Malden City (part 3 of 4)

In the Plymouth Colony it was different. While the Puritans of Massachusetts brought with them the narrow spirit against which they had contended in the Old World, the Pilgrims of Plymouth, almost forgetful of the persecutions from which they had sufered, weaned during their residence in Holland from the ties which had once bound them to their English home, and chastened by their long e-xile into a new life in which old resentments had no place, permitted in their little communities the freest scope to individual freedom of opinion on matters pertaining to the church. So long as the spirit of the Pilgrims prevailed in the Plymouth Colony, it had never failed to exert an influence in mellowing and softening the asperities of its more rigid neighbor. But in later years, when the tide of population had flowed in from Massachusetts to settle its towns and control its legisation, then and not till then were laws, betraying a narrow and persecuting spirit, copied from the Massachusetts Code and placed on its statute-book-s.

In 1654 Mr. Matthews was succeeded by Michael Wigglesworth. Mr. Wigglesworth was born in England in 1631, and at the age of seven years arrived at Charlestown with his father and family. They removed to New Haven shortly after, and after preparation for college under Mr. Ezekiel Cheever, he entered Harvard, and graduated in 1651, one of a classoften, which included, besides himself. Seaborn Cotton, son of Rev. John Cotton ; Thomas Dudley, son of Governor Thomas Dudley ; .John Glover, Henry Butler, Nathaniel Pelham, perhaps a son of Herbert Pelham, the first treasurer of the college; John Davis, Isaac and Ichabod Chauncy, sons of Rev. Charles Chauncy, of Scituate, but afterwards presidentof the college, and Jonathan Burr. After graduating, he became a fellow and tutor .at Harvard, and Increase Matthews, one of his pupils, said of him that, " With a rare faithfulness did he adorn his station. He used all the means imaginable to make his pupils not only good scholars, but also good Christians, and instil into :hem those things which might render them rich blessings unto the Churches of God. Unto his watchful and painful essays to keep them close unto their academical exercises, he added serious admonitions unto them about their inferior state; and (as I find in his reserved papers) he employed his prayers and tears to God for them, and had such a flaming zeal to make them worthy men, that upon reflection, he was afraid lest his cares for their good and his affection to them should so drink up his very spirit, as to steal away bis heart from God."

Mr. Wigglesworth, as might be expected from his appointment as a tutor at Harvard, was a scholar of large attainments and culture, and in 1662 published a poem entitled "The Day of Doom," of which two editions were published within- four years, the first of which was of 1800 copies. Altogether seven editions have been issued in this country and one in England. In 16()9 he published a poem on the .sanctificationof afflictions, of which at least five editions have been published. His ministry continued until his death, June 10, 1705, during which he was prevented from preaching some years by ill health, and was aided in his ministry at different times by three colleagues. The first was Benjamin Bunker, who was ordained December 9, lOtiy, and remained in service until his death, March 12, 16G9. Mr. Bunker was the son of George Bunker, of Charlestown, and was born in that town in 1635. He graduated at Harvard in 1658, one of a class of seven. The second was Benjamin Blackman, who was settled about 1674, and left in 1678. He was the son of Rev. Adam Blackman, of Strafford, Connecticut. After leaving Maiden he preached in Scarboro, Maine, from which place he removed to Saco, which town he represented in the General Court in 1683. The third was Thomas Cheever, who was ordained July 27, 1681, and was dismissed May 20, 1686. He vvas theson of Ezekiel Cheever, and graduated at Harvard in 1677. After many years of retirement, he wa.s ordained the first pastor of the first church in Chelsea, October 19, 1715, where he remained until his death, in 1750, at the age of ninetyone years.

The connection of the family of Rev. Mr. Wigglesworth with Harvard College was a remarkable one. His .son Erlward, a graduate at that college in 1710, was its first Hollis Professor of Divinity, and continued in office forty-three years until his death, in 1765. Edward, fhe son of Edward, a graduate in 1749, succeeded his father in office and continued in service twenty-si-x years until his resignation, in 1792. The last Edward was succeeded in the professor's chair by Rev. David Ta[)pan, grandson of Samuel Tajipan, of Newbury, who married Abigail, daughter of Rev. Michael Wigglesworth.

After several ineffectual eft'orls to settle a successor to Mr. WiggUsworth, on the Ist of July, 1707, the Maiden Church was presented by the grand jury for being without a minister and was ordered to obtain one at once. Several more attempts were made to secure a pastor, all of which failed until the 14th ol September, 1708, when Lieutenant Henry Green and John Green, in behalf of the town, informed the Court '-that they have had several meetings of the church, and one of the town, in order to the accommodating of that affair, but can make nothing take efl'ect; but yet are in a very unsettled and divided frame and so like to continue and leave themselves to the pleasure of the Court." The Court, however, ordered "that Mr. Thomas Tufls is a suitable person qualified for the work of the ministry in Maiden, and see cause to settle liim there in that work, and further ordered the town of Maiden to pay him for his maintenance during his contiiuiance in said work amongst them, after the rate of seventy [jounds money per annum; the same to be levied upon the respective inhabitants of the town, according to their respective proportion to the province tax for the time being."

In the mean time, while the Court was thus considering the matter, an invitation had been extended to Rev. David Parsons, of Springfield, who made his appearance in Maiden to preach on the Sunday when Mr. Tufts entered on his ministry in compliance with the order which the Court had issued. A committee applied to the Court in behalf of the church to suspend its order, and on the grant of their petition Mr. Parsons was ordained early in the year 1709. In 1721 he was dismissed and removed to Leicester, where he was installed September 15, 1721, and dismissed March 6, 1735. Mr. Parsons graduated at Harvard in 1705, in the class wilh Edward Holyoke, who was president of the college from 1787 to his death, June 1, 1769. He died in Leicester in 1787.

Rev. Joseph Emerson succeeded Mr. Parsons and was ordained October 31, 1721. He was the son of Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Mendon, and was born in Chelmsford April 20, 1700. He graduated at Harvard in 1717, and married, December 27, 1721, Mary, daughter of the Rev. Samuel Moody, of York, Maine, by whom he had nine sons and three daughters. Three of his sons were ministers - Joseph, of Pepperell ; William, of Concord, and John, of Conway. His grave-stone, in Maiden, says : " Here lies interred the remains of that learned, pious and faithful minister of the Gospel, the Rev. Mr. Joseph Emerson, late pastor of the First Church in Maiden, who very suddenly departed this life, July the 13, Anno Domini 1767, in the 68th year of his age, and forty-fifth of his ministry. How blessed are the dead who die in the Lord. Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His saints."

The successor of Mr. Emerson was Rev. Peter Thacher, who wasordained September 19, 1770. He was the son of Oxenbridge Thacher, and was born in Milton, March 21, 1752. He graduated at Harvard in 1769, in the class with James Winthrop, Theophilus Parsons, William Tudor and Peleg Wadsworth, and was declared by Whitefield to be the ablest preacher in the Colonies. Mr. Thacher was a delegate from Maiden to the convention which framed the Constitution of Massachusetts, ;ur1 took an active part generally in the transformation scenes of the Revolutionary period. In 1785, on the 12lh of January, he was installed as the successor of Rev. Dr. Cooper, in the Brattle Street Church, in Boston, leaving the Maiden church after a pastorate of fifteen years. He died in Savannah, Georgia, December 16, 1802, a victim to a disease of the lungs, from which he had sought relief in the milder air of the South.

Rev. Adoniram Judson followed Mr. Thacher, and was ordained January 23, 1787. Mr. Judson was born in Woodbury, Conn., June 25, 1751, and graduated at Yale College in 1775. After his settlement in Maiden he was installed at Wenbani, December

26, 1792, and at Plymouth, May 12, 1802. In 1817 his connection with the Plymouth Church was dissolved, and having fully embraced the Baptist faith, he preached a few years in Scituate, and there died, November 25, 1826. He married Abigail, daughter of Abraham and Abigail Brown, of Tiverton, Rhode Island, and had four children, - Adoniram, Abigail Brown, Elnatlian and Mary Alice. Adoniram, the oldest of their children, was the distinguished missionary at Burmah, and was born in Maiden, August 9, 1788. He graduated at Brown University in 1807, and opened a private school in Plymouth, where he prepared for the press a book entitled, " Young Ladies' Arithmetic," and also a work on English Grammar. In 1808, while traveling through the United States, his mind became imbued with infidel views of religion, and with no decided plans as to his course in life, he was for a short time a member of a theatrical company. In 1809, having passed through a season of skepticism and doubt, he joined the Third Congregational Church, in Plymouth, over which his father was the pastor, and after a short time spent at the Andover Seminary, he was admitted to preach by the Orange A.ssociation of Congregational Ministers, in Vermont. His ordination took place February 6, 1812. About that time he married Ann Haseltine, and sailed February 19, 1812, for India, with a view to devoting his life to missionary-work. He settled in Rangoon, where he labored for nearly forty years, for the promotion of the cause he had espoused. He acquired a thorough knowledge of the Burmese language, into which he translated the Bible and other books. In 1820 his wife died, and in April, 1834, he married Mrs. Sarah H. Boardman, the widow of George Dana Boardman, a brother missionary. By his second wife he had five children - Adoniram, Elnathan, Henry, Edward and Abby. His second wife died September 1, 1845, and in June, 1846, he married Emily Chubbuck, well known in literature as Fanny Forrester, by whom he had one child, Emily, who married a gentleman by the name of Hanna. Mr. Judson made only one visit to his native country during his whole missionary service, during which he married his third wife. The writer of this sketch saw him during this visit, and the saint-like expression which he wore, together with his intercourse with those about him, gave him the impression of a man who, though lingering among the scenes of earth, seemed to belong to a higher aud purer world.

