Salem City (part 4 of 5)

Robert Rantoul, Jr., one of the most eloquent and brilliant of all the sons of Essex County, hardly identified himself with Salem, except as a law-student in the offices of John Pickering and Leverett Saltonstall, and a lawyer from 1829 to 1831. At this time, however, he took so active a part in the mental activity of the town, that he has given an opportunity for enrolling his name in this list of cultivated and intellectual men. Mr. Rantoul was born in Beverly, 1805 ; was graduated at Harvard, 1826 ; was admitted to the bar, 1829 ; and died in 1852. During this comparatively short period he devoted himself largely to public service and won great distinction as a lawyer, legislator and orator, with powers which, had they been exercised in more purely literary work, would have won for him greater distinction still. His commanding presence in the Massachusetts Legislature is well remembered. His bold and gallant stand in Congress is recalled with admiration by his contemporaries who remain. He was a fearless advocate of the principles in which he believed, and he was the most inspiring popular orator of his day in Massachusetts. He was formidable as an adversary and allpowerful as an ally ; a generous and kindly opponent and a tender and devoted friend. His early argument in behalf of popular education, and his unanswerable attack on the Ten Million Bank Bill, which he defeated in the Massachusetts Legislature ; his rejaort against capital punishment ; his oration at Concord, in 1850 ; his reply to attacks made on him in Congress, in 1852 ; hie speech to his devoted constituents in Salem, July 5, 1852 ; his arguments as United States district attorney, from 18-15 to 1849 - all indicate great mental grasp, extraordinary keenness of perception and masterly skill in arrangement. When hediedagreat career was suddenly and prematurely closed. And in the great struggle which followed, in the opening of which he took a conspicuous and important part, and which ended only with the Civil War, his friends, his State and his country, when disheai'tened by adversity, were encouraged by the thought that the spirit of Rantoul was with them, and mourned that his voice could be no longer heard. His recorded words gave great inspiration to those on whom the burthen of the contest fell when he was gone ; and his name is warmly cherished by the few now living who knew him, and by the many who have learned from their fathers to admire his courage, his genius and his gentle and affectionate spirit.

On the organization of the Barton Square Unitarian Church, in 1824, the Rev. Henry Colman was installed as pastor, February Ifi, 1825. Mr. Colman was born 1785, and died 1849. He continued his connection with the church seven years, and then withdrew to a broader and more active sphere of duty. He became one of the most useful and interesting of agricultural writers. He i^ublished " Reports of the Agriculture of Massachusetts," 1849 ; " European Agriculture and Rural Economy," 1851 ;

"Agriculture and Rural Economy of France, Belgium, Holland and Switzerland," 1848; and "European Life and Manners," 1849. He spent many years in England, investigating agriculture and society, and he was the first to describe the domestic economy of that country, into whose well-organized homes he was most cordially admitted. His style was graceful and graphic, and his intercourse was genial and highly attractive.

In 1842 Richard J. Cleveland published a narrative of " Voyages and Commercial Enterprises,' which was most favorably noticed by the leading reviews of the day. His son, Henry Russell Cleveland, born in 1808, graduated at Harvard in 1827, died in 1848, and published "Remarks on Classical Education of Boys by a Teacher," 1834; "Life of Henry Hudson," 1838 ; " Address Delivered Before the Harvard Medical Association," 1840; "A Letter to the Hon. Daniel Webster on the Causes of the Destruction of the Steamer ' Lexington,"' 1840 ; besides many papers to the North American Review and the Neiu England Magazine. Mr. Cleveland was a sound scholar and a graceful and forcible writer. His early death was deeply deplored.

