Church of the Holy Cross, State Route 261, Stateburg

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS SC,43-STATBU.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Scarborough, H. L. - Sorae Interesting Facts in the History of Sumter County m. m CITSRGll OF Til]-) ITOLY OHOS3 STA^SURG, yJiZZ'ZR COUNTY, SOJTII CAliOLIlIA SURVEY ilO. This oio.iect was partially measured uric, photographed, but on account of the close ~>f the 3arve:' it w&s impossible to complete uiiy of the a^usared drawings in connection therewith. The following facts have been gathered, but have not "oeen verified. This church was built in of terre pese, of which construction there are several other interesting examples in the neighborhood. It is attributed to Francis D. Lee, a Chariest m architect who designed many churches and banks in Charleston. He was born in renoved from Charleston to St.

Louis, hissouri, in and diea in The :>resent tower is a modern tower, as approximately fifteen years ago, owing to neglect of ,he roof the tower haa been damaged hy rainfall and when ^struck hy a high v/ind partially collapsed, and had to be torn down ana rebuilt as shown in the present ohotographs. In the possession of several oeople in the neighborhood there exist photographs of the original tower, which was Gothic In character and ranch higher than the present one, extending upwards in several steus. District Officer a Addendum to HABS No. Episcopal Church of the Holy Cross State Highway 261 Statesburg Sumter County South Carolina PHOTOGRAPHS Historic American Buildings Survey National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No.

State Route 261 Stateburg Sumter County South Carolina M^ rsc Addendum to: M ^ - c^ffo^v Episcopal Church of the Holy Cross State Highway 261 States burg Sumter County South Carolina PHOTOGRAPHS REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Buildings Survey National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, M. The Church of Che Holy Cross HABS No. (page 4)

Historic American Buildings Survey

The Church of the Holy Cross Addendum to Episcopal Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. An addendum to 3 data pages previously transmitted to the Library of Congress

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS SC,43-STATBU.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

On east side of State Route 0.7 mile north of intersection of Route 261 and State Route Stateburg, Sumter County, South Carolina U.S.G.S. Wedgefield, SC 7.5 minute Quadrangle, Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: Present Owner The Church of the Holy Cross and Occupant: RFD 3 Box 275-E Sumter, South Carolina

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS SC,43-STATBU.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Church of the Holy Cross is an extremely unusual mid-19th century rammed earth structure. Built in a simple but highly refined Gothic Revival style, it was designed on the model of an English country parish church by Edward C. Jones, a prominent architect from Charleston, South Carolina, who designed many buildings throughout the state. Though not designed by Jones, the rammed earth dependencies and portions of the Borough House (HABS located 0.2 miles northwest of the church, might be said to form with the church a complex of rammed earth structures unique to the state if not the nation. This church was designated a National Historic Landmark in PART I. HISTORICAL INFORMATION A. Physical History: 1.

Dates of erection: The cornerstone was laid September 11, and the building consecrated July 14, 2. Architect: Edward C. Jones (c. - c. Jones opened his practice in Charleston in the mid-1840s and received wide attention with the design of Westminster Presbyterian Church (now The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 5) Trinity Methodist) on Meeting Street. He quickly gained a reputation for talented design which spread throughout the State in the prosperous Until he joined the Confederate forces in he designed numerous buildings in various eclectic styles of the time. Churches, residences, hospitals, hotels, a prison, banks, courthouses, university buildings, and a department store made up the body of his work.

Among his other buildings in Charleston were the Colonel John Algernon Sydney Ashe House, the Palmetto Fire Company Building, the Roper Hospital, the New Work House (a prison) and the Browning & Lehman Department Store. Many of these no longer stand. In Jones was training at least two students in his office, Francis D. Lee and Louis J. Barbot, both of whom were later recognized as architects of ability.

Lee himself became a junior partner with Jones in the firm of Jones & Lee from It was thought by some in the that Lee may have been the designer of the Church of the Holy Cross (See HABS data pages from While Lee, as a student at this time, might have been trusted with the preparation of minor details, church financial records and a transcription of the records deposited in the cornerstone (quoted in History of the Church of the Holy Cross by John Lawrence Frierson) clearly identify Jones as the architect. Following the Civil War, Jones moved to Memphis Tennessee. According to Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel (Architects of Charleston), Jones or someone of the same name, bought a lot in Charleston in and "added to it in There is a burial lot at Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston labeled "E.C.

Jones," but apparently his name does not appear among the others carved on the lot's monument. 3. Original and subsequent owners: The following is an incomplete chain of title to the land on which the church stands. References are to copies of the Minutes and Records of the Vestry of the Holy Cross located at the Library of the University of South Carolina in Columbia and to the Clerk's Office, Register of Mesne Conveyances, Sumter County Courthouse, Sumter, South Carolina. General Thomas Sumter to the "Episcopal Church of Claremont" (incorporated under an act of the South Carolina Legislature in This tract occupies the northern half of Tract "B" shown on Sheet 2 of the measured drawings for this project. The Church of Che Holy Cross HABS No.

