archeology-historic . literature x military other (specify) The significance of Fort Defiance Park is threefold. First, it is the site of Fort Defiance, whether the Indians would continue the warfare or not, the General proceeded to strengthen the rivers, Fort Defiance continued to serve as a strong point for American military forces.
territory gradually shrunk as the pressures for more land, and the growth of American settlements developed around the fort site, leading to the establishment of the City of Defiance, with only 1600-1699 1800-1899 1400-1499 architecture transportation economics commerce Period theater education humanitarian music conservation industry agriculture prehistoric 1900- 1500-1599 sculpture science Specific dates law physical manifestation and reminder of the newly established presence of the American government used by Major General Anthony Wayne in his successful campaign against a British supported and Defiance was the strongest fortification built by Wayne, and was designed to hold supplies as designated as a military reservation in the newly established Indian Territory.This significance of the site was recognized early by Defiance citizens, and consequently was never combined Indian force in 1793-95.Secondly, after Wayne's victory,Fort Defiance served asa park constitutes the land being nominated here as Fort Defiance Park.
temporary interruption due to the renewed Indian conflict of the War of 18l2.The historical Several of Wayne's fort sites in Ohio are currently listed on the National Register:Fort X1700-1799 Hengineering .politics/government a place to regroup, and as.a point of possible counter-attack if his first encounter with the Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) social/ Cinvention communicationsi was signed in 1795,officially removing Indian claims to most of Ohio and thus beginning the After 1797 Fort Defiance was abandoned and the site and a square mile area around it was Recovery in Mercer County (11/10/70).
St.Clair in Preble County Jefferson in Darke County (11/10/70);and Fort _art _ landscape architecture From August 28 to September 14, the army worked rapidly to make it strong enough to withstand not only Indian attacks, but also British assaults which might include artillery. Upon completion of this work and after the threat of counter-attack had diminished, Wayne and built upon. Furthermore, as a part of its original incorporation in 1835, the site was donated religion Not knowing principal and strategic post in the chain of fortifications stretching through western Ohio Because of its strategic location on two major first period of massive settlement in the state. Fallen Timbers near Maumee 10/15/66),Wayne's army returned to Fort Defiance.N 9. Major Bibliographical References Historical Society, 1974 (reprint). 10.
Geographical Data Quadrangle scale 1:24000 The site is bounded on the north by the Maumee River, on the east by the Auglaize River, X state 11. Form Prepared By street & number - 701 North Clinton Street - _ national As the designated State Historic.Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89 date code Easting Zone Northing county local Attest: Verbal boundary description and justification Ohio State Historic Preservation Officer signature Defiance East 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification UMT References The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.
the Defiance Public Library running between the north edge of Fort Street and the Maumee Acreage of nominated property city or town Keeper of the National Register For HCRS use only ACREAGE NOT VERIFTED 1.3 acres on the south by Fort Street and on the west by a line ten feet east of, and parallel to, 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated I hereby certhty that this property is included in the National Register GPO 938 835 Simmons, David A. The Forts of Anthony Wayne. Fort Wayne, Ind.: Historic Fort Wayne, 1977. Van Cleve, Benjamin.
L7/ 211/3150 Quadrangle name Defiance East UTM NOT VERIEIED UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES DATE ENTERED INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM Fort Defiance Park, Defiance, Defiance County, Ohio participant in Wayne's campaign, Benjamin Van Cleve, and was included in his drawing, therefore, presumably dates at least as early as 1821, although it was In September, 1860, the famous 19th century historian, Benson Lossing, visited the in elevation of as much as six to eight feet, but which "perfectly delineated" the As is suggested in the return review sheet, the area also has significance as a documentation of the site, we feel this Park holds every possibility of becoming an archaeologically rich site. PAGE FHR-8-300A CONTINUATION SHEET RECEIVED another level of local historical significance.
archaeological significance.Contemporary documents identified the site of Fort Defiance as the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers at the southwestern ITEM NUMBER (11/78) the potential destruction of the site through erosion.
time the form of the glacis and ditch were still very distinctive with a difference city and county so it can be said that the historical significance of the fort the great similarity of the 1888 survey and the present mounds.Keep in mind that was apparent to the community-at-large from the early 19th century.Through the commemorative purposes during holidays like the 4th of July, the Park has acquired to suggest that the current mounds are the remnants of the original l8th century be preserved" since they were covered with grass and had been included in a two site was set off and donated to the community as a park by the original proprietor, the concrete retaining wall and adjacent lower fill were added in 1936 to prevent acre "inclosure." As the original nomination outlines, the site was professionally commemorative park.
When the City of Defiance was platted in the 1820s, the fort Fort Defiance Park retains a high degree of site integrity. Strong evidence exists shape of the fort "by those mounds and the ditch." Some large honey-locust trees were growing on the site by 1860, but Lossing felt the fort "ruins" were "likely to Benj. Leavell.
It has remained as a park commemorating the fort's existence as and the man-made limits provided by the City of Defiance, along with the 19th century point of land.Due to the natural constraints on the site provided by the rivers document; and a comparison of the copy enclosed with the aerial photograph shows The fort's name was given to both the Fort Defiance site.His description of the site was included in his Pictorial surveyed in 1888 by Colonel o.M.Poe.His survey was published as an Executive veneration of the site in the eyes of the community and the use of the site for Fieldbookof the War of that atthat showing the present condition of FORT DEFIANCE, OHIO. From Survey made under the direction of Colonel O. M. POE, Corps of Engrs., Brvt. Brig. Gen. U.S.A. Ly T.S. Wight, in Augunt SCALE -1:750. Scale of Feet. MAY 1 3 1980 MAP 1888.
FRONT Working Number /. 29. 80. 327 Ind Control Photos - JUN 2 3 1980 Inventory OTHER HAER Entered Maps ARCHEOLOGIST Send-back Re-submit TECHNICAL HISTORIAN Review National Register Write-up Federal Register Entry United States Department of the Interior - Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service REVIEW UNIT CHIEF 2.3.81 80002989 5.15.80 State OH Tom Root, 1972 Tom Root Air Photo, Inc., Plymouth, Oh. Park, looking towards the west, shows earthworks, landscaping and Photograph No. 1 JAN 2 9 1980 1257437 Aerial photograph of Fort Defiance Fort Defiance Park location of City Library Defiance, Ohio (negative location) JAN 2 9 1980 Cl. Defiance, Ohio Ronald I. Burdick, 1976 Photograph No. 2/3 Fort Defiance Park and Washington Streets in foreground towards the north, junction of Fort stone marker is left of southern blockhouse.
Negative location: Defiance College Reg. Preservation Office, Defiance, Ohio View of Fort Defiance Park, looking JAN 2 9 1980 Ca. Defiance, Ohio Ronald I. Burdick, 1976 Preservation Office, Defiance, Ohio Photograph No. 3 Fort Defiance Park the west from across the Auglaize River, View of Fort Defiance Park looking to Negative location: Defiance College Reg. shows eastern retaining wall, and high Maumee River bank north of the park. JAN 2 9 1980 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DEFIANCE EAST QUADRANGLE OHIO- DEFIANCE CO. UNITED STATES NATIONAL STATE OF OHIO 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE 2. ADDRESS (Tel. No. If needed) June 1978 OFFICE FHR-8-227 DATE TELEPHONE REPORT 3.13.80 OSHPO - FROM (Name) SUBJECT, PROJECT NO., ETC.