One of the most brilliant and fascinating of American writers and historians was William Hickling Prescott, who was born in Salem, 1796, and died in Boston in 1859. He was a son of Judge William Prescott, who resided in Salem from 1789 to 1808, and who was intimately connected with the most important business enterprises of that day, and whose name appears on many of the important documents. Mr. Prescott was graduated at Harvai'd in 1814, and having been disabled by a painful accident from entering upon a professional lite, he commenced at once, under great obstacles a literary career which he pursued with great diligence and success until the close of his life. He published, in 1837, "The History of Ferdinand and Isabella," and stepped at once into the list of the great historians of the world. It was universally known that this fiiscinating and elaborate work had been accomplished under difficulties which would have discouraged the most enthusiastic and devoted student, and the entire world of scholars was filled with admiration of the accomplishment and the tenderest sympathy with the heroic author. The history was translated into German, French, Spanish, Italian and Russian, and was enrolled at once among the classic productions of the world. But Mr. Prescott did not relinquish his work here. Dependent upon a reader for his data, and employing an apparatus constructed in a writing case for the blind, he "pursued his solitary way." His mind acquired great strength as he went on with his work, and he retained and arranged the materials he had accumulated with marvelous facility. In 1843 he published the " History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of the Ancient Civilization," and a " Life of the Conqueror, Fernando Cortez ; " and the world of scholars was once more filled with admiration of his " pure, simple and eloquent style, keen relish for the picturesque, quick and discerning judgment of character, calm, generous and enlightened spirit of philanthropy." In 1847 this was followed by the " History of the Conquest of Peru, with a Preliminary View of the Civilization of the Incas," a work which was as enthusiastically received as its predecessors. His style was again admired ; his candor and fidelity and power of description were warmly commended by authors and readers alike. The " History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain," appeared in 1855. The materials for this work, the preparation of which occupied six industrious years, were gathered without regard to trouble, labor and expense, and the work itself opened one of the most thrilling and important chapters in the history of the greatest and most stormy periods of Continental Europe. The brilliancy of the volumes drew from the historian Macaulay, then in the height of his power, the warmest praise. " The genius of Mr. Prescott," said he, " as a historian, has never been exhibited to better advantage than in this very remarkable volume, which is grounded on ample and varied authority." In 1857 he published "The Life of Charles the Fifth after his Abdication," Modestly insisting that Robertson had most faithfully recorded the j^olicy and events of this great monarch's reign, he devoted himself to the unrecorded years of his life of retirement, and supplemented the brilliant pages of Robertson with a touching narrative of the close of the great life to whose career they had devoted their fine historical powers. In addition to these important works, Prescott published biographical and critical miscellanies containing reviews and essays of great interest, - "Charles Brockden Brown, the American Novelist;" "Asylum for the Blind;" " Irving's Conquest of Grenada ; " " Cervantes ; " " Chateaubriand's English Literature ; " " Bancroft's United States ; " " Madame Calderon's Life in Mexico:" "Moliere;" "Italian Narrative Poetry ; " " Poetry and Romance of the Italians;" "Scotch Song;" " Du Ponte's Observations;" " Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature." Mr. Prescott was sixty years old when his last volume was published. For more than a quarter of a century he had pursued his great career. In many respects he was the greatest of American historians. Scholars recognized him as one of the most brilliant of their number, when that number in this community was not small. The American people remembered with pride that the blood of the brave commander of the patriot forces at Bunker Hill was flowing in his veins. A Christian community loved him for the beauty of his character, and for the high moral standard which he had followed through life. His biography was written by all the biographers ; his works were reviewed by all the reviewers ; his character as a scholar was discussed with admiration by Edward Everett, and George E. Ellis, and Francis Lieber, and Theodore Parker, and A. P. Peabody, and by all the historical societies of the world. No American writer has won higher renown, no American citizen has received more profound respect and warmer love.

Alpheus Crosby, Avho took charge of the Normal School in Salem Oct., 1857, was born in 1810, and died in Salem April 17, 1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1827, and was appointed professor of Greek and Latin languages in that college. He was a diligent and careful scholar, and published "A Greek and General Grammar," "Greek Tables," "Greek Lessons," "An Edition of Xenophon's Anabasis," " First Lessons in Geometry," " A Letter of John Foster, with Additions," "An Essay on the Second Advent.'' Professor Crosby was for many years principal of the Normal School in Salem, and after retiring from that position passed the remainder of his life in this city.

Edwin P. Whipple, who was born in Gloucester in 1819, was for a long time employed as clerk in a bank in Salemj'and for a time was the librarian of the Salem Athenaeum, where he acquired thof^e literary tastes which he afterwards exercised with so much activity and usefulness. He began to write for magazines early in life, and soon acquired a good reputation as a facile and graceful essayist. He was an interesting popular lecturer, selecting his themes with great skill and treating them with great wit and discrimination He published "Essays and Reviews," 1848; "Lectures on Subjects connected with Literature and Life;" " Washington and the Principles of the Revolution ;" "An Oration before the City Authorities of Boston, July 4, 1850 ;" " Character and Characteristic Men," 1867, in which he discussed Character, Eccentric Character, Intellectual Character, Heroic Character, the American Mind, the English Mind, Thackeray, Hawthorne, Edward Everett, Thomas Starr King and Agassiz. He was considered "one of the ablest of Araericar critics." His lectures were esteemed as miniature histories, and were highly valued. He was accepted by Prescott, and Griswold, and Bowen, and Thomas. He was not accepted by Edgar A. Poe.