(page 6) Minutes and Records of the Vestry of the Holy Cross, Stateburg, SC Book 1, p 44. Charter of the Episcopal Church of Claremont amended to bear the name of "The Church of the Holy Cross." Minutes and Records of the Vestry of the Holy Cross, Stateburg, SC Book 1, p 44. Deed July 1, recorded February 12, in Vol.MMM, Marian S. Pinckney to the Church of the Holy Cross; gift of "3 Roods 13 Rods" of land acre) bordering the northern edge of the church property. This tract does not appear on Sheet 2, because it was conveyed back to Pinckney in Deed recorded December 3, in Vol. p. Marian S. Pinckney to the Church of the Holy Cross; gift of one acre south of the church property for extension of the cemetery.

This tract occupies the southern half of Tract "B" on Sheet 2 of the measured drawings. Deed recorded December 3, in Vol. p. The Church of the Holy Cross to Marian S. Pinckney; land which Pinckney deeded to the church in returned (in exchange for the one acre conveyed by the deed above). Deed March 12, recorded April 4, in Vol. H-8 p. St. Julien Mazyck Barnwell to the Church of the Holy Cross; gift of 1.0 acre to the south of the church property for extension of the cemetery (Tract "C" on Sheet 2 of the measured drawings). Deed January 23, recorded January 23, in Vol. p. St. Julien Mazyck Barnwell to the Church of the Holy Cross; gift of acre to the north of the church property for the site of the parish house (built in This lot is Tract "A" on Sheet 2 of the measured drawings.

The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 7) 4. Builders and suppliers: a. Builders: The earth walls of the church and its original tower were rammed of local red clay by slaves owned and supervised by Dr. William Wallace Anderson a physician and plantation owner from the nearby Borough House. The identities of the carpenters and plasterworkers responsible for the roof, interior furnishings and architectural ornamentation have not been determined. The Minutes of the Vestry contain no clue to these artisans. The pulpit, altar, litany desk, and lectern were examined in by HABS for builder's plates, signatures or other signs of authorship, but none were found.

It is very likely that all the furnishings were built to Jones' designs given their consistency of design and detail, uniformity of finish, and their harmony with each other and the church's interior architecture. Jones was evidently paid for them, since an item in a statement of costs recorded in the Minutes of the Vestry for April 22, reads "To Cash paid for E.C. Jones -- Bill for Pulpit, Altar, etc., b. Suppliers: Flagstone, brick, lime, mortar, and earth for the walls were supplied locally. No record of the lumber supplier survives. Stained glass windows installed c. in the chancel and narthex were imported from Munich, Bavaria according to Frierson's History of the Church of the Holy Cross Their manufacturer was not recorded in the church records.

Floor tile in the chancel and transepts appears to be Minton tile when compared to known Minton products, but no record of its origin has been preserved. (Compare HABS photos of the chancel floor with photos on pp. in Stanton, Phoebe B., The Gothic Revival and American Church Architecture: An Episode in Taste, Baltimore, 5. Original plans and construction: a. Plans: No original plans are known to exist. However, a painting was made of the church by Francis D. Lee (a student and partner of Jones') which was presented to the Rev. Roberts, rector of the church from to (See photocopy, HABS The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 8) b.

Construction: The rammed earth construction methods employed in the erection of the Church of the Holy Cross are described in Johnson's Rural Economy published in As a construction method, rammed earth (terre pise or pise de terre) is very ancient, dating back to Mesopotamia (see Piggott, Professor Stuart, ed., The Dawn of Civilization, New York, p. The Romans, Chinese, Spanish and French have used it extensively. Basically, rammed earth construction of the church entailed the pounding of successive layers of local red clay soil between wooden forms until monolithic walls of the required height and configuration were built up.

(The soil used in this process must be moist enough to cohere when squeezed in the fist, and each layer must be pounded hard with heavy tampers before the next layer is added.) The forms used were only a few feet high and held about 24 inches apart by wooden timbers or braces. When the wall rose to the top of the forms, they were raised, and more earth rammed. In this respect the process resembles modern concrete slip-forming methods. Window and door casings (wood or brick) were inserted where required and the earth rammed around them. Wooden pegs were laid in the walls along the interior surface during ramming to serve later as anchors to which wood furring and plaster lath would later be nailed.

Once completed, the exterior surfaces of the walls were coated with a stucco-like slurry of sand, lime, red clay, pebbles, and molasses called "cr&pe" or "pebble-dash." This composition was slung onto the walls with brooms so the impact would ensure a firm bond to the rammed earth. This type of construction is not the same as tabby a mixture of oyster shells, lime, and water poured and hardened between forms or adobe, where sun-dried mud bricks are used to build a wall. In August, Thomas A.H. Miller, an agricultural engineer from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Public Roads, prepared a report on the condition of the church and the nearby Borough House buildings (a copy is deposited with this project's field records).

