Lanesborough Town (part 1 of 3)

Preface

In response to requests at time of its recent Old Home Week Celebration the following sketch of the History of the Town of Lanesborongh has been prepared.

Part Second will probably appear in the course of the winter, and will include the remainder of the Cemetery inscriptions, a small portion of which appear in this volume, also History of the Churches, and sketches of distinguished residents such as Henry Shaw, Josh Billings, Governor Briggsand others, accounts of early Masonry in Lanesboro, some unpublished writings of Josh Billings, an account of the Old Home Week Celebration of 1902, and a large number of extracts from old newspapers referring to the town

Mention should be made of the indebtedness of the author to Eev. A. B. Whipple for his valuable paper on Balance Rock, and to W. H. Phillips for permission to use portions of the Berkshire Hills Monthly referring to Lanesborough.

It was thought that accounts of the Towns in England and Ireland associated with origin of this town would be of interest, inasmuch as we are thus brought in touch with the families standing next to royalty and with some of the noblest names in the annals of English speaking' peoples.

Table Of Contents

Appendix VIII. Vital Statistics. Appendix IX. Names of Revolutionary Soldiers. Appendix X. Miscellaneous stories from various sou ices. Appendix XI. The Town in the Civil War. Appendix XII. Inscriptions in the Various Cemeteries,

Errata

It is requested that any other misprints may be communicated to the author. It must be remembered however that it has been intended to give exact copies of records as they stand in the original sources, in which some primitive specimens of spelling are to be found.

Account Of Origin Of Present Name Of Town

This title was originally derived from the Lane family, who were members of the peerage, but who became extinct. The title was revived in 1728 and conferred upon Brindsley Butler, colonel of the Battle-ax guards in Ireland. As he had 23 children, it is needless to say that the title has not run out in his family ind is now held by John Vansittart-Danvers Butler, who was born April 18, 1839. The Butler family came from P' ranee, the original form of the name being Boutellier or Bottler, the family being cup-bearers to the king. They first appear among the titled gentry of Ireland in about 1600, but may be easily traced in England to about 1350. As the genealogy of the Lane and Butler families is of some interest, it will be given in full in Appendix 2.

It is of interest to notice that the Lane family were ardent friends of the American cause and endeavored to get Ireland to rebel at the time of the American revolution on which attitude, Mr. Fronde, in his history of Ireland, comments. The town of Lanesboro, Ireland, is in Roscommon county, })opulation 280, noted for its iron ore beds and coal mines. The iron mines were opened at a cost of $400,000, but are not now worked. The coal mines are not worked on account of the frequency of bogs. The town lies on the celebrated river Shannon, said to be the largest in the world in proportion to the country it drains.

Ephraim J5Hadley Historical Address

The first question to be asked respecting any town i.-. Where did it come from? Wliat was its origin? W'liat kin'd of people were its founders? For, as we well know, each town that has any real influence or counts for anything, has a distinc-t individuality which was impressed upon it at the very start. This common, corporate life of the town is something which has an assimilating power upon all who subsequently come into the town. All, more or less, enter into and unconsciously absorb that life and become partakers of it. In inquiring as to the origin of this town, we iind that the first settlers came from the general region of Framingham and Xatick. X'ow, what was there peculiarly striking about these towns?

The fact at once arrests our attention tliat when .Mi-s. Slowe wished to write her great novel on Xew l-highmd lil'e dui-ing the last Century, she selected as best exhibiting the most typical form >oi that life, this very region of Framingham and Xatick. In all Xew England there was nothing higher and better to be found.

Forth from this favored region certain of the moc^t enter[)rising and ambitious impelled b}- that law, as old as creation, of moving westward) determined to go forth to seek for a new site to fcnind a new life and a new centre of influence.

thoir ^^ciireh till coining to this part of the state recently opened to wliite settlei-s by the missionary work among the Stockbndge biilian>. We may picture them after viewing many localities coining at last to the ridge that so divided the waters that they How north and south and west, toward the St. Lawrence, the Hudson, and Long Island Sound. Aaid as they stood on that ridge axactly midway between Springfield and Albany they would exclaim,, "Here is a natural centre of diffusive inlluence.'"' As they ascended the surrounding hills and perceived that their eyes might rest at will on any one of four states, immigratioint from all of which might be expected, they would exclaim, -Here is a natural centre of receptive influence. Here we mayexpect in after years to arise a life not narrow in range, limited to any one source of inspiration, but like the Garden of Eden watered by the influence of a fourfold stream, and hence likely to he harinoniously developed and symmetrical ."" For even in those days prophetic intimations of the special form of the lite of each of these four commonwealths were already visible. Even then Massaichusetts was the home of the cultured and refined, the men of high ideals, broad in faith and lofty in vision, pro])hesying that she would be the home of schools and oollegee, philanthropists and reformers. Even then Connecticut was the land of steady habits, of conservative instincts, of plodding industry, prophetic of her after life as the coming home of toiling mechanics, and the seat of staid, sober, quiet, unehanging villages. Already Vennont was the lioine of the bast type of farmers, whose sturdy manhood should even as untrained militia defeat the best troops of Europe at Bennington, and come forth as victors of one of tlie decisive battles of the world. And such has she been ever since. And even then Xew Yoilc was the receiver taking on her cosmopolitan character and becoin'"f( in the power and wealth of her varied life, the Empire StSitJ From all these different sources our first exjjjorers may have foreseen that settlers would come and form in their amalgamation tliat perfected! lift! which comes alone from the comliination of the most diverse elements.

liills aucl beautiful valleys they may liave seen one thing more, and that wasi, that here was the combination in one scene of both the sublime and the beautiful. And seeitng this they may luive said, "Here is the perfection of surrounding environment, here are the wild moiuntains in their sublime magnilicence, calculated to develojD manly and sturdy qualities, to make brave, martial, courageous men, inured to toil and thoughts and images of o-randeur, and on the other hand here are the hillside slopes with their gorgeous beauty, calculated to polish and refine this strength with the graces that beautify and adorn. Here may be expected to arise that union of both the masculine an<l feminine graces, from Avhich alone rare and ty])ical characters proceed . "

Such reflections we may well believe passed through the minds of 'ofur explorers, as they first gazed upon these scenes and! decided to make them their future home. Was their sagacity justified by the result? The story we are about to relate may help us give an answer.

A petition to the General Court was signed in 1742 by 7() inhabitants of Framingham for a grant of wilderness land up m the Housatonic river just north of an Indian town. This petition was granted January S, 1713, ,and the petitioners were directed to sttrvey six square miles, have it divided into 79 loits, one for each petitioner, one for the first settled minister, one for the support of the ministry and one for the support of public schools. This grant Avas conditional on tbere being witliin three years at least 60 families settled with a liDuse on eaf;h I<>1 of at least 18 feet square, and a portion of the land fenced aivJ. plowed: that there be also a convenient meeting-hoiuse and that a learned and orthodox minister be settled; the proprietors were required to give bonds that these firings be done. This was at once done and the plots of numbered lots as entered in the town records October 19, 1742, can be readily analyzed,and the residence of each proprietor determined. Owing to numerous Indian forays gro\ving out of King (Jecu'ge's war it was not easy to clear the land and form a settled community. The first pi(tneers were twice driven out by Indians, and even after settlers i,a'e\v more numerous; it was iliouuht wise tot erect two forts wiihin whicli tlie womoii and cliililrcii might be placed while the iiu'ii wciv cnuagt-'d ill lalxtr at a dislan^ce. Settlers began to arrive from OonnecticiU in 1T53, the first being Xathaniel Willcocks, Avho- settled on the lot just north of St. Luke's church, and subsequently lost it to the P)radK y family by the since familiair process of endorsing notes.

Other families began to ascend the Ilousaitonic valley from Connecticut, (then called ''Down Countn'""), especially from Stamfoi-d. Newtown. New Millnid ami Salisbury: the Bradleys, ^leades, Shermans, Woods and Xowtons being among the number. It is worth noting that it was about the same time, 1761, that ({uite a number of towns in the county were settled, the fact probably being that about that tinie all fear of troiuble from hostile Indians was permanently dissipated. That the neighboring population, however, was not large is evidenced by the fact that the survey of the towm described it as baunded on the south by an Indiian town and on the north, east, and west by ^nlderness. It adds to our respect for our first settlers to find that while things were still in this primitive condition, one of the first things done was to appoint a committee to secure a preacher of the gospel. This committee was oomposed of two Congregationalists and one Episcopalian, which fairly represented the relative proportion between the tw^o denominations. An unusual degi'ee of harmony seems to have exixstod between tlio t^vo denominations, and an cfT'ort was madb toi secure a minister agreeable to both. Eev. Daniel Collins was settled as the town minister in December, 1763, which office he held for the period of 58 3^ears. Mr. Collins was one of the old continental gentry who always dressed with queue and knee-buckles, and whose manner was that of the courtly aristocrat. He always exacted tlic consent ional marks of res])eet from those be met, and would enter formal complainits against children who omitied them. Ilis whole manner was one calculated to kindle pro- - found reverence from others, and cbildren seeing him at a distance would sometimes hide behind the stone wall till he had pa.s.-ed by. His long minislry in this ]ilace, as well as the fact that though a strong Tory all through the Eevolution, he was never troul)lecl in his positiion, comlnne to show that to an uncommon degree he possessed the confidence and esteem of all. In one respect, however, he did not succeed in giving universal satisfaction. Although from Connecticut Ke had no trace of Episcopacy about him, and before long the Episcopalian element began to grow restive and sought to have services of their own. In October. 17GT, the Eev. Samuel Andrews of WaJlingford. Conn., came to this to^\^3, then recently settled. He found a number of church families ill at ease in their religious surroundings and anxious for the services of their o\\'ii communion. He held services in the house of William Bradley, and baptized a number of children. Erom that day to this services have been continued. At first a school house opposite the Baker tavern was used, afterwards a brick building just south of the present rectory. In 1785 a church was erected on the same spot where the present one stands, only facing southwards. This building was of wood, had a gallery on tliree sides and a seating capacity of 300. The stone which formed the entrance to the old church serves the same purpose in the present (me. The land oni which the church stood was donated by William Bradley, the lot being subsequently enlarged by gifts from William JSradley and Laban Lasell. In 1770 a call was extended to the Rev. G-ideon Bostwick to take the pastoral oversight over the parish in connection with his work at Great Barrington and other places. This call he accepted and officiated one Sundlay a month for 2'o years. Mr. Bostwick was bom in Xew ]\Iilfoa-d, Conn., in 1742, and was brought up as a Congrogationalist. AVhile at Yale college he became interested in the Episcopal church and soon transferred his allegiance. Going to Great Barrington to act as school teacher he was induced to assist ini the services of St. James' church as lay-reader. From, this the transfer to becoming a minister of the church and rector of the parish was a matter of a very short time. He was of course obliged to go to bJngland for ordination, a matter wliich in those days occupied no little time and was attended with no little danger, but he safely