NAME OF PERSON PLACING/RECEIVING CALL TIME OF CALL Ohio Historical Center 1-71 & 17th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43211 (614) 466-1500 MAY 1 3 1980 Ms. Carol Shull U. S. Department of the Interior 440 G Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20243 Dear Ms. Shull: Fort Defiance Park, Defiance, Defiance County North Sandusky Street Historic District, Seneca County; and Northeast Tiffin Historic District, Seneca County David L. Brook Officer DIB:DAS:dja enclosures Sincerely, RECEIVED REGISTER NATIONAL State Historic Preservation Ohio Historic Preservation Office Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Enclosed is one National Register nomination recently returned by your staff for more information: Also enclosed are corrected maps for: Acting Keeper of the Please let me know if we can provide any additional information. STATE OHIO JUN 23 1980 Mx.
David Brook Columbus, Ohio 43211 Location Name Byers/mjd Defiance Date Entered State Historic Preservation Officer 7/3/80 Defiance County Fort Defiance Park The Ohio Historical Society Honorable Howard M. Metzenbaum For further information, please call the National Register at (202)343-6401. Interstate 7l at 17th Avenue Honorable Delbert L. Latta ENTRIES IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER Also Notified Honorable John H. Glenn, Jr. OHIO MAY 1 3 1980 ANTHONY WAYNE by David A. Simmons THE FORTS OF THE FORTS OF ANTHONY WAYNE by David A. Simmons The figures on the cover depict a private, officer and sergeant of Wayne's Legion. Drawing by H. Charles McBarron courtesy of the Company of Military Publication of The Forts of Anthony Wayne was made possible by a grant from the Indiana American Revolution Bicentennial Commission.
The Forts of Anthony Wayne is a revised version of "Anthony Wayne's Forts" which appeared in the Winter, 1973 issue of Old Fort News. This edition is published with the kind permission of the Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Printed by Lincoln Printing Corp. Copyright Historic Fort Wayne, Inc. 1977 Society. Historians. General Anthony Wayne; Detroit Historical Museum and Anthony Wayne Bank. FORT MIAMIS FORT DEFIANCE FOR1 WASHINGTON By the end of 1794 Wayne's forts stretched from the Ohio River to Lake Erie. Indiana WAYNE JEFFERSON ST. CLAIR Ohio FORT (British)o %6FORT HAMILTON DEPOSIT RECOVERY kinson wrote to a fellow army officer in the Ohio Valley in 1792.' He was describing Fort St. Clair, one of a chain of ten forts which stretched north- ward from Cincinnati to the outskirts of present Toledo, Ohio.
These forts were part of the campaign of General Anthony Wayne against the Indians of the Northwest Territory during the 1790s. Each fort was like a way-station on the vital supply line that stretched protection of the line, as places to store supplies, and as physical representa- tions of the new American government in the Northwestern wilderness. Equally significant was their psychological influence on the Indians. Their presence maintained pressure on the tribes and helped to bring peace with the signing of the Treaty of Greene Ville in 1795. Since expeditions under Josiah Harmar in 1790 and Arthur St. Clair in 1791 preceded Wayne, not all of the forts were built by his men. Four were vestiges of these previous unsuccessful attempts to subdue the Indians. What follows is the story of these forts, their construction, style of military architecture, and individual characteristics.
Three forts in the Ohio country that were built by Wayne's troops, Fort St. Marys, Fort Piqua, and Fort Loramie, have been omitted. This is partly a consequence of deficient information, but also because they were constructed after the Battle of Fallen Timbers solely for logistical reasons and did not figure directly in the Fort Washington The story of Wayne's forts began several years before his campaign when, in August, 1789, General Josiah Harmar sent a detachment of men under Major John Doughty from Fort Harmar near present Marietta, Ohio. Fort Washington from the southwest, drawn by Captain Jonathan Heart; Cincinnati Historical Society. They were instructed to build a new fort on a site overlooking the mouth of protection, and a fortification here improved the communications link to campaign.
the Licking River.The settlers on the Symmes Purchase needed army "The work [is] substantial and rather handsome," General James Wil- along the army's line of advance.They served as strong points for the Fort Knox at Vincennes on the Wabash River. A new post was also necessary to oversee the vicinity of present-day downtown Cincinnati, a favorite ford- ing place for Indians? An important consideration basic to any fortification in the Northwest Territory was the nature of the enemy against which it defended. With one major exception the forts of the Indian Wars were originally built to with- stand an assault by Indians armed only with muskets. A heavy wooden structure, able to stop a musketball, was the only requirement for the wall of ary fortification completed by civilians at Marietta.
A portion of the latter fort still survives as the Rufus Putnam house in a museum administered by the Ohio Historical Society. The exterior wall of the building, which served as mortised into vertical posts. acting as an engineer, the soldiers at Fort Washington made a foundation of stones collected from the area. Large hewn logs were dragged to the site by braced frame. Often a frame like this was cut and fitted on the ground, Fort Washington was considered the "most solid and substantial" wooden fort in the Northwest; Frederick Geier. The evidence suggests that the walls at Fort Washington were con- a segment of the curtain or wall of the fort, was formed by four-inch planks structed with planks. The fort was built like Campus Martius, a contempor- Under the guidance of Captain William Ferguson, an artillery officer a fort in Indian country.
groups of twenty to thirty men and formed into a two-story framework or numbered, and taken apart. The numerals ensured the proper positioning of each segment as it was reassembled on the stone foundation. The planking, which might have been mortised or nailed to the framework, was obtained from about fifty Kentucky boats purchased by the army for several dollars The fort was a 200 foot square composed of two-story frame buildings with gable roofs and central chimneys. They were the barracks of the garri- son, and small windows were cut in the outside walls for portholes or em- brasures to shoot from during an attack." Five-sided, two-story blockhouses with hipped roofs were erected at each corner of the fort.
They were positioned and shaped like bastions, a fortifica- tion structure first developed into a school of military architecture in Italy and brought to the New World primarily by the French. The blockhouses projected from the fort walls and gave the defenders a flanking fire along the length of each wall with the artillery located in the upper story. Atop each was a square sentry box. General Arthur St. Clair later objected to these exterior angles or "Salient Angles" of the blockhouses to solve this problem.® wooden doors with a wrought iron and wooden lock. The curtains of the fort were whitewashed and the shingle roofs were painted red. An eighty foot wide downward slope of earth called a glacis or esplanade, which ended in a row of upright stakes, was along the river side of the fort.? Two ravelins or triangular areas were added to the north and west sides of the fort.
They were enclosed by a palisade of tall vertical pointed logs implanted several feet in the ground. At the apex of each triangle was a small two-story blockhouse. This area was utilized by all the artificers or workmen who fulfilled the mechanical needs of the army.S During the early 1950s excavations were made for a new building in downtown Cincinnati. An underground structure was uncovered which proved to be the powder magazine of Fort Washington. It was an irregular four-sided structure of about ten or twelve feet across. Apparently the four corner posts had been driven into the ground first and the ground dug out. A base sill was placed around the bottom edge and a trough cut in it by drilling twelve inch vertical planking which was secured by mortising two horizontal logs.