He concluded that rammed earth construction was surprisingly durable, even when the wall core was exposed directly to the weather. Rain seemed to abrade rather than soften it, and though it could be dusted away with the hand, it was quite resistant to hammer and chisel. Note was also made that the Stateburg buildings, only 90 miles northwest of Charleston, had resisted the Great Charleston The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 9) Earthquake of with very litle damage. The present owners of the Borough House indicated in that cracks in the walls have tended to develop at the corners of their buildings over the years, and that the soft brick foundations tended to soften before the earth walls.

It appeared to them that the crepe coating should be maintained over both walls and foundations to prevent erosion of the soft brick. There is continued interest in rammed earth construction methods in the United States. Experiments with it have involved the use of mechanical tampers and the addition of modern additives (such as cement) to the soils and coatings. A partial bibliography of recent publications on rammed earth is included in the bibliography. Additional information on the current "state of the art" may be had by writing the Rammed Earth Institute International, Avenue, Greeley, Colorado 6.

Alterations and additions: On February 16, a tree uprooted by a violent storm caused the steeple to fall across the roof of the nave, damaging the roof, the north wall of the nave, and destroying the walls of the tower. The wall and the bottom 32 feet of the tower were rebuilt in concrete, but the steeple was not replaced. The original cypress shingles on the roof were replaced with red pressed cement tile between and This change in addition to the truncated tower lent a peculiar Spanish Mission flavor to the church's appearance (see HABS photos through 6, taken in The steeple and top 13 feet of the tower were restored in as a gift of Walter C. White, a parishoner and granddaughter of Dr. Anderson.

It is presumed that the old painting by Lee as well as photographs taken before the damage were used to design the new steeple, unless the original drawings existed, but no record survives to substantiate this. The steeple was built by the Boyle Construction Co. of Sumter, South Carolina and erected by the Southern Erecting Co. of Charlotte, North Carolina. The architect for this work, if one was retained, has not yet been determined. The choir vesting room was added in the southeast corner of the church in It was designed by Henry D. The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 10) Boykin, II, A.I.A., of Camden, South Carolina, and its walls are constructed of cement block stuccoed to match the finish of the church.

On February 25, the corner of the nave and south transept walls collapsed after years of water damage from a leaking roof valley. A 21-month restoration program was mounted, funded by private donations from throughout the country and an grant from the National Park Service, U.S.Department of the Interior, administered by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Henry D. Boykin, II, was retained as the project architect, and Cuttino Builders of Sumter, South Carolina as the primary contractors.

By November, the deteriorated portions of the walls were rebuilt in concrete block; termite-damaged wainscotting, plaster lath, and other woodwork was replaced; the cement tile roofing was replaced by pressed asbestos composite shingles resembling the original cypress shingles; the chancel and narthex windows were releaded and repaired; plaster mouldings were repaired where needed; and the interior and exterior wall surfaces were refinished. There is an ongoing program to replace remaining original windows of diamond-patterned panes with stained glass designs compatible with the church's architecture. 3. Historical context; In Stateburg was a thriving village serving numerous local cotton planters.

It contained the church, a post office, two inns, a cotton gin factory, a tannery, and several houses. Among the latter were the Borough House and the former home of South Carolina Governor Stephen D. Miller. (Gov. Miller's house was at this time owned by William Ellison, a free black who owned slaves and operated the above-mentioned cotton gin factory. He also owned a pew in the church. See Johnson, Michael P. and James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South, University of North Carolina Press, Charlotte, NC, At least ten other plantation homes stood within a four mile radius of the church: "The Ruins,11 "Brookland," "Farm Hill," "Morewood," "Marsden," "Oakland," "Edgehill," "The Oaks," "Acton," and "Cherry Vale," the last two of which no longer stand.

Stateburg was founded as Claremont in the mid century as a stopover for Indian traders. Located in an unusually hilly region The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 11) called the "High Hills of the Santee," the area later became a retreat for Charlestonians to escape summer malaria outbreaks at the coast. (A local legend has it that "Santee" is a corruption of the French word "sante," meaning "health," but it seems more likely that the Santee Indians who lived in the region are the true source of the name.) The village grew up along the old "King's Highway" (currently State Route which ran from Charleston to the Upcountry following an ancient Indian trail. At one time Stateburg was nominated by Gen.

Thomas Sumter (a Revolutionary War hero and a major landholder in the area) as a site for the state capital because of its central geographic location within the state. He even renamed Claremont "Statesboro" c. in his attempt to persuade the state to move the capital there. The Church of the Holy Cross was constructed on the site of the Episcopal Church of Claremont, a 37 foot by 51 foot wooden structure built in Discussion of a new building apparently began in The vestry minutes of October 9, record a resolution that "the chairman write Mr. Renwick [James Renwick, of New York City?] for a plan of the church from Mr.

