Hingham Town (part 4 of 9)

The Hingham Malleable Iron Company erected a brick building* on the foundry lot, near the pond, about 1840 ; and during the few years of its existence as a corporation, its projectors held an interest in the foundry plant. Among its officers connected with Hingham were Albert Fearing, Benjamin Thomas, Luther Stephenson, Charles Howard, and Reuben Thomas ; Asa H. Holden was its superintendent. The malleable iron business did not prove to be a success, and the foundry again came into the sole control of Mr. Thomas. He was succeeded by his sons Reuben and David. After the decease of the latter, in 1869, there were several important changes in the management within a few years. William Thomas was the next person to carry on the business. He soon admitted Col. Thomas Weston into a partnership, and they were succeeded by the firm of Weston & Walker. This connection was of short duration, and Colonel Weston continued as sole proprietor until the second fire occurred on this spot, which was on the morning of Sept. 8, 1876, when the large foundry building, with thecarpenter's shop and pattern-shop, were all destroyed. Colonel Weston afterwards erected another large building upon the same spot, 95 feet by 45, with an annex 25 feet square, which on May 16, 1888, met the fate of its predecessors. It was occupied at the time by J. E. Sherry & Co. for the purpose of scouring and cleansing wool, and with its valuable contents of stock and machinery was totally destroyed. The business was then giving employment to about twenty-five men.

On Friday evening, Feb. 20, 1846, the Eagle Iron Foundryy situated on Summer Street, at the harbor, was entirely consumed by fire with its contents, consisting of the steam-engine, castings, moulds, patterns, tools, etc. The loss was estimated at about $6,000, which was partly covered by insurance. The foundry was owned and occupied by Asa H. Holden & Co., - Charles Howard, Sr., James and Luther Stephenson, with Mr. Holden constituting the firm, - and was erected in the autumn and spring of 1844-45. By this occurrence from twenty to thirty hands were thrown out of employment.

Since February, 1853, the foundry building, pattern shop, smith shop, and sheds have been owned by Charles Howard, who for many years made castings for furnaces, window-weights, caboosestoves, etc. Owing to competition in the business, and to unsatisfactory prices, the buildings have been closed, and the manufacture discontinued for several years.

Joseph Jacobs commenced the manufacture of hammers in the rear of his residence on Main Street, South Hingham, about the year 1836, the work being then done principally by hand. During the year following, however, horse-power was introduced, both to facilitate production and to improve the manufacture by the process of grinding and polishing. Some eight or ten years later (about 1846), a steam engine was purchased to take the place of horse-power, and the business was extended so as to include the manufacture of hatchets and other edge-tools. In 1850 the business had increased to such an extent that it was found necessary to procure a larger engine, and to employ from twenty-five to thirty hands. The manufactured goods, which at first were sold only in Boston and New York, soon found a ready market in all the principal cities of the United States, and also in Australia and South America.

In 1860 Joseph Jacobs, Jr., became a partner with his father, and the works were removed to Wilder's mill at Cushing's Pond, where additional facilities and power were furnished. Mr. Jacobs, the founder of the industry in Hingham, retired in 1875, and the business was continued by his two sons, Joseph, Jr., and Freder- ick S., under the firm name of Joseph Jacobs' Sons. Upon the withdrawal of Joseph, Jr., from the firm in 1878, his younger brother, Frederick S., assumed the control of the business as manager and proprietor until 1883, when he sold the entire plant to the Underbill Edge Tool Company of Nashua, N. H., and the business was removed from Hingham.

Charles Whiting manufactured axes and hatchets at Accord Pond for a number of years, commencing about 1845, giving steady employment to eight or ten hands. The product of his factory was sold principally in Boston. His successor was Amasa Whiting, who afterwards sold out to John Hart and John Scully. The hatchet factory at Accord Pond was destroyed by fire in January, 1870.

The establishment of a copper and brass foundry in Hingham was among the possibilities of the year 1827. The industry was commenced on North Street, near the harbor, during the summer of that year, with Moses Pattingall as superintendent, who announced through the columns of the " Hingham Gazette," that he would furnish " rudder-braces, hinges, spikes, and all kinds of ship-work of the best quality and upon the most reasonable terms." Owing to insufficient patronage the project was soon abandoned.

Nails were manufactured several years in Hingham near the Weymouth line, on Fort Hill Street, by the Weymouth Iron Company. For the year ending June 1, 1855, the product was 240,000 lbs., the value of which was 110,000. The machines in use gave employment to eight hands. In July, 1868, the water privilege, land, and buildings, including a blacksmith's-shop in Hingham, near the Weymouth line, were advertised for sale. .

Wrought spikes were made in a building previously occupied as a cooper's-shop, at the head of Long Wharf, by William Thomas, before 1850, and for a few years afterwards.

Guns or fowling-pieces were manufactured by Benjamin Thomas, Jr., at his shop on Leavitt, near Main Street. The number manufactured during the year ending April 1, 1845, was fifty.

Scales and balances were manufactured on Main Street, Hingham Centre, by Stephenson, Howard, & Davis, and afterwards by L. Stephenson & Co. They manufactured the " Dearborn Patent Balance," well and favorably known throughout the country, especially in the cotton districts. The business continued for many years, Henry Stephenson being the last of the family, so long identified with it, to manage it. After the death of Mr. Stephenson, in 1887, George A. Loring carried on the business for a short time. The shop stood nearly opposite the Public Library.

Shortly after the close of the Revolution, Gen. Benjamin Lincoln and his son Theodore established a flour and grain mill at Weir River. Wheat and corn were ground here, then put into barrels and shipped in vessels to Boston and other markets. The mill was located at or near what is now the westerly terminus of

"Weir Street. Connected with it was a cooper's-shop, a snrith'ssho-p and other buildings. Upon the removal of Theodore Lincoln to the State of Maine, Martin Lincoln, another son of the general, accepted the vacant position, and the firm name of Benjamin Lincoln & Son was continued. The head miller employed by the firm for a number of years was Isaac Smith. Some idea of the nature of the business carried on at this establishment may be gained by an entry copied from the day book of Messrs. Leavitt & Rice, merchants of Hingham, as follows: u1785. Benj. Lincoln & Son Cr. by 128 bbls. Flour, and 4 bbls. Naval Stores."

After the death of General Lincoln in 1810, the main building was converted into a woollen factory, and in 1812 a company was formed, with David Andrews, Jr., as agent. James Hall was employed to superintend the manufacture. At the annual meeting of the proprietors, held April 20, 1813, Ebenezer Gay, Martin Lincoln, Thomas Thaxter, 3d, Henry Sigourney, and John Souther were chosen directors. The business was continued under the same management until April, 1816, after which Henry Hapgood became the proprietor and manager. Improved machinery was introduced for the manfacture of cassi meres and satinets ; a dyehouse was established, and there was a ready sale for the goods in Boston and New York. Mr. Hall remained as superintendent of the mill, and the business was said to be prosperous. On Saturday night, May 16, 1829, the woollen factory, dwelling-house, and outbuildings of Henry Hapgood at Weir River were destroyed by fire. It was the most destructive fire in Hingham for many years.

The manufacture of upholstery trimmings, cords, tassels, etc., was begun in Hingham in 1836 at the corner of North and Main streets (now Thayer's Building) by John Baker and Barnabas Lincoln. Nov. 13, 1841, Abner L. Baker was admitted a member of the firm, which continued under the name of Baker, Lincoln, & Co. until 1846, when Captain Lincoln withdrew. Other changes of membership in the firm and location of the business took place prior to or soon after the date last mentioned. Willard Hall, which was owned by J. Baker & Son and Capt. Barnabas Lincoln, was destroyed by fire Jan. 17, 1847, as also was the long building in the rear, which was used for making cord. The second story of Willard Hall was occupied by the Bakers for their weaving rooms. These buildings were soon replaced by two others, one being erected in the same lot, and the other on the opposite side of the street. E. Waters Burr of Hingham and Benj. F. Brown of Boston became partners in the firm, January 1, 1853.

On Oct. 1, 1855, the firm of J. Baker & Son, consisting of John Baker, James L. Baker, John 0. Baker, E. Waters Burr, and Benj. F. Brown, was dissolved by mutual consent. A copartnership was then formed by James L. Baker, E. Waters Burr, Benj. F. Brown, and Edwin Fearing, " under the style of Burr, Brown, & Co., for the purpose of manufacturing upholstery, carriage and

Messrs. Baker and Fearing have since deceased, and John 0. Remington has become a member of the firm. The firm name remains the same. The spacious structure which the firm now occupy on Cottage Street was erected in 1865, and was dedicated Jan. 15, 1866.

The establishment of this industry in Hingham has been a public benefit from its inception. Its continuance through more than half a century has given steady employment to a host of operatives, and many deserving families have been assisted thereby. It would have been well for the town if other manufacturing interests in times past had been as firmly established as the one here referred to.

A manufactory of silk and worsted fringes, gimps, cords, tassels, etc. was commenced about 1846 in the Welcome Lincoln Building, lately David Cain's, on South Street, by the new firm of Lincoln, Bampton & Co., which, upon the retirement of Mr. Bampton was succeeded, May 31, 1847, by Lincoln, Leavitt, & Mayhew. After the dissolution of this copartnership, the firms which followed were Lincoln & Leavitt, and Lincoln, Wilder, & Co. Shortly after the death of Capt. Barnabas Lincoln, May 13, 1850, the business was removed to Cazneau's Building, and on Dec. 6, 1850, the remaining members of the firm of Lincoln, Wilder, & Co. dissolved their copartnership. Farrar & Company, of Boston, were the next proprietors. They sold out to J. Sprague & Co., who were located on the original site of the industry at the corner of North and Main streets. Their successors were Leach & Nesniith. The business was afterwards disposed of to Messrs. Burr, Brown, & Co., and the industry, which at first looked so promising as an activity for the west part of the town, entered into the history of the past.