Throiiiihout the Kevolutionary war Mr. Bost^\ick's sympathies wiTc understood to be Tory; but as he was universally respected and refrained from overt acts of hostility to the Colonial cause, he was not disturbed by the authorities, despite the tension of publii- si'iitiiiuMii at the lime, lie, however, availed himself (.r the otl'er of the lirilisli government to assist the C'hiiicli if i-;ii.L;iaiKl eleroTincn in America, and sent live cliildren to Canada who wd-f maintained by the l^nylish. The children all grew up and became well-to-do and prominent; one of them becoming a colonel in the British anny, in which capacity he served in the war of 181

^Ir. Bovstwick was widkjly known for the solemnity and reverence with which he rendiered theChurch service; but this solemnity was the product of no artificial sanctimoniousness, for he was noted for his good cheer and wit in private conversation. He was also noted for accurate scholarsnip, and that too in a day when among Episcopal clergy it required a considerable degree of attainment to excite remark; the candidates for orders being thoroughly drilled by private teachers educated in England, in all the minutiae of classical scholarship; it being no uncommon thing for candidates for orders to be asked to defend the positions they assumed by arguments in the I..atin language, and also to be a/iked to translate at sight from (Ireek into Latin. It was durin<^ Mr. Bostwick"s rectorship that the church in the United States passed from a mere de])ondcncy of the Church of England into being a free and independent national church. A short time after his entrance ui)on a new era St. Luke's parish was also called upon to make a change. Mr. Bostwick suddenly died, and his recently appointed assistant, Mr. Burhans, became his succes.';or. Daniel Biiilians was of Dutch antecedents. His father was poor, his mother sickly and Ijurdened with a large family. He had no other o])portunities of learning beycmd what wa.s possible in three or four months of attendance on the district school each year: - surely not a very cheerful outh ok for one desirous of saining an education. But so zeal-

Hiu> was he that his teachers hecame interested in his progress, and one of thorn promised that if he coukl be fitted for college, he might look for assistance in nndertaking a college conrse. Young Burhans eagerly set himself to work and at last was ready. As the commencement of the college year grew near he .jonrneyed some 20 miles to his old teacher's house to see ^bout the promised! assistance. What was liis disappointment -at finding his benefactor at the point of death and all possibility of assistance from this quarter at an end. Thus foiled of his intended pui-pose he cast about for some other form of intellectual activity, and being offered the principalship of the Academy in the noirth pai-t of Lanesborougli he accepted and took up his residence in this town, his house being a little north of that now occupied by Henry Newton.

While he was engaged in teaching at this place the town was visited by one of the old-time Xew England revivals. Mr. Burhans, who had always been under Oooigregationalist influences, was somewhat repelled by bome features of this revival, and ^vhile exercised in mind over his gTowing divergency from the religious teaching of those with whom he was associated, a friend IDlaced in his hands a ccpy of the 39 articles of the Church of England; on reading of these he was struck with their correspondence Avith the views he had independoutly formed. He soon changed his church relations, and on Mr. Bostwick's solicitation was ordained deacon in order that he might assist in the services of the church, especially in the rectors frequently prolono-ed absences. Although this was done with no thought of discontinuing teaching. Providence who; had larger things in view for Mr. Burhans, ordered otherwise, and on ]\lr. BostAnck's unexpected death soon afterwards, J\Ir. Burhans was constrained to taJve full charge of the parish and ovontiially aband. iied liis school.

Mr. Burhans remained in Lauesborough for about six yeai-s more, and theuj removed to NeA\iJown, Conn., where he remained during his active ministry. He was a man of large, commanding appearance, ruddy face, quick nervous movements, and

]Ie lived to the ripe age of 91, heing married five times. He Avas |)i'(Miiiiieiu in many cliureli movements, being associated witli the organizatiom of the Ciemcral Theological Seminary and witli the first l)eginnings of the ehnrch in Pittsfield.

niiiim;- iiis rectorship Massac-husetts was fonned into a diocese, and Bishop Bass commenced the exercise of the Episcopate. At tlie first convention, despite the difficulty of traveling long distances, St. Lnke's cluircli Avas represented hy Daniel Bnrhans and Stoddard Williams.

Previous to this, Berkshire County was connected with the Diocese of Connecticut, and in fact it was not foir some considerable time that a hishop of Massachusetts visited this portion of the State.

In 1803 the Eev. Amos Pardee was settled in Lanesborough, where he remained 16 years. In after years he acted as missionary in' New York State, dying in 1819. During his rectorship tlic ]iresent rectory was built, William, Joel, and Ephraim Bradley being the principal donors. In 1809 the lot of land cioiinected with the rectory was enlarged tO' the present dimensions by the gift of William Bradley. Tlicre was a former rectory standing near the present horse-sheds on the south side of the chtircli: what is loft of this now is a woodshed connected with the tenianl liouse of C. T. Farnum.

It was during Mr. Pardee's rectorship thai tlie first visit of a bishop was made tn- Jderksliire County; Bishop Griswold having just entered ug)on his duties. The stoiw as told by Dr. Stone, tlu'u a cliihl in Southern Berkshire, may be of interest. 'T well reiiieiidier the visit which, in five weeks after his consecration. Bishop (Jriswold paid to the churches in the Housatonic valley, to l.anesljorougli, Lenox, and Great Barrington. It was the first tiiiK- they owv liad received a bishop and was therefore regarded as a most signal event, lie came oru the foTirth of July, ]S1 1. ;i,id ;iinid the ringing of l)ells, the firing of cannon and the huzzas of those shouting for the Hbeities of their country. i2S persons knelt diOfwn at the chancel rail of the little churcli in Greut Barrington before the first bishop who had ever spoken within their Avails, and received the hand of blessing. And as they did so they all felt that he was a man whose thoughts were much in heaven: all realized that there was in his presence a something spiritual not found in other men. And many found that with him came the prayer that availeth much and the anointing of that Holy One who teacheth to know all things profitable to salvation.'"'

The manner oi conducting ser^dces at this period and the method of pastoral visiting were quite common in both the larger cities and smaller country towns. The surplice was not used a,t all. (In this parish not till within 50 years.) The reading of the commandmants, epistle, and gospel .on occasions when there was no communion was very rare. As to the method of visiting,! quote from a pastoral letter of one of the leading bishops of Mr. Pardee's time. Speaking of the necessity of knowing the people well, he says to the minister: "Start early in the morning with yotir hoarse to visit the people. Breakfast with one family, and then spend an hour in religious conversation, diue with another and spend an hour in conversation; take tea Avitli a third: and follmv it in the same manner; pursue this course daily till you have made a comiDlete round of your parish; then devote a few weeks to study and then resume the same mode of visiting again."

In 1820 the Eev. Aaron Humphrey Avas called to; the rceiurshij), Avhicli he held for ten years. Mr. Humphrey subsequently resided iu the Avest and died in Beloit, ^Yis., in 1S58. During this period the church Avas legally incorporated, the date being Feb. 23, 1823. and on the folloAviug Easter Monday, Miu'ch 31, the parish Avas legally organized: the Avardens elected being Peter B. Curtis and William Bradley. In 1827 the church Avas repaired at a cost od: $350, the money being raised by taxes m the pcAvs.

In 1831 perhaps the most important single event in the history of the parish transpired. I refer of course toi the invitation extended to the Rev. S. B. Shaw of Guilford, \t., to settle as rector. . ^ir. Shaw"s letter of acceptance anay be of interest. Omitting a few sentences relating to matters oif temporary interest onl}^, it is as follows: "I have now officiated for yow on several occasions and A'isited the greater portionof your parish; wheil her my visits have been acceptable I cannot tell, or whether 1 shoulil )je able to advance the initerests of your church is known onh' to Him whose agents we are. For my own part, however, although I find your eouditidn less prosperous than I hoped to find it, and although in coming I shall be compelled' to make many sacrifices, to part with faithful and long tried friends, and to enter upon a iield of laboi- which will require the most untii'ing industry and patience, nevertheless,! have thought proper to accept of your iuivitation upon the porfoa-mance on your part of the following conditions: (After speaking about vacations and revisiting his old parish at Guilford oeeasiionally until a n^^'W rector shoaild be settled), he goes on to say, -'Third., 1 shall expect that your parsonage house will be sufficiently enlarged and improved to make it a pleasant, convenient, and comfortable residence for a large and respectaljle family, which is not now the case; that a eoaivenient woodshed and can-iage-house be attached to it, and that the Avhole coiieeru. inrluding fences, be ]tnt in good repair and kept so. J-'(Uirlli. 1 shall ex])i'et to re- coive a salary (in acldition to the enjoyment of the Glebe property, which, except the house, vnll not he worth much to me) of $500, which I presume is as small a sum as Aviil support my family respectably and enable me to exercise the duties of charity and hospitality. Fifth, with regard to wood, which, although a, small matter when divided among a whole parish, is an important item in the expense of a clergyman, I shall leave it altogether to your generosity, Ijelieving that whatever your circumstances will enable you to do to render yoUr minister comfortable, will 1)e cheerfully and willingly perfonned."'

The eoQiditions appear to have been agreed to, for ]\Ir. Shaw was settled and remained for 34 years as rector. I regret to find, however, frecjuent references in the records of the annual Easter business-meetings to arrearages and delays in paying ^Ir. Shaw's salary.