Renwick1s letter." In February of a resolution was passed that the "Vestry and warden pay for a plan of a church and...rescind the decision to entertain bids for building." On July 8, a resolution was finally passed to "tear down the old church and erect a new one as quickly as possible." The cornerstone was duly laid on September 11 of that same year. Frierson reports "tradition says that the [new] church covers the graves of 100 soldiers of the Revolutionary War." The large number seems highly unlikely, considering the small size of the building. However, the present structure may lie over a small number of graves, since the headstone of one John Coit, who died in is intersected by the foundation gutter of the north transept.

It seems unusual, however, that no memorial or record survives of those who may now be lying under the church proper. The choice of rammed earth construction for the church was based on the durability, cheapness, and availability of local red clay for the purpose, as demonstrated by Dr. Anderson's buildings at his home. These buildings were the product of Dr. Anderson's aquaintance with the book Rural Economy while a student at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania. (A man of inquiring mind and experimental disposition, he became an early member of the Smithsonian Institution.) At the time of the church's construction, the rammed earth portions of the Borough House and seven of its dependencies were nearly 30 years old.

According to a letter published in the January, issue of The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 12) The South Carolina Historical Magazine (Vol 85, No- 1, pp. 71, the Vestry of the church had, not been able to agree on whether the new building should be built of wood or brick. Aware of the impasse, Dr. Anderson apparently persuaded the Vestry that he could build the walls of rammed earth for less than it would cost to use either wood or brick. Presumably the Vestry's decision was made before Jones prepared his drawings of the church, though the minutes of the Vestry for the years preserve no record of these deliberations. The church's architecture is reminiscent of a much more urban setting in South Carolina than the model of an English country church might suggest.

Most rural churches in this area of the state were built of wood during the mid-nineteenth century. The heavy-walled, masonry-like construction of this church seems more characteristic of Charleston churches of the time. PART II. ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION A. General statement: 1. Architectural character: The church was designed in the Gothic style on the model of a small English country parish church. Its external detailing is very plain, the beauty of the building deriving mostly from its simple proportions and clean lines. The interior is more ornate, but quietly restrained, and gives an impression of great elegance. It is not at all evident from visual inspection, however, that the church is made of rammed earth, a form of construction that is at least as European as the Gothic style.

2. Condition of fabric: The exterior walls, foundation, and roof are all sound. Interior decorative elements, furnishings, and windows are all intact and show no visible deterioration. The entire building underwent painstaking repairs and restoration in and is being actively maintained at present by the congregation. B. Description of exterior: 1. Overall dimensions: This one-story structure is built on grade with a cruciform plan. The nave is approximately long, wide, and the roof peak above ground level. The top of the steeple is above grade. The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 13) 2. Foundations: These were not examined by HABS in but according to Thomas A.H. Miller's report, p.

2, "the foundation is composed of flagstones, superimposed by 5 courses of brick to the bevel, which sets out 8 inches from the main wall and one course of brick above the bevel, in line with the main wall. The top of this last course is 24 inches above the flagstones. All masonry is laid in lime mortar." In addition, a smooth, parged masonry gutter averaging 16 to 18 inches wide surrounds the foundations and buttresses at the ground line; it is colored by a cement wash matching the hue of the exterior walls. 3. Wall construction: All walls in this structure are load-bearing. Most of the exterior walls are of compacted red clay soil, 24 inches thick.

The exterior surface is covered with crepe to in thickness; its color is a very light pink, intended to match the original color discovered in underlying layers of crepe during the restoration. A small exhibit, protected by glass, was cut into the exterior of the south wall in to show these various layers and a part of the earth core. Repaired sections of the wall are of concrete or cement block. All buttresses are brick (see diagram in Miller's report and HABS photos and 12) with crepe finish to match the walls. Buttress splays and drips are trowelled smooth. 4. Structural system of roof: Exposed roof trusses are set 8 feet center to center and are built of pine members.

Each member has a concave bevel on all lateral edges, this being the sole decorative element, except for the pendant over the nave/transept crossing. Joints at horizontal chords are reinforced with bolts; all horizontal chords were reinforced in with steel flitch plates painted to match the dark brown varnish finish of the trusses. The feet of all trusses are anchored by steel angles and bolts (added in to a wooden sill running on top of the walls behind the cornice. 5- Tower and steeple: Originally built of rammed earth, the bottom 32 foot section of the tower was reconstructed in concrete in The upper 15 foot section of the tower was restored in brick in and finished with crepe to match the church.