R. & W. Bampton were manufacturers of silk fringes and ladies' dress-trimmings in the Thaxter (now Thayer) Building at the corner of North and Main streets in 1857. As a firm, they remained in Hingham but a short time.

Sewing-silk was manufactured at Hingham Centre in 1843, and perhaps later, by Lincoln Jacob. It was spun from cocoons which Mr. Jacob raised. His plantation of mulberry trees from which the worms were fed, was on the northerly side of Main near Pleasant Street, and the silk which he produced was said to be fully equal to the imported article. Owing to the uncertainty of the mulberry tree in this locality, and the limited encouragement which the industry received, the project here as well as elsewhere throughout New England was abandoned.

A manufactory of woollen and knit goods was commenced in December, 1868, by Washington Brown and Frederick Long, in the building owned by George Bassett, which had formerly been one of the factory buildings of J. Baker & Son, and afterwards of

Burr, Brown, & Co. on the southerly side of Main Street. This -copartnership, under the firm name of Frederick Long & Co., continued until March 22, 1870, when Mr. Brown withdrew. Mr. Long subsequently carried on the business here until his new factory building on Elm Street was completed, which was in the spring of 1873. Feb. 9, 1874, the business was organized as the Hingham Manufacturing Co., with David Whiton as its president, and Andrew C. dishing as treasurer. This company had but a brief existence. Dec. 30, 1875, the factory building belonging to the " Hingham Woollen Co." on Elm Street, occupied by Frederick Long, was sold at auction to Whittemore, Cabot, & Co., of Boston. The purchasing firm dealt largely in wool and knit-wool goods, so that the product of the Hingham factory, which they carried on for a while, was in their line of business. A few years later, however, the building was again closed. Subsequently Charles E. Stevens bought the factory and rented it to Henry C. Lahee, and afterwards to Lahee & Eacly. They adopted the name of " South Shore Mills," introduced new machinery, and manufactured cardigan jackets, leggins, and underwear. This firm gave up business in 1888, and the machinery was sold.

The factory remained vacant again until August, 1891. At that time the Shawmut Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of leatherette, moved its machinery to Hingham, and established its works in this building. This company had been for fifteen years in business at Turner's Falls, Mass., before moving to Hingham. It continues here at the present time (1893).

For more than two centuries after Hingham was first settled, the products of its various coopering industries were widely known and extensively used. As a local specialty the business in its different departments gave employment to a larger number of persons than did any other mechanical pursuit in the town. The ware was usually collected by our local traders and shipped by them, in the small vessels belonging here, to Boston, or other distributing points along the seaboard, even as far south sometimes as the West India Islands. Not infrequently the small trader or producer made an occasional land trip to Boston with a load of ware, especially in the winter season, when his stock was accumulating too rapidly. It was frequently disposed of, however, along the road in exchange for corn, flour, and other staple commodities which were salable at home. In fact, the " Hingham Bucket " was a necessity throughout New England. So also were the large and small tubs, the hoop and nest boxes, the dumbbettys, wash-tubs, keelers, piggins, etc. It was not until about 1840 that these were sold in unbroken lots at the wholesale stores in Boston. Previously, for nearly forty years, purchases at wholesale as well as at retail were made from on board the Hingham Station Packets at Long Wharf, and this in a great measure superseded the earlier plan of shipment. To give a full account of this industry, of those who were engaged in it, and of the manylittle workshops once so plentifully scattered through the town< would fill a volume.

Among the persons early engaged in this pursuit, were Thomas Lincoln the " Cooper " and his grandson John, Cornelius Cantlebury, Edward Gold, " pail-maker," Josiah Leavitt and his son Josiah, John Leavitt, " set-work cooper," and his son John, John Smith, Samuel Tower, Jacob Stodder, Matthew Whiton, and his son Isaac, Abraham Leavitt, Elisha Burr, Isaiah Stodder, " pailmaker."

With the exception of barrel coopers, who are noticed under the head of Fisheries, some of the larger manufacturers of this ware since 1830 have been Crocker Wilder, Si\, on Friend near Main Street ; C. & A. Wilder, also at South Hingham, who made the first pails with brass hoops and a brass bail (probably about 1884) ; and C. Wilder & Son and Anthony J. Sprague at Cushing's Pond. Peter Hobart and Jacob Hersey were copartners and manufacturers of buckets and boxes for many years on Main near Hersey Street. Elijah Whiton manufactured buckets for a few years at the entrance of Hersey, near Hobart Street. His factory was destroyed by fire Oct. 23, 1855. Edmund Hersey commenced the manufacture of boxes on Hersey Street in 1850, by hand. Steam was afterwards introduced, and from machinery of his own invention he has prepared and sent to market a million and a half of strawberry, salt, and fig boxes in a single year. Mr. Hersey was succeeded by Seymour & Cain. Cotton Hersey was a manufacturer of wooden toy ware on Hersey Street, and Samuel Hersey now follows this pursuit on the same street. William S. Tower carries on quite an extensive business in the manufacture of wooden toy ware at his factory near Cushing's Pond. Nelson Corthell also manufactures tubs, pails, etc., on Hersey Street.

The coopering industry, however, as a local pursuit in Hingham, seems to be rapidly declining in importance from year to year, and the prospect of its future continuance is far from promising. What it has been in the past is shown by the following : Value of all wooden ware manufactured in Hingham for the year ending April 1, 1837, $30,000 ; number of hands employed eighty. For the year ending April 1, 1845, value 125,066 ; employed, eightyfour. For the year ending June 1, 1855, value $35,100 ; employed, sixty-five.

Until the present century, the conveniences which are now enjoyed in the department of housekeeping, known as cabinet ware, were quite limited. Most families in comfortable circumstances, however, had their hand-made chairs, tables, bureaus, chests of drawers, etc., of hard wood, which in man}* instances are still held as heirlooms by their descendants. These were manufactured by the local cabinet or chair makers who made a specialty of this kind of work. They were skilfully wrought, and not infrequently of elaborate design. Among the persons who followed this pursuit in Hingham before the introduction of modern machinery, were Caleb Andrews, Jacob Beal, John Beal, Elisha Cushing and his son Theodore, Jerom Cushing, Ned Cushing, Abner Hersey, Caleb Hobart, Seth Kingman, Caleb Lincoln, Lot Lincoln, Peter Lincoln, Jared Jernegan, Joshua Thayer, and probably others.

After improved methods and power were introduced, and the furniture dealers of Boston became wholesale purchasers, enabling them to supply distant markets, the demand for a greater production increased, and several manufactories were established here. The best known of these were carried on by Caleb Hobart, Jr. and his son Seth L. Hobart, on South Street, West Hingham ; Nehemiah Ripley, Jr., afterwards N. Ripley, Jr., & Co., on South Street near Thaxter's Bridge, and later on Fountain Square ; Mead & Vose, at the corner of North and Main Streets ; Ripley & Newhall, near Hobart's Bridge ; Abner L. Leavitt, at Hingham Centre ; Samuel Bronsdon, at Hobart's Bridge ; George Studley, Josiah L. Goold, and Augustus L. Hudson.

In 1837, Hingham had three manufactories of chairs and cabinet ware. In 1845 there were four, and in 1855 but two. The latter, however, gave employment to thirty-four persons. Manufacturing in this line, to any extent, is now among the past industries of the town.

Doors, blinds, and sashes were manufactured for more than thirty years at the sawing, turning, and mortising mill of Benjamin Parker on South Street, near Thaxter's Bridge. Mr. Parker's sons Benjamin and Rufus L. succeeded to the business, which was quite a successful industry before their removal from town. The mill was supplied with steam power, and from six to eight hands were employed.

The business of planing, sawing, and turning was carried on for a while in the building formerly known as the Willard Academy on Main Street near the Old Meeting-house, by Walton V. Mead, by Jesse Churchill, and afterwards by Job S. Whiton. This was between 1843 and 1847.

Carriages and chaises were imported from the mother country before the Revolution, and but little was done here in the way of manufacturing in this line of business, until a more recent period, except, perhaps, in the making of horse and ox carts, sleighs, and sleds. In 1749 there were three residents of the town who owned vehicles called chairs. They were Capt. Ebenezer Beal, Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, and Major Samuel Thaxter. Two chaises were also owned at the same time, probably with square tops and wooden springs ; one by Col. Benjamin Lincoln, the other by Dr. Hersey. There is a tradition which says Rev. Henry Colman -owned the first four-wheel wagon in Hingham, which he after-

Wheelwrights, however, are known to have pursued their vocation here soon after the first settlement in 1635 ; and among those who followed this early industry were Matthew Cushing and his nephew Matthew Cushing, John Low, Andrew Lane, and Stephen Stodder of the second precinct. Then came Jacob Leavitt and his son Ezra Leavitt ; Bela Cushing at South Hingham ; and later still, Charles Howard. Carriage-makers frequently do the work of wheelwrights, and are included among the following : C. & L. Hunt, William Sprague, Bela H. Whiton, Demerick Marble, George A. Tower, James A. Robertson, Our & Stodder.

For the year ending April 1, 1845, there were in Hingham three establishments for the manufacture of carriages ; hands employed, seven. In 1855 there was but one ; hands employed, four.

It was not until, the present century that any considerable amount of business was carried on here in the manufacture of leather, or in any of its dependent branches. Tanning and currying as an individual industry to supply the demand of the local cordwainer, was generally done in connection with some other pursuit. It was necessarily confined to the number of hides and skins which the near-by farmer or butcher could supply ; and not until a comparatively recent date were these imported, or steam and improved machinery introduced. Among those who have carried on tanning and currying in Hingham were George Bramhall and his son Joshua, John Leavitt,1 Solomon Cushing, his son Joseph, and grandson Joseph, John Wheelwright, Thomas Hersey, his son Laban, and grandson Laban, David Hobart and his son David, Job Loring, his sons Job and Elpalet, and grandson Alfred,2 John and Abel Fearing, " over the river," Seth Lincoln, Nehemiah Cushing,3 Laban Stodder, and perhaps others.

