Salem City (part 3 of 5)

The grammar schools as we know them now are generally considered as having had their origin in that writing school which Nathaniel Higginson opened on September 1, 1712, when the committee "agreed" with him "to keep a writing, cyphering and reading school in the north end of the townhouse, which is now fitted up for a school, for one quarter of a year from this 1st day of September, and to be paid for the same seven pounds ten shillings in money." This school evidently filled the place now filled by the primary schools ; and the grammar school work of the present day was combined with the curriculum of the Latin school in those days.

The school which Mr. Higginson thus started appears to have given satisfaction, for on September 25, 1713, the committee agreed " that Mr. Nathaniel Higginson is desired to continue to keep the school till 25 December, and to be paid proportionally." On March 9, 1713, the committee is "agreed that Mr. Nathaniel Higginsou be desired to keep the writing school for one quarter longer ... at not exceeding ten pounds the quarter.'' On April 13th following, the committee "agrees ' that he shall keep the school for one year from the preceding March for thirty-six pounds. His successor was John Swinnerton, who began his labors on January 2, 1716. Nathaniel Higginson was the son of John and Sarah (Savage) Higginson, the grandfather of Rev. Francis and greatgrandfather of Rev. John Higginson, the first and sixth ministers of the First Church in Salem. He was born April 1, 1680, and died in 1720. He lived in a house, that occupied the site of the present East Church, near the Common.

This school was known sometimes as the Writing school and sometimes as the English school, the former name gradually giving way to the latter, until it was finally dropped. It soon began to act as a feeder to the Latin school, for in July, 1717, the committee voted that four boys be promoted from the Reading and Writing school to the Grammar school. We find no trace of more than one English school in the town proper previous to 1785. As early as 1700 the town granted money for schools at Ryall Side (Beverly), Middle Precinct (Peabody), the village (Danvers) and Will Hill (Middleton), where the instruction was probably substantially that of the English or Writing school. In 1785 three English schools were opened, - one in the centre of the town, Edward Norris, master ; another in the eastern part of the town, with John Watson master and a third in the western end, with Isaac Hacker master. An English school was opened in North Salem in 1807, and one in South Salem in 1819, the latter being first known as the South English school. This school was subsequently located on Ropes Street, and named the Brown school. In 1874 it was transferred to the new house on Hazel Street, and soon after called the Saltonstall Grammar school. Another English or Grammar school was established in the east part of the town, on Williams Street, in 1821. The High school for girls opened on Beckford Street, in 1827, subsequently became the Higginson Grammar school. In 1841 a new school was opened on Aborn Street, for both sexes, under charge of Charles NorLliend. Four years later it was named the Epes school. In 1876 the Higginson and Epes were united with the Hacker, on Dean Street, all under the name of Bowditch Grammar school. The Girls' High school, on East Street, in 1827, was the original of what is now the Bently school for girls, Grammar and Primary. The Centre school was, in 1841, united with the AV^illiams Street and East Street schools as the Union school, and located near Forrester Street. In 1845, when the general renaming of schools took place, this school received the name of Phillips' Grammar. The North English in North Salem became the Pickering.

In 1729 generous Samuel Brown, i.n giving two hundred and forty pounds to the school fund, provided that one hundred and twenty pounds should go to the Grammar school, sixty pounds to the English school, and sixty pounds to a Woman's school. His language would seem to indicate that while the two first named then existed, the other was to be established. He did not state what should be taught in the other two, but in the Woman's school the interest of the donation was "to be yearly improved for the learning of six very poor children their letters, and to spell and read, who may be sent to said school six or seven months." This was, undoubtedly, the founding of our primary school. But the records of the school committee give no indication of the establishment of the school until March 26, 1773, when a vote was passed which would indicate quite clearly that no action had been taken j^reviously. It read :

"The interest of said Brown's donation and legacy to a Woman's Reading School, being about eight pounds and four shillings per annum, be given to Mrs. Mary Gill, for which she is to teach nine poor boys to spell and read this year. This and to find them in firing during the winter, provided she admits but sixteen other schollars into her school." To this is appended in the records the following; " We, the subscribers, advise to the order. Asa Dunbar, Wm. Brown, one of the Posterity of the Donor." It is evident that Mrs. Gill was already keeping a private school, and that this money was paid to her for teaching small poor children.

By the old town records, however, it appears that at a town-meeting on May 16, 1764, a vote was passed " that the School Committee be empowered to draw fifty dollars out of the Town Treasury and apply the same for the instruction of the poorest children of the town in reading at Women's School." On March 3, 1770, Timothy Pickering petitioned the selectmen to " Be pleased to insert a line in your warrant for the next Town-Meeting to know if the Town will take into their consideration their vote passed in May, 1764, respecting the schooling the poorest people's children at Women's School, etc." Whether this petition means that no action had been taken on the vote of 1764, or whether we are to infer that the petitioners desired a repetition of that, we do not know. The records of the meetings of the school committee, not very full for those years, make not the least mention of this matter, nor do the accounts show any orders drawn to pay any one for the purposes specified. But this omission may be due entirely to the incompleteness of the record.

Early the following month this entry was made: " The committee met the 8th inst. and agreed that the following-named Boys be put to the Charity

On August lOih the committee "agreed that an order for two pounds, three shillings and six pence be drawn in favor of Mrs. Mary Gill, being one-quarter of a year's interest of Samuel Brown, Esq., his Donation and Legacy." From this time on appears an order for the payment of Mrs. Gill every three months. The conclusion is irresistible that she was the first teacher of a free public woman's school, and that our primary schools date from April 10, 1773, and not from 1729, the year of Colonel Brown's donation.

Two years later, in Mr. Brown's will, leaving an additional one hundred and fifty pounds for the school fund, he speaks of the " Latin," " English " and "woman's" schools. In 1801 a notice about the schools mentions the grammar school, where all the higher branches were taught, including Latin and Greek, and three public schools for children of both sexes and not less than five years of age, where the alphabet, spelling and reading would be taught. Primary schools have continued as a separate department of our educational institutions down to the present time, and are now deemed the foundation of our school system. During a portion of the past eighty years we have had " intermediate " schools for such as had passed the primaries, but could not be classed in the grammar schools. There are now eleven primary schools, and no intermediate existing, although the school committee in 1885 authorized the establishment of one when needed.

From 1807 to 1843 colored children were educated in separate schools most of the time. It is supposed that previous to that time they were not instructed at all by the town. Chloe Minn was the first teacher of a primary school for colored children. As early as 1830 a girl of color was admitted to the high school. Some opposition being manifested to this, and the legality of the act questioned, the committee took counsel of eminent legal lights, and was informed that the colored girl had as much right in the school as a white child. It is needless to say that the present generation sees, without thought of protest, black and white, native and foreign, educated together, not only in the same school, but side by side in the same class.

From the settlement of Salem down to 1712 the educational interests of the town were controlled by the people themselves, cither by direct vote or instructions to the selectmen. In 1712 the citizens in townmeeting assembled chose Samuel Brown, Josiah AValcot, Stephen Sewall, John Higginson, Jr., and Walter Price to have charge of the schools. Committees were chosen by the people every year thereafter, until Salem was incorporated as a city in 1836. Under the charter, members of the school committee were chosen by the City Council until 1859, when the power was restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs. The mayor and president of the Common Council are, by the charter, made members of the board, the people electing three members from each of the six wards. The ofiice of superintendent of schools was created in 1865, and Jonathan Kimball elected to the position. It was discontinued in 1872 and revived in 1873, when A. D. Small was elected superintendent. It was again discontinued in 1880, since when the schools have been supervised by subcommittees.

It is not proposed in a brief chapter like this to trace out all the sites occupied by school-houses during the past two hundred and fifty years. It is important, however, to learn something of the houses used by the earlier schools and of the spots where they stood. Of Mr. Fiske's school-house we know nothing. The church may have served the purpose, as it did for town-meetings. In 1655 the school was kept in the town-house, which then stood near what is now the southerly end of the railroad tunnel. A year later the town empowered a committee " to have the school-house repayred." Whether this indicates an independent house for school purposes, or has reference to the room in the town-house used by the school, no one knows. In 1672 Daniel Andrews was voted pay for keeping school in his house.

About 1700, perhaps shortly before, grants of school money were made to the inhabitants " without the bridge," also to those at Ryall Side, Middle Precinct, and the village. Just where their school-houses were located it is impossible to say. On June 16, 1712, the town voted "thatthe watch-house, adjoining the townhouse, be for the future set apart and improved for a school-house . . . and that the same be repaired and fitted conveniently for the use aforesaid." The watch-house stood beside the town-house ; most antiquarians say to the south of it; but when, in 1712, the school committee "agreed with Nathaniel Higginson to keep a writing, ciphering and reading school," it was to be "in the north end of the townhouse, which is now fitted up for a school." Of course this meant the watch-house, and the language indicates clearly that it was at the north end of the town-house, and not the south. ^ This town-house was the one which stood in the middle of what is now Washington Street, opposite the Brookhouse estate, on the corner of Lynde Street. The watch-house continued in use for some years, and the schools were kept in this street so long that it came to be known as "school-house lane."