Also restored in the steeple is framed in steel and sheathed with copper sheet metal plates. The steeple's original construction is thought to have been cypress shingles over a wooden frame, based on Lee's painting of the church and the types of construction and materials used at the church in A bell, which weighs about pounds and rings in the key of C, was dedicated on November II, It was cast by the Van Bergen Bell Foundry, Reilligerlee, Holland and is named the "Mary Virginia" in honor of Walter C. White (nee Mary Virginia Saunders). The Church of Che Holy Cross HABS No. (page 14) 6- Chimneys: The main chimney serves a fireplace in the east wall of the sacristy and rises about 9 feet above the sacristy roof. The second chimney is located in the west wall of the north transept.

No longer used (it once served a wood stove), it was shortened to the roof line and disguised to look like a buttress. A third chimney, removed in stood west of the first buttress east of the tower along the north wall of the nave. 7. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: All four doorways and doors were designed with pointed arches, the openings for the front (tower) and porch entries being the only ones embellished with a simple Gothic moulding. All doors are wooden. b. Windows: All windows in the sanctuary and tower have pointed arch tops and a simple, unembellished reveal surrounding each opening. None were designed with operable sashes. The sacristy and choir vesting room are each equipped with square-headed windows having double-hung sashes. 8. Roof: a.

Shape, covering: The sanctuary roof is a steeply pitched gable roof (approximately 2 to 1 slope) whose ridge lines follow the centerlines of the nave, transepts, and porch. Shed roofs over the sacristy and choir vesting room have a shallow pitch. All roofs are covered with brownish-gray asbestos composition shingles, except for the choir vesting room which is covered with standing seam sheet metal. b. Eaves and bargeboards: The eaves are faced with a simple l"x 6" eaves board to which a copper gutter is attached. The bargeboards bear only a single beveled moulding; skew-bevels at the tops of buttresses are simple bevels of smooth-trowelled cre'pe. c. Tower: The tower is a single spire, clad in sheet copper with a copper gutter surrounding the base.

At the top rests a copper ball surmounted by a copper Latin cross. C. Description of interior: 1. Floor plan: The church has only one floor, of cruciform plan. The tower, porch, sacristy, and choir vesting room are the only additions to the general form. There are several minor changes in level within the building involving a single step. The choir enclosure and choir vesting room floor levels are 14 inches above the nave floor. The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. SC-13-U (page 15) 2. Flooring: The entryway, narthex, nave aisle, and sacristy are paved with squared slate flagstones installed in the over a concrete subfloor.

Pews rest on a carpet laid over an unfinished 4 inch thick concrete slab (poured in Transepts and chancel are paved with cream and black Minton tile with black marble step nosings; five square ornamental Minton tile medallions are set in the chancel floor beyond the communion rail. The choir enclosure and choir vesting room have tongue-and-groove wooden floors. 3. Wall finish: Walls in the tower, porch, nave, transepts, and chancel are buff-colored plaster on wood or metal lath, scored and tinted to resemble cut and squared stone. The tops of the walls in the nave and transepts bear a cornice with oakleaf and ballflower motifs. Numerous marble memorial plaques are mounted on the walls throughout the nave and transepts.

The walls in the sacristy were completely redone in plaster on metal lath in and were painted white. Those in the choir vesting room appear to be finished in drywall and are likewise painted white. 4. Ceilings: The ceiling in the nave and transepts is of thick, dark brown varnished tongue-and-groove sheathing with moulded edges laid up the roof slope over 3"x 4" purlins and open trusswork. The purlins have a concave bevel on their two exposed lateral edges. The chancel has a vaulted plaster ceiling ornamented by plaster ribs and bosses. The ceiling in the sacristy was completely replaced in and painted white. The choir vesting room ceiling appears to be drywall; it has no ornament and is likewise painted white.

The smooth, vaulted plaster ceiling in the south porch springs from two simple arcades on the east and west walls and is tinted the same color as the nave walls. A simple escutcheon with no ornament is set in each arch of the arcades. The tower entry ceiling is flat, its only feature being an access hatch to the tower proper. 5. Doorways and doors: Only the chancel arch and chancel doorway to the sacristy are embellished with Gothic mouldings. All other doorways are surrounded by splayed reveals scored and tinted to resemble finshed stone, including arch voussoirs over all pointed arches. All doors are wooden. 6. Windows: All windows, with the exception of those in the chancel, are surrounded by splayed reveals scored and tinted in the same manner as the doorways.

The three chancel windows are surrounded by Gothic mouldings having a ballflower motif; a hood with ballflowers overarches these windows. The Church of the Holy Gross HABS No. (page 16) The chancel windows are almost certainly based on designs by Johann Friedrich Overbeck a German religious painter who helped found the Nazarenes art movement in Europe. They compare extremely closely with an engraving of windows by Overbeck. (Photo shows a copy of this engraving obtained from the Treasury of Notre Dame de Paris, Paris, France, by the late Walter C. White of Stateburg.) The Apostle Matthew on the left in Overbeck's work was transformed into the Apostle Peter for the church's windows by exchanging Matthew's pen and angel for Peter's Keys to Heaven and Hell.