Henry Thaxter was known in early life as a " leather dresser."' His tan vats were on the easterly side of the town brook, near Broad Bridge. He also was a copartner with Abner Loring. They were manufacturers of leather breeches, which were extensively worn here before the present century. Silas H. Sherman was for several years, and until quite recently, a manufacturer of shoe stock on Gardner Street ; so also was William Cooper, on French Street.

2 The last and by far the most extensive of these establishments was that of Alfred Loring, on Main Street, South Hingham. Here all the modern improvements for hastening production were in use, and the industry in its different departments, including currying, gave employment to about twenty men.

3 Nehemiah Cushing's tannery was located over Liberty Pole Hill. He was succeeded by Laban Stodder, who afterwards removed his business to the old Lewisplace on Main Street, near Tower's Bridge.

several years by Robert W. Lincoln & Co., in the brick building on West Street ; and by Douglas Easton, in the store formerly occupied by Capt. Seth S. Hersey, on Main Street, South Hingham.

The manufacture of boots and shoes has never proved to be a successful industry in Hingham. It may have been from a want of local encouragement, or from various other causes known to those who have had experience in the business. No citizen of the town, however, who has its welfare and prosperity in view, can regret this more than the permanent resident, whether he be a mechanic, trader, landowner, or laborer ; for it is to the credit of this industry that other local pursuits are benefited wherever it is established ; that houses and lands which have diminished in value return to their former or increased rates ; and that to the rising generation it offers greater opportunities for employment. It also stimulates to new growth and activity in every community where it is permanently located.

There have been many enterprising residents of the town since its settlement in 1635 who were known in olden times as " cordwainers." Their names, with their occupation given in most instances, appear in Volumes II. and III. of this history.

Of those who were manufacturers for Boston, New York, and more distant markets, the first firm in the North Ward was Hudson & Humphrey, located on South Street, West Hingham. They were in the business about seventeen years, but were obliged to yield to the pressure of the hard times in 1837, and the year following their factory and store was closed. Mr. Hudson afterwards followed the pursuit for a while in the same locality. Other persons and firms whose manufactories were at West Hingham were L. & W. D. Stodder, Brant & Lincoln, James S. Lincoln, Martin Wilder, Melzar and Martin Stodder, Robert Clark, E. F. Tirrell, George Adams, and Mead & Whiton. Whiton & Bullard and Alfred Hill & Co. were in the building next north of the Universalist Church. John A. Hollis was also a manufacturer of boots in this locality. George A. Wolfe was in the business for several years on Lincoln Street. Gardner & Abbott were manufacturers of ladies' and children's boots and shoes at No. 7 Central Row, Broad Bridge (near the corner of Main and South streets). After this copartnership was dissolved, Mr. Abbott continued the pursuit in the same building in connection with other business.

At Hingham Centre, William 0. Nash, of Weymouth, and William Whiton, of Hingham, commenced manufacturing boots and shoes on Main Street, in 1841, under the firm name of Whiton & Nash, which continued until 1848, when Mr. Whiton withdrew, and a new firm consisting of Mr. Nash and Joseph H. French was formed, under the style of Nash, French, & Co. In 1854 the business was sold to George H. French, who carried on the manufacture until his decease in 1869. Others who were in the same business at the Centre were George H. Pratt, Wight & Sprague, Sprague, Dayton, & Co., Hutchings & Cloudman from 1861 to 1870, on Gardner Street ; Whitcomb & Bates, who were on Friend, near Main Street, ten years. They were succeeded by Whitman, Whitcomb, & Co. Edmund French also carried on the business to some extent in connection with other pursuits.

Among those who have been engaged in the manufacture of saddlery, harnesses, and trunks in Hingham were Thomas Loring and his grandson Thomas, both of whom were known as saddlers. They were located where now stands Agricultural Hall, at the corner of East and Leavitt streets. Joshua Loring, son of the last-named Thomas, was a harness maker; and Zenas Loring, a son of Joshua, was best known as a saddler, although he probably followed to some extent the special vocation of his father. Joshua Sprague, who lived on Main Street, nearly opposite the spot where stands the Public Library, was a chaise and harness maker. Josiah Siders was a manufacturer of trunks in the North Ward ; he also repaired harnesses and other leather goods. David A. Hersey made a specialty of the manufacture of harnesses at his shop on Main Street, Hingham Centre, following the pursuit for more than sixty years. William D. Stodder carried on this industry on Fort Hill Street, as did Isaiah G. Tower, and Reuben Tower, Jr., near Hobart's Bridge.

At the present time (1893) Henry Cushing, on Main Street, near Pear Tree Hill, and James Nelson, on Water Street, near the harbor, are the only practical manufacturers and repairers of saddlery and harnesses in town.

According to the statistics of Massachusetts for the year ending June 1, 1855, there were tanneries in Hingham, 2 ; hides tanned, 10,100 ; value, $47,000. Currying establishments, 3 ; value of leather curried, $86,000 ; hands employed, 19. Boots made, 300 pairs; shoes made, 69,317 pairs; value of boots and shoes made, $95,480 ; males employed, 205 ; females, 31. Manufacturers of saddles, harnesses, and trunks, 4 ; hands employed, 7.

Hingham records furnish but little concerning the early history of ship building ; but from this source, from old diaries and private account-books, the following is gathered : -

Thomas Turner probably built vessels on land granted him by the town in 1637, at Goose Point, on the westerly side of the harbor. He removed to Boston about ten years after, where, in 1650, he completed a contract for building a " barke."

In 1693, Joseph Blaney was granted permission to build a vessel or two near the mill at the cove. That he accepted the grant is shown by the following : -

Sept. 7, 169G. Ephraim Marsh of Hingham conveys to Ephraim Lincoln of Hingham, for £30 - a \ part of my sloop Tryall of Hingham, lately built by Joseph Blaney, together with \ of her mast, boom, boltsprit, sailes, Iliggin, cables, Ankors, connoo taikling and Apparrell, and all other Appurtinanees whatsoeuer to the sd quarter part Belonging, etc.

Ebenezer Orton, whose death by drowning on the 7th of August, 1694, is mentioned on the records of the town, had that morning signed a contract at Boston for building a " barque" in Hingham.

June 7, 1708, " A committee was chosen by the Town to appoint a place where Joseph Souter may build a vessel at Ship Cove, in Conahasset," which was then the Second Precinct of Hingham.

During the middle and latter part of the last century, Capt. Francis Barker, and, afterwards, his son Capt. Francis, built vessels at the foot of Ship Street. Capt. Francis, last named, was succeeded by John Souther, whose sons, John and Leavitt, also built square-rigged vessels as well as schooners and sloops in this locality. Following the Southers in succession at this yard were Curtis & Barstow, Barnes & Litchfield, William Hall, who subsequently removed to the easterly side of the harbor, and George Bassett, who was the last occupant of this yard and built his last vessel, the schooner " Northern Light," here.

Early in the last century Jeremiah Stodder was a master shipwright. He was located on Weir River, at Canterbury's Island, and also on the bend of the river, near what is now Rockland Street. He was succeeded by his son Jeremiah. James, another member of the family, was established in the same business at Cohasset, when it was known as the Second Precinct of Hingham. On Nov. 10, 1859, A. Hodgman & Co. launched the ship " Solferino " from their yard near the Wheelock place, at Weir River. She was of 775 tons burden, and the largest ship ever launched here.

Bassett's Wharf, on " Cove Street," soon after the Revolution. His launching ways were attached to the wharf, or slip, and when all was ready the vessel was pulled off by two lines, and dropped into the water. Captain Bassett was succeeded by his son Daniel.

From 1832 to 1836 inclusive, there was a shipyard on the westerly side of the cove, within a short distance from the spot where Hon. John D. Long resides. It was occupied by Charles Keen for about two years, and afterwards by Barnes & Jenkins. Before commencing work at this place, Keen had built the schooners " Henry Clay" and u Banner" at Davis's, near Commercial Wharf, on Summer Street. Lawler, of Chelsea, also built a clipper yacht at Davis's, which was launched May 1, 1853. She was afterwards known as the " Olata."

William Hall, previously mentioned, carried on a large business at shipbuilding on the easterly side of the harbor, about midway between Barnes's Rocks and the present steamboat landing. The " Waldron," built by Mr. Hall in 1844, was the largest ship ever launched in Hingham harbor.

The early settlers of Hingham were principally farmers and mechanics. Their former homes in Norfolk County, England,, were more than thirty miles from the sea, and in the midst of an agricultural community. Upon their arrival in the Massachusetts Bay, there were but eleven places that preceded the one which was to be their new home. These were all within a comparatively short distance from Boston ; hence the settlement at Bare Cove was not on account of its nearness to the fishing grounds, but rather from its easy approach by water to the port of entry and large market place, Boston.

For more than a century after the town was incorporated, fishing, except around the islands and inlets lying between Hingham and Hull, or from the more venturesome haunts which skirt the rocky coast from Nantasket to the Glades, was, in most instances,. a pastime rather than a permanent occupation. This is shown by wills and conveyances as well as by our local records.

At the expiration of a century, which usually covers about three generations, Hingham valuations give the tonnage of vessels and the names of their owners, as follows : -

It will be seen by the foregoing that the amount of tonnage engaged in foreign trade had increased in a greater ratio than did that of the smaller or fishing craft, and this comparative difference continued for some years.

According to old account-books, it was seldom that any one dealer in town recorded the sale of more than five or ten barrels of mackerel in a season before the middle of the last century.

After Capt. Francis Barker came to Hingham (about 1750) and established a shipyard at the foot of Ship Street, the fishing business began to assume some importance. In 1753 Hezekiah Leavitt built a warehouse near the shipyard for the convenience of his lumber, shipping, and fishing business. Deacon Solomon dishing also owned another warehouse, and tradition says that Major Samuel Thaxter soon after erected another at or near his wharf at Broad Cove. March 16, 1752, a fishing company was formed, consisting of Capt. John Thaxter, Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, Elisha Leavitt, Capt. Francis Barker, and Deacon Solomon Cushing. The " shallop " and " dog's body " were to some extent soon superseded by larger craft, and the business probably gave satisfactory returns until it was brought to a close by the war of the Revolution. In 1768 there were 30 vessels owned in the Second Precinct (Cohasset), aggregating 305 tons; the smallest of these was 4 tons, and the largest 35 tons burden.