The successor of Mr. Judson in Maiden church was Rev. Eliakim Willis. He was born in New Bedford, January 9, 1714, and graduated at Harvard in 1735. He was settled first over the church of the South Precinct of Maiden, October 16, 1751. After about forty years' service in that precinct this church was united with the North or First Church, March 25, 1792, and it is probable that he was either ordained about that time, or assumed, by an agreement be- 30-iii tween the two churches the pastorate of the reunited church. In order that the reader may understand the reference to the South church, it will be necessary to go back to an earlier date in Maiden's ecclesiastical record.

The first meeting-house was built not far from the year 1650, though the precise date of its erection is not known. In 1727, its size proving inadequate to the wants of the congregation, it was proposed to build a new one. Two sites were at first proposed, one near the old church site near Bell Rock and the other in the orchard of the parsonage ; but both of them were finally abandoned and the town voted to build " between Lewis' Bridge and the pond on the west side of the country road." Up to that time those who dwelt at " Mistic " Side within the limits of Charlestown, had worshipped with the inhabitants of Maiden. In 1726 " Mistic " side was annexed to Maiden, including all the territory of Charlestown on the northerly side of "Mistic"' River, and the easterly side of North River, except a small strip of land at Penny Ferry, and comprises about one-half of the town of Everett. The members of the church living in the annexed territory were dissatisfied with the location. They said, however, that they would agree to a location selected by a committee of " wise and indifferent men."

Yielding to their wishes, the town voted, on the 17th of November, 1727, to choose a committee of " five eminent men of the colony, to whom the three localities mentioned should be submitted for their decision.''

The committee reported in favorof the Lewis Bridge location, but a majority of the Board ofSelectmen being south side men refused to put the report on record. The Court, however, interposed and not only required the report to be recorded but ordered the meeting-house to be built between the bridge and the pound, on the site now occupied by the meeting-house of the First Church. The house was raised August 28, 1729, and it is described as being unpaiuted inside and outside, with the pulpit on the north side opposite the south door which was the principal entrance. Two stairways in the corners led to the galleries, and the record states tliat " the east stair was for women and the west stair for men, and they could not get together in the gallery without getting over the railing. The first sermon preached in the new church was i)reached by Rev. Mr. Emerson, August 16, 1730, but very soon after the south side people became dissatisfied and, though contributing to the support of the ministry ab.'-ented themselves from church worship. In 1733 they petitioned the Court to be made " a distinct Township or Precinct," with Pemberton's Brook as the northern bound. This was opposed by the town and the petition rejected, but in 1734 a council of neighboring churches cstabliahed the Maiden South Church and a meeting-house was built on land given by Jonathan Sargeant for that purpose. It was built on Nelson's Hill, but it is stated that it was never fully completed, and is represented as having been in 1787 in a dilapidated condition.

Rev. Joseph Stimpson, of Oharlestown, wasordained the first pastor of the South Church, September 24, 1735. In 1737 the town was finally divided into two precincts, and the south people were henceforth relieved from bearing their share of the support of two ministers. Mr. Stimpson was a graduate of Harvard in 1720. He was partially disabled from performing his duties as pastor and was dismissed in 1744. He remained in Maiden after his dismissal until his death, in 1752.

In June, 1747, Rev. Aaron Cleveland, a native of Cambridge, and a graduate at Harvard in the class of 1735, was in.stalled. He remained in Maiden three years, when he removed to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and became a clergyman of the Established Church. He died in Philadelphia in 1754.

Rev. Eliakim Willis, already referred to, succeeded Mr. Cleveland soon after his dismissal. Some opposition was made to his settlement" on account of an inability to support him, and the prospect of the two parishes being united again if his settlement be deferred." When Mr. Judson was ordained in 1787 the same objection was made by a part of the church, who " feared that it would offer an effectual barrier in pre- Tenting the mutually wished for union of the two Churches, both of which have severely felt their separation, and thus remaining will probably terminate in the ruin of both." A protest against Mr. Judson's settlement was made by the dis.^ati8fied persons who afterwards left the church and joined the South Church, thus giving a temporary encouragement to the people of the south. The South Church, on the strength of reinforcements, repaired their old meeting-house and struggled on until the dismissal of Mr. Judson opened a way for a return of the new to the old church, a re-union of both and the continued service of Rev. Mr. Willis as the jiastor of the united churches, in 1792. Mr. Willis remained as pastor until his death, which occurred March 14, 1801. His funeral took place on Wednesday, March 18th, and Rev. Messrs. Roby, Prentiss, Osgood, Thacher, Lothrop and Eliot attended as pall-bearers. Rev. John Lothrop made the first prayer at the funeral. Dr. Peter Thacher preached the sermon and Rev. Mr. Prentiss made the concluding prayer.

Rev. Aaron Green succeeded Mr. Willis, having been ordained September 30, 1795, as his colleague. He was horn in Maiden, January 2, 1765, and graduated at Harvard in 1789. On the 8th of August 1827, he resigned his pa.storal charge and soon after removed to Andover, where he died December 23, 1853, the last survivor of his class. During the pastorate of Mr- Green, Samuel Shepard, a Baptist, arrived in Maiden' in 1797 and preached a sermon which planted the seed from which the Baptist Society of Maiden finally sprang. Regular services were established in 1800, first in a school-house and afterwards in a barn when the school-house was closed to the "Schismatics," as they were called, and on the 27th of December, 1803, the first Baptist Church with a membership of fortytwo persons, was formally recognized by a council of the neighboring churches. In 1804 a meeting-house was built on Salem Street, on a site now endowed in the Salem Street Cemetery. This house was occupied until 1843, when a new meeting-house was built at the corner of Salem and Main Streets. The present Baptist meeting-house was built on the same site, after the destruction of the two preceding it by fire.

In 1802, also during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Green, the meeting-house of the First Church was taken down and replaced by the present brick structure, which has been several times enlarged and remodeled. It originally had two towers or cupolas, in one of which a bell was hung, presented to the church by Timothy Dexter, of Newburyport.

During the pastorate also of Mr. Green the First Church suffered another depletion by the formation of the Methodist Society in North Maiden. In 1813 most of the people in that section of the town were Republicans in politics, and became much excited by the delivery of a sermon in the old church strongly inclining to Federalism. A new society was consequently formed, which gradually drifted into Methodism, and became the parent of the present Methodist Episcopal Church in Maiden Centre. The new society held its first meetings in the house of James Howard, andafterwards in one of the school-houses of the town. Services were held in the school-house on Schoolhouse Hill until 1825, when a meeting-house was built on Main Street. In 1843 the meeting-hou.se now used was built.

In this sketch of Maiden only one additional event in its ecclesiastical history will be referred to, and with that event the divisions and subdivisions of the First Church will end. After the formation of the Baptist and Methodist Societies, that church pas.sed through a most important experience, and one which, so far as its doctrinal life was concerned, radically changed its current. Mr. Green, who was not inclined to preach doctrinal sermons, belonged to the Arminian School, and the majority of his people were far from displeased with the expression of his liberal .sentiments. There was even among some of them an inclination towards Universalism. The .seed sown by him only needed some crisis in the church to develop it, and the crisis was reached when, after the resignation of Mr. Green, the selection of a new minister became necessary. In the discussions which preceded this selection, the widely did'ering sentiments of members of the church showed themselves and the struggle between the old and new order of things was a serious one. The struggle ended by the choice of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, a Universalist minister, who was installed July 30, 1828, against the wishes of a considerable portion of the church, which at once withdrew and took steps to form anew society. The disaffected members met at first in Sargent's Hall and afterwards in one of the school-houses. A claim was set up that the new society was in reality the First Church and entitled to all its privileges including, the possession of it9 records. It is not necessary to recur to the unfortunate dissensions of this period, and it is sufficient to state that the new society was organized in 1832 under the name of the Trinitarian Congregational Society, and Rev. Alexander W. McClure was ordained as its pastor. A meeting-house was erected in Habkins Street in 1833, and finally removed to Main Street near the square, where it was destroyed by the famous gale of September 8, 1869. The old society with its new faith, retains the name of the First Parish and worships in the old church built in 1803.

Returning now to the general history of the town, the record states that only a few years after its establishment its people experienced the necessity of more room, and presented the following petition to the General Court.

1662, the petition of the inhabitaDts of Maiden humbly shewing : "That the bounds of our town are exceeding streight, the most of our improved laud and meadow being limited about two miles in length and one in breadth ; and tbat also the moat part of it by purchase from ('harlestown, whereof we were a enmU branch ; from whom also we had all the Commons we were, which is very smull and rookie.

" Tbat hitherto we have bad no enlargement from the countrie, nor can we have any neere adjoining, being surrounded by sundry townships. That our charges to the countrie and niiuiatry much exceedeth Buudiy others who have many times our accommodations and as many here do know.

" Our teacher, Mr. Wigglesworth, also hath been long visited with verie great weaknesses from which it is much feared he will not be recovered.

'* For these and other weightie considerations, our most humble petition to this much honored Court, is that a tract of lands of about fouret miles square at a place called'Pennycooke, may be granted asan addition to us, for our better support and encouragement, in the service of Christ and the Countrie; to be laid out by 31r. Jonathan Danforth or some other artist, and Capt. Ed. Jonson or John Parker.