George B. Loring was born in North Andover, (at that time included in Andover) November 8, 1817. He entered Harvard College in 1834, and entered the Harvard Medical School, where he was gi-aduated in 1842. He was in practice from 1842 to 1850; surgeon of the United States Marine Hospital, Chelsea, 1843 to 1850; commissioner to revise the United States Marine Hospital system, 1849; member of the Massachusetts Legislature, 1866 to 1868; president of the New England Agricultural Society from its foundation, 1864, to the present time ; United States Centennial Commissioner, 1872 to 1876; president of the Massachusetts Senate, 1873 to 1877; member of the United States House of Representatives, 1877 to 1881 ; United Statts Commissioner of Agriculture, 1881 to

1885. In the midst of his public career he has beeu active as a writer on many and diverse topics, and a speaker on many and various occasions. He has published "An Essay on Phlebitis," New England Journal of Surgery and Medicine, 1843 ; "An Oration on Constitutional Freedom, the Cornerstone of the Kepublic," 1856; "Review of the Scarlet Letter," 1851; " Keply to the Church Review on the Scarlet Letter," 1851 ; " Letters from Europe in the Boston Post," 1848-49; " Modern Agriculture," 1858; " The Farmer's Occupation," 1858; "Agricultural Education," 1858 ; " Farm Stock, Massachusetts Report on Agriculture," 1859 ; " The Relation of Agriculture to the State in Time of War," 1862 ; " Scientific and Practical Agriculture," 1864; " The Asi^assination of Lincoln," 1865 ; " The Unity and Power of the Republic," a Fourth of July oration, Newburyport, 1865; "The State of the Uiiion^ a Speech in the Massachusetts House of Representatives," 1866; "The New Era of the Republic," 1866; " Dedication of the Soldiers' Tablets at Bolton," 1866; "Cl<ssical Culture," 1867; "The Power of an Educated Commonwealth," 1867 J "Agricultural Investigation," 1867; "Oration on the Dedication of Soldiers' Monuments at Weymouth," 1868; "Semi-Centennial of the Essex Agricultural Society,'' 1868; "The Development of American Industry," 1869 ; " The Connection of the State Board of Agriculture with the Agricultural College," 1869; ''The Struggles of Science, Address before the American Institute," 1870 ; " Oration Dedicating the Memorial Hall, Lexington," 1871; "Speech at the Dedication of the Morse Statue, New York," 1871 ; " Oration at the Bi-Centennial Celebration at Dunstable, Mass.," 1873; "Speech in the Mas-achusetts Senate in behalf of the Museum of Comparative Zoology," 1873; "Eulogy of Agassiz," 1873; "The People and Their Books," an address dedicating the Thayer Library at Braintree, 1873; "Oration at the Centennial Celebration at Sherburne," 1874; "Oration at Centennial Celebration of Swansea,'' 1875 ; " Address on Tree- pi an ting before the Fern Clifl' Association," Lee, Mass., 1875 ; " A Speech in the Mas sachusetts Senate in Favor of Rescinding the Resolves Condemning Charles Sumner," 1874; "A Speech in the Massachusetts Senate on the Railroad Policy of Massachusetts," 1874 ; " Speech on Suffrage as a Right under a Republic," Massachusetts Senate, 1874; " An Oration at the Centennial of Leslie's Retreat from Salem,'' 1875; "Oration at the North Church, Boston, on the Centennial Anniversary of hanging out the Signal Lanterns to warn Paul Revere of the Advance of the British Troops to Concord," April 18, 1875 ; " Oration at Bloody Brook," 1875 ; " Oration Dedicating the Mugford Monument at Marblehead," 1875 ; " Sketch of the Massachusetts Surgeons in the Revolutionary Army," 1875 ; " The Farm- Yard Club of Gotham," an account of New England f

By Henry M. Brooks

Salem was incorporated as a city March 22, 1836, and the charter was accepted April 4, 1836, by a vote of six hundred and seventeen for, to one hundred and eighty-five against it. It was the second city incorporated in the commonwealth, Boston having been the first, and Lowell the third.