When peace was restored the fishing industry was again revived. At this period, the firm of Leavitt & Rice appear as large owners of vessels engaged in the cod, hake, and mackerel fisheries. Among their fleet of new schooners built between 1783 and 1788, were the " Betsey," " Two Friends," " Hingham," " Good Hope," " Atlantic," " Greyhound," " Success," and " Phoenix." Thomas Loring owned the new schooners "Fox," "Junior," "Ranger," and " Sophia," also the sloop " Friendship." Other owners of vessels from 1788 to 1812 were Peter Cushing, Jacob Leavitt, Martin Lincoln, Ezra Hudson, Joseph Lovis, Luther Lincoln, Reuben Stoddard, John Souther, Thomas Thaxter, Wilson Whiton, Elijah Lewis, Joseph Bassett, Jotham Lincoln, Elijah Whiton, Benjamin Jones, Moses Whiton, Jr., Abel Lincoln, Matthew Burr & Co., and Elijah Beal.

were either hauled up in the town dock or safely moored out of the enemy's reach at Broad Cove. Owing to frequent excursion parties from the enemy's cruisers, which lay just outside of Boston Light, there was but little traffic between here and Boston by water. Occasionally, however, when a favoring breeze offered, one or two of our fast-sailing packets would accept these chances, and they were always successful. The new sloop " Washington," afterwards a packet, was hauled off the ways before being completed for fear of what might happen. She was taken up Weymouth Back River after dark and concealed in one of its numerous inlets.

After the contention for " Free Trade and Sailors' Rights " with the mother country had been satisfactorily adjusted, the fishing business again received attention ; and from the fourteen vessels employed here during the year 1815 the number was increased in 1830 to sixty-five. During the latter year, 45,376^ barrels of mackerel were packed; but in 1831, with sixty-one vessels, the catch was 52,663^ barrels. From this time the business began slowly to decline. The small high quarter-deck and pink stem schooners with three sails, and carrying from eight to ten hands, were gradually replaced by more modern-built vessels having five or six sails, and crews of from twelve to sixteen men. This of itself, however, had but little to do with the decline, which, it is more than probable, resulted from the decease of those Who had for years been prominent in the business ; also from the larger amount of capital required in comparison with former periods, and from the greater risks and uncertainties attending the pursuit.

In 1836, fifty vessels, aggregating 2,984 tons, took 14,436 barrels of mackerel and 2,900 quintals of codfish; 450 men were employed. For 1841, the catch of mackerel was 7,130 barrels. In 1844, twenty-eight vessels, aggregating 1,639 tons and employing 311 men, packed 9,341 barrels of mackerel. Thirty-four vessels were engaged in the pursuit in 1847, landing 19,931^ barrels of mackerel. For 1852, thirty-seven vessels were employed. In 1854, twenty vessels took of mackerel 5,415 barrels, and of codfish 1,250 quintals ; the tonnage of these vessels was 1,495, and the number of hands employed 264. In 1858, there was a gain in the catch, 7,920| barrels having been packed at the harbor.

After 1814, and until the business was discontinued, the persons and firms most prominently interested in the fisheries were, Beal & Thaxter ; Lincoln & Gardner ; Thomas Loring & Son ; Ensign Barnes; Scarlet Hudson ; Gardner & Sprague ; John Bassett ; Ezra Whiton; Whiton & Fearing; Moses L. Humphrey ; Whittemore & Loring ; Lincoln & Souther ; Francis G. Ford ; E. & L. J. Barnes ; L. J. & I. Barnes ; Lincoln & Whiton ; Ford, Bassett, & Nye ; H. & J. Nye; R. & C. Lane; Ford & Thomas; Ford, Thomas, & Hobart; George Lincoln; Nye, Beal, & Bassett; Marsh & May-

Fish-flakes for " curing " cod and hake were established at Major's Wharf ; also nearly opposite the Hingham landing or loading place, which was in the vicinity, and west of the present Steamboat Wharf.

There are records in Hingham which show that some of the residents of this town were interested in the whaling business during the last century. Very little, however, is known about the industry here, either as to how many persons there were who followed the pursuit, or who gave financial encouragement to it. Two illustrations given below will throw some light upon the subject : -

" Apr : 1738. Jno : Marble of this Place Died suddenly att Cape Cod a Whaling-, anno iEtatis 4-? " (Record of Rev. Nehemiah Hobart, of the Second Precinct.)

[Abstract.] "Isral" Nichols, mariner, Thomas Andrews, yeoman, and Elisha Leavitt, blacksmith, all of Hingham, charter " the sloop ' Betty & Ruth,' of 50 tons burden, as she now lyes in Boston, for a Whaling Voyage on the Banks to the Southward for to catch Whales for three or four months more or less." This agreement, which was dated Feb. 17, 17-43-44, permits the vessel " to go into Cape Cod or any other harbor suitable to try out oyle which they may gett on the voyage." The " Betty & Ruth " belonged to "Israel Nichols & Comp'y," - Timothy and Ebenezer Prout, of Boston, being part owners.

Masts and spars were made in Hingham, up to 1820 and after, by the local shipwrights, principally from trees grown in this town, or its vicinity.

The pump and block business was also a local industry, John Leavitt having been engaged in the pursuit at Hingham Centre before the close of the last century. Other workers of wood, wheelwrights, coopers, etc., had previously made this specialty a part of their employment.

William Davis came here in 1829 and located as a manufacturer of masts and spars as well as of pumps and blocks. His wharf and shop were on Summer Street.

Barrel-coopering was carried on principally at the head of, or near all the wharves at the cove where mackerel were landed and packed. It was carried on with but few exceptions for the special accommodation of those who owned or occupied the wharves. As a pursuit, it was dependent somewhat upon the success of the fisheries ; but from fifteen to twenty hands were usually given steady employment in the shops during the greater part of the year.1 M. L. & C. Humphrey, in addition to barrel-coopering, were also large manufacturers of fish-kits. This industry, which was commenced at the harbor about 1840, was afterwards removed to Concord, N. H.

Sail-making, as an industry connected with the maritime interests of the town, has an interesting history covering a period of more than a century. In addition to the local demand, there were frequent calls at the lofts to have sails made or repaired for vessels belonging in Boston, Weymouth, Hull, and elsewhere. Among those who have been prominently engaged in this pursuit at the harbor, were William Lovis, Melzar Gardner, George Lincoln, Caleb B. Marsh, Leavitt Hobart, John M. Mayhew, Benjamin F. Palmer, and Henry Nye.

In 1748 there were eighteen hundred superficial feet of wharf owned in Hingham. The owners of this property were taxed in 1754 as follows : -

In 1792 Loring & Thaxter, " merchants," and Jacob Leavitt, and the company of Andrews & Loring, " merchants," and Jotham Lincoln, " mariner," and Beza Lincoln, " mariner," and Reuben Stodder, Jr., " shipwright," and Elijah Waters, Jr., " gentleman," enjoy in common a certain wharf at the town cove known by the name of the netv wharf, which ownership they agree among themselves to divide. Said wharf is bounded S.E. on the road ; N.E. on the cove ; N.W. by Jairus Leavitt's wharf partly, and partly by the cove ; S.W. on land belonging to heirs of Elisha Leavitt.

Down to 1850 the wharves in Hingham, other than those previously mentioned, were known as Major's,2 Souther's,2 Long,2 Nye's,2 Bassett's, Humphrey's, Union (or Barnes's), Central, Packet, Mill (or Town), Jackson, Commercial, Davis's, Foundry, Lane's, and Hersey's ; also the steamboat piers at Barnes's Rocks ; 2 and at Loring' s 2 near the entrance to Mansfield's cove.

The manufacture of salt in Hingham was commenced by R. & C. Lane at Broad Cove, near " Major's Wharf," probably soon after the close of the last war with England. In 1825 the fishing business had so far increased in importance that other works were erected by M. & F. Burr upon their land on the northerly side of Mansfield's Cove, nearly opposite the old steamboat landing. Subsequently other works were built by Scarlet Hudson on the westerly side of the harbor, between Goose Point and the entrance to Broad Cove. Hudson's salt works were afterwards sold to Orin Sears, who was the last person engaged in the manufacture of salt here. The product of the three establishments in 1836 was 20,077 bushels ; but owing to the subsequent decline of the fisheries and the increased importation of salt, the two which remained in 1854 produced only 1,500 bushels.

The manufacture of cordage in Hingham was commenced before the close of the last century by Hawkes Fearing. A vessel from Copenhagen loaded with hemp had been wrecked on Long Beach (Nantasket), and as the cargo came ashore in fair condition it was sold, as it was landed, to Mr. Fearing. The venture proved to be a successful one, and was the prime cause of establishing this industry in Hingham Centre. At first the process of working this hemp into cordage was performed in the open air. Mr. Fearing's journal, however, shows the exact date in which he erected the first building for manufacturing cordage here as follows : « 1794, October 11. Raised 50 feet of my Rope Walk."

After Mr. Fearing's decease the business was carried on by his sons, Hawkes, David, Morris, and Albert; other additions were afterwards made to the buildings, and the production was greatly increased. The statistics of Massachusetts for the year ending April 1, 1845, show that there was one manufactory of cordage in Hingham ; that its product was 150 tons, valued at $28,000, and that the amount of capital invested in the pursuit was $10,000 ; the number of hands employed was twenty-two.

The Hingham Cordage Company was incorporated May 25, 1853, its principal stockholders being members of the Fearing and Whiton families of this town, who had previously been interested in the business here. The continued prosperity of the company down to the present time is owing to the foresight, business energy, and enterprise of the late David Whiton, who was for many years its president.