The early davs of Mr. Shaw's ministry witnessed stirring scenes in both church and state. It was in the time of the attempted nullification of Federal laws by South Carolina, the first beginning of acts which culminated in secession and consequent civil war: it witnessed the rise of the Oxford movement in the church; the publication >oi the famous Essays and Reviews; the conflict of high church and low church, and broad church, and ritualistic parties; it witnessed the death of Bishop Griswold and the accession of Bishop Eastburn, and the inauguration of more aggressive movements for church extension; it witnessed the organdzation of domestic and foreign mjssions in the Episcopal church on a firm basis, and the abandonment of the old style of confining the ministrations of the church to families brotight up as church people, and half apologizing for presuming to do even this. Throughout the fresli, stirring life of those davs and the controversies incident to them, Mr. Shaw kept always a i-od! lu'ad and was ])i'c-ciiiiiu'iiily a man of peace. He was cliaraetorizcfl' not l)y remarkable gilts in some one direction, accomi)anied by correspond ini: defects in all otliers, but by a remarkabli' poise and syjimietry of character, was remarkably well Ijalanced, wise, judicious, sensible; and while some might be over sanguine and others unduly depressed, he was always sound in judgment, even and hopeful in temperament, always consistent and linn and to be depended ou; alike the friend and counsellor of the old, the niiddleaged, and the young; one who could I'cjoiee with them that did Tejoice and weep with them that wept, and be, in the best sense of the woi'ds, all thirngs to all men. With his happily constructed disposition he lived long years among his people until partial blindness and the growing infirmities of years called for a temporary rest from active seiwice. His life was one prolonged practising of the Prophet's injunction, "Line upon line, precept upon precept, here a little and there a little;" a daily unostentatious sowing of good seeds whose fruits are found all over the land, and everywhere to the glory and praise of God.

His letter of resignation reads as follows: "For reasons sufficiently urgent and ohvious I resign the rectorship of St. Luke's church. I cannot, however, withdraw from a connection formed before most of you were bom and wliich has e\er been hannonious and pleasant witliout painful emotions, and without some degree of anxiety in regard to its results. The parish is now united and flourishing. Its members and resources ha\e been much increased during our comiection, and although tlie desire expressed by many friends for a longer continuance among them renders a separation more trying, a ministr)' of 44 years, 34 of which have been devoted to your sen-ice, justifies a temporary respite from parochial cares and responsibilities.''

Subsequently to Mr. Shaw's leaving St. Luke's parish his health was so far improved tha,t for nearly 20 years longer he continued to labor in different fields, although not doing full ^\-ork for a portion of the time .

I'liiversity the clegrec of Doctor of Divinity. At the time of his deatli he was the oklest clerg-yman of tlie church hy years of ordina-tion, and also the oklest graduate of Brown University. It is a sino-l^la^ fact that Dr. Burnlians was alsoi the oldest clergyman of the church at the time of his death, and that the same must have been the case, or very nearly the case, with ]\Ir. Humphrey; rather a remarkable record, surely for a single small parish . Before leaving Dr. Shaw, mention should be made of what was perhaps the most important event in his ministry, that is the erection ocf the present church building.

In 183G, five years after Mr. Shaw's arrival, a building committee consisting of Almon Curtiss, Jason ISTewton, Stoddard Hubbell, Sherman Curtiss, and Titus Wood contracted with William Babbit and Hiram Crandall to procure materials for aaid erect a church 60 by 44 feet, walls 26 feet high, to be finished in as good style as the church in Pittsfield, for $2250 and the material of the old church . They also contracted with Solomon Stoddard to prepare the walls, lath, plaster with three coats of hard finish, and put up chimneys, raise tower the same as the Pittsfield church, for $750. On Easter, 1836, the old church was opened for the last time; on the next day it was taken down, by June the walls O'f the new church were raised; by July the tower was raised ; in September it was lathed, plastered and painted; on Christmas day it was opened for the first time. During the interval the congregation worshiped in the stone school house. In additio^n to the sums mentioned, considerable more was in point of fact expended for labor and materials. One or two items may be of interest: -

There was paid to Jason N^ewton for plank, $45; Abial Piatt for stone, $177; John Farnum for lime, $48; Beujaniin Paul Pratt for stone, oil, and paint, $127; Leonard Scott and Almon Curtiss for work, $55; parties in Pittsfield for- supplies and work, $200; making the total cost of church, $3694.67 .

On Monday preceding the opening of the church the pews were sold fori$3200. The prices paid for some of the pews (which ha.ve remained in substantially the same families ever since) may be of interest: -

Almon Cui-tiss. ^li:>: XHioiiiinli TaU-ott, $110, $100; Tini* WdocI, $100,$31; ilradley Shennaii, $95; Laban Lasell, $2o0; Eli Bradley. $105, $85, $40; Stoddard Hubbell, $135; Jason Newton, $150, $60; Joel Bradley, $100; Asahel Sherman, $100. Edward A. Newton also ga.ve $100 for a pew for the Eector's family and also $100 for a pew for elderly people. The remaining pews which would make too long a list to be given in full, were sold at pi-icos ranging from $95 to $30 . It is noticeable that among the purchasers were Judge Savage and Henrj^ Shaw, and that Bushrod Buck purchased a pew to be for the use of the poor. In addition to this sale of pews some money was raised by subscription, the largest donors being Laban Lasell, $300; N. Talcott, $200; Jason Newton, $200; Eli Bradley, $35<i: Asahel Sherman, $200; Edward A. Newton, $200. Laban Lasell also purchased a piece of ground to enlarge the church lot.

A new organ was placed in the church about the same time, costing $354, Edward A. Newton and Laban Lasell being the principal donors. This was supplanted in 1862 by the present organ, costing $800, Edward A. Newton, Jedediah Newton and William T. Filley being the largest subscril^ers, tlie old oTgan being sold to St. John's church, North Adams.

The church has been several times repaired and beaut i lied, notably in 1855, being frescoed and carpeted and the present blinds being put on. In 1846 a chandelier was purchased from St. Stephen's church, Pittsfield. On July 22, 1858, the chuveli was struck by lightning during the night o]i the north M'est pinnacle of the tower, leaping from this to the roof and tearing the rafters on botli sides and entering the church by the north east wind:ow, passing from thence to the ground, tearing everything in its course. This necessitated considerable repairs, tbe first of which was naturally the placing of lightning-rods in position. Of the money required for these repairs lulwanl A. Ne^\ion. was the principal donor.

AVe notice at this stage of the parish's history the beginning of a new order of things which has coaitinned to the present time. Previous to this time not the slightest mention of any htdies''work is fonnd iii the records, bnt on this occasion we lind it stated that the hidies raised all the money. The men. however, riesponded the following year by raising $700 for a. new bell, the largest donors being Asaliel Sherman, Henry Farnnm, and ("hauncev Fillej^

From 1SG8 to 1871 the Rev. William C. Mills was rector. His subsequent miniistry was in the West. A short time ago he died in San Francisco, holding at that time the position oi city missionary. During- his residence some $1300 was expended for impTovements on the rectory and repairs on the church rendered necessary on account of damage inflicted by a A-iolent tornado. FolloAving 'Mr. Mills was the Rev. Francis Gilliat. who remained only aboitt six months. He has since officiated in several parishes in difl:erent Eastern States.

Following was the Rev. J. S. P^arce, rector from Sept.. 1S71 to Sept. 1873. Mr. Pearce subsequently spent eleven years as rector of St. John's church, Northampton, Mass., and is now stationed at the church in Portsmouth, R. I. He died about four years ago.

For abotit six months after this the Rev. Joshua ^lorsell. 1'. D., was rector. He went from here to City Island, X. Y., where he died about 15 years ago on Christmas day while in the pulpit.

From 1875 to 1879 the Rev. C. C. Adams was rector. During his incumbency the west end of the church was beautifully decorated; also the Glebe was much improved. Mr. Adams subsequently labored in Michigan and Iowa, and is now residing in Connecticut.

On Sept. 4,, 1880. the Rev. C. J. Palmer commenced his labors, which have continued to Oct. -^, 180y. Within this period the church has been re-painted, re-carpeted and recushioned; the pews also have been altered; likewise two stained- glass windows have been put in position. These improvements have been rendered possible by much hard work on the part of the ladies supplemented by large gifts from Mrs. David L. Seymour and family. Lamp-posts have also been placed in front of the new church and a new bell procured by the liberality of Mrs. J. W. Xewton.

In April, 1900, llox. A. P.. Morehouse became the Eector and continued in that relation until his death. May, 1903. At present Rev. I'rankliii Kniylil isoflticiating. In 189S n beautiful parish house was erected by ]\lrs. Titus Eddy in mem'ory of her mother, Mrs. David L. Seymour, and dedicated with appropriate services by Bishop Lawrence Sept. 35th of that year.

lUii to resume the narrative of the civil historj^ of early days. Meanwhile the town was growing and January 30, 1765, was incorporated. As it was about this time that many other settlements were made in this region, the towns comprising it were organized into a county by themselves and were many of them incorporated about the same time, and Gov. Bernard was called upon to assign names to them. 'J'his lie did, drawing on the names of persons or places with Avhicli lie had been associated. Coming from Berkshire, Enig., he named the new county after Ills old home. The town next south of this was named after William Pitt, the prime minister. One member of the privy council at the time wa.s the count of Lanesborough, and his wife was a person of considerable influence and popularity, as was shiown by her being commonly called "Lovely Lanesborough." This suggested the name of the principal town of the county, which name, adjective and all, it has borne ever since.

To this region, now rapidly developing, an unusually large percentage of the courtly and aristocratic elements of the State began to flow, including a large number of college gra.duates. The new community began to take the front rank, whicli for many years it was destined to hold, in fact for about SO yeai-s, until the tremendous advantage whicli the buildling of the railroads through certain other toAvns gained for them the place of ratok which otherwise they never could have secured. Although not near the centers of Revolutionar}' disturbance, Lanesborongh was among the first to take a stand for liberty. Three delegates from Lanesboroiigh were at tlie conference at Stockbridge July 6, 1774. to calmly bnt firmly assert the rights «f Americans. And at the State convention soon after, Peter Curtass of Lanesborough was a member of the committee that brought in the resolntions to abstain from tea while it should l)e taxed, and on Aug. 31st (still two years before the Revolution) the to^^^l voted $100 for powder and lead; and a ComraiU tee o'f Safety was appointed consisting of Peter B. Curtiss, Gideon Wheeler, Francis Giteau, Jedediah Hubbell, :N'athaniel Williams and Miles V .well, descendants of all of whom, are well known to this vicinhy. Of these ^Ir. Gurtiss Wcis afterward well known as the first representative in the JA\o:islature from Lanesboro'ugh, and Dr. Giteau is cons])ieu()us as an ancestor oi the notorious aissassin.