1 Felt, in his "Annals of Salem," and other local historians locate this school "in the north end of the town,'' but the records of the school committee say "in the north end of the town-feojise."

tional progress. This building stood near where the previous school-house had. It was taken down in 1785 to make room for a new court-house, and quarters hired elsewhere for the schools. They were not long without a home, for on March 24tli the town voted to build the Centre school-house, 24x36 feet, a portion of which was to be occupied by a library. This building was of wood, two stories high. The Latin school occupied rooms here. Other houses were undoubtedly soon built for the East and West schools. The next school-house built was probably that in North Salem, which was on the corner of North and School Streets. The High school now occupies a fairly commodious building on Broad Street, where it has been located since 1856. For thirtyseven years previous it had occupied the neighboring building now used by the Oliver Primary school.

The largest school building in the city is the Bowditch, on Dean Street, built in 1870 at a cost of eightyfive thousand dollars, including land-. The Phillips Grammar school, on Lower Essex Street, occupies an eight-room house, built in 1883 at a cost of thirtythree thousand and five hundred dollars. The Bently Grammar and Primary, on Essex Street, near the Phillips, was built in 1861 and enlarged in 1886. The four-room building in North Salem, occupied by the Pickering Grammar school, was built in 1862, at a cost of twenty thousand dollars. The Saltonstall, on Holly Street, South Salem, the only wooden grammar school-building, and built in 1874, cost sixteen thousand dollars. Of the primary school-houses all are small and most of them are old, wooden four-room buildings. The Bertram is the only one of recent date.

The pay of the earlier teachers was small. Mr. Epes, in 1677, was to have twenty pounds from the town, and if that was not enough with tuition to make sixty pounds, the selectmen were to make up the balance. If it was more than enough, he was to have it and be free from all taxes, trainings, watchings and wardings. In 1699 Mr. Whitman was to "have fifty pounds in money, each scholar to pay twelve pence a month," and " what this lacked was to be made up out of the fund sett apart for grammar schools." Thus the compensation ran along for some years with slight variations, but, on the whole, slowly rising. Mr. Nutting had ninety pounds in 1729. At the close of the eighteenth century the master of the English school had one hundred and fifty pounds and " found ink," and the grammar master one hundred and thirty pounds, and nothing said about ink. In 1803 each of the four school mistresses " is to have a salary of one hundred dollars and four cords of wood." In 1819, when Thomas Henry Oliver (General H. K. Oliver) succeeded Mr. Clark in the Latin school as "usher," it was at a salary of six hundred dollars, and in 1824, as " assistant," he had nine hundred dollars and Mr. Eames, the master, twelve hundred dollars. The same salary was paid to Oliver Carleton in 1840, while

Ilufus Putnam, as master of the High school, had one thousand dollars. The masters of the other schools had seven hundred dollars each and the assistants from two hundred dollars to two hundred and fiity dollars. Teachers in the primary school received one hundred and fifty dollars. Perhaps this part of the story may as well be completed with brief allusion to salaries paid in 1887. The master of the High school has two thousand two hundred dollars ; the sub-master, one thousand five hundred dollars; the first assistant, eleven hundred dollars ; other assistants and principals of piimary schools, six hundred and fifty dollars ; male pi-incipals of grammar schools, one thousand eight hundred dollars ; one female principal one thousand five hundred dollars; assistants in grammar and primary schools, five hundred dollars.

In the days when those small salaries were paid, a year of teaching was a year indeed. The school-bell was ordered to be rung (in 1700) at 7 A.M. and 5 p.m. from March 1st to November 1st; at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. the remainder of the year, " ye school to begin and end accordingly." A half-century later the only vacations were " general election, commencement day and the rest of that week, fasts, thanksgivings, trainings, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons." This, says Felt, was a liberal allowance compared with what their predecessors had enjoyed. Now we have, in all, full three months' vacation besides Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Are our boys and girls more healthy than those who went to school " from morning to night," and " the year round ? " For nearly two centuries the girls were not granted the same privileges as boys. They went to school four days in the week from 11 A.M. to 12.30 P.M., and 4.30 to 6 P.M., from April 1st to October 1st, the idea being, evidently, that they needed but little education.

A State Normal school for girls was established in Salem in 1854. The city provided the site and erected the building at a cost of about $13,200. The State reimbursed $6000 of this amount and the Eastern Railroad Company contributed $2000 additional. The building was enlarged in 1870-71, at a cost of $25,- 000. It was dedicated on September 14, 1854, having been opened for the admission of pupils on the previous day. Richard Edwards was principal from the opening to September, 1857; Professor Alpheus Crosby from October, 1857, to September, 1865, and Professor Daniel B. Hagar from September 6, 1865, to the present time. The aims and methods of the school are best stated in the language of the circular :

"The ends chiefly aimed at in this school are, the acquisition of the necessary knowledge of the Principles and Methods of Education, and of the various branches of study, the attainment of skill in the art of teaching, and the general development of the mental powers.

" From the beginning to the end of the course, all studies are conducted with especial reference to the best ways of teaching them. Recitations, however excellent, are not deemed satisfactory unless every pupil is able to teach others that which she has herself learned. In every study the pupils in turn occupy temporarily the place of teacher of their classmates, and are subjected to their citicisms as well as those of their regular teacher. Teaching exercises of A^arious kinds iorm a large and important part of the school work."

Private schools have always been an important factor among the educational agencies of old Salem. The first mention which Felt, in his Annals, makes of these institutions is under date of January 1, 1770, when, he finds, Daniel Hopkins, who was afterwards a minister in Salem, had leave to open a private school for reading, writing and arithmetic. He adds that a teacher in one of the public schools had "recently taught in the evening on his own account.'" We can hardly believe that for one hundred and forty years after the settlement here there were no private schools. That they existed, but are unrecorded, we have no doubt Two years and a half after the above leave was granted, Charles Shimmin is advertising to instruct children and youth in English, book-keeping, geography, astronomy, etc. A year or so later (1773) Elizabeth Gaudin opened a school to instruct young ladies in plain sewing, marking tent and Irish stitch. In about 1780 Mrs. Mehltable Higginson, widow of John Higginson, who died in 1818, aged ninety-four years, with her daughter Mehitable, began a private school, which she kept many years, and which became of great repute. Nathaniel Rogers and his wife, Mrs. Abigail Dodge Rogers, parents of the Messrs. Rogers, leading merchants in Salem during the first half of this century, kept a famous school during the latter part of the last and early in this century. Thomas Cole came from Marblehead and opened the well-known female school in 1808, and continued until about 1834, when he resigned on account of his health. He lived eighteen years afterwards, and was an active member of the school committee.

In 1782 Mr. Bartlett adds composition and history, and in 1783 Nathan Reed adds grammar and elocution. It will be seen that the branches taught in private schools were mainly additional and supplementary to those in the public schools. In 1802, says Felt, William Gray, Benjamin Pickman and others, " desirous to afford their sons the privileges of a school with few pu23ils, under a teacher of high character and attainments, and subject to their immediate control," concluded to have such an establishment. They employed Jacob Knapp, and in 1803 built a school-house for him. The number of pupils was limited to thirty, and Mr. Knapp's salary, which was twelve hundred dollars the first three years, was for the remaining five years fixed at the, for those times, munificent sum of two thousand dollars. This school was in Church Street, and later moved to the vicinity of the common. A similar school, known as the Salem Private Grammar school, was begun in 1807, on Chestnut Street, where the Phillips house now stands. Several other schools, on a similar plan, were opened in different parts of the city about this time. The public schools appear not to have given satisfaction. The town was economizing, and began, as usual, with the schools. A vote to build a new house was revoked in 1820, and the old one repaired; teachers' salaries were reduced. The higher branches, like geography, history, grammar and elocution, appear to have been long finding a place in the school course. A census taken in 1820 revealed 2750 children of school age, of whom 225 boys, out of some 1300, were in private schools. From 1806 to 1820 Felt finds seventy-five advertisements of private schools. In 1816, the year before the course of study in the jjublic schools was enlarged, seven masters set up private schools, and it is believed that half the children in town attended them. The enlargement of the course reduced the private schools by one-half. In 1826, however, there were 69 private schools, with 1686 pupils, the amount of tuition being $18,836, against $8592.89 paid by the town. Four-fifths of the amount paid for private tuition was for girls and small children of both sexes, they not having been provided for properly in the town schools. Eleven years later there were 70 private schools, with 589 males and 1001 females, the cost of tuition being $22,700, while the cost of the public schools, with 1236 pupils, was $8877. The number of private schools had been reduced to 49 in 1843, with 972 pupils, at an annual cost of $13,594.75. The public schools instructed about 2000 pupils at a cost of $14,816.86. Thereafter the number of private schools diminished until, aside from the parochial schools, there are now less than a dozen. The number of pupils attending them is 365, out of a school population of 5140. The three Roman Catholic parochial schools contain 917 girls and no boys.

In closing this chapter it seems not inappropriate to say a word about the schools of Salem as they exist to-day, just two hundred and fifty years after Mr. Fiske began that '' first free school." The High School had, in 1887, an enrollment of 216, and the average attendance was 180. The corps of teachers consist of a master, two male and five female assistants. The grammar schools are five in number. The Bovvditch, for both sexes, with a male principal and twelve female assistants, had a membership of 479 ; the Bently, for girls only, with five female teachers, 176 ; the Phillips, for boys only, with a male principal and seven female assistants, 267 ; the Saltonstall, for both sexes, with a pi'incipal and seven assistants, 255 ; the Pickering, for both sexes, with a principal and four assistants, 174.