Above this were several rows of horizontal logs, hewn on the interior only and notched at the corners, which projected above the ground level as a superstructure. This part had been packed with blue clay to help prevent water seepage.ª Fort Washington's total picture is too elaborate for the typical frontier fort of Wayne's army. Harmar claimed it was "the most solid [and], substan- tial" wooden fort in the Northwest Territory, and he deemed it fitting to name it after the President. Still, the fort required a certain degree of sophistication, for it served as the organizational point for the military expeditions of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne. apiece.4 "watchtowers" because a guard could not see the area immediately at the with an auger and then chipping out the residue.This trough held two by The main gateway was positioned in the center of the southern curtain.
It was about twelve feet wide and ten feet high and was"secured"by large bottom of the walls.He ordered the construction of small balconies at the Fort Hamilton was constructed at present-day Hamilton, Ohio by troops under General Arthur St. Clair in the fall of 1791. St. Clair was in the midst of munications line was identical to Wayne's. The concept was not original with either man but dated back to French activity in the area in the mid- eighteenth century. Secretary of War Henry Knox realized the importance of such posts, although he left the exact number, location, and details of construction to the discretion of both commanders.° Actually St.
Clair's force was too ill-equipped, poorly supplied and behind schedule to erect an Commanding Officer's Quarters M Dragoon Barracks A conjectural plan of Fort Hamilton as it appeared in 1793; Drawing by the author based Stables Granary Guardhouse Storehouse Fort Hamilton Infantry Barracks Powder Magazine Platform bastion Kitchen Bastion with blockhouse-storehouse his Indian campaign, and his plan to build a chain of forts along the com- adequate number of forts, in contrast to Wayne's later campaign. Sutler's Buildings Officer's Quarters on a survey of 1836. W Well and Cistern Artificer's Building Great Miami River St. Clair had planned to locate the first of his forts on the Great Miami River and found a promising site overlooking a river crossing.
The nature of the site, in the midst of almost one thousand acres of treeless prairie covered with excellent grasses, must have contributed to the decision to place the fort there." Benjamin Price of the Maryland Battalion of the levies was foreman of the work.! The levies were recruited from several states as a supplementary group of volunteers. Fort Hamilton had curtains of a double picket or palisade wall. Trees between nine and twelve inches in diameter were felled and cut into lengths of fifteen and twenty feet. Oxen were used to drag the logs to the fort site, but the thick underbrush made this impractical. It was more efficient for each log to be carried upon three handspikes handled by six men while a seventh grasped the palisade at the front or rear. The pickets were flattened at one end and pointed at the other.
Some hewing was also necessary to straighten and square two sides of the logs to permit a tighter fit between pickets. A about a foot and a half wide. The finished pickets were set in the trench on their flat butts and the earth filled in and firmly packed. The twenty foot pickets were placed on the east or land side of the fort since an elevated bank overlooked the interior of the fort and the shorter fifteen foot palisades were positioned around the remainder of the inclosure. A second group of pickets was added behind the first, spaced to close the gaps between the outer pickets. They were probably much shorter and thinner and could have been pounded into the freshly disturbed soil.13 A banquette or firing step was built around the interior of the curtains. Apparently a "foundation" of logs covered with the leftover dirt from the picket trench was used for the platform.
It elevated the fort defenders firing muskets through small holes or loopholes cut in the wall so an enemy could not utilize the same holes to fire into the fort.14 A long"ribband" or wooden bar was pinned near the top of each picket of the outer row to prevent their shifting. A drainage ditch dug about three feet outside the wall protected it from dislocation caused by erosion.15 Fort Hamilton was rectangular in outline with a four-sided bastion at each corner. Artillery platforms were erected in two of the bastions, and embrasures were cut in the walls and equipped with shutters. These two the walls. The lining was attached like a siding to the interior with large wooden screws.16 Blockhouses were later raised within the two other bas- story log structures with gabled roofs and nailed shingles.
They may have had central fireplaces and chimneys." A guardhouse was built in the center of the east wall opposite the main gate. Log barracks with lean-to type roofs were constructed around three curtains. The rooflines were designed to expose less surface to an enemy with "fire-arrows" on the outside. A single-story frame officers' quarters was erected in the northern part of the fort and a seventy-five foot flagpole raised nearby. A frame storehouse was built at the northeast corner of the fort for the large amounts of goods and provisions handled by the garrison.1 William Ferguson was the engineer of the construction and Captain trench was dug around the circumference of the fort three feet deep and bastions were "lined" with planks or wooden "slabs" to further strengthen tions.
They originally also served as storehouses and were probably two- Fort Hamilton included a comfortable dwelling for General James Wilkinson. The veranda overhung the fort's west wall. This drawing dates from the early 19th century when the The sophistication of one building at Fort Hamilton seems incongrous in a wilderness post, a type of inconsistency found in many frontier forts. This was "General Wilkinson's House," built in 1792 for James Wilkinson. It was a two-story braced frame structure similar in design to Fort Washington. It included a cellar, wooden floors, glass windows mounted in wooden sashes, a partitioned interior and partial plastering. A two-story porch or veranda was on the exterior side of the building, a feature common to a number of military campaign.
A rectangular enclosure was built on the northern side to furnish and barracks, a granary, and work space for artificers were provided within shaft which extended down to the ceiling level.2 A twenty-one foot well was dug in the parade ground near the center of the western curtain and a cellar with a 400-gallon cistern was excavated adjacent to it. A sluiceway constructed from the cistern to the "necessaries" or vaults near the river permitted the latter to be flushed out each day. The cistern supplied a place to cool and preserve wine, meat and dairy products.21 Fort St. Clair Fort St. Clair was constructed in March 1792 by regular troops under the leadership of General James Wilkinson and militia under Major John Stites son was needed.22 Hamilton, a 120 foot square with a bastion at each corner.
John Tharp was the chief carpenter for the construction, a position he held at a number of the land for construction and remove hiding places for the prowling enemy.23 houses.19 these forts. The fort grounds and surrounding area were burned off to clear Gano. Large quantities of supplies were being transported in preparation for Wayne's campaign and an intermediate post between Hamilton and Jeffer- house was still standing; Cincinnati Historical Society.
this addition.A ravelin was appended to the southern curtain fora hewn log Wilkinson chose a site for the new fort on a hill near a"fine spring an area to store forage gathered from the nearby prairies.Dragoon stables powder magazine.It had a hipped roof and a central wooden ventilation Two picket additions were made in 1792 in preparation for Wayne's gushing out of a bank." It had picket walls and a plan similar to Fort No detailed plat of the fort has been found, so it is not possible to exactly locate the interior buildings. The fort contained barracks for both officers and enlisted men, storehouses, stables, and a blacksmith's shop. On the Wilkinson was very pleased with Fort St. Clair and, in typical fashion, wrote to his Kentucky business associate Judge Harry Innes that it was more handsome, stronger, and just as extensive as Fort Hamilton or Jeffer- son.