Throughout the war devotion to the cause of Independence c-'Ofntinued unabated, and while there were a few Tories, tlie enormous list of Lanesborough soldiers on the side of independence would seem as numerous as the able-l>adied men in the town could }>ossibIy have been. And though the t<»\vn records give many a pathetic bit of evidence to what straits the i>e(;iple were brought, yet their votes show how little thought of looking back ever, crossed their mindls.

But the end at last came and peace and independence were assttred. Btit still much remained to be done. As in other parts of the country so in this county the disorders induced Ity the war and the increased acquaintance with Frencii cusroms and opinioins indttced great laxity in religious observances and in the tone of puljlic morals. An idea of the state of thin-»-s in the neighboring to\nis at this time may be gained by notuMiig one or two incidents occurring in t]ie adjoining vilhiges. In one of them. Just after the war. an ohl minister who came ti> revisit his peo})le after an absence of a few years found things a.s follows: "There was no convenient place in whicli to assemble for public worship. Inquiry was ma(K' wliether tlie former meeting-house could not be fitted up for the purjtose for < aie Sabbath; but it was found to be impracticable. a,s the windows

-were hroken , the doiors had fallen down and the floor had long" been occupied hy shoe]i. It was further said that if a iiieetinjr shcnild be a])|)()int('d anywhere else, there M'ould 1)e Init little interest taken in it, and but few Avonld attend. It was eoinnmn to devote the day io visit inir, sitting in taverns and to lioiscraeing." So much lor ilie state of things in one of our nciglilmring" towns.

In another, it is related that when a meeting was called to settle a niinister, no sooner had the question been ])ut tJian every pei'son present lot'l the room as though to show, by not taking the tremble to vote at all, their contempt for the whole subject.

Of still another town it is stated in a pamphlet written at this time, "In this village the tongue of slander, like the busy hojiper of a mill, is never idle; old grudges and aspiring aml)ition continue to feed the flame.

If these (and they are but samples of many similar statements) fairly represent the condition of the times it is not likely that Lanesborough altogether escaped' the infection.. Although religion certainly was never openly contemned, theproofs of moral laxity are unhappily ahundant; as to the frequency of slander ndj political vituperation it is at least suggestive that when Dr. Burhans revisited Lanesborough sotm aifteii, he took as the subject of his sermon, "Sins of the Tongue,'" as though this were a peculiaxly appropriate subject.

In civil aif airs, matters were in a very unsettled and tiireatening condition. liiots and anarchy were rampant. Aiul for a long time it was uncertain whether the colonies were to rise to the level of their o]q)ortunity and form a strong, stable government, Ih<' future home of uneounited millions, where wei'c to be solved the problems which the old world had failed to meet, or on tlie other hand were to be a mere horde of petty principalities, without powcj-, inlhuMU'c or prestige, unaljle to aifect the destinies of the Avorld for either good or ill. Seldom have the (h'stinies of the world hung on a slendcivr tlux'ad than when the Tcdci-id constitution was Itcing dchalcil hv the sevei-al stales and its fortunes luuig tremljling in the balance. Miissacliusctts was one of the nmsi iniiiortant of thi> states. The conventiou of Massachusetts wlien it assembled had an -andoiubted majority of members purposing to vote for rejection. But in the providence of God this was not to be .

A. little town among the Berkshire hills had sent a ver}^ lai-ge man to the convention, - a man of whom Daniel Webster after- Avarcls said that "of all the men he had known this, was the one most characterized by sound sense, correct principles and a correct judgment as to public aifairs." Jonathan Smith addressed the convention in a speech (which all may read in the Madison papers) characterized by wonderful adroitness, worthy of the acutest law^^erin discarding all adventitious issues audi presenting the subject in the true light of the supreme momentousness of the sitiuition. His speech did the work. The constitution was ratified, other states fell into line. The United States became a nation and entered on the work that is to remould the world. Well may Lanesborough name her chief hill "Constitution hill,*^ for whatever liigli calling Providence may have in store fori her she is not likely ever to do a work of more lasting consequence than when she sent her' chiefest son to tlie constitutional convention of a centur}'^ ago .

But thoaigh Jonathan Smith Avas her greatest son and his work her greatest contribution to tlie Avorld's liie, yet Lanesborough had other sons made of similar kind of stuff who wereassociated in the inception of other important things. Men like- Henry Shaw, the, friend and confidant of the chiefest statesmen of the land, and his son, the cliiefest of all the humorous writers America has produced, Avhose gifted pen has penetrated and shattered m&nx an abuse Avhich mere sermons would have a.- sailed in Aain; there Avere men like Briggs, the renowned goA'- ernor of the commonwealth, and Barnes, the surgeon-general of the United States, and Volk, the celebrated sculptor, and Talcott, Avho, strong in everything lie touched, ahvays at his post in church even Avalking tAvelve miles after midnight Avhcn detained aAvay from home late on Saturday, rather than be absent from church on Sttnday morning; there Avas llubbell, wJio in a long life of 100 years, Avas ahvays a toAVcr and pillar <it streng-th to everv good cause, whose devotion to religion was siifh that when deafnes? made it impossible otherwise to hear the minister, he always sat in the piilj^it by tht" minister's side, SO' as to hear eA^ery word and join intelligently in llie services. Tliere were the whole family of BradJeys, each worthy of a se])arat«^, mention, and the Curtisscs and "Wheelers, always sure to l)e foremost in whatever they touched; there was Xewton, s<» lonig a chi.'f pillar of 81. T.nke's church and Asa Barnes, one of the leading men of the county. Thoro was Jabez Hal], prominent in the war of 181-2: and there were many others, like the Shermans and Biicks and Williams and rarnums ajid bourses and Lassells and Woodis and Bacons, to mentiom only those most prominent in the records of 50 and 100 yeai-s ago, all able colaborers with these in evciw good work. Fnder the guidance of such men as these the town rapidly grew and developed.

Kvon 80 years ago there Avere five hotels, three tanneries, five shoe shops, three tailor shops, five blacksnvitlis. two cloth dressing factories, two wagon shops, five saw mills, one mill for making spinning wheels besides the grist mills, harness-shops and a number of stores; and chiefest of all the extensive business in marl)le quarrying .

Some $200,000 worth of marble was sent to different parts of the country', much of which Avas used in the construction of the most prominent buildings. The interests of religion and education were also duly attended to. Eight large boarding schools, one at least accommodating a$ mam'- as 150 pupils, have at different times been maintained. Some of these were patronized by pupil* from the most distant points, and all stood high in the public estiraationi. The names of the old teachers, Burhans, Talcott, Tolman, Gilbert, Day, Knapp, Green and others, will awaken memories all over the land. In 1818, the Baptist church was organized through the effoii'ts of Dr. William H . Tyler and Gov. Briggs, and received its share of the money raised from public taxation. This society grew rapidly and for many years was a power in the community. In 1831 there, was a great revival which resulted in the conversion of 170;persons. About 30 years ago a Methodist society was organized which lias alwa.vt? maintained its full share of infiuence in the town.

A few of the tilings iu the beginnings of which Lanesborough men were prominent maj be mentioned. The first definite moivement,to plant the Episcopal church in every considerable town in Massachusetts was made as the result of a motion to that effect by the delegates from this parish. - the U)\\n<, of Springfield, Woircester, Pittsfield and Northampton lacing especially mentioned. The general theological seminary was called into being by a committee of the general convention, of which committee the rector otf this parish Avas a member. The lirst movement to prepare missionary teachers for Africa was made at a gathering in Avliich the same rector was a prominent participant. The first movement to establish misssionary associations in the several parishes toi interest them in work beyond their own borders was made by a visitation to every parish in' the State, conducted by two gentlemen, one of whom was from this parish. The passage of the famous protective tariif bill of 1824, which was such an important epoch in the history of manufacturing in the. whole United States, was largely due to the representative from this district whose home was in Lanesborough.

Lanesborough people were the principal originators of the first agricultural society ^formed in New England, which by annual exhibits and premiums has done much to develop the farminjg interests. It was on motion of the representative from Lanesborough that the Legislature directed tluil tlie dog tax should go to the suppoat of public libraries. And it is a suitable recompense of this act that Berkshire County should be chief among the counties for size of libraries in proportion to the population, and that LanesboTough should have a larger library than even Boston itself, in proportion to the relative size of the two places.

Such were the men oi olden times in this lair village of the Mils. Such were the men who went before you, expelled the Indians, felled the forests, subdued the soil. Such were the men who labored, and into whose labors you have entered.

Your problems are not the same as theirs; but in the ever widening streaoii of human history, they may be not less but more. Theirs it v.as to prepare and make ready the way, to prepare one portion of a great land wliicli was to be an asylum and refuge to all the oppressed and ju^rsecuted in all this wide and weary woTld, to afford a place and an environmenit wliere tliey could be remoulded and fashioned into a higher and sweeter and ])urer life. To pre])are a land of freedom where everyone could unfold and develop what was in him without let or hindrance. This they did: and into, this land strangers from all over the -world are flocking in unprectHlented numbers: even already about oO per cent, of your inhabitants are of foreign extraction .