On Sunday, June 4, 1865, the works of the Hingham Cordage Company, embracing the rope-walk, about one thousand feet long, together with the storehouse containing a large quantity of Manilla hemp, was entirely destroyed by fire. The brick building, containing the spinning and engine rooms, and most of the machinery, however, was but partially burned. In the storehouse there was hemp valued at over $30,000, which was all consumed. About one hundred barrels of tar were destroyed. The buildings, stock, and machinery were insured for about $70,000, but this amount did not cover the whole loss. About eighty hands were thrown out of employment. A new ropewalk was soon erected where the former one stood, and for some years afterwards the steam- whistle sounded its daily call to work, and the hustle and hum of business activity was again established. For the past ten years the factory has not been in active operation, owing to the peculiar condition of affairs in the cordage manufacturing business, but the buildings have been kept in good repair and the machinery in perfect order, ready at any moment to be started again whenever the business conditions make it expedient.

The goods manufactured by this company have always been of the best quality, and the selling agents from the incorporation of the company have been the successive firms doing business in Boston with which the Whitons of this town have been connected, the present firm being M. F. Whiton & Co.

Other manufacturers of twine and cordage on a smaller scale have been Nicholas Wall, Henry Wall, James Dower, and James Graham, all of whom obtained much of their experience in the employ of the Hingham Cordage Company, and then established small ropewalks of their own.

The Hingham Jute and Bagging Company was incorporated Oct. 28, 1869, with a capital of $25,000, afterwards increased to $27,000, for the purpose, according to the Articles of Agreement, " of manufacturing cordage, bagging, and other textile fabrics " in the town of Hingham. The articles were signed by David Whiton, Thomas F. Whiton, Albert Fearing, Morris Fearing, John Rider, L. C. Whiton, and Lincoln Fearing. The company purchased land at Hingham Centre, near the Hingham Cordage Company's rope-walk, in the rear of Main Street, and also one of the factory buildings formerly occupied by Burr, Brown, & Co., which was removed to Hingham Centre, and with additions became the factory of this company. Here the manufacture of jute baggingwas carried on for a few years, but was soon given up. The corporation was legally dissolved in May, 1879.

The manufacture of umbrellas and parasols was established in Hingham prior to 1818 by Benjamin S. Williams, on South Street near Hobart's Bridge, and gave steady employment to a large number of hands. It was incorporated as the Hingham Umbrella Manufacturing Company in 1825. The manufactured stock was sold principally in Boston.

Edward Cazneau succeeded Mr. Williams as the proprietor, and on June 13, 1828, gave public notice, by an advertisement in the " Hingham Gazette," that " all Umbrellas or Parasols sold here by retail will be kept in repair twelve months, gratis." The coverings used in the manufacture were of silk, oiled linen, and English ginghams, in brown, blue, and green. There are several umbrellas now (1893) in use which were made at this manufactory, all of seventy years ago. The industry was discontinued here in 1842. For the year ending April 1, 1837, the number of umbrellas and parasols manufactured was 18,600 ; these were valued at $39,500. The number of hands employed was, males, twenty ; females, fifty-three.

The first clock of Hingham manufacture of which there is any record was made by Dr. Josiah Leavitt. It was placed in the attic story of the Old Meeting-House in 1772 or 1773, and the dial appeared in the dormer-window facing the street, so that it was visible to the public. Dr. Leavitt afterwards removed to Boston, where he became somewhat noted as an organ-builder.

Made In

The Joseph Bayley referred to was probably from Hanover, where some of this family were well-known clock-makers. Several of the tall, old-fashioned timekeepers made by John and Calvin Bailey, with a full-moon or swinging ship on the face, are still seen in the dwellings of some of the older families in Hingham.

Joshua Wilder (known as Quaker Wilder) manufactured and repaired clocks, timepieces, and watches for many years on Main Street, near Wilder's Bridge, South Hingham. He was succeeded by his son Ezra. Reuben Tower was also in the same line of business on Main, near High Street. There are several repairers of clocks and watches in Hingham at the present time, but none that manufacture.

Loring Bailey, a native of Hull, came to Hingham about 1780 or soon after, and located as a silversmith and buckle-maker at " Broad Bridge." The silverware, spoons, etc., which he manufactured had his name stamped upon them. He died in Hingham, Jan. 3, 1814, aged seventy-four years. Among his apprentices were Caleb Gill, Leavitt Gill, and Samuel Norton, both of whom were clock and watch repairers, as well as silversmiths. The Messrs. Gill established their business on South Street, at the west part of the town. Mr. Norton's shop was on the rising ground, about where the middle of the road is now, in front of the Derby Academy. Elijah Lincoln, who served an apprenticeship in Boston at the trade of silversmith, returned to Hingham about 1818, and established himself at his trade on South Street, about where the northerly corner of the West Schoolhouse yard is now. He followed the business until about 1833. Joseph B. Thaxter was the last person who carried on this pursuit here. He continued in it for a longer time than did any of his predecessors. His shop was on the northwesterly side of South Street, between Broad Bridge and Magoon's Bridge. His specialty was in the manufacture of spectacles for the Boston market. Silver spoons, of various sizes, made by Mr. Thaxter, and having his name stamped upon them, are still in use here. A large proportion of these bear the inscription, " Pure coin."

Hat-manufacturers in olden times were usually called "feltmakers," and their business, being principally local, was carried on without much outside help. They felted the material used, and shaped the bodies over blocks in accordance with the prevailing fashion of the day. After the last war with England the business of hat-making in Hingham began to assume some importance. It was carried on quite extensively in the north part of the town by Thomas Loud, and later by Atherton Tilden and Elijah L. Whiton ; and in South Hingham by Andrew and Laban Cushing, at the corner of Main and Friend streets. The statistical tables relating to this industry in Hingham for the year ending April 1, 1837, furnish the following : number of hatmanufactories, 4 ; number of hats manufactured, 3,422 ; males employed, 7 ; females employed, 5. In 1845 there were three manufactories, employing twenty-three hands. The number of hats and caps made was 11,916, valued at $26,500. This industry was discontinued here more than twenty years ago.

In the early history of the country the limited number of books in circulation were bound principally in London, England. The covers were of wood covered with paper, or pasteboard covered with leather. A majority of those published in the present century are cloth-covered. The business of book-binding in Hingham was carried on to a considerable extent between 1800 and 1870: first by John Cushing, on South Street ; then by Elisha Cushing, at the corner of Main and South streets ; and afterwards by Caleb Gill (1827), on Main Street at Broad Bridge, who was succeeded by C. and E. B. Gill (1829) ; afterwards by Elijah B. Gill (1839), in Tilden's Building, opposite the post-office ; and lastly by Dixon L. Gill at the corner of South Street and Central Row.

On April 13, 1827, Caleb Beal announced through the columns of the " Hingham Gazette " that he " has taken the stand formerly occupied by T. A. Davis, near the harbor, where he intends to manufacture and keep constantly on hand a complete assortment of Tin Ware. Also Sheet Iron Stoves and Funnel manufactured to order," etc. At a later period Enos Loring was taken in copartnership, and the firm name was Beal & Loring. The persons and firms who have since been manufacturers of tin-ware here in connection with the stove business are as follows : Enos Loring, Wilder & Stodder, Charles Gill, E. & I. W. Loring, Isaiah VV. Loring, Rich & Marble.

Ploughs were manufactured by Charles Howard at Hingham Centre for about twenty-five years. At first they were of wood, but afterwards of cast-iron. That they were regarded as an improvement over other ploughs at the time they were in use, both as to the quality of work performed and to the saving of manual and team labor, is shown by the numerous published notices relating thereto, and especially to the improvements Mr. Howard afterwards made on his own early invention. At the ploughing match of the Plymouth County Cattle Show, held Oct, 2, 1833, when but four premiums were awarded, the first was to Charles Howard of Hingham for his plough, - Charles Fearing, ploughman ; Joseph Cushing, driver. Also the second to Charles Howard of Hingham for his self-governing plough, - Nehemiah Ripley, ploughman and driver. The statistical tables of the State show that for the year ending April 1, 1837, the number of ploughs manufactured here was eight hundred ; the value of these was estimated at $10,000. Pour hands were employed.

The early settlers of Hingham had obtained a good education before leaving the mother country. They were a well-to-do people, for that period, and upon their arrival here were in comfortable circumstances. They were industrious, persevering, frugal ; and these traits were inherited in a great measure by their descendants. They brought with them from their former inland homes in Hingham, England, and its vicinity, a practical knowledge of agriculture and the mechanical arts. In many instances both callings were followed in the same family. As the population became greater the demand for skilled labor in the workshop increased, and special departments of industry came into prominence. And so for two centuries or more after the settlement of the town its manufacturing interests were not unlike those of other towns similarly situated and having about the same number of inhabitants. Its artisans were skilful and progressive, nor was capital wanting to encourage every worthy enterprise. Although the colonists were hampered by the restrictions of the home government upon the export of manufactured articles, the establishment of the independent government of the United States changed the laws of trade and commerce, and after the Revolution, even before the commencement of the present century, a more extended and flourishing business was inaugurated.

The preceding pages will indicate the many branches of manufactures and commerce which have had a substantial footing in Hingham in former years. Fate seems to have put her seal of disapproval, however, upon the town as a permanent manufacturing or commercial centre. The past fifty years have witnessed a decline and discontinuance of nearly all those interests, and Hingham seems destined to be a residential suburb of the neighboring city. Efforts have been made from time to time to encourage the introduction of manufactories, and committees have been appointed by the town to see what measures could be taken to establish them here, without substantial success. There seems to be nothing wanting in the situation of the town to render it a favorable spot for manufacturing industries. The means of transportation by land and water are good, yet only a few factories remain. When and by what means encouragement shall come to the manufacturer to settle again in Hingham cannot be foretold. Let us hope the future historian may look back with that satisfaction and pride upon a period of honest work by honest hands, in larger measure, with which we look back upon what was accomplished in the days of smaller things.