He claimed to have done it with less expense, fewer men, and in a shorter time than the erection of either fort. Wilkinson's assertions notwithstand- ing, Fort St. Clair is perhaps better known because a future President, structed the post. Harrison commanded a guard every night for a three week the men became ill from the cold.25 troops built Fort Jefferson on a small knoll just south of present-day Green- Historical Society. period when no fires or temporary covering were permitted so that many of Fort Jefferson William Henry Harrison, served as an ensign in the detachment that con- exterior a cattle pen and a blockhouse with a puncheon floor were built.24 Before the Indians routed St.Clair's army on November 4,1791,his This contemporary plan of Fort St. Clair shows only the outline of its walls; Indiana ville, Ohio.
William Ferguson was again the chief engineer and the plan was the same as Fort Hamilton's26 Fort Jefferson was an example of the similarities which frequently occurred in forts constructed under the direction of the same individuals. It resembled Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania, a post St. Clair commanded during earlier fortifications. Fort Jefferson had curtains formed by the horizontal expended in building the picket walls of Fort Hamilton so he built a fortifica- tion at Fort Jefferson that combined the curtains and barracks in a single structure. This was also reminiscent of Fort Washington which Ferguson had helped to build.2 The barracks had central chimneys and probably had lean-to roofs.
A con- runner of barbed wire, these were wooden bars with sharpened stakes Two blockhouses with second stories that projected out over the lower floor were erected outside the fort walls in the summer of 1792. They were positioned to oversee an animal corral or "bullock pen," and holes cut in the second story extensions could be used to fire down upon the heads of attack- ers. A large building akin to the Fort Hamilton blockhouse-storehouses was Jefferson shows an oversized central building with dormer and a cupola. This sophisticated structure may have been the quarters erected for General In the 1930s an archaeological exploration revealed an underground powder magazine measuring eight feet square and twenty-five feet deep. The lower section was lined with split-oak planks and an oak windlass was used to raise and lower stores.
Two tunnels were discovered; an eighty foot shaft connected the magazine to the interior of the fort and another led to a spring on the southwestern slope.30 running through them in a criss-cross fashion.28 temporary drawing of Fort Jefferson showed a row of pointed stakes along the French and Indian War. The topographical situation and external ap- The fort was approximately 114 feet square, with a bastion at each angle. pen; c. garden; d. forage magazine; e.prairie); Indiana Historical Society. South perspective of Fort Jefferson by a contemporary artist.(a.blockhouses;b.bullock the top of the barracks which appeared to be a chevaux-de-frise.A fore- hewn logs of barracks.St. Clair was undoubtedly dismayed at the time pearance of the two forts were almost identical.
Many American officers drew up on past experiences and utilized designs which had worked well in built in the northeast bastion fora"forage magazine."The drawing of Fort Wilkinson and his family in 1793.29 Fort Greene Ville One might speculate that Anthony Wayne made Fort Greene Ville the largest fort in the Northwest Territory to awe the Indians who gathered there for treaty negotiations in 1795. But when the fort was first erected, in the fall and winter of 1793-94, Wayne was planning to meet with the Indian leaders at the Miami Villages (present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana). Instead, Wayne probably wished to give his troops room to drill, exercise, and keep healthy through the long winter months.
He created, in effect, a town within walls that he named after his compatriot of the Revolutionary War, Nathanael Greene.31 The fort covered a rectangle of about fifty acres and was roughly 900 feet wide and 1800 feet long. The curtains of the fort were ten foot upright pickets When the fort defenses were completed they had a combination of both bastions and blockhouses. In the eighteenth century these were two dis- tinctly different structures, but their use in fortifications was often so simi- lar that early nineteenth century historians improperly used the terms interchangeably. Their nineteenth century usage should not be confused with their technical meanings. The four bastions were positioned at the corners of the rectangle and the those at Fort Washington, were built at the salient angles of the bastions. A Congress. blockhouses were erected near the center of each wall.
Sentry boxes, like with loopholes and a banquette two feet high.32 Fort Greene Ville, the Legion's winter camp, was laid out much like a small city; Library of manuscript map of Fort Greene Ville shows several blockhouses as single chinked and plastered.33 The huts for the enlisted men were arranged in two rows around the exterior walls. They were log structures measuring approximately fourteen considerable above the tops of the roofs" to prevent a potentially disastrous stables, guardhouses, and officers' huts were also erected for each of the four Carrying the urban analogy further, the interior was divided into eight sections that from an overhead perspective had the appearance of city blocks.
The sections held buildings for General Wayne, the brigadier gener- als, the lieutenant colonels commanding the Sub Legions, the laboratory (for ammunition manufacturing) and powder magazine, the hospital stores, the contractors, Quarter Master General and other staff officers of the Legion. Both Generals Wayne and Wilkinson were known to have had "a house" constructed for their use. Wayne's house was used as a council house during the treaty negotiations. "Parades" or drill grounds were cleared in several of these sections by cutting the tree stumps "lower than the surface of the ground. 35 It was Wayne's practice to erect small outposts or "redoubts" around his encampment for protection while the main fortifications were being built.
At Greene Ville, eight redoubts were built consisting of picket walls with a Fort Recovery While the army was still awaiting the end of winter at Fort Greene Ville, Wayne sent Major Henry Burbeck north with a detachment of men to build a fort on the site of St. Clair's defeat. Wayne considered naming the new post Indians, it was christened Fort Recovery.37 Burbeck built a rectangular picket fortification with four corner block- houses positioned like bastions. No detailed plat of the fort exists so the exact size is unknown.38 The blockhouses were originally only a single story and were twenty feet square with an embrasure in each outside wall for a small howitzer. Em- brasures were portholes, the sides of which flared outward, so that a weapon aimed through the opening had a wide field of fire to each side.
These blockhouse embrasures had musketproof shutters which could be closed as the howitzers were loaded. The first commandant of the fort, Captain Alex- ander Gibson, added a projecting second story on each blockhouse and cupolas were apparently built on the roofs for lookout posts.39 Several additional structures were constructed in the interior of the fort. A thirty-six foot well was dug but complaints were made against the "sulphurous taste" of the water, so a tunnel was excavated to the Wabash temporary lean-to type structures were erected along the picket walls to provide shelter. A more effective method of preserving stores was necessary Sub Legions.34 banquette and loopholes that surrounded a one-story blockhouse.36 River.
When large amounts of stores were forwarded to Fort Recovery, story structures with gable roofs.They apparently had chimneys and were "Defiance"or"Restitution,"but since the ground was recovered from the fire in an all wooden fort. One log hut held about ten men.Bakehouses, by seventeen feet with clapboard roofs and chimneys that were "raised during the hot summer months, so an ice house measuring twelve by four- teen feet was built with provisions for meat storage in the upper part of the building. 40 Wayne was not able to continue his northward march until the summer of 1794. On the south side of the St. Marys River, about ten miles north of present-day Celina, Ohio, he halted to construct another link in his com- munications line. Wayne originally planned to name it Fort Randolph but renamed it after the Vice President, John Adams.41 1 & 2. The Blockhouses. 3. The Commandant Quarters.