It is your work, as that of every toA\-n in all this broad land to enter on this work, than which there could be no grander, of elevating, educating, redeeming, saving this seething i throng, assimilating aind Americanizing them: to raise them to the highest moral stature by your schools, your libraries, your churches, and by the contagion of the atmosj)here of your own sweet, pure lives. And in so doing you may find your own rich est gain. An illustratioii of our duties and our possibilities in this regard is found in a ^phenomenooi of ISTature whose fruits are at our very doors. Long centuries ago the hills and valleys all about us had; become exhausted of their wonted powers. The life the}"^ once had was all exhausted and they needed enrichment from without. In the good providence of Goid vast glaciers from the distant north began to move southward: they gathered up the rocks and soil of all the countries through which they passed: they brought them all in due course of time tn the fieldis about us: at last melting, they deposited a vast mass of new soil thoroughly mixed and groamd together, which proved to be just the addition that was needed to restore vitality and richness to tlie land. Some of the unused debris left by these dissoilving glaciei-s, we see in the Wizard's Glen in our eastern border. In nianmer like to this, from time to time the original stook of a nation loses its freshness and pristine vitality: and by processes almoist as rigorous as the glacier, God sends a new supply of strength from other regions. The replenishing the worn out strength of the Eoman Empire by the vast inllux of the Goths with their new.fresh life is but a familiar example of what is ever liappening. Our own land, our own town has lost soinewliat of the early, haircly vig'or of the first settlers and begins to reseniljlc the worn out fields. In accordance with the uudversal law, God is now sending- to us, vast hordes of new people by exevy whitewinged messenger that crosses the Atlantic. They come here among other reasons, to supply what we lack. If we, arise to -our lOfpportunities, join earnestly in the work of amalgamating, assimilating these people, receiving from them what they have to bring, and imparting to them of the fullness of our gifts, mouldin 'r all into one compact, American people, then the sun will have never shone upon a land as grand, as happy, as rich, and as prosperous as ours. But if we shrink from the task because it is hard, Ijecause. like a glacial epoch, the progress is unpleasing; if we leave these people as an uneducated, unchristianized, un- Americanized mass in our midst, then just as when (as in the "Wizardl's Glen) the glacier melts before its work is finished, there is deposited a huge mass of unground rock not only of no prolit but preventing even the little former vitality of the grciunid from asserting itself; so with us, we may by being derelict, have within our borders a huge, undigested foreign element, of no profit whatever, constantly a menace to our national life, and so the last state be worse than the first.

We may cry, alas! we are not such men as they and can never do our work as they did tlieirs. Yes, it may be true that since their day the changing tendency has been downward, but perhaps we may find hope in the doctrine of atavism, that though variation from the ancesti'al type may be always going on, yet there, is after a while the tendency to revert to the parent type. And so perchance in our very consciousness of degenerating variation we may see the promise of the approaching reversion to the faith and manhood of our fathers and so rase to, the hope set before us.

In thus fulfilling and carying to perfection the work tliey laid dioA\-n., the men who went before us are even now our eager witnesses and ready sympathizers and glad co-workers.

On .1 liny lil<t» this, aiul in a plaeo like this, "\vc feel tlieni very near. Inr tlu' air about ris is laden mth their presence. For IhdUi^h in the great heavens the largest spot on earth is but a tiny speck, yet as AVebster said of the Dartmouth College of his day, so avo may p«y of this town of Lanesborough, it is a little spot, but there are those that love it. And in that love your departed sons behold your work with tender sympathy, and to your answering love no taisk is hopeless, and in its strength all things are possible.

At the delivery orf tlie address at the Old Home Week Celebration the following words were introduced in conclusion refen-ing to the Scriptural promises of resun-eetion of the dead and the final Home Coming for etenial reunion at the "World's end.

Ah, does not .'this promise come home to our hearts with peculiar depth and tenderness of meaning? For as has been said Avhat family is tliere so favored that alL'its beloved ones are safely folded under one roof-tree? Wliat home is there whose circle of happy faces 'is complete and from which, even if all are in this life, no one has gone forth to dwell in distant lands? Alas, for that migratory instinct which robs the home nest so padly often! Alas, for the river of human life so often overflowing its banks and compelling search ;fotr fresh fields in wh'wh to move! The homes and graves of those who once prayed around the same fond mother's knees are now sevei-ied far and wide by ocean's waves or long leagues of equally sepai'ating land. At this moment there are hearts on the lonely deep that have been well nigh broken in the desperate wa-eneh of departing from their native land. There are eyes that 'gaze through bitterty buniing tears on the pui^jle hills of childhood as they grow dim and cloudlike. We hear from j'ajid of our friends at a distance almost as if they had live<l in another world and had no longer any ])art or lot in the common everj'-day world in wliiih we dwell. We hear from them and of them at intervals, but we scarce ex])ect to see them, save at rare intervals, again; and however anxious they may be to revisit the scenes of childhood, although they may have many a pang of 'homesickness and cast many a ^ earning look across the blue waters or the vast prairies, still circumstances prevent their return. Xew ties, new interests, new associations spring np to chain them to their adopted home and to separate them from ns forever. And how often in the soleiun eventide, when memories of the past come back \Yixh. thrilling- power, how often on gay and festive anniversaries, when most we miss onr absent and distant friends, and imagination strives in vain to picture the strange scenes, amid which their lot is cast, and a longing, all the stronger in that it cannot be gratified, toi see the old i familiar faces and hear the voices we remember so well, takes possession of us all! Oh, in such hours as these | how do we yearn with our whole souls for the place where there shall be noi more sea to divide the loving and the loved and make life so much of a dreary exile. Oh thrice blessed: thought that the friends who bade such reluctant farewells to each other on earth and for so much of their lives lived apart shall meet on the eternal shore to separate no more again forever. Those whom we shall never see again in this Avorld of partings and of tears shall be restored to our bosom in that land where the home circle shall never be broken^ and the inhabitants shall go no more out. For next to the bliss of enjoyina' the vision of our God the reunion of friends will be the Greatest blessing in the Heaven where there shall be no more sin, and sorrow and sighing and separation shall be no more.

Appendix By Courtesy Of Key. A. B. Whipple

''Balance Rock," illustrated above, is a bowlder wiiieb was brought to its present location from some i3oint east of the Hudson river by glacial action. The stone on which it rests is of a diii'erent nature from tbe Ijalanced rock. It was left poised where it now is b}' the ice river which carried it there, melting from around it and releasing^ it at this spot. This was done at some time within^ 10,000 A'ears. Ten thousand years from now this region A\dll have a torrid tempeature, and twenty-three thousand years from now ri\'crs of ice. a new system of glaciers, will fill the valley.

The rock before us is iiiearly wedge-shaped, 25 bv 15 by 10 feet, containing al)out 1900 solid feet. AVith a specific gravity 3.7 it will weigh not far from 165 tons.

This bowlder and iUs bed ro^ck are both limestone, but not alike, and so we infer that one was formed here and the other broug'ht here/ by some agencj'.

Two theories have been advocated; one the iceberg and tlie otlier the glacial theory. VCe take the glacial theory, which will, be briefiy explained:

Glaciers are vast frozen rivers, ha\ing their source, like ri\- ers in general, among the mountains, where the accumulated snows do not /melt, but by abundance and consequent pressure become compact. These masses of ice, by gravity, press toward the base of the mountains, aided by the warmer; earth beneath. They do not slide down as an avalanche does, but by the slow process of thawing on the sides and bottom, move onward at

1lie rate of eight or ten inches per day. or about a anile in 25 years. I have seen the olaciers now moving among the Bemese Alps covering vast areas, looking, as I have seen the valley of the'Hnclson at sunrise from the summit of the Catskills, covered everywhere with fog, save here and there the highest hill tops .

In tlieir movements they conform to the valleys, amd like converging streams, unite into one final glacier, whose termination is far l)elow the limit of perpetual snow and ice.

]\roving slciwly along the rocky sides of the mountains they collect on^each side the rocks and earth detached hy frost and their own pushing power, and hear them onward. On each side of every valley there is a continuous row of 'these fallen rocks, called moraines. When two of these ice streams meet the inner moraines /'each unite and form a moraine out in the middle of the glacier, so there may be as many moraines as streams less one. In the high Alpine valley of the Grindelwald I saw a glacier 12 miles long, 4 miles broad and 700 feet thick, like a perpendicular; wall, slowly pushing its way along, and yet in summer thawing faster than it moved, leaving the debris in front some distance from the glacier. In winter the thawing is less than, the mcivement and the moraines are pushed forward. Such movements have been here in ages long past. Someti.mes these glaciers reach the sea, and pushing out to a great distance, are finally broken off and become icebergs or ice mountains. There are in Greenland today such glaciers 20 miles in ^\ddth .

It is not essential to the movemenit of a glacier that there be a down grade. The revolution of the earth is sufficient as for the waters of the Mississippi to flow south .

Dr. Hitchcock, in his Geological Survey of tliis State, notes that all drift, is uniformly from the northwest to tiie southeast, and that no bowlders of 'any ledge are foimd north, east, or west of such ledge; their size and number decrease as they go south .

He notes also that the direction of the mountains has little influence on the conrse taken: and once more, that the present hills and vallevs existed at the time or period of dispersion of

Most of the small stones \vc have passed over on the road near. here and. all along the eastern slope of the 'I'agiikaiiic range in this county, are compact sandstone, of sharp, silicious grains, with various markings. That kind of stone has been brought hither from /eastern Xew York, where the rock is of this kind, and helps iilustrate the statement of Dr. Hitchcock that, generally, bowlders are not transported many miles.

Let us come^directly to the rocks before which are metaniorphic limestone, a kind of rock in greater abundance in Berk-* shire and of better qualities than in all the other sections of the commonwealth. This bed of limestone extends north to Canada, ^md south through eastern New York and New Jersey to Virginia, all fonned at some time under the sea, and consists of the comminuted shells of marine origin. The little molusks gathered the carbonic acid of the water to form their outside bones as we form our bones of the same material.

Limestone may be known from all other minerals by its tendency to effervesce in vinegar and other acids. In its primary condition it contains fossils. By means of heat it is so changed that the fossils become invisible.

The metamorphic change may reveal itself in one, or all, of three ways: Solidifying, crystalizing and coloring, as when gray clay heated becomes red brick. Sometimes there is also a change of constitution, as when silicates and carbonates, become glass. It is in this way gems are formed, topaz, sapphire, emerald and diamond. Ciystalized limestone, when hard' enough to receive a i^olish, is called ma^'ble. its hardness depends upon the pressure at the time of metamorphic change.

For instauice, limestone heated in the open air becomes quick lime and easily decomposes into powder; but under pressure the carbonic acid is retained and the mass becomes ciystalline, and the greater the pressure the finer the grains. The heat causing the change was produced at the period when tlie earth wasidistui^bed by uplifts, foldings and faultings, and so favorable to the escape of the earth's internal heat. The result

You may note a difference in the direction of its plains, as well as of its bedding- and cleavage. They are quite unlike also in hardness and color, yet both are metamorphie.

The predominant characters of Berksliire limestone are a white color and a crystalline structure. Pure carbonate of lime oir slightly mdxed with magnesia, occupies the western part of the county. Dolomite is carbonite of lime and magnesia, with a tendenc}' to crumble down and form, a wliite sand. A law of chemical combination is, that the more numerous the ingredients the motre feebly they are held together. 'It may be so ini politics.