"Joseph Hills, "Will. Brackenbury, "John Wayte, '* John Sprague, "Abra. Hill, " Tho. Call, " Job Lane, " Peter Tafta, " Robert Harden, *' In the name of the rest."

This petition was rejected, and it was ordered by the Court, *' upon information that Pennicook is an apt place for a township, and in consideration of the Lord's great blessing upon the countrie in multiplying the inhabitants and plantations here; and that almost all such plans are already taken up, it is ordered by the court that the lands at Pennicook be reserved for a plantation till so many of such as have petitioned for lands there or at others, shall present to settle a plantation there."

town were enlarged. In that year, as has been already stated, "Mystic side " was annexed, including so much of the town of Charlestown as lay on the northerly side of the Mystic Iviver and the easterly side of north river, except a small strip of land at Penny Ferry." Since that time the boundary lines have been changed at various times.

"Beginning at the boundary-line between said towns, at the point where the creek, running from Creek Head, ao called, crosses said boundary line ; thence running in a southeasterly direction, by said creek, pursuing the course thereof, to a stake on the southerly side thereof, ou the land of Nathan Holden, bearing south fifty degrees east and distant from the place of beginning, in a straight line, about one hundred and twenty eight rods ; thence south six degrees west across the Bradbury farm, so called, about two hundrud rods, to a stake in the line between said farm and land of Richard Dexter ; thence south nine degrees east, so as-to divide the land of said Dexter, and passing in a straight line between said Dexter'B land and land of Benjamin Tufts, about one hundred and thirty rods to Mystic River, at a stake ; thence westerly, by Mystic River, to the old di\iding line between said towns, and by said old line to the place of beginning ; Provided herein that said lauds and the inhabitants thereon shall be bolden to pay all such taxes as have been lawfully assessed or granted by said town of Maiden, in the same manner as they would have been holden if this act had not been passed."

On the 3d of May, 1850, the town of Melrose was incorporated and set ofl' from Maiden, the territory included in the act of incorporation, -

" Beginning at the monument set up at the junction of the towns of Saugus, North Chelsea and Maiden ; theuce running north eighty-eight degrees twelve minutes west to the town of Medford, said Hue, where it crosses Main Street, so called, being one hundred and sixty-seven feet south of the mile-stone standing on ihe easterly side of said street, south of the dwelling-house of Joseph Lynde (2df, and on Wasliington Street one hundred and twenty-two feet north of the land of Robert T. Barrett, on said street, on the most northerly corner of said Barrett's land, adjoining land of John J. Mahonoy."

" Beginning at the Stone monument in the line between said Maiden and the town of Medford, which is marked number 'three;' thence running easterly and southerly by the centre of a creek and Maiden River to the centre of the Maiden Canal ; thence by the centre of said canal to the range of the north line of Wyllis Avenuo ; thence by said last named line end the northerly side of said avenue to Main Stroet ; thence across Main Street to tht* southerly lino of Belmont Street ; thence by the southerly side of Bulniont Street to Ferry Street ; thence crossing Kerry Street, obliquely, to the northerly side of Rich Str»et ; thence north fifty-six degrees east, by the northerly side of Rich Street, fourteen hundred and ninety-one feet to a stake ; thence south eightyfour degrees cast six thousand and eleven feet to a stake in tho line between said Maiden and the town of North Chelsea, said stake being two hundred and forty-seven feet northerly from the stone monument insaid last mentioned line, which is marked M N C cloven ; and thence southwesterly. Northwesterly and northerly as the present dividing line between said Maiden and North Clielsea, Chelsea, Charlestown, SomervlUo and Medford runs to the flrst-montioued bound."

"At a stone bound at Creek Head, so called ; thence running northwesterly to an angle in the wall on the northeast line of Salem Street forty-eight and one-tenth feet westerly from tho east face of tho west gate-post in front of William Tothill's house; thence running northerly parallel with and nine hundred and eighiy-slx and sixty-six one-hundredths feetdistaut westerly from the present line dividing Medford and Maiden to the line between Medford and Stouebam ; thence runuing easterly, bj the laet-named line, to the line between Medford and Maiden ; thence rnnning southerly by the present easterly bovmdary of Hedford to the point of beginning."

"Thence running northerly to a stone monument on the southerly line of the town of Stoneham -, thence easterly nine hundred ninety and sixty-four one hundredths feet to a stone monument at the intersection of the southerly line of said Stoneham and the westerly line of the town of Melrose."

Though the growth of Maiden has, in recent years, been e.xceedingly rapid, its population has been of course seriously affected by these changes in its boundary lines. Until the present century its increase was slight. In 1800 it numbered only 1059, in 1810, only 1384, and not much more when its territory was first impaired by the annexation of a part to Medford. When the town of Melrose was set off and incorporated in 1850, the population was 4780, of which Jlelrose took 1260 ; at the time of the incorporation of the town of Everett, in 1870, its population was 9570, of which Everett took 2200, leaving 7370. In 1875, the population was 10,843 ; in 1880, 12,017 ; in 1881, at the time of the incorporation of the city of Maiden, about 12,300, and by the recent census, something over 23,000. Various causes have combined to cause the rapid increase of population in these later years. The establishment of railroad communications developed the shoe manufacture and other smaller trades, so that the manufacturing product of the town, which was, in 1837, only $350,000 per annum, began to increase after the opening of the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1849, and has gone on at more than equal pace with the population. The Edgeworth Company alone has had an annual product of more than $2,000,000, and that of the Rubber Shoe Company has exceeded that amount. All the various enterprises which are the necessary consequences of growth have been established, and before the incorporation of the town as a city an ample Fire Department had been organized, a Public Library had been incorporated, and in 1870, a system of water works was completed. The annexation to Medford, in 1877, of about two hundred acres with only about one hundred inhabitants, was neither seriously opposed nor felt. The division of the town in 1870, however, resulting in the incorporation of South ^laldeu as the town of Everett, was made against the earnest opposition of the town. It took from the old town all the territory which was annexed from Charlestown, in 1726, and the southeastern portion of the old town. It was made after a contest continuing through nearly a quarter of a century, and after six inellectual efforts. It was the old and common story, repeated in the experience of many towns, of an outlying district containing a minority of the population, jealous of its rights and claiming to be oppressed by unjust and inecjuitable taxation, for the benefit of the majority in the centra!

town. The rapid growth and increasing prosperity of the mother town has been so great, however, that the dissensions which preceded the division have been healed, and the loss, which at the time seemed irreparable, has long since been forgotten.

Next to the ecclesiastical history of the town, its educational record is one of the most interest. Its schools at the present time are of a high order, and receive the most liberal support from the tax-payers. The early history of the schools is of the most meagre character and only interesting as showing from what small beginnings the present system has grown and how thoroughly, under our free institutions of government, the people of this, in common with other towns, appreciate the necessity of a good commonschool education as a condititm of public welfare. The earliest reference to schools on the records which has been preserved is under date of 1691, v/hen it is mentioned that Ezekiel Jenkins continued to be the town's school- master. In 1693, John Sprague, Jr., acted in that capacity, and in 1697, John Moulton. John Sprague, who was a resident in the town and town clerk, was in service again in 1699, and recorded in the town books, under date of March 27th, that : " John Sprague chose scool-mastar." The incorrect orthography of Mr. Sprague should not be taken as evidence of his want of education or of a lack of capacity to impart instruction. The writer, who has examined and copied many old records, has found that in the colonial days orthography seemed to be guided by no fixed rules, and that men who we know were men of study and culture, would spell the same word in several different ways and often on the same page.

In 1701 Maiden was indicted " for want of a schoolmaster for writing and reading," and in 1702, John Sprague was again " chose scool-marstar for ye yeer iusueing to learn children and youth to Reed and Wright and to Refmetick, according to his best skill." His school was kept in four several places at four different times, in the year and he received ten pounds for his service.

In 1703, on the 1st of March, it was " votted that ye scool shall be kep in ye watch-hous for this yeere," and on the 8th of the same month, " by a vote, Ezeckiell Jenkins is chose scool-mastar for the present yeer; atd the scoole to be kept at his own hous, he is to have 3 pounds for ye yeer ; and ye benefit of ye scollars." This school was doubtless a mixed private and public school, and Mr. Jenkins probably received fees from the pupils. In 1705 Nathaniel Waite was employed and received twenty shillings from the town, and " the benefit of the scholars." In 1708 John Sprague was again chosen schoolmaster and declined, Nathaniel Waite taking his place. In 170t> " Jacob Wilson chose scool-mastar for ye yeer ensuing to laro children To Reed and to Wright and Refmetick, and he is to have two shillins paid him by ye r.own ; and he is to have ye benefit of tliat from the first they expected to remove sooner or later to some other plantation. Edward Johnson, the author of " The Wonder- Working Providence of /ion's Saviour," was one of this class.

He was a prominent man in the Colony, and eminent ill Christian service; yet he resided six years in ('harlestown without becoming a member of the I hurch there. He then removed to Woburn, and toiik an active and leading part in the organization of the First Church in that town. Some of the founders ol the church in Maiden may have pursued a similar course. In that case they removed their church relatiiiri directly from some church in the old country to the new church in Maiden.

No catalogue of the original members of the Maiden Church has been preserved, yet the names of some of them are known. Mr. Corey speaks of "a document in relation to the church, written in 1648," which contains the names of several " of the leading men of Maiden." As this document pertained " to the Church,'' the men whose names it contained probably took part in the organization of the church the next year. "They were Joseph Hills, Ralph Sprague, Edward Carrington, Thomas Squire, John Wayte, James Greene, Abraham Hill, Thomas Osborne, John Lewis and Thomas Caule."