Those primary schools not otherwise mentioned had four teachers. There is an " unattached " teacher, who goes from school to school to relieve the principal while she supervises the work in other rooms. The Naumkeag, located in the house on Ropes Street, is an ungraded school. It is intended for such pupils as cannot be conveniently classified in the graded school, but its patronage is now entirely of French Canadian children, who must be taught the English language first of all, and its various branches subsequently. This school was established in 1869, and is in charge of a principal and one assistant. Evening schools are kept through the fall and winter months - one for boys and one for girls. The attendance has always been small and somewhat irregular. The course of study is of a somewhat miscellaneous character.

The courses of study in the several schools do not differ materially from those now generally pursued in all public schools. Added to the common branches of learning are music, under the direction of a special instructor, drawing, history of the United States, and physiology and temperance hygiene. All books, slates, pencils, stationery and general supplies used in the schools are, by law, furnished to the pupils free ot expense. The cost of introducing these, in 1884, for 4000 pupils was about $9000, in addition to the $2000 worth then in the school-houses. The cost was somewhat above the average for the State. The cost of replenishing, in 1885, was above $5000, and in 1886 $6200, which is also above the average for the State. This latest addition to the expense of maintaining free public schools, however, makes them free in fact as well as in name. The child may now come to them "without money and without price." The total cost of the Salem schools in 1886 was $81,507.16.

By Geo. B. Loring

While we contemplate with profound interest the material growth of a community, and trace its progress in agriculture and commerce and the arts of life, we turn always with more attention to the intellectual operations by which it has taken its stand among the thoughtful and cultivated. The work of man's hands is always interesting, but the fruits of his mental toil arrest our most solemn attention, and take us into a higher atmosphere where dwells his divine genius. The development of letters in a newly-settled country is always slow. Men engaged in organizing States have no time for books. Authorship is a work of established government, developed industries, a prosperous condition. The defenders of a frontier and the organizers of war seldom write histories or poems. Achilles fights and Homer writes. When States are to be organized, and towns founded, and farms outlined, the scholars are obliged to wait for their turn. The adage " infer arma silent leges" should include also et literce. In the early colonial days of our country the work of the condilores imperioriim was so constant and pressing that there was neither time nor opportunity for intellectual work, other than that which belonged to the church and the state. Until within fifty years American literature has been a prediction, and it required all the scholarly enthusiasm and confidence in the American mind, which Mr. Everett, just then returned from the schools of Europe, possessed to foretell the effect of free institutions on the public mind here. When he pronounced his oration at Harvard in 1824, in which he appealed to the scholars to do their duty, and placed before them the picture of a great literary republic, just then beginning to dawn, he w^as obliged to look back upon a feeble and meagre contribution by American authors to the libraries of their country. At that time no poet greater than Joel Barlow had appeared among us. Charles Brockden Brown was the chief novelist. Hutchinson stood foremost as a historian. No scientist had either explored or written, except Franklin, at once scientist, essayist, statesman, diplomatist. That long array of poets, and historians, and novelists, and essayists, and scientists, and jurists, and statesmen, and divines, which now fills the world with their brilliant performances, and has placed the literature of the United States along with that of any other nation, ancient or modern, has accomplished all its work since that prophecy of Mr. Everett was made. Great declarations had been proclaimed, urgent protests had been put forth, essays upon forms of government had been written, sound constitutions had been organized^ the pulpit had threatened with vehemence and exhorted with religious fervor, theological disputations and moral essays filled the colonial libraries. There was no necessity for gratifying the imagination, which at that time had but a small abiding-place. The surrounding reality was more remarkable than any tale that could be told. And the songs of Zion appealed to their hearts with a warmth unknown to the most fervid lines of love.

Ail these influences were especially strong in the community of Naumkeag. The leaders of the colony were men of deep thought, strong convictions and stern purpose. They had an abiding faith, and they always held themselves in readiness to defend it. It was a liberal education to listen to the sermons of Francis Higginson and Samuel Skelton, the pastor and the teacher of the First Church, and to the profound philosophy and radical doctrines of Roger Williams - all scholars of Oxford and Cambridge. The public utterances of Hugh Peters, preacher, civilian, manufacturer, merchant, more than filled the place of an attractive volume. Harvard sent into the Salem pulpit the brilliant but deluded Noyes, the commanding Curvvin, the devout Fisk, and in later colonial days Barnard, the pious and prudent, and Dunbar, the fervid and patriotic. Stepping aside a moment from his official duty, the Rev. Mr. Higginson published " Generall Considerations for the Plantations in New England, with an Answer to Several Objections; " and " a true relation of his last voyage to New Englaud."

This book was published as early as 1629. It sets forth the reasons for supporting the settlement, especially at Naumkeag, and defines its object to be the planting of the Gospel on these shores, the erection of a refuge for Christians, provision for the poor and needy who could not procure homes in England, economy of living in that extravagant and wasteful age, a supply of education for the poor, the support of a particular church and to set an example of faith and devotion to the cause of Christ.

Roger Williams, who commenced his remarkable career in Salem, began his work of authorship in 1643. In that year, during a voyage to England, he composed his " Key to the Language of America," the first treatise on the subject prepared on this continent. This was soon followed by a book entitled the " Bloody Tenent," in which he denounced the views of John Cotton, that it was the duty of the magistrate to regulate the doctrines of the church, to which Cotton replied in a volume called the '' Bloody Tenent washed and made white in the Blood of the Lamb." To this Williams rejoined in " The Bloody Tenent yet more Bloody by Mr. Cotton's endeavor to wash it White.'' In these books he most earnestly maintained the doctrine of religious toleration and entire freedom of conscience. His last publication, so far as known, is entitled " George Fox digged out of his Burrows," a book which appeared in 1672, in reply to Fox's " Defence of the Quakers." Prior to this, however, he published, in 1652, " The Hireling Ministry none of Christ's, or a Discourse touching the Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ," and the same year " Experiments of Spiritual Life and their Preservations." He also addressed many letters to John Wjnthrop and John Wiuthrop, Jr., Governor of Connecticut from 1633 to 1635. In all these works, written during a stormy life, and amidst scenes of the greatest trial and excitement, will be found that vigor of thought, independence of feeling, philosophical power and devotion to strong conviction for which Roger Williams was distinguished.

country October 6, 1635, at which date he landed in Salem. He was settled as the successor of Roger Williams December 21, 1636, and while performing most efficient service as minister of a j^arish, he devoted himself to regulating the police force of the town, to encouraging commerce and manufactures and to the general welfare of the community. Educated at Jesus College and Trinity College, Cambridge, he commenced life as a comedian, but soon took holy orders in the Church of England, and was for some time a lecturer of St. Sepulchre's, London. He soon, however, became a non-conformist and fled to Holland, where it is said he " used his powerful eloquence and pulpit eccentricities with great effect," until he emigrated to America. It was with this mental culture and this remarkable experience that he commenced his labors as pastor of the First Church in Salem, and pursued his literary career. He was the author of "Good Work for a Good Magistrate," 1651, in which he recommends the burning of the historical records in the Tower ; "A Dying Father's Last Legacy to his Only Child," 1660, and " a number of political tracts, occasional sermons," etc. He also published "Amesii Lectiones in Psalmos, cum Epist. Dectic," 1647. The opinions of historians and biographers with regard to Hugh Peters differ widely. He is called a grand imposter and an arch-traitor on the one side, and on the other side he is eulogized as a martyr to the cause of civil and religious freedom, a pure and able divine and a devoted philanthropist. That he had extraordinary ability and immense energy no man can doubt, nor can we fail to recognize his influence in raising the New England colonies into a position of power and effect, which is still felt throughout the country.

In 1690 Thomas Maule published " Truth Set and Maintained," - an ardent plea for the Quakers as a means of spreading the Gospel. He was indicted for the publication of a book, "wherein is contained divers slanders against the churches and government of this province," and for saying at the honorable court in Ipswich " that there were as great mistakes in the Scriptures as in his book." He was, however, acquitted.

It seems proper to record here the mental attainments and efforts of a youthful jirodigy who, while he left no mark of his great powers, occupies a place in the list of those who represent the early culture and scholarship of Salem. Nathaniel Mather, a son of Increase Mather, lies buried in the Charter Street Burying-ground, with the inscription on his gravestone, "an aged person who saw but nineteen winters in this world." He was born in 1669 and died October 17, 1688. He was graduated at Harvard in 1685. At sixteen he delivered an oration in Hebrew, and ranked among the first scholars of his time. When a mere child he repented in sackcloth and ashes that he had " whittled on the Sabbath-day, and thus reproached his God by his youthful sports." At twelve he cried out " Lord, give me Christ or I die." His brother, Cotton Mather, says of him, " Nor did he slubber his prayers with hasty amputations, but wrestled in them for a good part of an hour together." He died at nineteen, " an aged person," as recorded on his grave-stone in the Charter Street Buryingground, and left, it is true, a most slender record behind him. But the scholar who contemplates his career will admire his genius and will picture to himself the brilliant work he would have accomplished for mankind ai:d his country had his life been spared and his promise been fulfilled. His memory belongs to the community where his ashes lie and his radiance illumines the dawn of letters in the colony.

In Salem Village the Rev. Peter Clark, an able and earnest minister, published in 1752 a " Defense of Infant Baptism," and in 1760 "The Doctrine of Original Sin Vindicated Again." In 1728 he published a sermon at the ordination of William Jennison at the East Church. He died in 1766, aged seventy-five.

It will be noticed that authorship has thus far been confined to the clergy. Until 1700 the provincial and colonial theocracy was complete. The clergy organized the State, constructed the laws, provided municipal regulations, exercised a general and close supervision of public affairs and directed the current of literature. The libraries of that day were full of volumes of sermons, moral essays, treatises on theology, books of devotion, all well exemplified by the numerous productions of Eoger Williams and Hugh Peters.