The most noticeable limestone in this long range is called the Stockbridge limestone, though most noticeable at Lee, where it came first into notice in 1850. dt has a fine texture and is capable of enduring a pressure of 36,000 pounds to the square inch, while ordinary limestone is; crushed under a pressure of 12,000 or 13,000 pounds on a square inch. Hence the public buildings in Washingtom are largely constructed' of it.

Coming back once more to this particular boulder, let me call your attention to the water worn cavities. You may think they have been worn in its present location or during the glacial transportation. Xeitlier is thejfact. They were worn or formed in the bed rock before the upheaAal and its movement hither .

In the ]\Iammoth Cave in Kentucky I have seen many ample prooifs in a great variety of water-worn forms. Indeed the whole cave itself, with more than 200 miles of water-worn passages, is a magnified example of the working of water under the surface. Last week I visited the lime quan-y of Mr. Farnam, somefoiur or five miles east of this place. There I saw, seventy-five feet below the surface, just such water-worn cavities, vertical, oblique and horizontal, where a stream of good codd drinking (water is now engaged in the same work of water decomposing and wearing.

AVater has an affinity for carbonic acid and absorbs it Avlierever possible, from the atmo-sphere, the soil, and from carboniferous rocks. In this decomposing the limestone it takes np particles of lime and bears tliem awa}', till in some other place it may percolate through a gravel bed, and slowly evaporating, cement the gravel into a conglomerate rock, or throragh a bed of fine sand, and thus form sandstone, or evaporating from pendant points, form stalactites, or evaporating from the cave ceiling ;-cause those efflo<resccnt forms of flowers adorning the ceiling of tbe Eosette or Star Chamber in Mammoth Cave.

As there is carbonic acid in falling rain we may see how, in the long centuries, the surface of this boulder and its neighbors,can have become smooth without attributing it to glacial action.

deferring again to the section sketclies we see three on- four beds of limestone, one on tlie other side of the Taghkanic range, described as sparry limestone, while this under the boulder is called Kiclimond or Stockbridge limestone. Dr. Hitcheoc-k so names it, quoting from Dr. Dewey and his chart of Berkshire county. >So also Dr. Emmons, in his survey of Xew York, over-stepping into Berkshire county, makes like statements and draiwings. You can see by the specimens that the boulder is sjiarr}' limestone and the bed rock is not. Where then did, this boulder come from? It must be from this side of the St. Lawrence river, for all limestone north ott it is fossiliferous and therefore formed since the metamorphic period.

The Adirondacks are mostly of granite formation. The region east of ilic Hudson consists of rocks more or less metamorphosed - tlie standstone passing into quartz rock - the bluestratiiied limestones passing into the crystalline and white marbles, and the arji-illace-ous slates of the, Hudson Kiver group jDassing into silicii'ons, talcose and micaceous slates. So we tind oiu*- solves limited iu' our search to locations this side of the Hudson river and soulli of Liii<e ('liainj)l:iin. Tlie exact spot remains for some future e.xplorer.

Eyidences alxnuKl of a Tomd Zone or climate iu the Arctic regions. Since then the glacial period, and now a temperate climate. The intemlal .heat of the earth will nio-t, satisfactorily, account for these changes. Let us turn to the science of astronomy for help. That science has proven and illustrated what is called the Precession of the Equinoxes, showing that the axis 'Otf the earth, does not continually point to a fixed position in the northern sky we call the Pole Star, For instance the star Thuhan, (a Draeonis.) was the Pole star when the pyramids were built 4,000 years ago. That star is now 25 degrees away from the present pole ,star, Polaris, and ten thousand years hence Vega, (a Lyra,) will he the pole star. Vega is now 38 1-2 degrees north of the, equator, that is within less than one-fourth of a degree of the zenith over Washington Observatory .

All this means that the nortli pole of the earth for the past 4,000 years and more has been inclining towairds the sun and so receiving more direct the sun's rays and so causing a warmer climate. Indeed the word climate is from a Greek word, meaniing inclined. This, orbit of nutation requires nearly 25,000 years to complete a revolution. Ten thousand, years from ]iow this place will have a torrid temperature, and 23,000, years from now it will be a frigid zonie, with all this valley filled with another system of glaciers. Some time within the past ten thousand years this boulder was left here, and probably less,tlian fift}^- times a hundred years.

Appendix Ii

Lanesborough, Karl of (.Tolm-Vansittart-Danvers ButkT-Daiivers) Viscount I^aniesborough, and Baron of Xewtown-Butler, c. Fermanagh, in the peerage of Irehmd, a representative peer, conini. R. X.; Lord Lieutenant co. Cavan; b. 18 April, 1839; s. liis uncle as oth earl, 7 Jul.y, 1860; m 21 June, 1864, Anne- Elizabeth, onily child of the Kev. John-Dixon Clark, of Belford Hall. .Northuiiibcilaiul. (See Burke's "Landed Gentry"), and has had.

Theophilus Butler, Esq., who was elevated to the peera,ge of Ireland, 21 Oct., 1715, as Baron of Ne\\'io\Am-Butler, with remainder in default of issue male to the male descendants of his father, having previously represented the co. of Caven in parliament, and being called to the privy council . His lordship m. Emilia, dau. of James Stopford, Esq., of New Hall, co. Meath; but leaving no issue a,t his decease, 11 March, 1723, the title devolved upon his brother.

Brindsley-Butler, Esq., as 2nd liaron, gentleman-usher of the Black Eod and col. of the hatth'-axe guard- in hclnird; who was created Viscount Lanesborough, 12 Aug., 1728. llu in. Catharine, dau. and co-heir of Nolville Pooley, Esq., ol' the city of Dublin, barrister-at-law, and had no less than iwciily-thi-ee childi-en five only of whom, liowever, survived infancy, \ i/.,

II. Thomas, «'ioivemor of Limerick, and adjulaiit-genoral, who d. in 1753, leaving an only daughter, Mary, m. in K5-1, to John' St. Leger, Esq. of Grangemellan, co. Kildare .

III. Robert, M. P., captain of the battle-axe guards: win. m. Mary, dau. of Robert Howard, Bishop o'f Elphiii. and widow of John Stoyt;e, Esq. of Street, in Westmeath .

Eobeii;, M. A., in holy orders, vicar of St. John's Kilkenny; m. Miss Hamilton; and d. 14 May, 1847, leaving an (udy dau., Mary Elizabeth m. to Frederick Townsend, Esq.

Huniphrey. conim. E. N.; m. 27 April, 1852, Eliza-. Margaret, eldest dau. of William 4\nvart, Esq., of Ghinton and Swiidioe, Northumberland. Maria- Frances, d. Nov. 15, 18M.

Humphrey, 2nd viscount; who m. in 172G, Majy, dau. and heir of Eichard Berry, Esq., of Wardenstown, co. Westmeatb, by whom he had an only son. His lordlship was created Earl of Ijanesborough 20 July, 1756, and was s. by his son.

Brinsley, 2nd earl, b. 4 March, 1728. This nobleman ni 22 June, 1754, Jane, only dau. of Kobert (Hochfort). 1st Earl of Belvedere and had issue

\l. Augustus-Richard, b. 10 July, 1776, m. 1st, in 1792^ Mary, dau. and heir of Sir John Danvers, Bart., on which occasion he assumed the additioinial surname and arms of Danvers, and by her (who d. 10 Ma}^, 1802) hadi issue,

Mr. Butler-Danvers m. 2ndly, 24th May, 1802, Elizabeth, dau. of Humphrey Sturt, Esq., of Critchill House, Dorset, and liad by her (who d. in 1811),

V. Henry-Cavendish, who was, in 1818, given the prece(lence lof an eaH's younger son, 1). 18 A})ril, 1811; ni. 30 June, 1842, Cecilia Agnes, 2nd dau. of the late Lieut.-Gen., Sir John Taylor, of Castle Taylor, co. Galway, K. C. B.

I. Elizabeth-Sophia, m. in 1828 to Lieut.-Col. Henry Dumaresque, who d. in 1838. This lady was given, by royal license, 24 Oct., 186(), the preced'ence of an earl's dau. She d. 12 March, 1877.

Eobert-Herbei-t, 3rd earl, h. 1 Aug., 1759; who ni. Flizabeth, eldest dau. of the Eight Hon. David Latouche, and by her (who d. in 18L8), had two sons, JVrindsley the 4l:h i)eer, and David deceased. His Ica-dship d. in 180G. His eklier son rrances-Arahollii. ."ird dau. (if the late Col. 8teplien-Fra.nciBWilliam Frcmantle. who d. :> Oct.. 1850: and 2ndly, 24 Nov., 1851, Frederica- lamina (who d. o Oct., 1870), relict of Sir Richard Hunter, of Dulanv House. Sussex, youngest dau. o'f the late Charles Bishop, Esq.. jwociiralor-ii-enenil to his Majesty George ITIT. His lordship d. s. ]). 7 July, 1866, and was s. by his nephew, Jolm-Vanfiittart Danvers, 6th and present Barl of Lanesborough.

Creations. - Baron, :31 Oct. 1715. Viscount, 12 Aug., 1728. Earl, 20 July, 1756. Arms. - Quarterly; 1st and 4th gu., 3: chevron wavy between three mullets of six points^ radiant, or, pierced, az., for Danvers; 2nd and 3rd, arg., three covered cups, in bend, between two bendlets, engrailed, sa., for Butler. Crests. - 1st, a wyverin, wings elevated and tail nowed, or, the dexter paw supporting a shield, a.rg., thereon a ben, gu., charged with three martlets, or, for Danvers., 2nd, a deini-cockatrice couped, vert> wings elevated, arg. comb, beak, wattles and ducally gorged, or, for Butler. Supporters. - Dexter, a cockatrice, vert, wings elevated, airg. comb, beak wattles, and ducally g\>rged, or, 'sinistor, a wyvern, vert, gorged with a plain collar and chained, or. Motto. - Liberie toute entiere. Seats. - Swithland' Hall, Mount SoiTel, CO. Leicester, Lanesborough Lodge, Belturbet, co. Cavan. Club. - Carlton.