By Edmund Hersey Appearance Of The Country When First Settled

The first settlers of Eastern Massachusetts did not find the country covered with an unbroken forest ; but from early writers we learn that there were large tracts of land entirely clear of trees and bushes, and that on the high lands, where any trees grew, in many places they stood at such distances apart that the grass grew very luxuriantly between them.

Mr. Grus, of Salem, wrote in 1627, " The country is very beautiful. Open lands, mixed in goodly woods, and again open plains, in some places five hundred acres, some more and some less. . . . Not much troublesome to clear for the plough. The grass and weeds grow up to a man's face. In the low lands, and by fresh rivers, there are large meadows without a tree or bush."

The burning of the grass and leaves by the Indians is mentioned by Morton in 1632. He says: "The savages burn over the country that it may not be overgrown with underwood." He also says : " It scorches the older trees, and hinders their growth. The trees grow here and there, as in English parks, and make the country very beautiful."

Wood, in 1634, said : " In many places divers acres are cleared, so that one may ride a hunting in most places of the land. There is no underwood, - save in the swamps and low grounds, - for it being the custom of the Indians to burn the woods in November, when the grass is withered and leaves dried." He also says : *' There is good fodder in the woods where the trees are thin ; and in the spring grass grows rapidly on the burnt land."

Thus it is evident that the first settlers of this town did not have to cut down the forest to clear the land before they could plant their crops ; but they evidently found enough cleared to plant as many acres as they desired, and have enough left for pastures and mowing-fields.

Crops Grown

The first settlers, copying from the Indians, planted as their principal crop, Indian corn. Wood says, " The first planters, for want of oxen, were compelled to dig up the land with the hoe." At a very early period it was found necessary to grow other crops besides Indian corn. Pumpkins were among the first of garden crops ; these were followed by the parsnip, carrot, turnip, onion, beet, and cabbage. Potatoes were not introduced into New England until 1719; so the early settlers had to eat their meat and make their clam chowders without potatoes. It was not until a trifle more than a hundred years ago that the potato came into general use. Indian corn was the leading crop until the early part of the present century. In 1749 the number of bushels of corn grown in town was 11,693. One farmer raised 225 bushels, another 200, and there were twenty-six farmers that produced a hundred bushels or more each.

Other field crops grown were wheat, rye, oats, barley, beans, flax, and hemp. The two last named were grown and used for making clothing for the family for nearly two hundred years.

Apples were introduced at a very early period ; large orchards existed as early as 1675. This fruit was not grown for the table, but for cider, which for more than a century and a half appears to have been the favorite beverage of all classes, - a single family often consuming a dozen barrels of cider in a year. Pear-trees were introduced soon after the town was settled ; but most of the fruit was unfit to eat, and it was carried to the cider-mill, where the juice was pressed out, and permitted to ferment. This made a drink that many preferred to the best of cider.

Early in the present century peaches were grown in considerable quantities and quite successfully ; the trees being grown from the seed, and not budded, became quite hardy. But when the practice of budding from choice fruit became general, the trees became less hardy, the blossom-buds were winter-killed, and many of the trees died of the yellows. During the past twentyfive years it has been very difficult to grow the peach in this town, except under the most favorable conditions.

The cultivation of improved varieties of the grape was not commenced until the beginning of the second quarter of the present century ; but our ancestors found the native grape growing in great abundance, some varieties of which were very palatable.

The cultivation of the strawberry was commenced nearly a hundred years ago; but for a period of fifty years it found its way in but very few gardens, and in those few to only a limited extent. Since that period it has been more generally cultivated ; a few cultivators have grown it for the market, but, with the exception of one or two years, not to an extent sufficient to supply the home market.

One of the most important crops grown by the farmer from the settlement of the town to the present period (1893) has been the hay crop. At first, nearly all the hay that the farmer had to feed to his stock was salt hay and fresh meadow hay ; and this was harvested so late in the season that its quality was very poor, compared with what it is to-day, so the stock came out in the spring very thin in flesh.

In the year 1773 there were grown 1,735 pounds of flax in town, and there were kept 177 yoke of oxen, 836 cows, 179 horses ; there were 670 acres of land under tillage, 2,051 acres of mowing land, and 7,313 acres of pasture land. In 1749 there were kept in town 3,162 sheep.

Preparation Of The Soil And Cultivation Of Crops

The Indians in preparing the soil for a crop of Indian corn dug it up a few inches deep, and fertilized it by placing in each hill three little fishes (probably herring). This practice they taught the first settlers, who followed it until oxen were introduced, when the plough and ox labor were used instead of the hoe and hand labor, and the manure of the cattle was used instead of fish.

For two centuries the farmers prepared the soil for hoed crops by ploughing in the coarser portion of the barn-yard manure, and using the finer portion in the hills, where the seed-corn was dropped. Within fifty years it was almost the universal custom to plant all annual crops that were grown in hills on land in the same condition as the plough left it, except that a single furrow was made every four feet with a small one-horse plough ; in this furrow, at distances of about four feet, was dropped the fine manure, upon which the seed was planted. Thus the crop, as it started to grow, was surrounded by earth that was hard and unfertilized, except what was at the bottom of the furrow. Under such unfavorable circumstances it is not surprising that the crops were small, when compared with those grown at the present day.

About fifty years ago some of the more intelligent farmers began to prepare the land for the growth of crops by spreading the manure broadcast, and mixing it with the soil by harrowing the surface until it became loose and fine ; this was found to secure better crops than the old practice of ploughing in a portion and placing the remainder in the hill.

In the year 1840 a small quantity of guano was brought into this town, and being of a good quality, it was found to produce wonderful results when used in small quantities ; but in a few years the quality deteriorated so much that the farmers bought very little. About this time coarse ground bone was introduced and carefully tried, to test its value ; for rye it was found to be better than barn manure. But commercial fertilizers were used very sparingly by the farmers of this town until within a period of twenty years. -To-day they are very generally used by both the large and small gardeners.

The old method of cultivation was quite different from the present. Formerly the horse plough and hand hoe were the only implements used for cultivating hoed crops : but now the harrow and cultivator, with the aid of the horse, are made to do nearly all of the work of cultivating most of the annual crops. The old method of hilling up corn and potatoes has been almost entirely abandoned and level culture adopted ; and the more intelligent cultivators stir the surface of the soil often to keep it not only free from weeds, but loose and light, especially in dry weather, as it is found that if an inch of the surface be kept loose and fine it will prevent the crop on most soils from suffering from drought.

The Price Of Produce

It is very difficult to ascertain the real casli value of farm produce during the first century after the town was settled. There was so little money in circulation that one article was exchanged for another ; and it is not much more than a century ago that if the farmer wanted a box or a bucket, he paid for the box or bucket by filling it with corn, that being considered a fair price for it. Whatever the farmer wanted at the country store was paid for in corn, wheat, butter, eggs, etc.

In the year 1688 the State Treasurer issued to the constables of this town a warrant for the collection of taxes, which he stated could be paid in current money, or grain at the following prices : wheat, two shillings ninepence per bushel ; rye, two shillings ; oats, tenpence ; malt and barley, two shillings sixpence ; Indian corn, fourteenpence per bushel.

The Price Of Land

The prices of land have varied so much in different parts of the town, and at different periods, that it is difficult, if not impossible, to make any brief statement that will give a clear understanding of the subject ; but from careful reading of the old wills and deeds, it is evident that farm lands were not very valuable until after the close of the second war with England.

From 1815 to 1825 there was a constantly increasing demand for tillage land, and also wood land. This raised the price to such a point that in some instances common tillage land was sold for more than a hundred dollars per acre ; and fifty dollars was not considered an exorbitant price for tillage land near home, and thirty-five to forty dollars for pasture land several miles from home.

Wood land was much sought for during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first quarter of the nineteenth, and commanded a price much above what it will now bring.

The Farmer'S Home

During a period of more than a hundred years after the town was incorporated the records of the doings of the farmers are so meagre that it is impossible to give more than a faint idea of their everyday life, and the condition of their homes, without drawing too much on the imagination ; but by picking up here and there historical facts, and carefully considering them, individually and collectively, we may draw conclusions that will give some idea of the lives of the early settlers.

For more than a hundred and fifty years the farm-houses were unpainted, both outside and in ; the floors were uncarpeted, and in many houses the walls were unplastered, and a fire in an open fireplace was the only means of heating the cold, uninviting rooms occupied by the farmer's family. The windows were small, and few in number ; the furniture, most of it of rude structure, was made by the farmer himself. Some of the farmers, whose condition would permit it, imported furniture from the old country ; and nearly all had a few pieces bought of some one who had become an expert in the business, or inherited from their ancestors.

For more than a hundred and fifty years after the settlement of the town every farm-house was a manufactory, and almost every manufactory was a farm-house. The farmer's wife and daughters carded the wool, prepared the flax and hemp, spun the yarn, wove the cloth, and made it into clothing to clothe the inmates of the household.

The farmer built his farm buildings, and made and repaired most of his farm implements ; he also made and repaired the shoes for his family. Thus the farmer's family was fed and clothed without going beyond his own farm, except for a very few things. In years of good crops he had an abundance of food ; but when the crops failed, as they sometimes did, want, if not starvation, stared him in the face. Very few of them had any money to buy food ; and if they had, so small a portion of the country was settled that when crops were short in one part of the country they were in all other parts. Fear of a famine was so firmly implanted in the mirMs of the early settlers that it was handed down from parents to children to a period of less than fifty years ago.