At the opening of the eighteenth century the current of thought changed. The manifest mistakes of the preceding three-quarters of a century were fully realized, and the law-givers were busy in reforming the code, and the publicists and theologians commenced the work of explanation. The State had become organized; the theory on which it was constructed had become operative; the doctrinal contests were largely over ; and the minds of the community had settled into a degree of repose which created but few active authors and writers. The Indian wars commenced, and for many years the active forces of the colony were engaged in the horrors of forest warfare. The strong men organized train-bands ; the brave mothers kept careful watch of the homes ; the clergy who were not engaged in active military service inspired the hearts of the people with faith and courage. From the breaking out of the Indian wars until the close of the French war the opportunity for study and meditation was small ; and during the remainder of the century, which was occupied by the War of the Revolution and the civil conflicts of the construction of the Constitution, the thought of the people was turned to questions of state, and the science of government occupied very largely the minds of those who were engaged in literary work. In public debates, in the newspaper press, in a flood of pamphleteering, may be found the fruits of the 9i mental effort of the day. There was neither time nor opportunity nor inclination for poems or novels ; and theological disputations were suspended before the all-absorbing topics which a great struggle for freedom, and a great declaration and defense of popular rights, had created. Science asserted itself, it is true, from time to time. Franklin pursued his observations on electricity, and, so far as Salem is concerned. Judge Andrew Oliver published in 1772 "An Essay on Comets," "Papers on Lightning, Thunder Storms and Water-spouts," and an account of a disease among the Indians, while Benjamin Thompson, later Count Rumford, was imbibing here, as an apprentice in John Appleton's shop, his passionate love of science.

In 1746 Dr. Edward Augustus Holyoke, who was born in 1728, was graduated at Harvard, and, in 1749, commenced in Salem the practice of medicine, which he continued eighty years. He published many medical articles in the reviews of his profession, and scientific papers in the " Memoirs of the American Academy of Science." He possessed great repose of body and spirit, and that balance of powers which usually attends longevity.

It was about 1770 that Timothy Pickering commenced his career as soldier and statesman by publishing a manual of military tactics which he used in drill service before the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, and whose principles he applied in a critical review of the military training of his superior officers as the war went on. He found time, in the midst of his duties in the army, in Congress, in the Cabinet and in agriculture, to publish an exhaustive letter on the " Conduct of the American Government towards Great Britain and France," and a "Review of the Correspondence between President John Adams and W. Cunningham," besides many valuable papers connected with his varied oflicial service. Colonel Pickering was not only governed by a high sense of duty throughout his long career, and by strong convictions, but he also expressed himself in a nervous, vigorous style, and in controversial correspondence was a most formidable foe. To no man is this country more indebted for its independent nationality and the strength of its institutions. He performed his service with such fearlessness and honesty that he was at times placed on the defensive ; but he now stands in the front rank of the great and pure men of the Revolutionary and Constitutional period in our history. In a literary point of view, he has left for the imitation of those statesmen who come after him a clear and impressive style and great power of statement.

The adoption of the Constitution and the organization of the Union found the country almost entirely absorbed by political controversies, and most vigorous endeavors to restore the languishing business of a people exhausted by a long war and a feeble and unsatisfactory system of government. The pulpit, the bar and the newspaper press absorbed nearly all the cultivated talent of the country. The progress of Arminianism and the development of Unitarianism gave rise to a most animated theological controversy, and the issues, growing out of various interpretations of the Federal Constitution, brought out a strong body of writers on these subjects. Rev. Thomas Barnard, of the North Church, published many occasional sermons, beginning in 1786, among which may be found an eloquent discourse delivered on the death of Washington, following in this respect his father, Rev. Thomas Barnard, of the First Church, who began his publications in 1743.

One of the most remarkable writers and investigators of that day was Rev. John Prince, LL.D., who was born in Boston in 1751, and died in Salem in 1836. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1776, and was ordained minister over the First Church in Salem in 1779. He was a most indefatigable worker, and applied himself to scientific research, often at the expense of his ministerial and parochial duties. He was an intimate friend of Count Rumford, who commenced his great career in this town as author and investigator in 1765, and joined in many of his inventions and scientific experiments. He improved largely the air-pump, and tested many plans for warming rooms. He published many sermons, among which are a Fast Sermon in 1798, a Charitable Sermon in 1806, a sermon on the death of Dr. Barnard in 1814, and a sermon before the Bible Society in 1816. His labors and his character were noticed by many scientific, literary and historical societies, and were reviewed by many leading periodicals of the day.

Dr. Prince exerted a commanding influence on the community in which he lived and his memory is warmly cherished in Salem. In theology he passed from Arminianism to Unitarianism with many of his clerical associates, and set a noble example of the capacity of a liberal-minded man to retain his faith while pursuing his theological investigations and modifying his views. His style was simple and somewhat severe, but it was used by him to convey sound doctrine, and a fund of valuable information and much food for thought.

William Bentley was ordained over the East Church four years after Dr. Prince commenced his labors at the First Church. He was born in Boston in 1759 ; was graduated at Harvard in 1777 ; and died in 1819. He was one of the ablest men of his time. His learning was extensive, and he used it, not only in the pulpit, but also in the newspaper press, to which he was a liberal contributor, and in a more elaborate work upon the history of Salem. He was at one time the editor of the Essex Register. In politics he was an ardent Republican and espoused the cause of Jefferson and advocated his interpretation of the Constitution. In theology he was an extreme Arminian, and paused not when he reached Unitarianism, but adopted with great force and ability those doctrines which since his day have been more genererally accepted by the followers of Emerson and Parker and the German school. He was a most ardent patriot and left his pulpit in mid-service to defend the town of Marblehead and the frigate " Constitution," when she was chased into that harbor, now famous as the rendezvous of the competing yachts of the country. Dr. Bentley was at his death warmly eulogized by Edward Everett, at the time a professor in Harvard College. But it was not found convenient to publish the sermon. He left his valuable library to the theological school at Meadville, and the American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester. He was a most beloved pastor and friend, and his memory is held as a most precious legacy by the descendants of those who loved him in his lifetime, and worshipped his spirit after death. Dr. Bentley published: "A Sermon at Stone Chapel, Boston,'' 1790; "Sermon on the death of Jonathan Gardner." 1791 ; " Psalms and Hymns," 1795; "A Masonic Discourse," 1796 ; "Artillery Election Sermon," 1796 ; " Sermon on the death of General Fiske," 1797; "A Masonic Discourse," 1797 ; " Masonic Charge," 1798 ; " History of Salem," 1800 ; " Sermon on the death of B. Hodges," 1804; " Sermon on the ordination of Joseph Richardson Hingham," 1806 ; " Election Sermon," 1807.

These two distinguished divines performed great service in the work of sustaining the literary reputation and power of Salem - a duty which before their death was taken up by one of the most learned and exemplary sons of this town, the Hon. John Pickering. He was born in Salem in 1772, a son of Timothy Pickering, and spent his early life in public service at home and abroad. He was secretary of legation to Portugal, and afterwards private secretary of Rufua King, in London. He filled many important positions as instructor at Harvard, practiced law in Salem until 1830, was a Senator from Essex and a member of the House of Representatives from Salem, and revised and arranged the Statutes of Massachusetts. He was, during his life, a most diligent student. His works are of great value to the scholar, and attracted the favorable attention of learned men at home and abroad. In 1816 he published " a vocabulary or collection of words and phrases which have been supposed to be popular in the United States," a work which was accepted at once as of great value by scholars on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1829 he published a volume " On the Adoption of a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages of North America," to which students of etymology made constant reference. In 1836 he published " Remarks on the Indian Languages of North America," accepted as a most valuable treatise by General Cass, W. H. Prescott, Du Ponceau, Ludewig and others. In 1826 he published " A Comprehensive Lexicon of the Greek Language, adapted to the schools and colleges of the United States," a book which ran through many editions and was published in Edinburgh by Professor

George Dunbar, with additions. The third American edition was so enlarged and improved as to be accepted as final authority. Mr. Pickering also published "A Fourth of July Oration in Salem," in 1804; " Eulogy on Nathaniel Bowditch, before the Academy of Arts and Sciences,'" 1838 ; " Lecture on the Alleged Uncertainty of the Law,'' 1834; "Dr. Edwards' Observations on the Language of the Muhekaneew Indians," 1823; "Eliot's Indian Grammar," 1822; " Father Easles' Dictionary of the Abnaki Language," and the " Vocabulary of Josiali Cotton," and " A Grammar of the Cherokee Language." He edited with a memoir " Peirce's History of Harvard University." In connection with Judge White, of Salem, he published an edition of "Sallust," in 1805. He also published a translation of " M. Dupin's Refutation of J. Salvador's Trial of Jesus," prefixed to the " Examination of the Testimony of the Four Evangelists ; " "A Review of the McLeod International Question ; " " Remarks on Greek Grammar;" " An Address Before the American Oriental Society; " " A Paper on the Roman Law ; " " An Article on National Rights ; " " An Essay on the Agrarian Laws ; " " An Essay on the Pronunciation of Greek ; " one on the "Priority of Greek Studies; " one on the " Egyptian Jurisprudence; " papers on the "Cochin China Language," and " Prescott's History of Ferdinand and Isabella."