Appendix Iii

The town of Framingham lies in Middlesex county, ^lassachusetts. The name is derived from Fremde-Heim and signifies "Stranger's Bome.". This town was first settled in 1633 and was the theatre of King Philipp's operations in the Indian \,-ars. In 1693 a large number of settlers came hither from Danvers, prinicpally composed of families involevd in the celebrated witch trials. The Bridges, bourses and Elliots were prominent among these. In 1676, there was an Indian descent upon the toiwn which resulted in some persons being carried into captivity. In 1700 the town was incorporated as the result of a petition on the part of those wishing to attend church, without traveling as far as they had hitherto been compelled to do. The Pratt and Gleason famihes were prominent among those moving in at this time. The first minister was John Swift, who remained 45 years on the salary of $300 and 35 cords of wood. Framingham people figured prominently in the earlier colonial wars in the battle of Lexington and in Arnold's journey to Quebec. The town is now best known as the seat of the first normal schoiol for female teachers. The town was named after Framingham, England. There is located within it the castle of the Howard family. A college is also there for the middle classes, built in memor\- of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. The town is one of the oldest in England, dating back to the time of Iledwald, King of the east Angles. The castle was at one time the residence of Queen Mary, and now is the property of Pembroke hall in the university of Cambridge. The Howard family are now the owners of the castle and is the family having the most distinguished ancestry in England. The name is thought to be a modification of Herewurd, the Saxon.

The Howards are the Dukes of Xorl'oilk and often ap})ear in Sliakespeare's historical phijs. The most celebrated of the family was Admiral Howard, who figured extensively in the Spanish Aiinada. One of his ancestors, Sir John Howard, figured extensively in the war against Joan of Arc, the subsequent wars of the Koses and' fell in the battle of Bosworth. Another member of the family was commander at the Flodden Field, another was the fifth wife of Henry the eighth, another was the principal instrument in the discovery o>f the gunpowder plot. The family is in part descended from the Mowbrays and liigods, who came over with AVilliam the Conqueror and figured prominently in the Battle of Hastings and who are the two oldest families in the British Peerage. A more complete account of these distinguished families is given below.

Sir Charles Howaxd, 2nd Baron HoAvard, of Effingham, ,so celebrated for hi.s o-lorions defeat of the formidahlo armada. This eminent person Avas i'nlitiated, in the life-time of liis fatlier, in the affairs of staite, having been deputed by (^iieen Elizabeth on a special embassy toi Charles IX. of France. On his return he was elected to parliament by the county of Surrey, and was made general of horse, in which capacity he distinguislied himself ini suppressing the rebellion raised by the Earls of Xorthund)erland and Westmoreland. The following year he was sent Avith a fleet of meoi-of-war toi convey the Lady Anne of Austria, dau. of the Emperor Maximilian, going into Spain, over tlie British seas. In 1574, he was installed a knight of the Garter, and appointed lord chamberlain of the liouscliold, and in 1586, his lordship was cne of the commissio'ners for the trial of Mary, Queen of Scotland. Having succeeded the Earl of Lincoln, as lord high admiral of England, l^ord Howard of Effingham, achieved hisitoric fame by the defeat and dispersion of the Spanish Armada in 1588. For this great service his royal mistress mot only reAvarded him Avith a pension, but ever after considered him as a person bom for the espedal preserA'ation of her realm. His next achievement Avas the conquest of Cadiz, for which he Avas created, 22 Octiober, 1596, Earl of Xottingham. LTpon ithe aiccession of King James I., his lordsliip Avas continued in the post of lord admiral, and constituted for the occasion of that miomarch's coronation lord high steward of England. We afterw^ards find the earl taking a prominent pa.rt at the nuptials of the Princess Elizabeth Avith the Elector Palatine, which is thus recorded by Arthur Wilson: - 'Tn February (1612) foUoAving the death' of Prince Henry, the prince palatine, and that lovely princess, the I./ady Elizabeth, were manned on Bishop Valentine's day. in all the pomp and glory that so niioli graiulcin- could express. Her vestments were wliite, tlie einl)]om of inmocency; her hair dishevelled, hanging do^vn. her Itnck at length, an ornament of virginity; a crown of pure gold ^ipoii hrr head, tlie cognizance of majesty, being all over beset wiili |)i-cii()iis ufuis. sliining like a constellation; her traiii sup- ])(»i-1(m1 liy i\vcl\i' \ iimu- ladies in while garments, so adorned will) jewels. ili;it her i)ath l(ml<e(l like a milky way. She was led to ehiii-ch hy hei- hiothe]-, I'l-ince Charles, and the Earl of Xorthaiiiptnii. And wliile the archbishop of Canterbury was solemnizing the marriage some coruscations and lightnings lotf joy appeared in her countenance, that expressed more than an ordinary smile, being almost elated to a laughter, wdiich could nf*t clear tln' air of her J'ate, but was rather a forerunner lOtf more sad and dire events; which shows ho^v slipper}'- nature is to toll us along to those things that bring danger, yea, sometimes d.estrucl ion with them.

"She returned from the chapel between the Duke of Lenox anid the l^arl of Nottingham, lord high admiral, two married men. The city of London (that with high magnificence feasted the prince palatine and his noble retinue,) presented to the fair b,Tide a chain of oriental pearl, by the hand of the lord mayoff and aldermen, (in their scarlet and gold chain accoutrements,) of such a value as was fit for them to give, and her to receive. And the people of the kingdom in general being summoned to a contribution for the marriage of the king's daughter, did show their affections by their bounty. And though it be the custom of our kings to ]iay their daughter's portions with tJieir subjects' purses, yet an hundred years being almost passed since such a precedent, it might have made them unwilling (if their obedience liad not been full ripe,) to recall such obsolete things, as are onily in practice now by the meanest of the people."

in l(;i9, the earl resigned the otfiee of lord admiral. He wa^ now eighty-three years of ago, and desirous of repose; but not caring to lose the paecedence which that dignity gave him, he obtained from the king, according to Collins, by special patent, the ])rivilogo of taking place, as his ancestor (John Lord Mowbi-ay, i-^ari of Xoltingham) had done in the time of Richard 11.

The first of this gi-eat family that settled in England was Eog-er Bigod, who in the Conqueror's time possessed six lordships in Esisex, and a hundred and seventeen in Suffolk, hesides divers manors in Xorfolk. This Roger adlieiing to the party that took up anns against AVilliam Rufus, in the 1st year of that monarch's reign, fortified the castle ait. Norwich, and wasted the country around. At the accession of Henry I. being a witness of the king's laws, and staunch in his interests, he obtained Framlingham in Suffolk, as a gift from the crown. We find further of him that he founded, in 1103, the abbey of "Whetford. in Xorfolk, and that he was buried there at his decease in four years after, leaving, by Adeliza his wife, dau. and co-heir of Hugh de Grentesmesnil, high steward of England, a son and heir,

William Bigod, steward of the household to Iving HeniT I., one of the unhappy peff'sons who perished "with the king's cliildren and several of the nobility in the memorable ship\\T.-eck which occurred in the 30th of that monarch's reign. This feudal lord leaving no issue his great possessions devolved upwi his brother,

Hugh Bigod, also steward to King Heniy I., who beinig mainly instramental in raising Stephen, Earl of Boloigne, to the throne, upon the decease of his royal master was rewarded liy the new king with the Earldom of the East Angles, commonly called Xorfolk, and by that designation we find him styled in 1140 (6th Stephen.) His lordship remained faithful in his allegiance to King Stephen through the dilUculties which afterwards Ijeset that monarch, and gallantly defended the castle of Ipswich against the Empress Maud and her son, until obliged at length to suiTender for want of timely relief. Ini the 12tii

Iloiirv II. this jjoworfiil noble certified his kniofht's fees to be one hundred and twenty-five ''de A'cteri feoff'amento/'and thirtyfive "de novo," n})()ni tlie occasion ol' the assessment in aid of the niarria^ETe of the king-'s dausihte.r; and he appears to have acquired at this period a considerable degree of roiyal favour, lor we find him not only re-created IvirL of Xorfolk, by chart-en, dated at Northampton, but In' tlie same instrument obtaining a grant of the ofTice of steward, to hold in as ample a manner m his father liad done in the time of Henry I. Notwitlistanding, however, these and other equally substantial marks of the king's liberality, the Karl of Norfolk sided with Robert, Earl of Leicester, in the insurrection incited by that nobleman in favor of the king"^ son (whom Henry himself had crowned,) in the lyth of the monarch's .reign; but his treason npon this occasion cost the surrender of his strongest castles, and a fine of 1,000 marlvs. After which lie went into the Holy Land with the Earl of Flanders, and died in 1177. Ilis lordship had inaxried twice; by his 1st) wife, Julian, dau. of Alberic de Vere, he had a sou, Roger; and by his 3nd, Gundred, he had two son^^, Hugh and William. He was s. by his eldest son,

Roger Bigod, 2nd earl, who, in the 1st year of Richard 1., had a charter dated at Westminster, 27 November, reconstituting him Earl cf Norfolk, and steward of the household, his lordshi]) obtaining at the same time resitiitution of some manors, ^nth grants of others, and confirmation of all his wide-spreading demesnes. In the same 3'-ear he was made on)e of tlie ambassadors from the English monarch to Rhilip of France, foa- obtaining aid toward the recovery of the Holy Laiul. Upon the return of King Richard rrmii his ea])tivity, the Earl of Norfolk a.'i-istedi at the groat council held by the king at Nottingham; mill at his seoond coronation, his lordshij) was one of the four earls that carried the silken canopy over the monarch's head. In the reign of King Johni he was one of the barons that extorted the great Charters of I^'reedoin from that jjrince, and was amongst iUv twenty-live loids a[>|)"inted to enforei- their fulfilment. His lordshij) m. lsa!)el. dau. of Ilanidyn. ivirl of War- M-nnc and Surn-y. and had issue,

IL Hugli, an eminent lawyer, app anted Cliief Justice of England by the barons in 1257. He m. 1st, Joane. dau. of Robert Burnet, by whom he had issue,

III. Ralph m. Bertha, dau of the Baron Furuival, and had a dau., Isabel, who m. 1st, Gilbert, son of Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath, in Ireland; Sndl}-, John Fitz Geoffrey.