5. The Gate. 6. The River St. Marys. Tiny Fort Adams was situated on the upper St. Mary's River. This river flows to Fort Wayne and its confluence with the Maumee; Benjamin Van Cleve, "Memorandum." Spring 4. The Guardhouse. Fort Adams It was a mystery to many of his men why the General chose this site to build the fort. They noted the land was so low that it would be knee deep in water whenever the river overflowed. The ironic thing about Fort Adams, besides its unwise location, was that Wayne narrowly escaped death here when a tree fell onto his tent. His life was saved only because the trunk came It was not known how badly Wayne was hurt, but the next day the those infantrymen whom the Surgeon General found too ill to march were detached.
It had long been an eighteenth century practice to leave invalids at a new fort so that an army's mobility and speed might not be sacrificed for them. Wayne, however, was leaving before the blockhouses had been chinked, roofed, or even had doors cut in them. Much of the timber for the palisade was still across the river. Captain Underhill knew an enemy often reconnoitered the old encampment of its foe the next day, so he felt they were being deserted. Fortunately his fears proved unfounded. 43 Fort Adams was a relatively small square post when finally completed. The curtains of pickets were about twenty-four feet in length and the two blockhouses at diagonal corners were eighteen feet square. The interior contained two buildings with hipped roofs, the commandant's quarters, and a guardhouse.
Since there was little room for storage, the fort was intended mainly as a strong point for troops on the vital supply line. Its location on the Fort Defiance It was mid-August 1794 before the army arrived at the junction of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers and prepared to erect another fort. This time an imposing site high on the banks of the two rivers was selected. Wayne laid out the fort and Major Burbeck was the chief engineer.45 outline with a twenty-two foot square blockhouse at each angle. The block- houses had an embrasure in each of the three outside walls for a howitzer and a fireplace and chimney on the inner walls. The sixty foot curtains were composed of twelve foot (total length, fifteen) upright pickets of about one or sides.
This was all of the fort completed before Wayne grew impatient, and the army moved on to the Battle of Fallen Timbers near the outskirts of present-day Toledo, Ohio.46 Wayne was so impressed with the strength of the British fort near the battlefield (Fort Miamis) that, upon returning to Fort Defiance, he ordered it strengthened to repel a European foe equipped with artillery. A ditch four- teen to sixteen feet wide and eight feet deep was dug, and large wooden baskets for earthworks, called gabions, were set around the curtains of the fort. The dirt from the ditch was used to fill and cover these baskets to form Fort Defiance, supposedly named by Wayne as an act of "defiance" to rest on a stump, holding it away from his body.42 St. Marys River also permitted the control of traffic on that waterway.44 Legion marched on, leaving a garrison of forty men to finish the fort.
An converging rivers.Ravelins were principally bastions without the two flanks foot in thickness.A picket ravelin projected onto the point formed by the "indisposed" officer, Captain James Underhill, was left in charge, and only against the Indians, the British, and"all the devils of hell,"was square in MAUMEE R DIT CH Earthen ramp Officers' Quarters M. Riverbank (water source) After seeing the British Fort Miamis, Wayne strengthened Fort Defiance to resist artil- lery; Benjamin Van Cleve, American Pioneer, Vol. II (1843). Drawbridge Storehouses Entrance Blockhouse Gates Fireplace Ravelin Cannon ports Passageway to river PLAN OF FORT DEFIANCS. AUGLAIZE R FORT MIAMIS Constructed of earth, Fort Miamis was designed to repel a regular army as well as Indians; Conjectural drawing by J. R. Lawwill, former Director, Anthony Wayne Park- way Board, Ohio Historical Society.
OCTOBER,1952 wooden stakes called fascines. A row of eleven foot sharpened pickets, projected over the ditch and made it extremely difficult for an enemy to crawl out of the ditch once he entered it. A drawbride, raised and lowered by and a four foot wide bank of earth was thrown up for the opposite gate.4 The officers' quarters and two storehouses were finished at this time. tained a fireplace. A trench was dug from the ditch to the river edge and covered with timber, providing a safe passageway to the indispensable water supply. The banks of the rivers were later covered with an abatis, an entan- glement of tree branches.48 Fort Deposit Fort Deposit, near present-day Waterville, Ohio, was a different type of fortification than those already described. It was only a temporary structure and was abandoned shortly after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Wayne built it just prior to the battle to literally deposit all the excess baggage the Legion carried, thereby allowing his army maximum mobility. In addition, it Fort Deposit was only a temporary, though extensive, fortified camp. It sheltered Wayne's disastrous.49 pulleys, was constructed to permit passage over the ditch for one gateway, provided a place of refuge in the event the upcoming struggle proved picket wall and blockhouses. Part of the ditch was lined with bundles of baggage during the Battle of Fallen Timbers; William L. Clements Library. The blockhouses probably served as barracks for the men since each con- Prain termed fraises, were set diagonally one foot apart in the parapet. They Fort Deposit was much like the daily encampments Wayne's troops had built ever since leaving Fort Washington.
Every afternoon the quarter- master and surveyor went ahead with the front guard and chose a site for the camp. They marked areas for each sub-legion and set up the tents before the main army arrived. Trees were cut, stripped of their branches, and laid around the circumference of the camp in a breastwork from two to four tiers high, depending on the diameter of the logs. The encampments were square with a bastion at each corner and a few light logs or bars for a gateway. The size varied with each site, but one camp was about 600 yards square. Smaller outposts were always erected several hundred yards outside the walls of the encampment for the protection of guard detachments.50 A plat of Fort Depositsi showed a slightly more elaborate structure: three rectangular enclosures with a variety of corner bastion combinations. approximately 650 yards by 360 yards.
Small breastworks were built outside this concentration for guard posts. Fort Wayne The work for Wayne's Legion was still not finished even though they had defeated the Indians decisively at Fallen Timbers. After returning to Fort Defiance, Wayne set out for the Miami Villages at the confluence of the St. Marys, St. Joseph, and Maumee Rivers to build yet another fort. Wayne realized this fortification would further lower the morale of Indians for they had defeated Harmar here in 1790. Furthermore, it had been an important Indian stronghold and meeting place, and the fort would control at least two important rivers. The Legion arrived at the villages on September 17, 1794, and immediately set to work despite hardships caused by supply shortages and the weather. Wayne was concerned since the enlistment time for many of the troops was about to expire.
Unfortunately information on Fort Wayne's appearance is sketchy, but it is clear that it was distinct from the earlier forts Wayne had built. Some officers in the Legion felt a picket fort would have been substantial enough against Indians. Wayne, however, was still thinking about the British, so he built "a large regular fortification" capable of withstanding artillery.52 Wayne had some difficulty positioning the fort, for the outline was feet with a bastion at each of the southern angles. Major Burbeck served as chief engineer." The curtains of Fort Wayne were formed by the barracks. Since the fort was "tenable against cannon," there were undoubtedly earthworks around the exterior barrack walls similar to those at Fort Defiance; gabions filled and covered with dirt. A guardhouse was erected over the main gate, and a ditch was dug around at least part of the fort.