The scholarship of Dr. Pickering, especially as a linguist, has seldom been surpassed. He had a profound knowledge of more than twenty languages. President Felton said of him that "he was one of the noblest and most learned men our country has produced." He possessed great purity of character and a most amiable and gentle disposition. His mind was enlarged by much learning and his heart was constantly warmed by his devotion to scholarly labor and his daily intimacy with the works of students of all ages and every country.

During the years occupied by John Pickering in performing his great literary work, Joseph Story entered upon his remarkable career as poet, legislator, lawyer and jurist. He was born in Marblehead September 18, 1779 ; was graduated at Harvard in 1798 ; was admitted to the bar in 1801, and commenced the practice of his profession at once in Salem, where he resided until appointed px'ofessor of law at Harvard in 1829. He was a lawyer who had acknowledged power as an adviser and an advocate, even in the early days of his professional labors. He was a most influential member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and during his term of service in Congress, to which he was elected as a JefFersonian Republican, in 1808, he pursued a course of great independence and commanding influence. During this period of his public career he had entered upon the field of authorship with great zeal, and was already recognized as an eloquent orator, a graceful scholar and an able expounder of the law. As early as

1804 he published a poem, entitled "The Power of Solitude," which, whatever may have been its poetic merit, indicated the grace and fervor of the author's mind. He then commenced his long catalogue of treatises on various branches of the law. He published "A Selection of Pleadings in Civil Actions " in 1805 ; " The Public and General Statutes passed by the Congress of the United States from 1789 to 1827; " "Commentaries on the Law of Bailments," 1832; "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, with a preliminary review of the Constitutional History of the Colonies and States before the adoption of the Constitution," 1833; "Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws, Foreign and Domestic, in regard to Contracts, Rights and Remedies, and especially in regard to Marriages, Divorces, Wills, Successions and Judgments," 1834; "Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence as administered in England and America," 1835 ; " Commentaries on Equity Pleadings and the incidents thereto, according to the Practice of the Courts of Equity in England and America," 1838; "Commentaries on the Law of Agency as a Branch of Commercial and Maritime Jurisprudence, with occasional Illustrations from the Civil and Foreign Law," 1839; "Commentaries on the Law of Partnership as a Branch of Commercial and Maritime Jurisprudence," 1842; "Commentaries on the Law of Bills of Exchange, Foreign and Inland, as administered in England and America, with occasional Illustrations from the Commercial Law of the Nations of Continental Europe," 1843; "Commentaries on the Law of Promissory Notes, and Guaranties of Notes and Checks on Banks and Bankers, with occasional Illustrations from the Commercial Law of the Nations of Continental Europe,'' 1845; besides numerous decisions on his circuit as United States justice, of which Sir James Mackintosh said they were " admired by all cultivators of the law of nations."

It would not be supposed that in the midst of such vast and constant labor as a lawyer, professor, jurist and author. Judge Story would have found time for productions of a more purely literary character, and yet the list of these is long and interesting. He delivered in Salem an eulogy on George Washington, 1800; eulogy on Captain J. Lawrence and Lieutenant C. Ludlow, 1818 ; sketch of the life of Samuel Dexter, 1816; charge to the grand juries of the Circuit Courts at Boston and Providence, 1819; charge to the grand jury of the Circuit Court of Portland, 1829; address before the members of the Suffolk bar, 1821 ; discourse before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard, 1826; discourse before the Essex Historical Society, 1828; discourse on inauguration as Dane Professor of Law in Harvard University, 1829 ; address on the dedication of the cemetery at Mount Auburn, 1831 ; discourse on the funeral obsequies of John Hooker Ashmun, 1833 ; discourse on the life, character and services of Hon. John Marshall, LL.D.,

1835; lectures on the Scieoce of Government, 1838; discourse before the Ahimni of Harvard College, 1842 ; charge to the grand jury of Rhode Island on treason, 1845; with many occasional speeches and pamphlets.

America has produced but few men equal in all respects to Judge Story. As a student he combined patience, diligence, comprehension and enthusiasm to a most extraordinary degree. He turned his attention in his early life to the hardest of all sciences, in which dispassionate judgment and cold deliberation are essentially required. And yet he filled the temple of the law with a genial warmth and a radiant glow which could not be surjjassed by any work of taste and imagination, and has rarely been equaled in those spheres which are dedicated to fervor and devotion. He had a sacred regard for the law, and he inspired his hearers with the same sense of reverent admiration. His mind, with its vast grasp and broad understanding, worked on with the rapidity of light. And while exercising his vigorous powers, he had most genial attractions for his associates, and those whom he taught, and in his family he always won the most ardent affection by his kindness and gentleness and simplicity. He was a great lawyer, a great author, a great citizen, and a kind and affectionate parent. Mrs. Farrar said of him, " He was the beauideal of a judge." His justice was always tempered with mercy.

The career of Nathaniel Bowditch, which, in an intellectual point of view, is one of the most remarkable and admirable records in history, commenced in Salem almost contemporaneously with that of John Pickering and Joseph Story. Pickering was born in 1772, Bowditch in 1773, and Story, who made no delays in his youth, in 1779. Pickering delivered his first oration in Salem in 1804. Bowditch published "The Practical Navigator " in 1802, and Story was admitted to the bar in Salem in 1801 to overtake in accomplishment his great contemporaries. They removed to Boston about the same time, carrying with them the great reputation they had already achieved.

Dr. Bowditch was born in Salem in 1773, and died in Boston in 1838. He began life in the forecastle of an East Indiaman, and before he had relinquished his interest in navigation he had become the mariner's guide across the trackless sea. Placed in charge of an insurance company in Salem, he advanced from "The Practical Navigator " to the "Mecanique Celeste," and the interpreter of Laplace to all English-speaking nations, and when he was called to a higher position in Boston as the organizer and president of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, an enduring monument to his financial wisdom and skill, he continued his studies still, until he accomplished that great literary work upon which his fame rests so securely. He seems to have been indifferent to all obstacles from the beginning to the end of his great career. At ten years of age he was compelled by poverty to labor for his own living. He followed the seas, mostly in a subordinate capacity, until he had reached mature manhood. And when he entered upon the great work of his life he was obliged to call his family about him, and confer with them as to the possibility of his publishing his volumes without outside aid. The same economy and courage which bore him through his early trials bore him also through the later struggles, fortunately supported as he was by the resolute determination of his wife and children. While engaged in his work he seemed to be unconscious of disturbance or interruption, and his most difficult calculations were made in the midst of the amusements of his family. The "Mecanique Celeste " appeared in four large volumes in 1829, '32, '34, '38. And by the strength of his genius he stood in the front rank of the great students and mathematicians of the world.

Dr. Bowditch possessed this great mental power, but he was remarkable also for his foresight, prudence, integrity and courage. His influence was felt in commercial circles, in scientific associations, in the government of Harvard College, and on the lives of those who bore his name, and went out from his domestic circle to practice the virtues he had given them as his best legacy.

The Rev. Samuel Worcester, D.D., commenced a long and useful career as pastor, preacher and author in charge of the Tabernacle Church in Salem, in 1803. He was born in Hollis, N. H., in 1770, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1795 and died in 1821. He was a theological scholar of great ability, and entered with zeal and power into the controversies of his day. From 1810 until his death he was corresponding secretary of the A. B. C. F. M., and he was untiring in his efficient support of that association. He published six sermons on the doctrine of " Eternal Judgment," 1800 ; "A Discourse on the Covenant with Abraham," 1805 ; "Three Letters to the Rev. W. E. Channing on Unitarianism," 1815; an edition of Watts' Hymns, 1818 ; many magazine articles and the first ten Reports of the A. B. C. F. M. He was considered one of the ablest supporters and advocates of orthodox Christianity, and was counted worthy of elaborate reviews and notices by such writers as Jeremiah Evarts, A. P. Peabody and Rufus Anderson. Dr. Worcester added much to the literary reputation of Salem, and his presence and services gave importance to the town. He presented a fine example of the New England clergy of a former date; and he raised a standard which his theological associates were proud to follow, and which has served as a mark for those who have succeeded him. He brought harmony and strength to a church organization which had passed through many trials and changes, and gave it the proud distinction of sending forth the first foreign missionaries to the East Indies.

of Dr. Worcester in 1819, and dismissed in 1826. He was the author of " The Little Osage Captive," 1822, and a "Sermon on the Trinity," 1826.

Benjamin Peirce, who was born in Salem in 1778, and died in 1831, coatributed largely to the literature of his times. He became librarian of Harvard College in 1826, and retained this station until his death. He was the author of a " History of Harvard College from 1636 to the Revolution ; " a " Catalogue of the Library of Harvard College," 1830. He was a diligent scholar and a most useful official in the college.

The Rev. James Flint was born in Reading 1779, was graduated at Harvard 1802, and installed over the East Church 1821. He died in 1855. He had great mental powers, a glowing imagination, an incessant activity. Ralph Waldo Emerson said he had genius. His literary remains consist of a volume of sermons, occasional sermons and addresses and a few sweet and fervid hymns scattered here and there in the collections for churches. There are those who remember him with great esteem and reverence. He published : " The Christian Ministry," 1806 ; "Sermon on Ordination of Rev. N. Whitman Billerin," 1814; "God a Refuge in Times of Calamity and Danger," 1814; "Election Sermon," 1815 ; "Discourse at Plymouth on the Landing of the Pilgrims," 1816; "Ordination of Seth Alden, Marlboro'," 1819; "Sermon on the Death of Rev. Abiel Abbot," Beverly, 1828 ; "Sermon on the Sabbath," 1828; "Sermon on Indolence," 1829; "Change: Phi Beta Kappa Poem, Harvard," 1839; "Collection of Hymns," 1843; "Sermon on the Vanity of Earthly Possessions," 1844; "Sermons on Leaving the East Church," 1845; "Sermon on the Death of Dr. Brazer," 1846 ; "Sermons on the Deaths of President Taylor and Hon. U. Silsbee," 1850 ; " Posthumous Volume of Sermons and of Poems," 1852.