Farm Improvements

It is doubtful if any great improvements were made on the farms during the first fifty or seventy-five years ; but when the annual Indian fires were stopped, the whole country rapidly became covered with bushes, and in a few years with trees, except where cultivation was maintained ; so quite early in the eighteenth century the farmer was compelled to enter in earnest upon the work of clearing the land. When the trees were removed, he found it necessary to dig out the rocks, and inclose each field cleared with a stone wall. Most of the stone walls that are now seen in the eastern and southern and a portion of the western part of the town were probably built between 1725 and 1825. Many of the farmers who lived during this period had what at that time were considered comfortable homes, and kept a large stock of cattle ; so they were in a condition to improve their farms by clearing them of trees and rocks, and inclosing them with stone walls. During the latter part of the last century and the first part of the present, the work of draining some of the low lands commenced. This work was done on small meadows by individual efforts, and on large meadows, where there were many owners, by organized efforts.

Farm Implements

Very few realize how rudely constructed were the farm implements which the first settlers had to use. The hoe was a heavy piece of iron, roughly forged out, and probably weighed as much as four of the hoes used at the present time. The shovel and spade were forged out of iron with, in some cases, a small piece of steel welded to the cutting edge. The manure-fork had tines much heavier than the tines of our present garden-forks, and the pitchforks had short tines, almost as large as one's finger. The old scythe used by the first settlers was forged out of iron, with a strip of steel welded on the edge ; but as early as 1649 Joseph Jenks invented a new form of scythe by welding a thick piece of iron to a thin piece of steel, and in 1656 got a patent for it. But for nearly two hundred years the scythe was a heavy and a rudely constructed implement, weighing from two to three times what it will weigh to-day. The scythe-snath was little more than a crooked stick, cut in the woods by the farmer, and smoothed by taking the bark off. The rake was made by the farmer, and was twice as heavy as the hand-rakes of the present time. The axe was heavy and roughly forged.

The plough was but little more than a crooked stick, with an iron on the point, for nearly two hundred years after the town was settled. The first cast-iron ploughs were unknown to the Hingham farmer until the beginning of the present century. Four- wheeled wagons did not come into use by the farmers of this town until after the beginning of the present century ; before that period the crops were moved on rudely constructed two-wheel carts, which, with the exception of the wheels and axles, were made on the farm by the farmer himself, who sometimes called to his assistance a neighbor more expert with mechanical tools than the average farmer. The corn was carried to mill on the backs of horses, and the farmer and his wife, having no carriage, rode on the same horse to market, or to church.

Not only has there been a wonderful improvement in the structure of the hand-tools of the farm, but there has been a wonderful improvement in the method of doing farm-work. Now, instead of doing the work with his own muscular power, the farmer has improved machines by which he can do the work with his horses, while he rides on the machines to guide them. Farming one or two centuries ago meant hard muscular labor, with tools ill adapted to the work required of them, while the farming of today, if success is to be attained, means high intelligence to keep in order and guide the machines that have been carefully constructed on principles best adapted to perform the work required of them.

Agricultural Societies

In February, 1813, the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture sent out circulars recommending as the best means for receiving and communicating information on affairs of husbandry, that the inhabitants of one or two of the neighboring towns should form themselves into a society for improvement in agriculture. One of these circulars was laid before the town at a meeting held in May following, and a committee of sixteen persons was chosen to consider the subject, and report at a future meeting.

At a meeting held in March, 1814, the committee reported, recommending the formation of a society to be called " Agricultural Society of Hingham," and that seventeen persons be chosen by the town to act as its first members. The following persons were chosen : -

The first officers of the society were Samuel Norton, Esq., President; Hawkes Fearing, Esq., Vice-President ; Jerome Cushing, Secretary ; Solomon Jones, Treasurer.

The society held meetings once in three months. The records do not show that any lectures were given at the meetings, or any discussions on agricultural subjects maintained ; but the principal business appears by the records to have been the letting out of the books of the society to the highest bidder. It is fair to presume that such intelligent men as were members of this society could not have regularly met together without entering into some discussion on farm topics in at least an informal way, thus gaining something beyond what they obtained from the books let out.

The last meeting of the society was held March 31, 1831. It existed seventeen years and held fifty-four meetings. Eighteen new members were by vote added to the seventeen original members.

The record book of the society is chiefly in the handwriting of John Beal, who was secretary during most of the time the society existed. This book was given by his son John to the Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society, and is now deposited in the library of the society. It was from this book that the above information was obtained.

The Hingham Agricultural And Horticultural Society

On the 12th of October, 1858, about twenty friends of agriculture met in the Town Hall in answer to a public notice given for a meeting to consider the expediency of forming an agricultural society. James S. Lewis, Esq., called the meeting to order, Charles W. Cushing, Esq., was chosen chairman, and Edmund Hersey secretary.

Fearing Burr, Jr., stated the object of the meeting, and after a, full discussion a committee was chosen to make the necessary arrangements for organizing a society.

During the first year after the society was organized meetings were held in different parts of the town ; but before the close of the year the armory of the Lincoln Light Infantry was hired as a permanent place for holding the meetings. In this building most of the meetings of the society were held until the present Agricultural Hall was built, where they have since held their meetings.

The meetings of this society from its organization to the present time (1893) have been held for lectures and discussions on subjects relating to the cultivation of crops and the improvement of the home, and for the exhibition of the products of the orchard and garden, so that those who attended them might have an opportunity of seejng the best products grown, and of learning from the growers their methods of culture.

The lectures and discussions, together with the exhibitions at the meetings, have done much to improve the condition of the growers of fruit, flowers, and vegetables.

The first annual exhibition of the society was held September 28 and 29, 1859. The cattle were exhibited on the land of Royal Whiton and Thomas D. Blossom, on Main Street, near the present residence of William Fearing, 2d ; and the fruits, flowers, and vegetables, in the Town Hall, which was located on Main Street, on land where now stands the residence of George Bayley.

For the exhibition of cattle the second year several acres of land were rented of Moses Whiton, located in the rear of the present residence of Hon. Starkes Whiton ; and this land continued to be used for the exhibition of cattle, and the Town Hall for the exhibition of fruits, flowers, and fancy articles, until the present exhibition grounds were purchased. The vegetables were exhibited in an annex built on the south side of the Town Hall ; this being principally of canvas was kept up only during exhibition week.

In the year 1864 the success of the society had become so fully established that it was deemed expedient to form a corporation under the provision of the General Statutes ; this was done November 2. Under the direction of this organization a committee solicited stock subscriptions to raise money to purchase grounds, and to build suitable buildings to accommodate the annual exhibitions. More than fifteen thousand dollars were subscribed, - the three largest subscribers being Albert Fearing, David Whiton, and John R. Brewer.

To secure to the society all the advantages given by the State to incorporated agricultural societies, and to obtain authority to hold the desired amount of real and personal estate, a special act of incorporation was petitioned for, and was granted by the Legislature March 27, 1867. Under this act the society has continued its work to the present time (1890).

During the early part of the year 1867 a lot of land, corner of East and Leavitt Streets, containing about sixteen acres, was purchased, which has proved to be admirably adapted for the uses of the society. Upon this lot a spacious building was erected, which measures one hundred feet in length by sixty in width, containing a cook-room in the basement, a large exhibition-hall on the first floor ; also a dining-room of the same size on the second floor. In this five hundred persons can be seated at the tables. A fire-proof room has recently been built on the northwest corner of the building for the safe keeping of the town books. The building is well finished and furnished. Hon. Albert Fearing presented to the society sufficient crockeryware to dine six hundred persons ; also plates enough in which to exhibit the fruit.

The grounds are well graded, and ornamented with shadetrees. The plan adopted was to let each member, who desired to, set one tree, and see that it was well cared for, - each tree being numbered and recorded on a plan, together with the name of the person who set it.

The land, buildings, cattle-pens, and other property of the society, have cost upwards of thirty thousand dollars ; all of which has been paid for - except about two thousand dollars, which the society now owes - by stock subscriptions, profits of a fair, lectures, annual exhibitions, rent of hall, and voluntary subscriptions of money.

The annual exhibitions and the monthly meetings of the society have brought together those living in different sections of the town, making them better acquainted with each other, and better friends. Regular monthly, and often semi-monthly, meetings have been held since the society was organized. At these meetings papers have been read touching various agricultural subjects, followed by discussions which were often highly interesting and instructive.

When the society was first organized the price of life membership was fixed at five dollars, and annual membership at one dollar. A few years after the price of life membership was raised to ten dollars, but in 1890 it was reduced to the price first established.

Albert Fearing, the first President, occupied the position seventeen years, until his death, when Solomon Lincoln was chosen. After serving one year failing health compelled Mr. Lincoln to resign, and Edmund Hersey was chosen. Mr. Hersey occupied the position five years, and declined re-election. Ebed L. Ripley was then chosen, and still holds the position.

At the annual exhibitions the cattle-pens have been filled with cattle equal to any exhibited in any portion of the State ; and the exhibition in the hall of fruit, flowers, vegetables, useful and fancy articles, and works of art, have not only been of a quality to secure the highest praise from the visitors, but they have been so well arranged by the committees that the society has become noted for its good order and good management.

The Past And Present

The life of the farmer has been so gradually changed for the better that very few realize how great has been the improvement. Not only are he and his family better housed, better clothed, better fed, and better educated, but his labors on the farm have been very much lightened by the introduction of improved machinery, the markets for his produce have been greatly extended, and the returns for the same are in money instead of store-goods. The farmer's wife and daughters no longer have to work from early morn until late at night to manufacture the wool, flax, and hemp into cloth for clothing to keep the family warm, but the spinning-jenny, the power-loom, and the co-operative butter aud cheese factories have lifted them out of daily toils but little better than slavery.

The farmer's sons no longer have to be kept from school and put to hard labor on the farm to help feed and clothe the family, but many of them receive just as good education as those who are to follow other occupations, - the State having established an agricultural college with eighty free scholarships.

A portion of the above history has been gathered from books of history and records in the State Library, the Hingham Public Library, the library of the Hingham Agricultural Society, town records, aud from papers read before the Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society by Quincy Bicknell and George Lincoln.

By Fearing Burr

In presenting the following notices relating to the authors and publications connected with the History of Hingham, it may be proper to state that no merit for completeness or originality is claimed.