^Ioseph Hills was a lawyer by profession, and an eminent man, not only in his town and church, but also in the Colony. Dr. McClure places him in his list of " distinguished citizens," and records the following particulars respecting him :

"He was born in 1602; came to New England at least as early as 1G39, and was admitted as freeman in 1645. He resided at first in Charlestown, then in Maiden, and at last in Newbury, whither he removed in 1657, and where he died February 5, 1688, aged 86 years. He was representative from Charlestown in the General Court for 1647, in which year he was also Speaker. He was for some time captain of the Maiden Company, and represented Maiden from 1650 to 1656. He was for several years one of the Assistants of the colony. . . . His first wife was Rose Dunster, a sister of Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard College."'

Mr. Corey, speaking of the part Mr. Hills took in laying the foundations of the town, says: "He had been engaged in important commissions with the leading men of the government." " He had just completed the famous revision of the Massachusetts laws, which was printed in 1648, and which was the first code of laws established by authority in New England. He came with his wife, Rose, from Maldou, in Essex, England, and in compliment to him. Mystic side is supposed to have received its new name." Mr. Frothingham speaks of him as " the principal character io Maiden ; " and Edward Johnson describes him as " active to bring the laws of the country in

Ralph Sprague, one of the founders of the church in Maiden, came from England, " at his own cost," probably with Higginson's company, to Salem, in 1629. His wife, Joan, came with him ; also two brothers, Richard and William. He was one of the pioneers who, that same year, came through the woods from Salem to the mouth of the Mystic River, took possession of the place on the southern side of the river, afterwards and now called Charlestown, and settled there. Probably he was a member of the church organized at Salem under those godly ministers, Skelton and Higginson. He was certainly a member of the church organized in Charlestown, and which in a few weeks removed to Boston, for his name is in the list of those, who, in 1632, were dismissed from the First Church in Boston to organize a new church in Charlestown. This Second Church in Charlestown, now called the First Church, was the church from which the brethren came who organized the church in Maiden. Ralph Sprague took the oath of a freeman in 1631, was made constable at the General Court in 1630, held several military offices, and was frequently representative in the General Court. He died in November, 1650.

Edward Carrington, as Dr. McClure informs u.s, was admitted freeman in Charlestown in 1636 ; was one of the principal men in Mystic side at the time of the incorporation of Maiden. He also seems to have been a man of some wealth and considerable influence.

Thomas Squire came to Charlestown with his wife, Bridget, in Winthrop's company, in 1630 ; was No. 83 on the list of church members, in Boston ; was dismissed in 1632, with others, to oiganize the new church in Charlestown.

" John Wayet, Esq., was very prominent among the first settlers of Maiden. He was the representative of the town in the General Court from 1666 to 1684, and in the last-named year, was Speaker of the House. He served many years also as one of the selectmen." (Dr. McClure.)

James Greene came from England, wa-s in Charlestown in 1646 and in Mystic Side in 1647. He was a member of the church in Charlestown. He and his wife, Elizabeth, were doubtless among the original members of the First Church in Maiden. He died March 26, 1687, aged aeventy-seveu years.

Abraham Hill was made a freeman in Charlestown in 1640, and died in Maiden, February 13, 1676. He was the ancestor of the Hills in Cambridge and of several noted families in New Hamjishire. His wife's name, perhaps, vrna Sarah.

Thomas Osborne was in Charlestown in 1644, and was made freeman in 164!). He lived on Mystic side. His wife, Sarah, was one of the sisterhood who " stood up manfully in defence of their pastor. Rev. Mr. Mathews, against the General Court." In 1662 he and his wife were dismissed to the church in

History Of Middlesex Counts, Massachusetts

John Lewis came to Charlestown in 1634. His first wife's name was Margaret, and by her he had six children. His second wife's name was Mary Brown, and six children were born to them. He died September 16, lf).')7.

Thomas Cauie, or Call, " a baker, came from England with his wife, Bennett, and three children. He died May, l(i7fi." The name of his second wife was .Foanna, and she wiis one of the brave women who pleaded for their minister before the General Court. (Dr. McClure.)

Such were the ten men who, it is thought, were among " the leading men of Maiden " at the time its First Church Wii-s organized. Six of them surely were among the original members of the church, and veiy likely all of them were. As a class, they were evidently men of ability, integrity and influence. They were worthy to be the founders of a Christian Church and to aid in founding a Christian State. Among the original members were also William Sargeanl, " the godly Chri.stian " and lay-preacher, and his good wife, .Joan, .lohn Upham, who was a leading citizen, held many important offices and trusts in both the town and the ('olony, and was " deaconof the church for at least twenty years," and his wife, Elizabeth, were likewise in the list of first members. In the same class, too, without doubt, were moat, if not all, of the thirty-six women who, as will later be shown, so honorably and publicly stood up in defence of their minister when they thought him wronged. To this select number others doubtless belonged, whose names, though now unlettered on the pages of the earthly church records, are, we believe, iraperishably " written in the Lamb's Book of Life."

The church, which thus began its history early in May, 1649, entered at once and vigorously upon the difficult task of obtaining a minister. The members do not seem to have been unduly fastidious. Within about a year they extended calls to no less than nine candidates, viz., to "Mr. Miller, then at Rowley; Mr. Blinman, Mr. John Wilson, son of the first pastor of Boston ; Mr. Samuel Mather, Mr. Ezekiel Cheever, Mr. Lyon, to one of the Watertown officers, to one of the Charlestown church officers and to Mr. John Breck." (Dr. McClure.) Several of these were probably at the time students in Harvard College preparing for the ministry. Some of the list afterwards became (li.stinguished ministers. None of them accepted the call from Maiden.

Rev. Mahmadukk Math kws the First Minis- TEK. - The first pastor of the church was Rev. Marmaduke Mathews. He received and accepted a call some time in the early part of the year 16.50. The exact date of his settlement is not known. During his brief piustorate he was a sorely alllicted man, but his troubles were not occasioned by unhappy relations between him and his church, but partly by neighboring churches, and chiefly by the General Court and the magistrates. His case was a remarkable one, and deserves much ampler treatment than we have space to give it.

Rev. Marmaduke Mathews, son of Matthew Ma-' thews, born in 1606, at Swansea, in southern Wales, graduated at Oxford February 20, 1624, at the age of eighteen ; arrived at Boston September 21, 1638. His wife, Catharine, united with the First Church in Boston February 6, 1639. He settled in Yarmouth and was the first minister in that town, remaining there from 1639 to 1643. Winthrop calls him a "godly minister." Morton, in his " Memorial," under dale of 1642, mentions his name as among "the specialist " of "a considerable number of godly and able gospel preachers," with whom " about that time the Lord was pleased, of his great goodness, richly to accomplish and adorn the Colony of Plimouth," " who then being dispersed and disposed of to the several churches and congregations thereof, gave light in a glorious and resplendent manner as burning and shining lights." Hutchinson speaks of "a set of pious and learned ministers '' who were pastors of churches in Plymouth Colony in 1643, and Hubbard affirms that one of this number was Marmaduke Mathews.

Having closed his ministry in Yarmouth in 1(543, Mr. Mathews, probably in 1644, removed to Hull and preached in that town, it would seem, several years, for in 1650 he was spoken of as having to^e^y preached in Hull.

The civil authorities in Plymouth Colony appear to have had some dealing with Mr. Mathews before 'he left Yarmouth. Mr. Frederick Freeman, in his " History of Cape Cod," informs us that even under the jurisdiction of the Pilgrims,

" A strict watch was kept over the churchee by the magistracy. No church could be gathered without the penniseion of the nmgiBtrates, and auy minister preaching without their approbation was liable to a penalty. Mr. Mathews thus offended, and waa fined ten pounds."

But the antiijuarians have not yet decided with any unanimity whether he committed this ofl'ence through mere inadvertence ; or because he did not believe that a minister of Christ, in his beliefs and official service, should be subjected to the will of the civil authorities ; or was thus punished because he was judged to have preached erroneous doctrines. Yet Mr. Freeman, in a foot-note, adds the following apparently just remark: "Mr. Mathews has been represented by some of his contemporaries as ' weak and eccentric,' but we are inclined to think the weakness was mere artless simplicity, and the eccentricity the frankness of a man void of subtlety."

The imposition of this fine, however, in 1643, and the troubles connected with it, may have occtvsioned his departure from Yarmouth, which occurred the same year. The people in Hull were satisfied with his ministry, yet for -some reason he left them. They then petitioned the magistrates of the Massachusetts ('oli>uy that he might be re^ar/ied to ihem. On May '.', 1649, the following remarliable response was made to their petition :

" The Court thinks it no way meet to grant . . . their desire for M r. JIathewa returning to thorn, nor residing with them, and do declare that they find several erroiiiuus expressions, otliers weak, incouTenieot and unsafe, for which it judgeth it meet to order, that the said Mr. Mathews should be admonished by the Governor in tlie name of this Court." (Records of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 276).

This action of the magistrates indicates that in some way they had already reached the conclusion that this minister's preaching was not what it should be.

Two days later, or on May 4th, the General Court or House of Deputies received a petition from the people of Hull "for the encouraging [that is, the furnishing of pecuniary aid to] Mr. Mathews to go to them and preach amongst them.'' The reply of " the whole Court " is : " That Mr. Mathews should not return to Hull, nor reside with them." And further they "do declare that they find several erro neous expressions, others weak, inconvenient and unsafe, for which they judge it meet to order, that the said Mr. Mathews should be admonished by the Governor in the name of the Court." Doubtless the admonition was duly given by the Governor. Mr. Mathews did not return to Hull.