The interiors of the two detached blockhouse with some type of fortified picket or earthen enclosure was erected on the bank of the Maumee River.54 The fort was finished after almost a month of hauling logs hitched to the altered at least five times. The final design was apparently a square of 250 rear wheels of wagons and living on short rations. On October 22, 1794, bastions were filled with dirt to provide firing platforms for the artillery.A Two of the bastions had an unusual pentagonal configuration. The works averaged seven feetin height, and the largest of the three enclosures was Patrick MeNiff's 1795 plan of Fort Wayne concentrated on the details of geography rather than the fort; Library of Congress. Wayne gave command of the fort to Colonel John F.
Hamtramek, who named it Fort Wayne.55 Hamtramck directed the new garrison in additional work on the post gested a saw mill was needed. The northern part of the fort shown on a during 1795. The men continued to collect lumber and made 100,000 bricks, manuscript may may have been added by Hamtramck's men at this time. possibly for chimneys.Enough work was being done that the Colonel sug- This would help explain the similarity of the whole fort outline to a "horn- work" or "crownwork," a type of fortification commonly erected as an addi- An artists's conception of Fort Wayne as it appeared late in 1794. This was the only one of Wayne's forts originally designed to resist artillery; Drawing by Victor Hogg. American army officers of the late eighteenth century were students of the art of fortification.
They learned military engineering from immigrants from European armies, by reading translations of military treatises, and from firsthand experiences during the Revolution and on the Northwestern frontier. All of Anthony Wayne's forts had some type of defensive corner emplacements, whether bastions or blockhouses, which were positioned to allow a 270 degree field of fire and a cross fire along each wall. By the eighteenth century bastions in frontier forts went through a structural transition as well as a semantic change. Blockhouses were fre- quently erected within open bastions, even though they might not be a part of the original construction. One fortification designed for use at Coleraine (near Cincinnati) in 1791 had blockhouse-bastions which combined a hori- zontal log blockhouse on top of a vertical picket bastion base.
Many of Anthony Wayne's forts, with the exception of the temporary Fort Deposit, were either built with or in close proximity to blockhouses. Others had blockhouses added a few years later. By the War of 1812, the blockhouse had almost completely replaced the bastion on the American frontier. Numerous isolated blockhouses were constructed throughout Ohio and the Northwest Territory.s7 Five basic types of wall construction were used in Wayne's forts: a type of braced frame, a wooden palisade, a horizontal log, a temporary log breast- work, and earthworks. The important distinction is between the first four types and the last. All the wooden forms were designed to defend solely "regular fort" as several of the officers referred to it, was intended to defend against a much more powerfully armed foe.
All of Anthony Wayne's forts proved to be short-lived structures, how- Greene Ville, signed in 1795, greatly reduced the Indian danger. When the British finally transferred their Great Lakes post to American control in tion rather than as a separate post.56 against Indians armed with muskets. The bastioned, earthen Fort Wayne, a ever.The successful conclusion of his 1794 campaign and the Treaty of The soldiers who had built these posts were soon scattered around the Forts St. Clair, Jefferson, Recovery and Adams were left to rot. Forts Hamil- ton, Greene Ville and Defiance shared their fate in 1797. Only Forts Washington and Wayne were considered important enough to be retained. Together they provided a tenuous link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes until Fort Washington was given up in 1804.
Fort Wayne served in yet formidable defenses constructed by its namesake were replaced between 1798 and 1800 by a simple picketed fort. Through the years the forts of Anthony Wayne were basic to the founda- tion of Ohio and Indiana. They permitted Wayne's final victory, the Greene Ville Treaty, and often became the nucleus for the cities that resulted from the rapid influx of settlers. They were the symbols of the new American government in the Northwest Territory. Private, officer and sergeant of Wayne's Legion, 1794; Drawing by H. Charles McBarron, courtesy of the Company of Military Historians. value. 1796Wayne's small wooden outposts quickly lost their remaining strategic another war and was maintained as a military post until 1819,but the West to face new threats.One by one the posts were abandoned.In 1796 1.
General James Wilkinson to John Armstrong, March 19, 1792, John Armstrong Papers, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. Northwest, 1784-1791" (Ph.d. dissertation, The University of Michigan, 1968), 171-174. 3. Donald A. Hutslar, "The Log Architecture of Ohio," Ohio History, 80 (Summer-Autumn 1971), 183. Although anonymous reminiscences taken down by Lyman Draper in the early 19th century stated that Fort Washington was built of "Logs filled in with sticks and mortar between" Draper Manuscripts, Frontier War Series, 2U142, (State Historical Soci- ety of Wisconsin), the contemporary account of John Heckewelder said it was built "like the Campus Martius." See Paul A.W. Wallace, ed., Thirty Thousand Miles with John Heckewel- der (Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1958), 270.
Construction practices and capabilities of the time would have made it difficult or impossible to erect a structure the size of Fort Washington entirely from logs. 4. Interview of "Saml Abbey," Draper Manuscripts, Frontier War Series, 4U169; Harmar to Henry Knox, January 14, 1790, in William H. Smith, ed., The St. Clair Papers, 2 vols. (Cincinnati, 1882), II, 129. Philosophical Society of Ohio, 15 (Oct. 1957), 302. A contemporary drawing entitled South West View of Fort Washington, by Jonathan Heart is at the Cincinnati Historical Society. Unfortunately the manuscript is in extremely poor condition. It was, however, reproduced with a large degree of accuracy in Frazer E. Wilson, ed.,Journal of Capt. Daniel Bradley (Greenville, Ohio, 1935), 18. 6.
A Plan of Fort Washington, Ohio, War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Rec- ords, Record Group 93, National Archives, shows the dimensions of one blockhouse as November 17, 1791, Arthur St. Clair Papers, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. The Gen- eral felt the blockhouses must be unroofed if attacked since the men would be unable to withstand all the smoke from their own gunfire. 7. Oliver M. Spencer, Indian Captivity (New York, 1834), 28-29; Wallace, John Heckewelder, 270; Robert Ralston Jones, Fort Washington at Cincinnati, Ohio (Cincinnati, 1902), 34. 8. Spencer, Indian Captivity, 29; Wallace, John Heckewelder, 270. One of the ravelins was added by St. Clair in 1791. See St. Clair to Knox, July 6, 1791, Claus Papers, Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Washington," Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 11 (1953), 2-12; Washington Powder Magazine," Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 11 (1953), 320-325. 10. See Knox to General Arthur St. Clair, March 21, 1791, in American State Papers, Indian Affairs, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1832), I, 172. 11. St. Clair to Knox, November 26, 1790 in Smith, St. Clair Paper8, II, 194; James Stephenson Orderly Book and Journal, Library of Congress, entry for October 4, 1791; Arthur St. Clair, A Narrative of the Manner in Which the Campaign Against the Indians... Was Conducted ... (Philadelphia, 1812), 44-15. 12. St. Clair to Knox, September 15, 1791, Henry Knox Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Vol. 29, 107; Orderly Book of Adjutant Crawford, William D.