The field for research in this direction is one which has not hitherto had the attention of the historian, and it has been found necessary to devote much time and careful examination to the subject. The prominent libraries of the city of Boston have been visited, and collectors of rare books interviewed with the hope of adding to the interest and perfection of the chapter. The earlier publications from which quotations of title-pages are given have received personal examination, and notices of those of more recent date have in many instances had their authors' approval.

The literary labors of those who by virtue of long-continued residence in Hingham have gained citizenship here have been justly added in full. The occasional addresses, orations, and published discourses given by those neither residents nor natives of the town could not be set aside, including as they do many valuable facts immediately connected with our local history. A few notes and brief biographical sketches have been added where it was thought they would afford information concerning the personal history of an author, thereby enhancing the value and usefulness of the work. Biographical notices of native or resident clergymen, lawyers, and physicians will be found in the Ecclesiastical History, and chapters having special reference to their professions. Should important omissions be discovered, no one will regret their occurrence more than the writer.

Oration delivered before the Athenaean Society of Bowdoin College, September, 1844. pp. 27. (See Memoirs and Reminiscences of Governor Andrew, by Peleg W. Chandler.)

Address at the close of the School Year of the Maine Female Seminary. Gorham, July, 1859. pp. 40. (See Memoirs and Reminiscences of Governor Andrew, by Peleg W. Chandler.)

Argument on behalf of Thaddeus Hyatt, brought before the Senate of the United States on a charge of Contempt for refusing to appear as a witness before the Harper's Ferry Committee. Samuel E. Sewall and John A. Andrew, counsel. Pamphlet, pp.20. (Not dated) 1860 ?

Address of His Excellency John A. Andrew to the Two Branches of the Legislature of Massachusetts, Jan. 5, 1861. Boston. William White, Printer to the State, pp. 48. (Senate Doc, No. 2.)

The Blue Book containing the Acts and Resolves passed by the General Court of Massachusetts, published by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, has in addition to the Inaugural Address of Jan.* 5, 1861, an Address to the Senate and House of Representatives in Convention, dated Jan. 26,

1861, on the reception by His Excellency of two Revolutionary firearms from the executors of the will of the late Rev. Theodore Parker. pp. 7.

(Senate Doc, No. 1.) Address at the second session, approved May 23, 1861. pp. 14. Address upon " the Grave Responsibilities which have fallen, in the Providence of God, upon the Government and the People." May 25, 1861.

pp. 14. Thanksgiving Proclamation (Broadside), Nov. 21, 1861. Annual Address before the Legislature, Jan. 3, 1862. pp. 42. Special Messages, from Jan. 18 to April 22, inc., 1862. pp. 39. Correspondence between Governor Andrew and Major-General Butler.

and Company, City Printers, No. 27 Congress Street. Fast Proclamation, dated March 11, 1862. Thanksgiving Proclamation, dated Oct. 27, 1862. Annual Address of His Excellency John A. Andrew to the Two Branches

Printers, No. 4 Spring Lane. Special Messages to the Legislature, January 20 to April 10, 1863. Letter to S. F. Wetmore, Esq., Indianapolis, Indiana : on the number of

Annual Address to the Legislature of Massachusetts, together with accompanying documents, Jan. 8, 1864. Wright and Potter, State Printers. pp. 110.

An Address to the Graduating Class of the Medical School in the University at Cambridge, on Wednesday, March 9, 1864. By John A. Andrew, LL.D., President (ex officio) of the Board of Overseers. Boston. Ticknor and Fields. 1864. Pamphlet, pp. 28.

The importance of relying on the efforts of the People, instead of the machinery of a Bureau. Correspondence concerning the System of recruiting volunteers now prescribed by the U. S. Provost-Marshal- General. Boston. Wright and Potter, Printers. 1865. 8vo. pp. 23.

Address to the Legislature on the Reception of the News of the Occupation of Richmond by General Grant. April 4, 1865. Boston. 1865. 8vo. pp. 3 (Senate Doc, No. 173)0

An Address on the occasion of Dedicating the Monument to Ladd and Whitney, members of the Sixth Regiment M. V. M., killed at Baltimore, Maryland, April 19, 1861, delivered at Lowell, Massachusetts, June 17, 1865. By John A. Andrew, Governor of the Commonwealth. Boston. Wright and Potter, State Printers, No. 4 Spring Lane. 1865. Pamphlet, pp. 31.

Valedictory Address of His Excellency, John A. Andrew, to the Two Branches of the Legislature of Massachusetts, upon retiring from the office of Governor of the Commonwealth, Jan. 4, 1866. (Senate Doc, No. 2.) pp. 21. (See also Memoir of Governor Andrew, by Peleg W. Chandler.)

An Address delivered at Brattleborough, Vermont, by invitation of the Agricultural Society of Vermont, at the Fair held by that Society and the Agricultural Society of New England, Sept. 7, 1866. Boston. Wright and Potter, Printers, No. 4 Spring Lane. Pamphlet, pp. 44.

The Errors of Prohibition. An argument delivered in the Representative's Hall, Boston, April 3, 1867. Before a Joint Special Committee of the General Court of Massachusetts. Boston. Ticknor and Fields. 1867. Pamphlet, pp. 148.

An Address delivered before the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, at the annual meeting held in Boston, Mass., Jan. 2, 1867. By- John A. Andrew, LL.D., President of the Society. To which is added a report of the proceedings of said meeting. Printed by David Clapp and Son. 1867. Pamphlet, pp. 12.

The Election Sermon of Rev. Dr. A. H. Quint, in January, 1866, contains many eloquent references to the five years' term of service of John A. Andrew as Governor of Massachusetts. He says : " In such a term of service there is manifest completeness. It began when the clouds were lowering, it ends with the skies clear. The work accomplished was one work ; it covers a great period in history."

References to the life and quotations from the literary work of Governor Andrew are found in nearly all the prominent libraries of Boston. From such of these publications as have come to the notice of the writer the subjoined extracts are made : -

A conspiracy to defame John A. Andrew, being a review of the proceedings of Joel Parker, Linus Child, and Leverett Saltonstall, at the People's Convention (so-called), held in Boston, Oct. 7, 1862. By "Warrington." (See Pen Portraits by Mrs. W. L. Robinson.) Boston. Wright and Potter, Printers, 4 Spring Lane. 1862. Pamphlet, pp. 16.

Eulogy on John Albion Andrew delivered by Edwin P. Whipple, with an appendix containing the Proceedings of the City Council, and an account of the Proceedings in Music Hall, Boston. Alfred Mudge and Son, City Printers, 34 School Street. 1867. pp. 36.

Union League Club of New York. Proceedings in reference to the death of Governor John A. Andrew, Nov. 11, 1867. Club House, Union Square, No. 29 East Seventeenth Street, 1867. Pamphlet, pp. 36.

Discourse delivered before the New-England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, April 2, 1868, on the Life and Character of the Hon. John Albion Andrew, LL.D., late president of the Society, with proceedings and appendix. By Rev. Elias Nason, M.A., member of the Society. Boston, New England Historic-Genealogical Society, MDCCCLX VIII. Bound vol., 76 pp. 8vo. Geo. C. Rand and Avery, Printers.

Sketch of the official life of John A. Andrew as Governor of Massachusetts, to which is added the Valedictory Address of Governor Andrew, delivered upon retiring from office, Jan. 5, 1866, on the subject of reconstruction of the States recently in rebellion. New York. Published by Hurd and Houghton, Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1868. Entered according to Act of Congress, etc., 1868, by A. G. Browne, Jr.

A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War, by William Schouler, late adjutant-general of the Commonwealth. Boston. E. P. Dutton & Co., publishers, 135 Washington Street. 1868. Quotations from the official addresses, correspondence, etc., of Governor Andrew.

New England Historical and Genealogical Register. January, 1869. Tribute to the memory of John Albion Andrew, by Samuel Burnham, A.M. pp. 1 to 12, inc.

Ceremonials at the unveiling of the statue of Gov. John A. Andrew, at the State House, Tuesday, Feb. 14, 1871. Boston. Wright and Potter, State Printers, 79 Milk Street. 1871. Pamphlet. 29 pp.

Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe has a sketch of Governor Andrew, occupying 20 pages in her " Lives and Deeds of our Self-made men." Bound volume, 1872.

" Warrington " Pen Portraits : a collection of Personal and Political Reminiscences from 1848 to 1876, from the writings of William S. Robinson, with memoir and extracts from Diary and Letters never before published. Boston. Edited and Published by Mrs. W. S. Robinson, 41-45 Franklin Street, Boston. References to Governor Andrew occur on pp. 93, 94, 95, 110, 230, 274, 339, 340, 406, and 521.

The Town of Hingham in the late Civil War. Prepared by Fearing Burr and George Lincoln. 8vo. pp. 455. Published by order of the town, 1876. For Biographical sketch of John Albion Andrew, see pp. 317- 321, inc., communicated by John D. Long.

A Memorial Volume containing the exercises at the Dedication of the Statue of John A. Andrew at Hingham, Oct. 8, 1875, together with an account of the organization and proceedings of the John A. Andrew Monument Association. Boston. Published by the Association, MDCCCLXXVIII. Quarto. 55 pp.

Memorial and Biographical Sketches of John Albion Andrew. By James Freeman Clarke. Boston. Houghton, Osgood, and Company. The Riverside Press, Cambridge. 1878. pp. 65.

History of the Flag of the United States of America. By Geo. Henry Preble, rear admiral U. S. N. Published by A. Williams and Company, Boston, 1880. Extracts from the Addresses, etc. of Governor Andrew. See pp. 465, 466, 545-548, 554, 556, 579. Also his speech on receiving the flags of the Massachusetts regiments, pp. 547, 548.

Memoir of the Hon. John Albion Andrew, LL.D. By Peleg W. Chandler, reprinted from the proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for April, 1880. Cambridge, John Wilson and Son, University Press. 1880. Pamphlet. 32 pp.