The Rev. John Brazer was born in Worcester in 1789, was graduated at Harvard in 1813, where he was tutor and professor until 1820, in which year he was ordained pastor of the North Church. Dr. Brazer was a most polished scholar, and on all public occasions when he was csiUed on to deliver a sermon or address he acquitted himself with great taste and finish. His style was not easily surpassed. He was a strong and consistent and conservative Unitarian, and his congregation was one of the largest and most influential in the town. He delivered the Dudleian Lectures at Harvard in 1836, and published a volume of sermons about the same time. His labors were mostly confined to his parish, and he left a valuable literary harvest from his fertile and well-cultivated mind. Dr. Brazer published ; " Discourse for Promotion of Christian Education," 1825; "Sermon on the Death of Dr. Holyoke," 1829; "Power of Unitarianism," 1829; "Ordination of Jonathan Cole," 1829; "Memoir of Dr. Holyoke," 1830 ; "Sermon on the Value of the Public Exercises of Religion," 1832; "Efficacy of Prayer," 1832; "Duty of Active Benevolence,"

1835; "Essay on Divine Influence," 1835; "Lesson of the Past," 1837; "Present Darkness of God's Providence," 1841 ; " Sermon on the Death of Hon. Benj. Pickman," 1843; "Sermon on the Death of Hon. Leverett Saltonstall," 1843 ,-- "Posthumous volume of Sermons."

Henry Pickering, a brother of John Pickering, born in 1781, was for some time a merchant in Salem, and afterwards removed to New York. He printed a volume of poems for private distribution in 1830, and a poem entitled the " Ruins of Paestum " in 1822. He possessed the scholarly tastes of the family, and enjoyed a fine reputation as a gentleman of refinement and learning.

As a friend of the distinguished authors just enumerated, and as a graceful scholar, wise legal adviser and patron of letters, no man ever stood higher than the Hon. Daniel Appleton White. He was born in Methuen in 1776, was graduated at Harvard in 1799, and devoted himself for some years to teaching. He was admitted to the bar in 1804, and was appoiTited judge of probate for Essex County in 1815, at which time he took up his residence in Salem for the remainder of his life. He died in 1861. He published a "Eulogy of Washington at Haverhill," 1800 ; "View of the Jurisdiction of the Court of Probate in Massachusetts," 1822; a " Eulogy of Nathaniel Bowditch," 1838 ; an address at the consecration of Harmony Grove Cemetery, 1840 ; " New England Congregationalism in its Origin and Purity," 1861 ; besides numerous pamphlets.

Judge White led a long and useful life in Salem. His literary work was always done with great taste and skill, with a purity and terseness of style rarely equaled, and with great wisdom and humanity. His mind was always guided by a high moral sense. In his connection with public affjiirs he always exercised the most untiring devotion to the welfare of the community, and steadily entertained lofty views of the duties of a Christian commonwealth. To the libraries of Salem and to the educational work of the Lyceum, which he founded, and the Essex Institute, which he patronized liberally, he rendered a service which should never be forgotten. He was known as the friend of the scholar and of sound learning.

In 1818 the friends of Rev. Nathaniel Fisher published a posthumous volume of his sermons preached at St. Peter's Church, which were considered of a high order. He was born in Dedham in 1742, and died in Salem in 1812.

In the same year (1818) Benjamin Lynde Oliver, a gentleman of great ability and attainments, published his first volume, entitled " Hints on the Pursuit of Happiness." He followed this with " The Rights of an American Citizen," 1832; " Law Summary," 1833; " Practical Conveyancing," 1838 ; " Forms of Practice," 1841 ; " Forms in Chancery, Admiralty and Common Law," 1842. Mr. Oliver was distinguished for his brilliancy in conversation and his high social quail- ties. He was a most skillful chess-player, and was considered an authority in that intricate game. He was born in 1788, and died in 1843. He was a son of Rev. Thomas Fitch Oliver, an Episcopal minister, who published an interesting discourse on Masonry in 1784. He was also a nephew of Dr. B. Lynde Oliver, who died in Salem in 1835, aged seventy-five, and who published many medical treatises.

In 1824 the Rev. Josiah Willard Gibbs, who was the son of Henry and Mercy (Prescott) Gibbs, and born in Salem in 1784, commenced the publication of his philological works, consisting of " A Hebrew and English Lexicon to the Old Testament, including the Biblical Chaldee from the works of Prof. W. Gesenius ; " an edition of the above for schools, in 1828; " Philological Studies " with English illustrations, 1857 ; and "A New Latin Analyst," 1859. Professor Gibbs was a long time professor of sacred literature in Yale College. He was a profound scholar ; his works were republished in London, and were favorably noticed by the most accomplished linguists.

While yet a junior in Dartmouth College, Charles Dexter Cleveland commenced his literary career. He was born in Salem December 3, 1802 ; was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1827, and in 1830 was elected professor of Latin and Greek in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He entered upon the work of authorship in 1826, at which time he published " The Moral Characters of Theophrastus," with a translation and critical notes. This he followed with "An Epitome of Greek Antiquities," 1827; "First Lesson in Latin on a New Plan," 1827; "The National Orator," 1827 ; Xenophon's "Anabasis," with English notes, 1830; "A Compendium of Greek Antiquities," 1831 ; " First Lessons in Greek," 1832 ; " Sequel to First Lessons in Latin," 1834; an edition of Adams' " Latin Grammar," 1836 ; "An Address of the Liberty Party of Pennsylvania to the People of the State," 1844; " First Latin Book," and " Second Latin Book," 1845; "Third. Latin Book," 1848; "A Compendium of English Literature," 1848 ; " Hymns for Schools," 1850 ; " English Literature of the Nineteenth Century," 1851 ; an edition of Milton's " Poetical Works," 1853 ; "A Compendium of English Literature," 1858. His Latin series have always been highly esteemed by scholars ; and his edition of Milton is most satisfactory, both to the scholar and the general reader. His devotion to ancient and modern literature has given his country a noble movement in American scholarship ; and it has been said of his work that " good taste, fine scholarship, familiar acquaintance with English literature, unwearied industry, tact acquired by practice, an interest in the culture of the young, a regard for truth, purity, philanthropy, religioH, as the highest attainment and highest beauty - all these were needed, and they are all united in Mr. Cleveland."

Samuel Worcester, to whom allusion has been made ; was born in 1801 ; was graduated at Harvard in 1822; was for many years tutor and professor in Amherst College, and was settled over the Tabernacle Church, in Salem, in 1834. He was recording secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, from 1847 to 1866. In 1826 he published " Essays on Slavery," by Vigorinus; in 1854 "A Memorial of the Tabernacle Church ; " many sermons and discourses ; and many articles in reviews and periodicals. He represented Salem in the Massachusetts Legislature in 1866. Dr. Worcester had great industry and a strong mind controlled by sincerity and honesty of purpose. He resembled his father in the sturdy vigor of his style and in the purity of his purpose. He resigned his pastorate in 1859, but not until he had strengthened the work his father consolidated, and had seen his people collected in the new church edifice which they erected in 1854.

The Rev. Joseph B. Felt has intimately connected his name with the history of Salem, by his faithful and accurate annals of the place. He was born in Salem in 1789, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1813, and soon became the acknowledged historian of many localities in Essex County. He published histories of Ipswich, Essex, Hamilton and Salem, in all of which he displayed great patience of research and great capacity for arrangement and selection. He also published "Collections from the American Statistical Associations on Towns, Population and Taxation " in 1847, and a " Memoir of Roger Conant" in 1848. He is highly esteemed as a reliable annalist, and an honest and capable searcher after truth ; and he is accepted as authority on all matters which he has investigated and recorded. He ranks among the most faithful of historians.

The work of social reform has at times occupied most absorbing attention in Salem, and has been supported by some of her ablest and most conspicuous citizens. Among the most remarkable of her reformers was the Rev. George B. Cheever, who, while pastor of the Howard Street Church, exerted himself most vigorously and conscientiously in behalf of human freedom and temperance. He was born in Hallowell, Me., in 1807; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, and not long after was settled in Salem as pastor of the "Branch Church." His fearless hostility to the traffic in and the use of ardent spirits led him into the most violent contest, in which he maintained his position with great courage and persistency, and in an attitude far in advance of his times. While here he published "Inquire at Deacon Giles' Distillery," a work which produced a stirring social commotion in the town, but won for him the reputation of an ardent and brave reformer. He afterwards settled in New York as pastor of the Allen Street Church, 1845 ; and as pastor of the Church of the Puritans in New York, in 1846. He published " The American Common-Place Book of Prose,"

1828, and of " Poetry," 1829 ; " Studies in Poetry," 1830 ; " Lectures on Hierarchical Despotism " and "Lectures on Pilgrim's Progress," 1843 ; "Wanderings of a Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mont Blanc," 1846 ; " The Hill of Difficulty," 1849 ; " The Voice of Nature to her Foster-child," "The Soul of Man," 1852 ; "A Reel in the Bottle for Jacob in the Doldrums," 1852; "Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth," 1848; "Punishment by Death: its Authority and Expediency," 1849; "Windings of the River of the Water of Life," 1849 ; " Powers of the World to Come," 1853; "Lectures on Cowper," 1856; "God against Slavery," 1857.