Likewise, the Apostle Mark on the right in Overbeck's work became the Apostle Paul in the church's windows by substituting Paul's Sword of the Spirit for Mark's pen and lion. The central figure of the Christ is unchanged. It seems likely that the windows were copied from a pattern book rather than produced directly under Overbeck's supervision, but this has not been investigated by HABS. All other windows in the church were originally fitted with leaded glass panes set in a diamond pattern. The glass was clear, coated on the interior surface with a white, translucent paint. However, since there has been an ongoing program to replace these windows with stained glass. The windows in the north and south transepts were designed, manufactured, and installed by the J. & R.

Lamb Studios of Spring Valley, New York, as the gift of Martha Welles White, a parishoner and great-granddaughter of Dr. Anderson. The north windows, designed in depict the Heavenly and Earthly Warriors: the Archangel Michael and Lucifer to the west, and St. George and the Dragon to the east. The south windows, designed in 19 78, depict angels with a music scroll and a lute, subjects thought appropriate in view of the windows' location behind the choir enclosure. The ten nave windows are being replaced with a cycle representing the Apostles of Christ. Peter and Paul being already represented in the chancel windows, the nave windows will each contain the ecclesiastical shield of an apostle, the sole exception being Matthias, who replaced Judas Iscariot after the Crucifixion.

The new windows installed so far in the north wall are, from east to west, James and Andrew; on the south, from east to west, James the Less, John, and Thomas. These windows were designed by Richard K. Anderson, Jr. ), a former parishoner and great-great-grandson of Dr. Anderson. The gifts of numerous donors, they were manufactured and installed by Lamb Studios. Memorials appear in the bottom panels of the windows. The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 17) The tower window was replaced in with a stained glass representation of St. Christopher, a traditional European entry way figure. It was also designed and installed by Lamb Studios. 7. Furnishings: All of the original furnishings are made of pine in the Gothic style, probably to designs by Edward C. Jones.

Crockets and finials appear to be made of cast plaster, finished to match the color of the accompanying woodwork. Most woodwork is varnished a dark brown with the exception of the credence shelf and the piscina and sedilia, which have been finished in a sandy textured paint matching the buff-colored plaster of the walls. The altar, which has a white marble table, is free-standing and moveable, as are also the bishop's chair, litany desk, lectern, and organ. The organ itself was built in by Henry Erben of New York City. Erben was recognized in his day as New York City's foremost organ builder and one of the nation's master craftsmen, owing to the tonal ranges of his instruments, the quality of his materials, and his uncompromising standards of workmanship.

His factory became the second largest in terms of output nationwide, and he produced somewhere between 750 and instruments ranging from parlor to cathedral organs during his 60 year career. By he had built 6 instruments for churches in South Carolina. He opened a branch in Baltimore, Maryland in to produce cases and mechanical parts for organs ordered by growing numbers of southern customers (the pipes being made and voiced in New York). However, the effects of the Civil War forced him to close this branch in Erben was conservative in both his musical philosophy and construction techniques. He never departed from mechanical, or "tracker", action (linkages of levers and rods between the keyboard and organ pipe valves) for pneumatic systems.

The tonal design of his instruments reflected the English tradition, and the pipes were voiced for a gentle, refined effect intended to support the human voice rather than compete with it. The instrument in this church has a tripartite "carpenter's gothic" case typical of many Erben designs. It is equipped with five stops (41 Dulciana, 4' Open Diapason, 8' Lt. Diapason Bass, 4' Flute, and 4* Trumpet), a single manual, a swell, and no pedal register^ all of which seem to reflect Erben and his era's conservative opinions on the organ's role in worship for a church of this size. Though actively used ever since its installation, the instrument was thoroughly refurbished in by James Allen Farmer of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The case was refinished, The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No.

(page 18) and most of Che metal pipes were replaced owing to damage by various tuners over the years. Air can be supplied by the instrument's hand-pumped bellows, which were restored by Mr. Farmer; however, an electric blower, installed in is routinely used. In addition to the organ at this church, Erben built many more instruments for use in South Carolina, seventeen in Charleston alone. One survivor of note in that city is the Huguenot Church organ, built in 8. Lighting Fixtures: The wrought iron electric chandeliers in the nave and transepts were installed in the The transept fixtures have five lights each, the nave, three. The chancel is lit by a series of spot lights mounted behind the chancel arch out of sight from the nave.

An auxiliary spotlight for the pulpit is mounted on a roof truss member over the pulpit. 9. Heating: The church was originally heated by two wood stoves. Both heat and air-conditioning are now supplied mechanically through ducts hidden under the nave aisle. The current sytem was installed in the D. Site: 1. General setting: The main entrance to the church faces west toward Route 261 about 90 feet from the roadway. The nave axis is aligned in the traditional east to west direction with the chancel at the east end. The church property has a frontage of about 735 feet along Route but only about 250 feet of this gives a passerby a direct view of the building from the road. Picturesque trees draped with Spanish moss line the road and churchyard. 2.