In the early part of the next year, 1650, Mr. Mathews is preaching acceptably to the people in Maiden. The church wishes to ordain him as its pastor. In the mean time Mr. Mathews requests of the Court an opportunity to explain the language used in his preaching to which exception had been taken. The voluntary presentation of this request was frank and honorable, and discloses an ingenuous confidence on his part that he could give a satisfactory explanation. On June 21, 1650, the Court ordered that his request should be granted, and that on the 28th of that month an opportunity should be furnished him to "give satisfaction for what he had formerly delivered as erroneous, &c., to the elders of Boston, Charlestown, Roxbury and Dorchester, with such of the magistrates as shall please to be then present (if he can.) '"

Mr. Mathews appears before that council, but fails to give satisfaction. Two churches, that of Charlestown and that of Roxbury, wrote to their brethren in Maiden, earnestly advising them not to ordain him. "The latter, in reply, requested that any 'sin' in their pastor-elect might be pointed out, and they would consider it. No reply was received from Roxbury previous to the ordination, and only the views of Mr. Nowell, from Charlestown, but whether in behalf of the church, or as a magistrate, is not stated. Sir. Mathews was ordained."^ The brethren in Maiden were aware that the church in Salem "ordained," that is, installed, Mr. Skelton as its pastor and Mr.

Higginson as its teacher; that the church in Charlestown ordained Mr. Wilson as its teacher. They knew also that the Cambridge platform, adopted two years before (1648), allowed a church not only to choose, but ordain its own officers. Why, then, should they not ordain as their pastor the man whom they had chosen to that office? In ordaining Mr. Mathews they supposed they were doing what they had a perfect right to do, and evidently intended no disrespect to magistrates or to other churches, and had they and their pastor been left to themselves, they might have long labored together in the interest of Christ and His kingdom - for ought that can now be seen - in great peace and joy.

Another year passed. On May 7, 1651, the General Court again assembled. Early in the session Mr. Maihews was summoned to appear and give satis-faction for " former and later miscarriages." He appears at the appointed time. May 15th, and listens to charges, nine in number, grounded upon certain passages taken from his sermons. He " owned not" the charges ; but they were supported by the testimony of two Maiden men, John Hawthorne and Thomas Lynde. Hawthorne, at another time, was anxious to obtain from the Court a license to keep a tavern in Maiden, and sell intoxicating drinks. The hearing appears to have continued through several days. Mr. Mathews made an elaborate defense in a paper of considerable length, in which he explained in detail the several passages in his sermons on which the nine charges had been grounded. He was a trained scholar. He delighted in careful distinctions and definitions. These seemed to him obvious and important, and in his simplicity he thought he could make them seem so to others. He read his Hebrew Bible fluently, held it, perhaps, in his hand, as he discoursed to the plain men of the Court upon the meaning of certain Hebrew words, and gave the exegesis of certain passages in the Hebrew Scriptures.

The tribunal before which he stood was made up of sturdy, honest Puritans. They were farmers, mechanics, wood-choppers and captains of military companies, - good men and true, doubtless, all of them. But they could not understand the fine theological distinctions and exegetical subtleties of the Oxford divine. Only fourteen years before, the whole Colony had been thrown into the wildest excitement and panic by the Antinomian teachings of Ann Hutchinson, which were judged to be subversive of good morals and of all civil law and order, as well as of the divine law and Christian faith. The deputies and magistrates were suspicious that Mr. Mathews was another Antinomian, or something worse. In reality, he was far removed from Antinomianism, although, beyond question, he did believe in the independence of the local church, and that a Christian minister is responsible for his religious beliefs and teachings to no authority save that of the church of which he is a minister, and that of Christ, the only

Head of the Church. Apparently it was this belief, his rare scholarship not always wisely exhibited, his fondness for using unusual words and expressions in attempting to make plain what he regarded as important theological distinctions, that aroused suspicions and occasioned all his troubles. In his theological belief he appears to have been a strict ('alviuist. There is no evidence that he wasaspiritualist.oratranscendentalist, in the ordinary sense of those terms. Buthismind worked analytically, and he was in the habit of presenting his analysis of scri|)tural doctrine in his sermons. For example, one charge made against him was that of teaching, that the saints have a larger variety of righteousnesses than ('hrist Himself has. His reply was :

" When I said that saints have more variety of righteousnesses than Christ hath, it wasin the explication of the word in Isaiah, 45: 24, which in the original is in the plural number, righteousnesses. ' Surely in the Lord have I righteousnesses and strength ; ' not that they have more variety of righteousnesses than He hath to give; because they have from Him, besides inherent righteousness and moral righteousness, imputative righteousness also, which He needed not for himself"

Tliis statement, in which he discriminated between the different kinds of righteousness, may have seemed to the plain men of the Court to be dark sayings, " unsafe and inconvenient expressions," but there was nothing in them that was inconsistent with the strictest Calvinism ; and this was evidently the judgment of his own people, among whom was Joseph Hill, one of the ablest, most intelligent and orthodox men in the Colony. Mr. Mathews' rhetorical and .somewhat startling method of presenting this discrimination was doubtless what alarmed the brave captains and other deputies in the Ceneral Court.

Another charge made against the Maiden minister was that of teaching that no sin should be reproved save the sin of unbelief, and that no virtue should be enjoined save that of faith. This charge was grounded upon a fact - namely, the teaching, by Mr. Mathews, that all sins are included in that unbelief which the gospel so severely condemns ; and that all virtues are included in that faith which the gosi)el so earnestly enjoins. Hut this teaching is by no means equivalent to saying that there are no sins to be reproved except unbelief; or that there arc no virtues or duties to be enjoined except faith. Consequently Mr. Mathews rejilied :

" I do believe and profess that all sins, of all persons, both under the law and under the gospel, are to be reproved both in unbelievers and others. And if any words, at any time, in any [ilace, among any persons, have fallen from my lips or pen, which in the judgment of any seem to sound otherwise, I do not own them as my judgment." (Hutchinson papers.)

All that is recorded of Mr. Mathews goes to show that he was a highly cultivated man for the times in which he lived. That he was most devout and spiritually-minded, there can be no question. That he was thoroughly evangelical in his faith, of a pure and patient spirit, perfectly frank and guileless, and unusually faithful and zealous in all the work of the Christian ministry, is almost equally certain. He jiresented to the Court carefully prepared and able - |)erhaps too able - answers to all the charges preferred against him. Then came a written testimony, signed by nine members of his church in Maiden, affirming that in his answers to the Court he had stated, upon the points in question, for substance what he had delivered in his sermons, - nine brethren thus testifying for him against two Maiden men testifying in op]>ositiou to him. Moreover, there is still extant a deposition, in favor of the pastor, signed by five of the leading brethren of his church, dated May Itith and certified by a magistrate on the 17th, in which they affirm that the answers " our Reverend Pastor, Mr. MarraadukeMathews, hath given unto the Court " " are the substance of what was publicly delivered by him, and are the truth and nothing but the truth." But all was in vain. The church, as well as its pastor, was under suspicion, and the testimony in his favor - though it so greatly preponderated in both character and quantity the testimony against him - availed nothing. The tribunal would not acquit him.

On the contrary, " the Court declared" that the accused minister had " formerly and latterly given offence to magistrates and elders, and many brethren, in some unsafe, if not unsound, exi)re.ssions in his public teaching ;" that he had " not yet given satisfaction to those magistrates and elders who were appointed to receive satisfaction from him ; " that since that time he had " delivered in his public ministry other unsafe and ofi'ensive expressions," on account of which "magistrates, ministers and churches" had been moved " to write to the church of JMalden to advise them not to proceed to his ordination," - that "yet, contrary to all adviceand the rule of God's word, as also the peace of the churches, the church of Maiden hath proceeded to the ordination of Mr. Mathews."

The Court, therefore, " taking into con.sideralion the premises and the dangerous consequences and effects that may follow such proceedings," ordered that the offences "touching doctrinal points " should first be duly considered by a Committee of Magistrates and Deputies. This committee consisted of " Mr. Simon Bradstreet, Mr. Samuel Simonds, Captain William Hawthorne, Captain Edward Johnson, Jlr. John Glover, Captain Eleazer Lusher, Captain Daniel Gookin, Mr. Richard Brown and Captain Humphrey Atherton." These five captains and four untitled citizens were to examine a scholarly minister, a graduate of Oxford, and decide the question of the soundness or unsoundness of his theology. They ui'ie to meet on the lUli of June following, at the Ship Tavern, Boston; and it was thoughtfully provided that, "iu case of difficulty," the committee could call in some of the " Reverend Elders" to give " help and advice." They were required to make return to the Court at its next session. The church of Maiden, for the olTence of ordaining Mr. Mathews without the approbation of magistrates and churches, was ordered to make answer at the next session of the Court. It was also ordered that Mr. Mathews, for "sufl'eriug himself to be ordained, contrary to the rules of God's word," " to the offence of the Magistrates, Reverend Elders and some churches, should give satisfaction to the Court at its present session by an humble acknowledging of his sin for so proceeding." But in case he refused to do tbis, he was "to pay the sum of £10 within one month." Fifteen deputies dissented from this judgment. The whole number was forty-one.