These works indicate the tendency of Dr.Cheever's mind ; they also indicate his great power and versatility. He has made a mark in his time which will never be obliterated, and he has done much to direct the public mind in the paths of morality, rectitude and virtue.

At the time when Dr. Cheever commenced his career in Salem the Rev. Charles W. Upham had just entered upon his ^jastorate in the (First) Congregational Church as colleague of Dr. Prince. Mr. Upham was born in St. John, New Brunswick, 1802 ; was graduated at Harvard, 1821, and settled in Salem in 1824. For twenty years he was minister of this parish, at the end of which time he resigned, and pursut^d diligently his work as public official and author. He was a member of the Thirty-third Congress; Representative to the General Court in 1849, '59, and '60 ; State Senator in 1850, '57 and '58, and one year presiding officer of that body. He was mayor of the city in 1852.

Mr. LTpham became an author at an early period of his career. He published, in 1828, " Letters on the Logos." This was followed by "Principles of Congregationalism," 1829 ; " Lectures on Witchcraft," 1835 ; " Salem Witchcraft,with an account of Salem Village," 1867; "Discourse on the Funeral of Rev. John Prince," 1836 ; "Life, Explorations and Services of John Charles Fremont," 1856; "Lifeof Sir Henry Vane," 1836; "Life of John Quincy Adams," 1839; oration, July 4, 1844; oration before the New England Society, N. Y., 1846 ; "Life of Washington," 1852; and the last three volumes of the " Life of Timothy Pickering," a work commenced by Octavius Pickering, a son of Timothy Pickering, a graduate of Harvard in 1810, and for many years reporter of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts.

Mr. Upham was a graceful and forcible writer. His sermons, while a preacher, were extremely attractive to old and young, and were filled with a warm Christian spirit. In his work as a public servant he set an example of honest conviction and a fearless discharge of duty. His contributions to the history of his country were most valuable. The " Life of Sir Henry Vane" which he contributed to Sparks' "American Biography" has always been accepted as one of the most brilliant works of the kind in the English language. His "History of Witchcraft" is elaborate, graphic and exhaustive; and his share of the "Life of Timothy Pickering" is a charming record of the great work of that remarkable man. Mr. Upham, at his death, left a circle of warm and devoted friends, and an honorable record in the community in which he spent so many long and laborious years of his life.

In 1800 William Biglow, or, as he sometimes subscribed his name, Gulielmus Magnushumilis, was engaged as a teacher in Salem. He was born in Natick in 1773, was graduated at Harvard in 1794, and died in 1844. He was the author of the " History of the Town of Natick from 1650 ;" and of the town of Sherborne from its incorporation to the end of the year 1830. He contributed a Latin poem on the occasion of the second centennial of Harvard, in 1836. He published " Elements of Latin Grammar," 1811; "Education," a poem, Salem, 1799; "Phi Beta Kappa," poem, 1811; "Poem on Intemperance," Cambridge, 1834; "Recommencement, or Commencement Again," Boston, 1811 ; several school books. He married a daughter of Peter Lander, of Salem. He was a scholar of extensive reading, and was well known to numerous acquaintances as a social companion of original wit and fancy, and possessing a fund of anecdote, which he would communicate with facility in prose and rhyme.

The Hon. Joseph G. Sprague delivered a eulogy on Adams and Jefferson in 1826, and published many political and biographic?! essays. Lieutenant John White, U. S. N., published " Voyage to the China Seas," 1826.

Dr. R. D. Mussey practised medicine in Salem at this period, and earlier for several years. He was engaged in lecturing on chemistry in 1816, and removed to accept a professorship at Dartmouth College, and afterwards at Cincinnati. He published many medical essays and an elaborate treatise on tobacco. He married a daughter of Dr. Joseph Osgood, of Salem.

Dr. Daniel Oliver was engaged with Dr. Mussey in popular scientific lectures in Salem. He resided here for many years, and was afterwards professor of the theory and practice of medicine at Dartmouth College. He published " First Lines in Physiology," in 1835.

It was in this period of the literary history of Salem that Nathaniel Hawthorne commenced his inspired work. Born in Salem July 4, 1804, he led a quiet and secluded life for thirty years, passing shyly through the schools of the town and inconspicuously through Bowdoin College, where he was graduated in 1825. His first appearance as an author was in The Token and The Democratic Review, where he published anonymously a series of tales so attractive that the most brilliant minds of the country commenced a diligent search for the author, who was supposed for a long time to be a female of great delicacy of fancy and keen knowledge of human nature. In 1837, however, he collected these productions into a volume entitled

"Twice-Told Tales,'' and the position of Hawthorne in the world of letters was at once recognized. The book received a most flattering review by Longfellow, a warm and cordial reception by Miss Mitford and a most enthusiastic welcome from all that class of refined and aesthetic students who w^ere gathering round Emerson, George Ripley, Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker and their charming and critical associates. On the other hand, the hard students rejoiced in his appearance. From this time until his death, in 1864, a period of less than thirty years, he held various official positions conferred upon him for his merit as an author ; and he sent forth that collection of romances which have given him an immortality in the world of letters and have elevated the position of the American mind to the rank accorded to genius in all ages and among al 1 nations. " The Scarlet Letter," "The House of the Seven Gables," " Blithedale Romance," " Mosses from an Old Manse," "Grandfather's Chair," "The Wonder Book," "Tanglewood Tales," "The Marble Faun," "Our Old Home," "English Note-Book," " American Note- Book " all came out in rapid succession, and now occupy the dearest corner in every well-appointed library, at home and abroad.

By his many reviewers Hawthorne has been compared with nearly all the great writers of fiction, whose works have been accepted as beyond mere figments of the fancy. That he surpassed them all in his comprehension of the motives of the human heart there can be no doubt. It was a supernatural element in him which gave him his high distinction. When he entered upon his work as a writer he left his personality entirely behind him. In this work he allowed no interference, he asked for no aid. He was shy of those whose intellectual power and literary fame might seem to give them a right to enter his sanctuary. In an assembly of illustrious authors and thinkers he floated reserved and silent around the margin of the room and at last vanished into outer darkness. The working of his mind was so sacred and mysterious to him that he was impatient of any attempt at familiarity or even intimacy with the divine power within him. His love of personal solitude was his ruling passioa ; his intellectual solitude was an overpowering necessity. And so in great loneliness he toiled, conscious that no human power could guide him, and that human sympathy was of no avail. He appeared to understand his own greatness so imperfectly that he dared not expose the mystery to others ; and the sacredness of his genius was like the sacredness of his love. That this sentiment, so natural and admirable, made him somewhat unjust to his literary associates there can be but little doubt. For while he applied to them the powerful test of his own genius, before whose blaze many of them withered, his retiring disposition kept him at a distance almost fatal to any estimate of their true proportions. And even when he admired and respected the authors among whom he moved, and was proud of the companionship into which his genius had elevated him, he never overcame his natural sensitiveness with regard to the demand they might make on him as a fellow-artist, to open his creations to their vision and with regard to the test they might apply to him. For his sturdy manhood he sought intimates and companions, - not many, but enough to satisfy his natural longing for a fellow ; for his genius he neither sought nor desired nor expected to find companionship. For his old official friends he had a tender affection ; for the strong and practical young men with whom he set forth in life he had an abiding love and attachment; they satisfied the longings of one side at least of his existence. For the throne on which he sat in the imperial realm of his own creative thought he desired no associate ; his seat there was for himself alone; his reign there was supreme. And when he retired to that lonely room which he had set apart at the height of the tower which overtopped his humble abode in Concord, and without book or picture, alone with a solitary seat and desk, having none to commune with except nature, which stood before his windows to cheer his heart, and he entered upon his work, his creation moved steadily and majestically, as when the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy. At the foundation of Hawthorne's genius lay those strong and sturdy characteristics which he had inherited from a long line of agricultural and maritime ancestors. And these characteristics he never surrendered. He found lor them a sympathetic feeling in the few companions whom he met in the ordinary service of his life. They were genuine as nature had made them - neither tasteless nor artificial nor corrupt. And in their association his mind found the repose which all nature requires. But this was by no means his life ; and let those who assume that his companions led him into bad practices, even were they so inclined, remember that he found his eternal rest with some of the sweetest and purest spirits of his time. Let those who flippantly accuse him of dissipation and vulgarity remember that he found his home among the noblest characters in the community in which he lived, and let their regard and love for him attest his nobility and purity. They saj^ he was pure and chaste and honorable - and their testimony is enough. He had no fondness whatever for social pleasures, good or bad, and never entered into them, nor did he establish between himself and his fellowmen the superficial intimacy upon which society rests. But his instinct led him into the companionship of the refined and gentle, whose life was made beautiful by the constant presence of poetry and art and the highest intellectual culture. Salem, in Hawthorne's day, was filled with brilliant and beautiful women ; and they worshipped at a distance this mysterious divinity, whose delicate fancies charmed their hearts, and whose glowing eye and sturdy form, and dome- like head crowned with a luxuriant "pomp of hair," and fair and noble face, made up in him the type of imperial manhood. The doors of the most delightful society were open to him. But he selected from a secluded nook a modest flower, gave her his heart and united with her in exploring the beauties of art and letters, and in building up a home of great simplicity and love. Hawthorne knew many ideal homes in his day, but none more beautiful than his own, which was always in accord with the delicacy of his taste and feeling, and on entering which he was obliged to leave no unworthy qualities, no discordant habits behind. No act of his life and no association had unfitted him for such companionship as he found there. He embodied in all his relations with life the finest of those characteristics which have made his native place the home of strong and versatile powers, and of faculties which have produced a deep impression upon the world.