Outbuildings: About 110 feet northwest of the church is a Parish House constructed in to provide rector's offices, a chapel, and Sunday school rooms. It was designed by Joseph McCown, a contractor and parishoner from Dalzell, SC, in conjunction with other members of the congregation. Its exterior architecture is a diluted Gothic style compatible with the church, finished in white stucco. An addition containing a dining hall and kitchen was added in to designs by Henry D. Boykin, II, A.I.A. A small 15' barn for housing maintenance equipment was put up in the late beyond the northeast corner of the property. 3. Landscaping, enclosures: According to Frierson's history of the church, a rammed earth wall "with a pointed top like an inverted The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No.

(page 19) V" was built "around the church yard" at a cost of It was replaced by a "wire fence" in after the last traces of the old wall disappeared. Of this fence, a single iron post standing along Route 261 about 190 feet southeast of the southern gate posts may be the sole surviving relic. If so, it must have been moved from its original location, since it now marks the southwest corner of the lot conveyed to the church by Pinckney in The present gateposts flank the two driveway entrances at the north and south boundaries of the original church property. They are built of brick and have a crepe coating to match the church. Their date of construction is unknown and no gates are hung on them at present.

The driveways into the churchyard are gravel, and automobiles are parked on the lawn along the frontage at Route there being no paved parking area. The original land tract (the northern half of "Tract B" shown on Sheet 2 of the measured drawings) appears to have been graded and leveled at some point before the additional tracts were deeded to the church. There is a pronounced terrace 2 to 4 feet high along the original north and east property lines, with numerous trees standing along the brow of the northern terrace. Dense woods line the eastern boundary below the terrace there. (The terracing may have been built up in part by the gradual disposal of excess earth from opening new graves.

An instance of this practice was observed in June, Trees within the original tract and cemetery are limited to a handful of large oaks, cedars, and pines, many planted within fenced cemetery plots and draped with Spanish moss. Other plantings consist mostly of hollies, azaleas, dogwood, and camellias. Photographs taken as late as show an elm about 90 feet high standing about 50 feet south of the church porch, but this was later cut down due to disease. It was a favorite gathering place for after-service conversation according to many of the older parishoners. The acre tract given to the church in for the site of the Parish House is heavily shaded by mature oaks, elms, and pines. The ground is cleared and planted with grass, and the present northern property line is bordered by woods.

The churchyard immediately south of the church is graded into three level terraces parallel to Route 261 with a 2 to 4 foot change of grade between each. The southernmost acre of property is not landscaped; presently grasses and scrub grow unchecked there. Electric power lines bisect the property from the north gateposts to the southeast corner of the property. The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 20) 4. Cemetery: a. Monuments, fences; Some two dozen family plots are bordered by stone walls, marble curbs, wrought or cast iron fences, or shrubbery. Two fences are remarkably ornate cast iron, made in The oldest grave marker dates from and the variety of marker and monument styles used from that time to the present reflects the numerous changing tastes of the past. b.

Notable state and national figures buried in the churchyard: Joel R. Poinsett former Secretary of War and minister to Mexico who introduced the popular Christmas flower "Poinsettia" (Euphorbia cyathophora) to the United States from Mexico. He died of tuberculosis while visiting Dr. Anderson. Dr. William Wallace Anderson, builder of the church. First physician to perform sucessful surgery for removal of a cancerous jawbone (procedure performed in Major William Harrison Saunders first American in observation aviation to fly over German lines on a mission during World War I, also the first man from the U.S. Army to be both a pilot and an observer. PART III. SOURCES OF INFORMATION A. Old views: Photocopy made by HABS in of painting of the Church of the Holy Cross by Francis D. Lee.

to 6: HABS Photographs of the church as it appeared in Photocopy of engraving of windows designed by Johann Friedrich Overbeck. Copy of engraving obtained from the Treasury of Notre Dame de Paris, Paris, France, by Walter C. White, Stateburg, South Carolina. B. Primary and unpublished sources consulted: Anderson, Mary White, "Pise de Terre (Rammed Earth)." Photocopied typescript, The Borough House, Stateburg, South Carolina, The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 21) Miller, Thomas A.H. , "Report on the Condition of Rammed Earth Buildings, built to on the Plantation of Mr.

Saunders, located near Sumter, South Carolina," United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads, August, Minutes and Records of the Vestry of the Holy Cross, Book I (typescript copy made in of original records). Copies of the typescript are available at the Library of the University of South Carolina and at the Church of the Holy Cross Sumter County Deed Books and Register of Mesne Conveyances, Clerk's Office, Sumter County Courthouse, Sumter, South Carolina. C.