Mr. Mathews failed to appear before the Court to make humble acknowledgment of his "sin" in suffering himself to be ordained the pastor of the church in Maiden. Consequently the marshal was ordered " to levy " on his goods " the sum of £10 as his fine." The marshal, in attempting to execute this order could find no goods in the possession of the minister, except a library, and in due time he so reported to the Court. This latter, consequently, at its next session, ordered that the execution of the judgment of £10 against l\Ir. Mathews " shall be respited till other goods appear besides books."

Mr. Mathews was popular with his people; and his church, being indignant with Mr. Lynde, one of its members, for having given testimony against the pastor before the Court, proposed to subject him to severe discipline for his offence. The Court of Assistants, hearing of this, addressed to the church a letter, dated March 4, 1()51, which is significant as indicating the relation of tiie magistrates, or of "The Connsell," as they called themselves, to individual churches. The letter is as follows :

"We, being cieiiibly informed of some ptlrpose of youre to proceed fiirtber to censure Thomas Lynde for tlie testimony he gave in Court against Mr. Matbews, and that to excommunication, and knowing ourselves witli what tenderness and caution he gave bis aforesaid testimony, and what disturbance your proceeding may probably occasion, both in t!ie churches aud civil government ; we thought it no less than our duty, in a case of this concernment, yet without atiij inttntion ur denre ill the least to infrinye the liberty the Lord Jems Christ hath piu-ehased for his churches, to desire you to take counscll and advice of three or four of your next neighhouriug churches in the case aforesaid, before you pro- (.eed to further censure ; - it being also Thomas Lynd's earnest request, as we are informed ; so that if the case shall appear clear to others, as it may seem to do to you, you may then proceed with more peace and comfort, aud be more fully convinced, if then be should continue obstinate. But in case it should appear otherwise to other churches than it doth to you, the rule of God's word may be further attended therein, for the preservation of true love and peace, which we desire you will jointly endeavour to promote with ourselves. So we rest your loving friends. " By order of the Counsel!, and yeomen, appointed by the Court to investigate the theology of Mr. Mathews, proceeded to discharge their duty. A detailed narrative of the proceedings in that investigation, on June 11, KiSl, at the .Shi|) Tavern, Boston, would be of exceeding interest. But no such narrative has been preserved. There is extant, however, a characteristic letter which Mr. Mathews addressed to that committee. The date of the letter - June 13, 1(J51 - indicates that it was written after he had appeared before the committee, and had passed the ordeal of his examination. He wrote thus :-

"To ye Honored Committee of ye Generall Court, appointed to examine some doctrinall points delivered att Hull and since yt time at Maiden by M. M., Honored of God and of bis people :

" Having given you an accoimt of my sence and of my faith in ye conclusions wch were accused before you, I thought good to acquaint you, yt, if any among you (or others) should count that faith a fausie, aud that seuce to be uon-seuce, I desire yt God may forgive them ; I doe, conceaving yt such doe uot yet so well know what they doe, as they sbal! know hereafter.

"Vet, in cflse yt tbis should reach any satisfaction, to such as are (yett) unsatisfied with my expressions, for to know that I do acknowledge yt there be suudrio defects in suudrie points yt I have delivered, I doe hereby signifle yt through nieny I cannot hut see and also ingenuously confess yt some of my sayings are not safe nor sound in the superlative degree : to wit : they are not most safe ; nor yett eyther sound or safe in a comparative degree; for I easily yeald yt notonely wiser meu probably would, hut also I myself posihlie niouglit, have made out X's luynd (Christ's mind) aud my owne meaning in termes more sound and more safe than I have done, had 1 not been too nmcb wanting both to his sacred nuijesty, whoso unworthy'messenger I whs, and also to my hearers, and to myself, for wch I desire to be humbled, and of wch I desire to be healed by ye author of both. As I doe not doubt but yt couscieutious and charitable hearted Christians (whose property and practise it is to put uppon doubtfuU positions not ye worst construction but ye best) will discern, as I doe, yt there is a degree of souuduess in what I do owne, though but a positive degree.

" However, it is aud (I trust) ever shall be, my care to be more circum spect thau I have hitherto been iu avoyding all appearances yt way for ye time to come, y t soe 1 may ye bettor approve myself through ye graco of Christ and ye glory of God, such a workman ua need not be ashamed. Iu ye interim I reniayne amongst his unworthy servants ye most unworthy, and

"Upon serious consideratiou of the charges lirought in against Sir. Matbews, together with the answers to them by himself given, an also upon conference with himself concerning the same, we, the Conunittee, yet remain much unsatisfied, finding several particulars weak, unsafe and unsound, and uot retracted by him, some whereof are contained in tbis paper, with his last deliberate answer thereunto.

Three other member.sof the committee did not sign this report. One of the three, however (Samuel Symonds), notified the Court that he was not present at the examination of Mr. Mathews ; but having jicrused his writings, he fully assented to the report of the committee.

The Court in its autumnal session resumed its consideration of tbe case of Mr. Mathews and that of his church. In response to summons, the pastor and three members of the church in Maiden - Mr. Joseph Hills, Edward Carrington and John Wayte - appeared before " the whole Court," Oct. 24, 1651. Mr. Mathews' case was taken up first. The Court had not received much light from its committee respecting the theology of the pastor. Moreover, the idea seems at last to have dawned upon the magistrates and deputies that the churches and ministers were better fitted to deal with theological questions than a committee of soldiers and citizens. Accordingly, as Mr. Mathews had not given satisfaction through " their Committee or otherwise," the Court declared " that, although the civil and church powers may proceed concerning offenders in their several ways, without interfering one with another, yet, in this case, upon consideration, they judge it doth stand with wisdom to have the churches to act before themselves.'' Accordingly, it is decided that the church of Maiden shall speedily deal with Mr. Matthews. And if he "doth acknowledge his errors and unsafe expressions, and give satisfaction under his hand," and the magistrates are informed of it within six weeks, " the matter at present may so rest." Otherwise the secretary of the Court " shall give notice to the churches of Cambridge, Charlestown, Lynn and Reading" - not excluding other churches - "to send messengers" to constitute a council, which shall give advice to the church in Maiden, and also shall decide the questions at i.s8ue respecting the theological beliefs of Mr. Mathews.

The Court next considered the offence of the church in ordaining Mr. Mathews without the approbation of the magistrates and otherchurches. The three brethren present, under the lead of Joseph Hills, himself an able lawyer, and at that time a member of the General Court, defended their church with great ability. They presented a written argument. Mr. Frothinghani speaks of it as a " manly and well-prepared document," and adds :

" It argues, first, that the od'ensive expressions delivered at Maiden were not so much before ordination as after; and 'for the bu!<iiiess of Hull,' Mr. Mathews had undergone his punishment, and ' stood clear in law : ' second, that in case they had ' swerved from any rule of Christ,' they should have been proceeded with ' in a church way,' for they ' both owned and hon(mred church communions : ' third, that they had invited two churches, before ordination, to pursue this course, and were ready to reply to any charges of ' sin ' they had committed : fourth, they begged the Court to consider what passed between them and the magistrates, and 'that no return was made only by Mr. Nowell:' fifth, that it was with grief of heart they seemed 'to wave or undervalue' the advice of any magistrate or church, but, considering the liberty of the churches, allowed by law, to choose their own ofBcers, and apprehending him (Mr. Mathews) to be both pious, able and orthodox, as the law provides, we proceeded.' The gist of the document, however, is contained in the last specifications - a part of which reads as follows :

" ' Our plea is, that we know no law of Christ or the country, that binds any church of Christ not to ordain their own officers without advice from magistrates and churches. We freely acknowledge ourselves engaged to any that in love offered any advice unto us, but we conceive a church is not bound to such advice farther than God commends it to their understanding and conscience. And if a church act contrary to such advice, we see not how, or by what rule, they are bound to take offence against a church of Christ in that respect, namely, for not attending that advice, or that a church of Christ so doing should be concluded offenders in any court of justice, and so plead that our laws allow every church free liberty of j all the ordinances of God according to the rule of the j Scripture ; and in particular free liberty of selection and ordination of all their officers, from time to time, provided they be pious, able and orthodox. And that no injunction shall be put upon any church officer or member, in point of doctrine or discipline, whether for substance or circumstance, besides the Institutes of the Lord.' " (" History of Charlestown," p. 127.)

But under all this able and seemingly conclusive reasoning in defence of the chuich, the Court remained unconvinced. The church, thus arraigned and defended, was condemned as guilty of a gross offence in ordaining its own minister. It has been suggested that the Court grounded its action upon a statute of 1641, which empowered the civil authority to forbid any church to be gathered without approbation of magistrates and other churches, and also " to see that the peace, ordinances and rules of Christ are observed in every church." (Felt's " Ecclesiastical History," vol. ii. p. 53.) But was there, in this case, any breach of the statute ? The Court might also have defended its right to deal with the church at Maiden, if there was occasion for it, by appealing to the Cambridge platform ; for that platform, while allowing each church to choose and ordain its own officers, also declares, that, " It is the duty of the magistrate to take care of matters of religion, and to improve his civil authority for the observing of the duties commanded in the first, as well as for observing the duties commanded in the second table ;" and to restrain and punish certain sins, among which are " heresy '' and " venting corrupt and pernicious opinions that destroy the foundation." But admitting that the magistrates were legally in possession of this right, was there, in this instance, any occasion for the exercise of it?