His lordship, who was also icne of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the observance of MagTia Charta, d. and was s. by his eldlest son,

Roger Bigod, 4th earl, whose guardianship Alexander, King of Scotland, 'O'btained for 500 marks. This nobleman attained high reputation in all martial and warlike exercises. Skilful and valiant alike in the tilting and battle field, he held high rank amongfet the chivalrous spirits of his day, and won many a trophy in court and camp. In the tournament held at Blithe, , in Xottingham (21st Flenry III., 1237,) which terminated in a conflict between the southern and northern lords, the Earl of Norfolk was pre-eminently distinguished, and in a few years afterwards he gained new laurels at the battle of Zantoigue. But the most remarka))Ie event in his lordship's life was his pereonal dispute with Kin? TTeiirv ITT., as thus stated hy Dnp:rlale: - "'Tn the 39th ireiirv 111., tlie Karl of Norfolk, making a just apology for Kobert de Eos (a great baron of that age), tlien charged ^^^th some crime, -whicli eudarigerefl his life, lie liad ycyy liarsh language given him by the king, being openly called a travtor, whereat, with astern countenaaice, he told him (the king") he lied: and that he never was, nor would be a traytor; adding, *if you do nothing but what the laiw warranteth, you can do me no hann.' - "^Yes,' quoth the king, 'I can thrash your corn, and sell it, and) so hund)l(^ you." To which he replied, 'If you do, I will send you the heads '^f your thrashers.' But by the interposing of the lords then present this heat soon passed ovei-, so that (shortly after) he was, together with the Earl of Leicester and some others, sent on an embassy to^ the King of France, to treat with him for restoring some rights which he withheld from the king." His lordship was subsequently appointed by the barons, after their victory at Lewes (48tih Henry III.), governor of the castle of Orford, in Suffolk. To this nobleman, by reason of his mother Maud being the eldest co-heiress of William Mareschal, Earl of Pembroke, the Marshalship of England, with the rights thereunto belonging, was assigned. His lordship m. Isabel, sister of Alexander, King- of Scotland, but died issueless in 1270, when all his hoinours and possessions devolved upon his nephew (refer to Hugh, 2nd son of the 3rd earl),

Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, and 2nd earl marshal of this family. This nobleman took a distinguished part in the wars of King Edward 1., having previously, boiwever, in conjuniction with the Earl of Hereford, compelled even that resolute monarch to ratify the Great Charter and Charter of the Forest. His lordship m. 1st Aliva, diau. and heiress of Philip, Lord Basset, and widow of Hugh Despencer, slain at Evesham, and 2ndly, Joane, dau of John de Avenne, Earl of Bayonne, but had no issue by either. In the 29th of Edward I,, the earl constituted that monarch his heir, and surrendered into his hands the marshal's rod, upon condition that it should be returned in the event of his jiaving children, and that he should receive £1,000 prompt, and £1,000 a-year for life; in conse-

-qiience of which surrender his lordship was re-created Karl of Niorfolk in 130-2. with remainder to his heirs made by his 1st wife, but djdng Avitho-ut issue, as stated above, in. five years afterwards, the Earldom became (according to the surrendler) EXTIXCT in the Cigod rainily, although his lordship left a brother,

John Bigod. Jiis heir-at-law, whose right seems to have been annihilated in this very unjust and extraordinary manner, and so completely destroyed that he did not even inherit any of the great estates of liis ancestors.

The Mowbrays, Dukes of Norfolk, were from an ancient period a gi'eat baronial fanuly, and madle a succession of fortunate alliances. The royal match of John, Lord Mowbray, with Elizabeth Segrave, whose mother wais Margaret, Countess of Xorfolk, dau. and heir of Thomas, Earl of Xorfolk, son of King Edward I., may be considered the first step from baronial rank. King Eichard II., constituted Thomas, son of the great alliance, Earl Marshal in 1386, and created him Duke of Xorfolk in 1396, when his gi'andmother, Margaret, was also- advanced to be Duchess of Xorfolk. The dtuke, preparing in 1398 to fight a duel with Henry, Duke of Hereford, afterwards King Henry IV., was banished, and d. in exile next year. The family was restored and continued for four generations down to Anne, , the infant dau. and heiress of John, 4th duke, whom King Edward IV. m. as a child, to his 2nd son, Richard, Duke of York, then a j-oung boy, and he made a settlement otf the title and estate upon him and his heirs. She d. immediately aftenvards, in 1478, but the Duke of York continued in possession till he was murdered v;ith his brother. King Edward V., by their uncle, Richard, 20 June, 1483. All Edward's plans for seizing the Mowl)ray property being thus terminated, and Richard III., Avishing to secnre vigorous allies, the succession to the estates was allowed to open to the Berkele3';s and Howards, the heirs of the daus. of the duke, who d. in exile in 1400, eightythree years before, and King Richard, on the 3rd day of his reign, 28 June, 1483, created William, Viscooint Berkley, Earl of

Noltinghniii. jiinl .ImIih. Lord Howard (wlio had been I'lvsi raised to be -A baron by his bj'oiiier JMlward), at once Duke ol" Norfolk and .Marshal of England The fninily was founded by

Xigjl de Albiui, brotlier of William de Alljini. Irnm wlioin the ancient luirls of Arundel descended. TJie Albinis, wlio were maternally of the house o'f Mowbray, came into Ji^ngland with the Conqueror, and obtained large possessions after the victory of Hastings. Nigil's grants lay in the cos. of Bucks, Bedfoirdi, Warwick, and Leicester^ and comprised several extensive lordships. In the reign of Rufus^ he was b(j\v-bearer to t Inking; and being girt with the sword of knighthood by King Henry 1. had the manor of Egmanton, with divers parks in the forest of Shirwoiod, of that monarch's gift; which lordsiiip he transferred, however, to his particular friend, Jiobert Davil. But when. King Henry had further experience of his great valour and military skill, he augmented his royal bounty, and conferred upoii him the vavas(nies of Camille and W^yvile; wiiich graeiouy. mark of favour »so attached Albini to the interests of his sovereign, that lie espoused with the most devoted zeal the cause of Henry, against his brother, liobert Curthose, and taking a conspicuous part a.t the battle of Tenerchehrav, he tliere slew tlu' horse of Curthose, ;nid bi-oughl the pi'iiU'e hiuiself to ilic king; for which eminent .service, Henry conferred upon him the hnids of llchcrt. Baron ot Frontebeof, namely Stutevile, in England, which Fronte])eof iiad fortified in behalf of Curtho.so. After which, King Henry besieging a castle in Normandy, this gallant Sir Nigil tirst entered the breech, sword in hand, and delivered u]i the foi'tress to the king, which achievement was reiiiiiDci'atcd li\- a I'oyal grant oL' the forfeited lands oit' his maternal uncle, liobi'it dc Mowbray, l^]arl of Xorthumberland, both in Norniaiidy and h.ngland; as also his castlos. with tlie ca.'^lle of Bayeux and its appurtenances; so that be had no less than l"-i<t knights' fees in X'c.rinandv, and as many in l-'ngland; thus becoming one of the niosi oowcrrul persons of the jjcriod in which he li\r(|. Sir Niuil d,. .Mbini m. 1st Maud, dan. of Ifidiard de .\(|uila. Iiy |i(M-nii>sion of I'opc Pascball: Iut husband J>obert de M. wbiav, I'jirl of .Xorthumberland. bd'ore-nicnt ioncd being then alive, and in ]3n^;on for rebellion against William Rivfiis; from thi:^ lady he was, however, divorced, on acfoimt. of consangninity, and hy her had no issue. He m. ^ndly, iu 1118, Oundred, dau. of Gerald de ("r-rney, hy the special advice of King Henry I., and had two sons,

Roger, his successoi, wlio, possessing the lands of ^Mowbray, assumed, by command of King Henry, the surname of Mowbray. Henry, whoi had the lordship and barony of Camho, and was ancestor of the Albinis, 1he feudal lords of that place.

This grea.t feudal baron d. at: an advanced age, and was buried with his ancestor, in the abbey of Bee, in Xormamly. He was s. l)y hi,s elder son,

Eoger de Mowbray, who, although not. yet of age, was one of the chief commanders, at the memorable battle fought, anno 1138, with the Seots, near Xorthallerton, known in historv as the battle of the Standard, and adhering to King Stephen, in his contest with the empress, he was taken prisoner with that monaTch at the battle of Lincoln. In 1148, he accompanied Lewis, King of France, to the Holy Land, and there acquired great renown l)y vanquishino- a stout and hardy Pagan in single combat. He wa^ afterward iiivolved in the rebellioin of Prince Henry.against Kmg Henry IL, and lost some of his castles. His grants to the church were munificent in the extreme; and his piety was so fervent, that he again assumed the cross, and made a second journey to the Holy Land, where he was made prisoner, ])ut redeemed by the Knights Templar; he d., however, soon after in the P'ast, and was buried at Sures. Some authorities say that he returned to England, and living fifteen years longer, was buried in the ai;bey of IJiland. lie m. Alice de (iant, and was s. by his elder son,

Nigil de Mowbray, who attended amongst the barons, in I he 1st Kichard L, at the solemn coronation of that monarch; and in the 3rd of the same reign, assuming the cross, set out l'<u- Palestine, but d. upon his jourjiey. He ni. Mabel, dau. of tiu- Karl of Clare, and had issue, AVilliam, Hobert. Phiiip, Isl of Barnbougle in Scotland, and Roger, ancestor of MoAvbray, of Kirklington. Xii^il de Mowbray d. 1101, and was s. by Ins eldest son,

William cle Mowbray, who in the 6th Richard T., paying £100 for his relief, had livery of his lauds. The feudal lord, upou the accession of King John, was tardy in pledging his allegiance, and at length only swore fealty upon condition that the king should render every man his right. At the breaking out of the baronial war. it was no marvel then, that he should he foiiiid <iiif <«!' \\\r iiKist Ini'uavd n{ ilu> discontented lords, and so distinguished, that lie was elioseii willi his brother, Eoger, amongst the twenty-iive celel)rated barons appointed to enforce ihe observanee of Magna Charter. In the reigii of Henry III., adhering to the same eause. he was at the battle of Lincoln, and taken prisoner there, wlien liis hinds were seized, and bestowed upon William .Mareshal. the younger, but he was subsequently allowed to redeem them. After which he appears to have attached himself to the king, and was with the royal army at the dege of Uitham ("astle, in Lincolnsliire. He m. Agnes, d.au. of the Earl of Arundel, and dying in 1222, Avas s. by his elder son.