Secondary and published sources consulted: Frierson, John Lawrence, History of the Church of the Holy Cross, Given on October at the Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Laying of the Cornerstone, September 11, The Church of the Holy Cross, Stateburg, South Carolina, "From the Society from the Collections," The South Carolina Historical Magazine, January, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 71, 77. This column contains quotations from a letter dated December 3, from William Wallace Childs (a grandson of Dr. Anderson) to the Washington Star newspaper, Washington, DC, regarding Dr.Anderson's recommendation of rammed earth construction to the Vestry of the Church of the Holy Cross. Gregorie, Anne King, History of Sumter County, Sumter, South Carolina, Harris, William H. and Judith S.

Levey, The New Columbia Encyclopedia, New York, p. (entry on Johann Friedrich Overbeck). Johnson, Rural Economy: Containing a Treatise on Pise Building; as recommended by the Board of Agriculture in Great Britain, with Improvements by the Author; On Buildings in General; particularly on the Arrangement of those belonging to Farms; On the Culture of the Vine; and on Turnpike Roads, New York, Ochse, Orpha Caroline, The History of the Organ in the United States. Bloomington, Ind.} Ogasapian, John, Organ Building in New York City, Braintree, Mass., The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 22) Piggott, Professor Stuart, ed., The Dawn of Civilization, New York, Ravenel, Beatrice St.

Julien, Architects of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, Sadie, Stanley, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, Vol. 1, A-F. New York, p. 716 (entry on Henry Erben). Stanton, Phoebe B., The Gothic Revival & American Church Architecture: An Episode in Taste, Baltimore, The Church o the Holy Cross, Stateburg, South Carolina: The Church of the Holy Cross, Stateburg, South Carolina, The Sumter Daily Item, (Sumter, SC) June 12, (article on the reconstruction of the church steeple). D. Secondary and published sources not consulted: "Durability of Rammed Earth Walls," Architectural Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 11, p. Merrill, Anthony, Rammed Earth House, Harper & Bros., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmer's Bulletin No.

Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings, by Metz, Architect, and T.A.H., Miller, Assoc. Agricultural Engineer, Bureau of Public Roads, August, PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE from the RAMMED EARTH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL, Avenue, Greeley, Colorado Middleton, Earth Wall Construction, Experimental Building Station, Bulletin No. 5, Canberra, Australia, Edition). Miller, David J. and Lydia A. Miller, Manual for Building a Rammed Earth Wall. Miller, David J. and Lydia A. Miller, Rammed Earth: A Selected World Bibliography. Wolfskill, L.A., et al, Handbook for Building Homes of Earth, Texas A. & M. The Church of the Holy Cross HABS No. (page 23) PART IV.

PROJECT INFORMATION This project was jointly sponsored by the National Park Service; the South Carolina Department of Archives and History; the Sumter County Historical Commission; The Lucy Hampton Bostick Charitable Trust, Columbia, South Carolina; and Captain Richard K. Anderson, (U.S.N., retired) and Anderson of the Borough House, Stateburg, South Carolina. Instituted at the recommendation of Dr. Charles E. Peterson, F.A.I.A. (founder of HABS in the Church of the Holy Cross Recording Project was conducted during the summer of under the general direction of Robert J. Kapsch, Chief, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service. Project supervisor and historian was Richard K. Anderson, Jr.

(architect, HAER Washington Office) ; student architects were Timothy A. Buehner (Ball State University), Caroline Guay (Algonquin College, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), and Michael A. LaFond (Washington State University). Caroline Guay's participation was made possible under an international student exchange program of the U.S. Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) of UNESCO. Formal photography was done by Jack E. Boucher (HABS Washington Office) in The data pages, measured drawings, and formal photographs produced for this project constitute and addendum to HABS data pages produced in and to HABS photographs taken in and I960. The invaluable assistance of Captain and Richard K. Anderson; Mr. Henry D. Boykin, II, A.I.A., of Camden, SC; Robert E. DuBose, Jr.

(Register of Mesne Conveyances, Sumter County Courthouse); and Mr. and Arthur L. Harper of Sumter, SC, in the location of sources and documentary material for the data pages is gratefully acknowledged by the author. The contribution of their time, knowledge, and interest has been most helpful, and often critical, in bringing this record to its current state of detail and accuracy. Prepared by Richard K. Anderson, Jr. Project Historian National Park Service February ADDENDUM TO HABS No.

Church of the Holy Cross

St. Rt. 261 Stateburg Sumter County South Carolina XEROGRAPHIC COPIES OF COLOR TRANSPARENCIES HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, DC ADDENDUM TO: HABS CHURCH OF THE HOLY CROSS HABS SC,43-STATBU.V,1- State Route 261 Stateburg vicinity Sumter County South Carolina COLOR TRANSPARENCIES HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior C Street NW Washington, DC