" Tlio Court orders, tliat tlio membors of tlie Church of Maiden shall be flued for their offenses the sum of fifty pounds, wliich shall not extend to any person that huth given this Court satisfaction, and that con-

Chapter Xxxix By Geo. Howard Fall

There are over seventy societies to be found in Maiden to-day. Many of tliese are secret and comparatively unimportant. Quite a number have no more members than officers. Still others are little more than mutual admiration clubs. Societies which are purely secret or self-centred have little claim upon the pen of the hi-storian. To be of general interest, they must be connected with the general welfare, or must, at least, be typical of the community's development. An individual's history is of value just so far r.s it represents the spirit of the times or just so far as his life and acts present a history of the times. Of the same nature is the history of a society. If it has sought to accomplish public work, whether good or bad, the historian is bound to recognize it. But if private matters and individual interests only have been considered, a history of it would be a tax upon public forbearance.

Many of the societies are doing general work, and illustrate phases of social development. Of these there is none more important than the Maiden Deliberative Assembly. This society was organized December 8th, 1875, by ten young men, who met at the house of Mr. Charles D.Weld. Its object and purpose was (first) the full and free discussion of the leading questions of the day ; (second) exercise and training in parliamentary practice. Its founders were Elijah George, Otis E. Waitt, Sidney D. Shattuck, A. R. Turner, Jr., A. F. Crocker, Chas. D. Weld, Horace F. Gleason, J. C. Auld, Frank F. Sargent, J. Q. A. Brett. The society now numbers over eighty members, comprising representatives from every class and profession. Such subjects as the following have been discussed :

/Resolved, that it will subserve the best interests of Maiden to adopt a city charter ; That church property ought to be taxed ; That a property qualification should be one of the conditions of the exercise of the suffrage; That the enactment of national laws providing for compulsory education should be encouraged ; That the right of suffrage should be extended to women; That all railroads should be owned and controlled by the State ; That the Bible should be read in the public schools ; That Pomeroy ought to be hanged ; That Chinese immigration ought to be prohibited ; That prohibitory legislation is conducive to the best interests of this Commonwealth ; That England would be justified in interfering in the laws between Turkey and Servia. That Free Trade will best advance the commercial interests of the United States; That all National, State and Municipal officers should be denied the right of suffrage during their term of office ; That labor organizations are detrimental to the general welfare ; That capital punishment should be abolished ; That the President of the United States should be elected for a term of six years, and no longer ; That Tilden was fairly elected ; That bad cooking is the cause of more misery than alcoholic liquors; That women should vote in municipal elections; That the poll-tax should be abolished ; That life is not worth living.

This society has exercised a potent influence upon Maiden affairs. Many officers, first of the town, and later of the city government, have been among iu members, and in the assembly room learned to fairly view those questions which otherwise they might have seen only through the mist of local and political prejudice. In the town-meeting, and in the ward-room, speeches have been continually made under the stimulus of passion and self-interest. In the assembly room, one motive controlled discussion, - that of the pure reason. No limits except those of time have ever been allowed to interfere with the freedom of debate. Again and again have the citizens poured into the meetings as the one place where they could hear fairly discussed the living questions of the day. These were called the public meetings of the assembly, and ladies were always welcome.

The great success of this society has been due to two causes. First, any man could join provided he possessed good morals and intellectual capacity. These were the only requisites. The society has never been ruled by a "set." Secondly, freedom from burdensome rules and orders. Members are allowed to come into and go out of the room when they please. Hence an uninteresting debate will clear the hall^)er se; and disputants know that in order to keep their audience they must have something to say worth hearing. Ninety per cent, of all debating societies are killed out by the strictness of their rules.

Among the many sulijects of public interest which the assembly has considered was one concerning the advisability of revising the city charter. The assembly voluntarily took upon itself, early in 1888, the task of preparing the outlines of a new charter. A committee of five was appointed, who examined all the charters of neighboring cities, and also studied for some six weeks the problem of municipal government. As a result, the modern problem of city government became widely discussed in Maiden, and the end is not yet. This self-appointed task of the assembly is only an instance.

The water question, the sewerage, the electric light, streets, fire department, etc., etc., have all been overhauled and examined from an impartial standpoint. The Sewerage Bill, for the Metropolitan Valley, which passed the Legislature recently, is due largely to the efforts of the assembly. The assembly brought the merits of the scheme before the people of Mai-

The following gentlemen have served as presidents of the assembly since its organization: Elijah George, Harry P. Ballard, George F. Foster, A. A. Knights, George A. Litllelield, Frank P. Bennett, A. K. Turner, .Jr., George D. Ayers, Alfred H. Jones, Sidney D. Shatluck, .Jerome H. Fiske, John S. Patton, Charles D. Weld, George L. Gould, Alfred E. Cox, Daniel L. Milliken, A. J. Freeman, R. K. Robinson, Tristram Griffin, Elnathan D. Howes, Clarence A. Perkins, F. H. Page, William F. Merrill, Frank E. Woodward, Charles R. JIagee, F. O. Woodrufl", Geo. Howard Fall, George L. Richards, John M. Corbett, George H. Woodrutf, Eugene H. Cox, Charles G. Schaedel, H. Hubbard, F. A. Lux, Harry H. Barrett, Edwin S. Hlaiue, H. L. Boutwell, Curtis S. Pease, F. I. Winsiow and George W. Cox.

Old and New - 77te Woman's Club of Maiden. - On Friday, October 18, 1878, thirteen Maiden women met at the house of Mrs. H. H. Robinson, at. the invitation of Mrs. Harrietts R. Shattuck, "to consider the feasibility of forniing a woman's club in Maiden." From this small beginning, " Okl and New" has gradually grown into a large club, numbering, in March, 1890, 100 members. It is the only woman's club in the city, and one of three in Middlesex County. The presidents during the twelve years of its existence have been Harrielte R. Shattuck, Rosella F. Baxter, Loriette A. Eaton, Harrietts H. Robinson and Cora E. Pease.

December 10, 1889, the club was duly incorporated under ihe charter-name of the Old and New, of Massachusetts. The incorporators are Cora E. Pease, Ella F. Bean, Cynthia M. Shepherd, Harriette R. Shattuck, Adeline A. Nichols, Rosella F. Baxter, Harriette H. Robinson, Lena D. M. Siner, Caroline 1). Waldron and (Caroline A. Danforlh. The jjurpose of the club, as staled in its charter, is literary and educational work, and establishing and maintaining a place for .social meetings for the convenience of the women of Maiden and vicinity. Mutual improvement is its object, and incidentally, whatever work for the outside public it may be able to do in addition. In pursuance of the first object, lectures and other entertainments are given by members of the club, and by persons invited to address it, on literary, ethical, scientific and domestic topics. Half of the twenty-four meetings each year are in charge of three committees, who, on the afternoons respectively as signed to them, provide speakers and topics appro- ])riate to their respective dei)artments. The other half of the meetings are in charge of the club itself, wliich provides for tliem in executive se8.sion. During the last year the club listened to essays upon "Utopias; Old and New;" " Mirabeau and the French Revolution;" "Robert Browning;" "The Schools of Russia;" "Electrical Engineering;" "Dust and Dampness;" "Some Curious Beliefs of the Ancient Botanists and Herbalists ; " " A Group of Tolstoi's Women ; " " Ethics in its Practical Relations;" "Morals of Materialism;" and the "Removal of Lord Elgin's Marbles from Greece."

Of the thirteen meetings conducted by club members alone, two have been devoted solely to business. One was occupied with accounts of summer vacations, one with readings by members, two with debates, one with housekeeping essays, and a short entertainment to close, two with essays by members, the subjects being " The Science of Financial Success " and " The Ethics of Financial Success."

The main idea of mutual improvement has been advanced by original work, in writing, speaking and debating, as well as in listening. One feature has been an original magazine, containing compositions in prose and rhyme from the members of the club. There are also a writing-group and a reading-group formed by the club, the former having been in existence about nine years, and the latter less than one year. The writing-grou|) has been a great means of developing the literary and critical talent of those club members who belong to it. Its president from the beginning has been Mrs. R. F. Baxter. It is a rule that each of the twelve members of this group shall write at least five articles each year ; and these articles are read in the group and criticised in a friendly but candid spirit by each one present. By this means the members have learned not only to bear the more adverse criticism, but also to know how to criticise frankly in return. Courses of public lectures are occasionally given by distinguished lecturers, under the auspices of the Old and New. Another feature of the club's outside work is the formation of a committee which sends readingmatter every week to a number of women living in isolated localities.

It remains to speak of the management of Old and New, which is the most important fact regarding it, and the secret of its success. The leading principle upon which this club is founded is the belief that every woman has within her the germ of some latent talent, which only needs cultivation in order to bear fruit. " Old and New " stands for the development of the individual, and its main intent is to draw its members out and encourage them to speak their inner thought. In order to carry out their ideas, it was necessary to adopt two principles, - democratic management and rotation in office. The business of the club is transacted by its members in executive session. There are no executive committee or directors, and, although under the charter trustees are necessary, these officers are merely nominal. They can do nothing unless first instructed by the club at a regular executive session. The opportunity for wire-pulling is thus reduced to its lowest terms. A new matter is first presented before (he whole clul) by any individual who wishes to present it. It is then fully and fairly discussed, and, unless referred to a committee for some reason, is decided by a majority vote.

It has been a rule from the beginning that no officer except the .secretary and ihe treasurer and no member of a committee shall serve in the same position for more than two consecutive years, or be eligible for re-election until a year has intervened. It was felt in the beginning, and is now still more strongly, that a club whose object is " mutual improvement" cannot attain that object without giving opportunity to all to compete for the honorary offices. Without the provision for rotation, experience shows that only one or two women ever have a chance in any society to become a president or a vice-president, or a chairman, and thus to learn to preside and to conduct meetings. The result in Old and New has been that in twelve years six women have become educated in the duties of a presiding officer.