Wilkins Papers, Burton Hsitorical Collection, Detroit Public Library, entry for September 17, 1791. 13. St. Clair, Narrative, 152-153; St. Clair to John F. Hamtramck, August 30, 1791, in Smith,St. Clair Paper8, II, 239-240; see also "palisades." in [Prince Turenne's]Introduction to the Art Fortifications," Joseph M. Toner Collection, Library of Congress, Box 267. Although from a course at West Point in 1835, these "Notes" are an excellent resource for information on Footnotes 18th century fortifications. 2.John Parker Huber,"General Josiah Harmar's Command:Military Policy in the Old Raymond S.Baby and Richard C.Knopf,"Additional Structural Features of the Fort sixteen feet(three sides)and twenty-four feet(two outermost sides);St.Clair to[?], ration ofa double picket wall in Montgomery C.Meigs,"Notes on the Course of Field 9. Richard C. Knopf, Raymond S.Baby, and Dwight L.
Smith, "The Re-discovery of Fort of Fortification... Also, a Military Dicionary (London, 1745). There is an excellent illust- 14. Josiah Morrow, ed., "Tours into Kentucky and the Northwest Territory: Three Journals by the Rev. James Smith of Powhatan County, Virginia, 1783-1795-1797" Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publication, 16 (1907), 378; "Capt. Samuel Newman's Journal," Draper Manuscripts, Frontier War Series, 4U124, entry for September 30, 1791. See also John Muller, A Treatise of Artillery (London, 1780, reprint ed. Ottawa, Ontario 1965), 172 and J. C. Pleydell, An Essay on Field Fortifications (London, 1768), 83, for more information on the construction of earthern platforms and banquettes. 15. St. Clair, Narrative, 152-153. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, Record Group 94, National Archives. See David A.
Simmons, "Fort Hamilton, 1791-1797: Its Life and Architecture" (M.A. thesis, Miami University, 1975), chapter I, and appendix, for a discussion of the three known plats of Fort 17. Armstrong to James Wilkinson, May 1 and 16, 1792, John Armstrong Papers. The perspec- tive drawing of Fort Jefferson in the collections of the Indiana Historical Society shows a similar structure at the right rear of the fort. 18. St. Clair, Narrative, 153; "Diary of Major Ebenezer Denny," in Smith, St. Clair Papers, II, Settlement Until the Year 18_," James McBride Papers, Cincinnati Historical Society, 26; Armstrong to Hodgdon, January 14, 1792, Northwest Territory Collection, and Wilkinson to Wayne, October 4, 1792, Anthony Wayne Papers, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Armstrong to Wilkinson, September 15, 1792, John Armstrong Papers. 19.
Armstrong to Wilkinson, September 15, 1792, John Armstrong Papers; McBride, "History of Hamilton," 76. The latter work contains a drawing McBride made of this structure when it was a tavern in early 19th century Hamilton. 20. Wilkinson to Knox, August 5, 1792 (Vol. 20, 116), and Wilkinson to Wayne, September 12, 1792 (Vol. 21, 84), Anthony, Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadel- 21. Wilkinson to Armstrong, May 24, 1792, and Armstrong to Wilkinson, June 1, 1792, John Armstrong Papers. 22. Narrative, Draper Manuscripts, Frontier War Series, 2U142. The site of Fort St. Clair is now preserved in a park administered by the Ohio Historical Society immediately west of 23.
Wilkinson to Armstrong, March 18, 1792, John Armstrong Papers; Wilkinson to Sargent, March 19, 1792, Winthrop Sargent Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; Wilkinson to Hodgdon, March 9, 1792, Edward S. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago; Robert Buntin to Hodgdon, March 19, 1792, Samuel Hodgdon Papers. 24. Wilson, Journal of Capt. Daniel Bradley, 39; Jonathan Smith to Wilkinson, September 13, 1792 (Vol. 21, 86), Joseph Shaylor to Wayne, May 30, 1793 (Vol. 27, 4), and Alexander Gibson to Wilkinson, August 26, 1793 (Vol. 28, 107), Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Daniel Bradley to Wilkinson, October 23, 1792, Anthony Wayne Papers, William L. Clements Library; R. E. Lowrey, History of Preble County, Ohio (Indianapolis, Harrison to Thomas Chilton, February 17, 1834, in The Cincinnati Daily Gazette, May 10, 26.
Stephenson Orderly Book and Journal, October 14, 1791; Orderly Book of Gen. Arthur St. Clair, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, entry for October 13, 1791. 27. A drawing of Fort Ligonier in 1762 is reproduced in Charles M. Stotz, "The Reconstruction of Fort Ligonier: The Anatomy of a Frontier Fort," Bulletin of the Association for Preser- vation Technology, 6 (1974), 66. It should be compared to the South perspective of Fort Jefferson drawing, James MeHenry Papers, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. The Ligonier drawing was reproduced on a silver platter owned by St. Clair, that he may have had with him in the Northwest Territory. phia. 1834. Hamilton. Eaton, Ohio. 16.Ibid;Armstrong to Hodgdon,November 13,17,and 23,1791,Samuel Hodgdon Papers, 1915), 106. 25. Wilkinson to Innes, April 3,1792,Harry Innes Papers, Library of Congress, Vol.
23; 252; James McBride, "History of the Town of Hamilton Butler County Ohio From Its First Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, 33 (1924), 245; South perspective of Fort Jefferson, James MeHenry Papers. A reference to brick chimneys is in Henry DeButts to Thomas Hughes, November 30, 1793, Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Penn- sylvania, Vol. 31, 37. 29. Wilkinson to Knox, July 9, 1792 (Vol. 20, 65), and David Strong to Wilkinson, July 10, 1793 (Vol. 27, 103), Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Strong to Wil- kinson, September 9, 1792, Anthony Wayne Papers, William L. Clements Library. 30. Frazer E. Wilson, Fort Jefferson: The Frontier Post of the Upper Miami Valley (Lancaster, Pa., 1950), 13, 19, 27,34; See also J. F. Mollenkopf, Plat of Site of Fort Jefferson (August 20, 1930), copy at Darke County Historical Society, Greenville, Ohio. 31.
One biographer of Wayne suggested that the General named the fort after Catharine rather than Nathanael Greene. See Harry E. Wildes, Anthony Wayne: Trouble Shooter of the American Revolution (New York, 1941), 399. 32. Wilson,Journal of Capt. Daniel Bradley, 57; General Orders, November 3, 1793, and May 11, 1794, in Clarence M. Burton, ed., "General Wayne's Orderly Book," Michigan Pioneer and 33. General Orders, November 8, 1793, June 13, and June 24, 1795, in Burton, "General Wayne's Orderly Book," 498, 619, 621. 34. James Elliot, The Political and Miscellaneous Works of James Elliot, 4 vols.