Julian Hawthorne, a son of Nathaniel and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne, was born in Boston in 1846, but passed much of his childhood in Salem while his father was surveyor of that port. He has devoted himself entirely to literature, and has displayed most remarkable faculties in the creation of fiction and the delineation of romance. It is easy to trace the resemblance between his own mind and that of his father, and easy also to distinguish the difference. At an early age he has secured a foremost place among the authors of the country, and has added much to the literary wealth of his times. To powers like his the future is full of bright pi'omise.

The Rev. Thomas W. Coit. who was connected with Saint Peter's Church until 1826, was born in 1803 ; was graduated at Yale in 1821 was ordained, July 16, 1826, resigned March 23, 1829. He was a scholar of good capacity and attainments, was professor of Trinity College, and president of Transylvania University. He published " The Theological Common-Place Book" in 1832 ; " Remarks on Norton's Statement of Reasons," 1833; "The Bible" in paragraphs and parallelisms, 1834; " Townsend's Chronological Bible," 1837 ; " Puritanism, or a Churchman's Defense against its Aspersions," 1844.

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody has devoted a long life to a most valuable literary labor. She was born in 1804, and spent her early years in Salem with her sisters, who became the wives of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Horace Mann. She commenced her literary work early in life, publishing " Records of a School," " Spiritual Culture," " Dick Harbinger, the Pioneer," " The Present," " Introduction to Grammar," " First Steps to History," 1833 ; " Key to the History of the Hebrews," 1833; "Key to Grecian History," 1833; " Chronological History of the United States," 1856; "Memorial of Dr. William Wesselhoeft," 1859; " Translation of De Gerando's Moral Self-Education," 1859; "Bem's System of Chronology," 1852 ; "The Esthetic Papers," 1849 ; " E-say on Language," 1857 ; and many papers in the Chrutian Eraminer and Journal of Education. She has engaged most zealously in many reforms and has always combined great humanity and kindness with careful scholarship. She was an early disciple of Dr. Channing, and she cultivated most intimate relations with Washington Allston, Emerson and the leaders of what is now known as the Concord School of Philosophy. Her last publication, "An Evening with Allston, and Other Essays," is a most graceful and j^rofound jiroduction. She is now eighty-three years of age and retains all her vigor of thought and power of expression. Her sister, Mrs. Hawthorne, has published a charming volume of letters, and her sister, Mrs. Mann, has written an admirable " Life of Hon. Horace Mann," and has published a valuable edition of his works.

The talent and accomplishments of these three women deserve a more elaborate notice than can be given here. They were daughters of Dr. Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Palmer) Peabody, who resided a long time in Salem and elsewhere in Essex County. Mrs. Peabody was the daughter of General Joseph Pearce Palmer, a patriotic officer in the Revolutionary army, and was one of a remarkable family. Her .sister Catherine was the mother of George P. Putnam, the distinguished publisher and liberal patron of letters. Her sister Mary married Royall Tyler, chief justice of Vermont, poet and essayist, and was the mother of learned clergymen and college professors ; and her sister Sophia married Dr. Thomas Pickman, of Salem, an able and beloved physician of the town. The daughters of Dr. Peabody inherited the talent of their mother's family, and they have made many contributions to the literature and art of the country. Their associates and com[»anions were among the most learned men and women of their time, by whom they were held in great affection. The last survivor, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, even in her old age, occupies her mind with all objects of philanthropy and charity, and enjoys the profound respect and esteem of all who know her, and of all who remember her constant labors in the cause of good learning and education.

One of the most diligent and studious of Salem authors was Jonathan Cogswell Perkins, lawyer andjurist, and so learned and accurate an annotator of the numerous law books he published that he has been placed by the best authorities "by the side of Story and Metcalf " He was born in Chebacco Parish, Ipswich (now Essex), in 1809, was graduated at Amherst in 1832. studied law with Rufus Choate and at the Cambridge Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. In 1848 he was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Massachusetts, " and proved himself to be a learned and able, as Avell as a just and upright judge." He published nine voluiues of the second edition of " Pickering's Massachusetts Reports,'' 1835-41 ; " Chitty's Criminal Law," 1847 ; " Chitty on Contracts, with

Valuable Annotations," seven editions from 1839 to 1859; "Jarman on Wills," 1849; "Abbot on Shipping," 1854; "Daniell's Chancery Practice," 1851 ; "Collyer on Partnership," 1850; "Chitty on Bills and Notes," 1854; " Arnould on Insurance," 1859; " Sugden's Law of Vendors and Purchasers of Eeal Estate," 1851; " Angel 1 on Water-Courses," 1869; " United States Digest," 1840 ; " Chitty on Pleadings in Civil Actions," six editions from 1844 to 1866 ; "Brown's Chancery Reports," 1844; "Vesey, Jr., Chancery Reports," 1844-45. After a busy and laborious life, of great value to the j^rofession of law. Judge Perkins died Dec. 12, 1877.

Benjamin Peirce (Professor) was born in 1809 and graduated at Harvard 1829. He was Hollis professor of mathematics in 1832, and Perkins professor of astronomy and mathematics from 1842 to 1867, having been previously tutor in mathematics. In 1867 he was appointed superintendent of the United States Coast Survey. Professor Peirce was truly a mathematical genius. He comprehended a problem with great rapidity and clearness, and he stated it, with his conclusion, with a conciseness never surpassed by mathematicians of any era. No proposition was too small to receive his attention and none too large to be mastered by his powerful mind. His publications Avere numerous, and they stand in the front rank ot mathematical works. He ijublished " Elementary Treatise on Plane Trigonometry," 1835 ; " Elementary Treatise on Spherical Trigonometry," 1836 ; " Elementary Treatise on Sound," 1836 ; " Elementary Treatise on Plane and Solid Geometry," 1857 ; " Elementary Treatise on Algebra," 1837 ; " Elementary Treatise on Curves, Functions and Forces," 1841; "Tables of the Moon, arranged in a form under the superintendence of Charles Henry Davis, lieutenant U. S. N.," 1853 ; " Physical and Celestial Mechanics, Developed in Four Systems of Analytic Mechanics, Celestial Mechanics, Potential Physics and Analytic Morphology," 1855; besides many articles on " Meteors," " Latitudes," " Perturbations of Uranus and Neptune," " Comets," " Saturn's Ring," " Tails of Comets," " Moon Culminations," " Celestial Mechanics and Meteors." His diligence was great, as was also his power of application, and his amiability and patience enabled him to pursue his work continuously amidst the interruptions incident to his duties as teacher and jsrofessor. His position among the scientists of his day was among the foremost, and it is related of him that he secured by letter, for a fellow-student and observer, to M. De Lesseps, the plans and measurements of the Suez Canal, which had been repeatedly refused to those who applied as statesmen and diplomatists. He died in 1880.

A brother of Professor Peirce, Charles Henry, born in Salem in 1814, and a graduate of Harvard in 1833, was for many years examiner of drugs and medicines for the port of Boston, and published " Translation of

Charles T. Brooks, who was a contemporary of Professor Peirce, possessed a mind of an entirely different order. He was born in 1813, was graduated at Harvard in 1832, and was ordained pastor of the Unitarian Church, Newport, R. I., in 1837. He had a quick imagination, a graceful fancy and a deep love of poetry. His sermons were characterized by great piety and strong faith, as well as by a progressive liberality. It was chiefly as a poet, however, that he distinguished himself and took his place among the scholars and authors of the country. He published "Schiller's William Tell," translation 1838; translation of " Mary Stuart," and the " Maid of Orleans," 1839; "Titan," from Jean Paul Richter, 1840; "Specimens of German Songs," 1842; translation of Schiller's "Homage of the Arts," 1847; "Poems," 1848 ; the controversy touching the " Old Stone Mill at Newport," 1851 ; " German Lyrics," 1856 ; " Songs of Field and Flood," 1854.

Mr. Brooks was distinguished not only for his ability as a scholar and poet, but for the sweetness of his disposition aTid the purity of his life. His presence in the pulpit was a benediction, and he bore the trials which fell upon him with a calm and patient submission which won the admiration of all who knew him.

The essays and poems of Jones Very were published in 1839. He was born in 1813, as was Mr. Brooks, just preceding, and was graduated at Harvard in 1836, four years later. His progress towards distinction was not rapid, but it was sure and constant. His rank in college was good, his ability was recognized and he was appointed Greek tutor in the university soon after his graduation. The first issue of his poems and essays attracted universal attention. They were characterized by great religious fervor, a fine imagination, great delicacy of thought and a pure, simple and effective style. His sonnets were especially charming. He was intimate with the beauties of nature and drew many a lesson from the flowers by the wayside and the fair landscape which lay around his home. His soul was, at the same time, full of aspiration, and he saw the hand of the Creator in all the natural objects about him. On every subject which came under his notice he turned a " dim religious light," and you rose from his essays with the feeling that you had been led to the contemplation of his themes by the prophet of the Lord. It was said of him, by one of the ablest of his critics, that " he always piped the sweet, sad notes of religious melancholy,'" but he also taught the most unbounded faith and the most confident reliance on that divine power to which he turned for inspiration, and on which he leaned throughout his sincere and thoughtful and pious life. He was one of the most sympathetic of men, and one of the most inspired.