The principle of rotation in office does not apply so strictly in societies for philanthropic or special work; but in a woman's club, where women meet together to learn and to grow, it is at the same time a safeguard and an inspiration. Old and New has proved the value of this principle by long and successful experience.

The Woman's Chkistian Temperance Union. - This association was organized April 19, 1876. Mrs. P. S. J. Talbot was chosen president ; Miss Hattie A. Sawyer, secretary; and Mrs. Charles Merrill, treasurer. Mrs. Talbot still holds the office as president, a continuous service of more than fourteen years.

The object of this Union is to educate public .sentiment to the standard of total abstinence from alcoholic liquors as a beverage, to secure the right education of the young as to the use of alcoholic liquors and narcotics, to reclaim the fallen, to enlist and unite the women of the city in temperance work, to obtain the legal prohibition of the liquor traffic, and by co-operation with other associations in the State and nation, to promote the cause of universal temperance and sobriety. The first work of the Maiden W. C. T. U. was to assist in organizing a reform club, hiring a club-room, furnishing it with a library and games to interest these reformed men, that they might not return to their former resorts. A gospel temperance meeting was held every Sunday evening with large and interested attendance. Large numbers signed the pledge, and many intemperate men were reformed.

A juvenile temperance society was formed with Mr. S. F. Fairfield and sister as superintendents. It became very prosperous, with a membership of five hundred, and still continues under the name of the " Loyal Temperance Legion." Its pre.sent very efficient superintendent is Mrs. Dr. Peleg Wadsworth. One of the " boys " from this region recently organized a total abstinence society in the University at Berlin, Germany, which is increasing in influence and popularity.

ries of the i\Ialden public schools ; also treatises on tobacco ; and, in answer to their petition the School Board have placed the temperance text-books in the hands of each public-schoolteacher, also in the hands of the pupils of the three highest grades in all the public schools of Maiden, at the same time directing that the children of the lower grades shall be taught orally by the teachers, examinations being re(inired as in other studies.

Interesting temperance books by the best authors have also been placed in all the libraries of the Maiden Sunday-schools. Temperance lessons are taught, temperance Sunday-school concerts are held, and hundreds of children and teachers have signed the pledge, and the rolls of honor which are passed once a year in the Sunday-schools, under the supervision of the W. C. T. U. superintendent.

Literature, written upon the different phases of the temperance question, is very widely circulated among the people at large. The press and the churches arc influenced by the society to encourage and sustain a healthy, earnest temperance sentiment in the community, which has for the past fourteen years been successful. No licenses for the .sale of intoxicating liquors have been granted by the city government except for medicinal and mechanical purposes; and in no town or city of Massachusetts has the prohibitory law been so thoroughly respected and enforced as in Maiden. The wonderful growth of Maiden, it having doubled its population in ten years, is largely due to the fact of there being " No liccn.se,'' the result in a great measure of the W. C. T. U's. faithful work.

The work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union permeates every branch of society, and hiis departments seeking to reform the many vices and social evils which so constantly tempt the young from the path of truth and virtue. It is non-sectarian in religion, and non-partisan in politics, seeking to .save in the name and spirit of the divine Master whom it loves and serves.

Malden Medical Improvement Society. - This society Was instituted in 1888, but it was really an outgrowth of the Holmes Medical Club, which w.os started in the city of Maiden some ten years ago, and included the select phy.sicians of Maiden, Medford, Melrose and Stoneham. This society is conducted on the same plan .as the State Medical Society, meeting monthly, when essays and i)apers are read. There is also a presentation of cases. In the winter of 1889, there was given a course of lectures worthy of note. In this society was born the idea of the Maiden City Hospital ; and when Deacon Converse was asked what he could do to help embody the idea, he responded nobly by giving $10,000 in cash, and several -acres of beautiful land. .John L. Sullivan is the present president of the society ; John B. Mahoney, secretary ; Godfrey Ryder, treasurer.

people to become naturalized citizens, thereby enabling them to vote; also to encourage social intercourse among the members. The present officers are Si mi. P. Priest, president; James Scales, vice-presid«nt; A.J. Crockford, secretary. The society now m;n bers about forty members.

Malden Industrial Aid Society. - This society w:is organized in 1875, the year of the great fire at the R iblier Works. Its object, as stated in the constitution 9 to relieve and prevent destitution, by renderin j; I'rompt, efficient, and judicious aid to the deserving, necessitous poor in our own town ; and to encourage thrift, by endeavoring to cultivate the self-respect and self-reliance of those to whom aid is rendered.

The society also endeavors to find employment for the unemi)loyed, and is conducted on the same plan as the Boston Industrial Society. The members number about two hundred, and meet once a year to select officer.s and to distribute about flOOO. Any citizen can become a member by paying the small amount of one dollar. The present oflicers are E. S. C inverse, president; J. K. C. Sleeper, vice-president; John W. Ohadwick, secretary ; William H. Sargeant, treasurer, and John H. Parker, auditor.

United Order of the Golden Cross, Mystic COJIMANDERY. - This association was organized for the purpose of paying to its members a death benefit of from S-WO to $2000, also of caring for sick members and for mutual help. It is a secret order, composed of about 100 members in Maiden Centre, and about eighty in Maplewood.

The order itself was organized in Tennessee in 1870, and now numbers about 18,000 to 20,000 members. It ranks third among the great orders, the Ancient Order of United Workmen holding the first rank, .secondly the Knights of Honor, and thirdly the Golden Cross. One of the features of the Golden Cross Order is that the members pledge themselves not to drink, l)uy or make intoxicating liquors while they belong to the order. Ladies are permitted to join. Harvey L. Boutwell, Esq., a citizen of Maiden, goes to Louisville, Kentucky, this year, as the Supreme Representative of the Grand Commandery of Massachusetts. This society has gained more members within the past year than any other similar order in the United States.

Good Templars. - Laurel Lodge, No. 152, 1. O. G. T., organized in 1887, and now numbers from forty to fifty members. It is a temperance organization, whose object is to reform the drunkard, and keep sober men sober. It is the largest secret temperance organization in the country. The Sons of Temperance is an older order, but not as influential. When it was first organized it admitted men only; but a few years later the Order of Good Templars was formed, tor the purpose of admitting women a.s well as men. The order fiourishcd rapidly, and did such good work that the Sons of Temperance changed their rules and admitted ladies, following the example so nobly set.

Free Masonry. - Masonry is more flourishing in Maiden than in any other city or town of its size in the Commonwealth. The oldest organization is the Mt. Vernon Lodge. Its charter bears the date of A.D., 1857, and its members now number 230. Officers : Worshipful Master, John Newell ; Senior Warden, Joseph F. Wiggin ; Junior Warden, Edward G. Wise; Treasurer, James Hammett ; Secretary, Alfred Tonks.

Converse Lodge. - This newer organization received its charter the 8th of January, 1887, and the brothers now number 142. Officers : Worshipful Master, Frederick J. Foss ; Senior Warden, Joseph W. Sanders ; Junior Warden, Eugene Nelson ; Treasurer, Joseph M. Russell ; Secretary, Charles R. Magee.

Following these orders come first ; The Royal Arch Chapter of the Tabernacle, which received its charter in March, 1887. The companions now number 197. Oflicers: Most Excellent High Priest, Geo. E. Norris; Excellent King, Frederick G. Currier; Scribe, George L. Griffin; Treasurer, Joseph M. Russell; Secretary, Arthur W. Hutchins.

Second : Melrose Council, Royal and Select Masters, organized December 12, 1856; constituted February 27, 1868 ; 193 members. Officers : Thrice Illustrious Master, Wiliiain Bickford ; Deputy Master, James Emerson ; Principal Conductor of the Work, Frederick G. Currier; Treasurer, Wiuslow B. Southwortb ; Recorder, Arthur W. Hutchins ; Master of Ceremonies, George E.Cofran; Captain of the Guard, Clarence O. Walker; Conductor, Edwin A. Kelley ; Chaplain, James H. Waite; Steward, Chas. C. Blanchard; Sentinel, Henry L. Putnam.

Malden Young Men's Christian Association. - In the fall of 1884 this institution first took form and shape in the mind of one young man whose hope it had been for several years, and then by the union of several others, whose desires were as strong as his. As a result, a dozen or more young men who desired an opportunity lor self-culture and improvement in various studies, decided tojoin together in a kind of class, to meet at their houses one evening in each week, and talk over the readings which they should undertake in their leisure hours. They represented the various religious denominations of Maiden, and sought religious progress as well as intellectual culture. The meetings were continued during the winter, and whep the spring approached the cla-ss decided to hold a small prayer-meeting on Sunday evenings for the purpose of helping and influencing the young men of the city. The first meeting was held at the Baptist vestry, and then alternately among the various churches. Next they rented a hall in Bar- rett's Building and finally in Bailey's Building- By this time many citizens were asking that the work might become permanent and that an active and efBcifcnt association might lie formed. At this time the class consisted of the following members: G.Louis Richards, Samuel M. Fairfield, F. J. Salsman, Dr. George M. French, Geo. C. Currier, Chester Crosby, Arthur Leonard, Caleb Crawford, William Merrill, Fred. Schwartz, Chas. J. Bartlett, Richard Kerr, H. S. Howard, N. E. Nourse.