(Greenfield, Mass., 1798), III, 138; Wilson, Journal of Daniel Bradley, 57; General Orders, November 6, 26, 1793, November 3, 1794, and October 18, 1795, in Burton, "General Wayne's Orderly Book," 498, 501, 564, 650; "Orders of Brigadier General Wilkinson," November 7, 1793, in Orders, February 7, 1794, in Orderly Book No. 4, The Filson Club, Louisville, Ky. 35. General Orders, January 4, 1794, in Ibid; "Orders of Lieut. Col. Commandant Hamtramck," November 19, 1793 (Vol. 31, 5), and General Orders, November 13, 1793, in Orderly Book 13, Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Diary of David Barrow, typewritten transcription, in The Filson Club, Louisville, Ky., 12 (June 24, 1795). 37. General Orders, December 22, 1793 (Vol. 31, 100), and Wayne to Henry Burbeck, December 22, 1793 (Vol. 31, 104), Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Later that month Wayne followed Burbeck to Fort Recovery to inspect the works. of Fort Recovery showing an outline similar to Fort Defiance. 39. Wayne to Burbeck, December 22, 1793 (Vol. 31, 104), and Alexander Gibson to Wayne, March 20, 1794 (Vol. 33, 69), Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The Anthony Wayne Parkway Board, Fort Recovery: A Preliminary Report on Develop- ment (Columbus, O., 1952), 23. The Indian attack upon Fort Recovery in 1794 bore tes- timony to the effectiveness of the blockhouse design. A British account of the action noted the intensity of the fire from the "Loop Holes of the Block Houses." See Alexander McKee to Joseph Chew, July 7, 1794, in Ernest A. Cruikshank, ed., The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe (Toronto, 1923-1931), II, 310. 40. Wayne to Gibson, June 28, 1794 (Vol.
36, 47), and Samuel Drake to Wayne, September 1, 1794 (Vol. 37, 32), Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Drake to Wayne, March 6, 1795, Anthony Wayne Papers, William L. Clements Library. Valley Historical Review, 1 (1914-1915), 422. 42. Benson J. Lossing, ed., "Captain John Cooke's Journal," American Historical Record, 2 (1873), 313; Richard C. Knopf, The Fort Adams Incident (Columbus, N.D.), 2-3. 496-498. 28."Diary of Major Ebenezer Denny,"in Smith, St. Clair Papers, II, 253-254;"Winthrop Historical Collection8,34(1905),496,506. 36.General Orders,November 4,and 8,1793,in Burton,"General Wayne's Orderly Book," 41.R. C.McCrane,ed.,"William Clark's Journal of General Wayne's Campaign,"Mississippi 38. See John Francis Hamtramck to Wayne, January 6, 1796, Ibid., Vol.
43, 93, for a crude map Orderly Book 13, Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, General Sargent's Diary While with General Arthur St. Clair's Expedition Against the Indians, 43. McGrane, "William Clark's Journal," 422; General Orders, August 4, 1794, Anthony Wayne Papers, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia; Dwight L. Smith, Ed., From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers (Indiana Historical Society Publications, No. 16, 1952), 264. 44. Richard C. Knopf, ed., "A Precise Journal of General Wayne's Last Campaign," Proceed- graphical Memorandum from 1773-1821," Library of Congress. 45. Smith, From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers, 274; General Orders, August 9, 1794, Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. 36, 130. 46.
Burton, "General Wayne's Orderly Book." 543-544; Smith, From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers; 321; Benjamin Van Cleve's Biographical Memorandum. 47. Ibid.; Benjamin Price to Rice Bullock, September 11, 1794, Torrence Papers, Cincinnati Historical Society, Box 18, no.92. See The Gentlemen's Compleat Military Dictionary (Boston, 1759), for descriptions and illustrations of fascines, fraises, and gabions. 48. Wayne to Knox, September 20, 1794, in Richard C. Knopf, ed., Anthony Wayne: A Name In Arms (Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1960), 356. 49. McGrane, "William Clark's Journal," 427; Smith, From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers, 291-292; MeGrane, "William Clark's Journal," 419. Clements Library (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1959), as map no. 703. 52. Wayne to Sargent, October 9, 1794, Winthrop Sargent Papers.
The phrase "regular fortifi- cation" technically meant a fort built in the outline of a regular polygon wth equal sides and angles. See Capt. George Smith, An Universal Military Dictionary (London, 1779, reprint ed. Ottawa, Ontario, 1969), 99. The phrase apparently had an additional meaning for the American officer of the late 18th century. Both Wayne and Clark used it to describe a fortification more "Defensible" than a picket fort. See McGrane, "William Clark's Jour- nal," 438. 53. Dwight L. Smith, ed., With Captain Edward Miller in the Wayne Campaign of 1794 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1965), 12-13; General Orders, September 21, 1794, in Burton, "General Wayne's Orderly Book" 555. Richard C. Knopf, ed., "Two Journals of the Kentucky Volun- Map Division, Library of Congress. 54. Richard C.
Knopf, ed., "a Precise Journal of General Wayne's Last Campaign," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 64 (1954), 297; Knopf, "Two Journals of the Kentucky tober 8, 1794, Anthony Wayne Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. 37, 42. 55. General Orders, October 2, 1794, in Burton, "General Wayne's Orderly Book," 557; McGrane, "William Clark's Journal," 444. 56. Hamtramek to Wayne, February 3, and March 17, 1795, Anthony Wayne Papers, William L. Clements Library. See John Muller, A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortifi- cation, Regular and Irregular (London, 1746, reprint ed. Ottawa, Ontario, 1968), 215, 223, for a description and explanation of a "hornwork" and "crownwork." There is some evi- other bastion. A letter from Hamtramck to Wayne dated Feburary 12, 1795, in the Wayne Papers in the Clements Library refers to a sentinel in the "N.W. Bastion." 57.
Plan and Elevation of a Stockade Work, with Block-House Bastions...1791. Josiah Harmar Papers, William L. Clements Library. 285-286. 50.George Will to J. S.Williams,April 12,1843,in American Pioneer (Cincinnati,1843),II, Volunters,"274;McGrane,"William Clark's Journal,"442;Wayne to Thomas Hunt, Oc- 51. The map is listed in Christian Brun, Guide to the Manuscript Maps in the William L. dence to suggest that the northern part of the fort may have originally had at least one ings of the American Antiquarian Society, 64 (1954), 283; "Benjamin Van Cleve's Bio- teers, 1793 and 1794," Filson Club Quarterly, 27 (July 1953), 272; Map of Fort Wayne [1795], About the Author David A. Simmons has been interested in the forts of Anthony Wayne since his boyhood in Ohio. Mr. Simmons holds an A.B. and M.A. in American History from Miami University.
His experience with military posts of the Old Northwest includes extensive research on Fort Hamilton and archaeological excavation at Fort Meigs, Ohio. He is presently Historian for the Ohio His- toric Preservation Office of the Ohio Historical Society. JAN 2 9 1980 NATIONAL RECEIVED REGISTER HISTORIC FORT WAYNE Historic Fort Wayne is a reconstruction of the last frontier military post in the State of Indiana. The fort represents that built by Major John Whistler in 1815-1816.A museum retells the colorful history of early Fort Wayne from the Ice Age to 1819 tary life of 1816. The Old Fort is administered by Historic Fort Wayne, Inc., a not-for-profit organization which is responsible for its recon- struction and operation. Monies obtained from admission fees, tax deductible donations and the sale of publications is used for the support of programs and the expansion of the museum.
while a living history program concentrates on frontier mili-
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