Leverett Saltonstall was the first mayor, elected April 25, 1836, and resigned in December, 1838. He was a descendant of Sir Richard Sal tonstall, and was born in Haverhill, June 13, 1783 ; was educated at Phillips Academy and at Harvard, where he graduated in 1802. In 1805 he commenced the practice of law in Salem, where he was eminently successful, and where he was always held in great esteem. A State Senator in 1831 ; elected member of Congress in 1838, and served with distinction until 1842. In politics he was a Whig, but had the respect of men of all parties. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Massachusetts Historical Society ; author of a historical sketch of Haverhill. Mr. Saltonstali was quite interested in music and was, with General Oliver, prominent in promoting musical taste in Salem. He died in Salem May 8, 1845.

Stephen Clarendon Phillips was the second mayor, elected December 6, 1838, holding the office until March, 1842. He was born in Salem, November 4, 1801 ; graduated at Harvard in 1819. He was a distinguished mei'chant, at one time largely engaged in the Manilla and Fiji Island trade ; Representative in Congress from 1834 to 1838, and had previously represented the town of Salem at the General Court at various periods. Originally a Whig, he joined the Free-Soil party in 1848, and was a candidate for Governor. Mr. Phillips was especially interested in the cause of education, was a member of the State Board of Education, and gave the whole of his salary as mayor to the city for the benefit of the public schools. He gave also a great deal of personal attention and time to the subject. In the latter part of his life he engaged largely in the lumber trade, and while visiting Canada in 1857 he was one of the ill-fated passengers on board the steamer "Montreal," burnt on St. Lawrence River on the 26th of June of that year. He was a very benevolent man and greatly beloved and respected wherever known.

was a lawyer by profession. Besides holding the offices mentioned, Mr. Webb was elected mayor of San Francisco in 1854, during a temporary residence in that city. He was not elected a second term, as it was said he "refused to get rich " out of the office. Noted for honesty and integrity, as well as for social qualities, he made many friends. He died at Brookline, Mass., September 29, 1879.

Joseph Sebastian Cabot was the fourth mayor, and served four years, - 1845, '46, '47 and '48. He graduated at Harvard in 1815. He had been cashier and president of the Asiatic National Bank, and was at one time bank commissioner ; president of the Salem Savings Bank, president of Harmony Grove Cemetery Company, president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society; always interested in finance and horticulture. He was a gentleman of integrity, much esteemed, but rather retiring in his habits ; had been in former years a Democratic candidate for Congress. He was born in Salem, October 8, 1796, and died June 29, 1874.

Nathaniel Silsbee, Jr., was the fifth mayor, and served in 1849, '50 and again in 1858 and '59. He was born in Salem, December 28, 1804, and was the son of Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee, a distinguished Senator in Congress ; graduated at Harvard in 1824. He was a merchant, and for several years the treasurer of Harvard College. He resided in Boston and Milton some years before his death, which occurred July 9, 1881.

David Pingree was the sixth mayor, serving from March, 1851, to March, 1852 ; a well-known merchant. He was born in Georgetown, December 31st: 1795, and inherited wealth from his uncle, Thomas Perkins, an old Salem merchant, once of the firm of Peabody (Joseph) & Perkins. Mr. Pingree did a large business in Salem, owning many vessels engaged in the East and West India and African trade ; was largely interested in Eastern lands, and owned Mount Washington, in New Hampshire, whicii is still in possession of his heirs. He was one of the builders of the famous carriage-road to the summit. He was president of the Naumkeag Bank from its organization, in 1831, and president of the Naumkeag Cotton Company from its establishment, in 1845, until his death, March 31, 1863.

Charles Wentworth Upham was the seventh mayor, serving in 1852. He was born at St. John, N. B., May 4, 1802, and graduated at Harvard in 1821 in the class with Ralph Waldo Emerson. He was minister of the First Church in Salem from 1824 to 1844, for the first twelve years as colleague with Rev. John Prince, LL.D. Retiring from the ministry, he was subsequently elected member of Congress from the Essex South District, serving with great satisfaction to his constituents from 1853 to 1855; he represented the city at the General Court for several years, and was president of the State Senate in 1857 and 1858; Whig and Republican in politics. An eloquent speaker and excellent writer, Mr. Upbam distinguished as an author. Among his most valuable works are the "History of Salem Witchcraft " and " Life of Timothy Pickering." He also wrote a " Life of Fremont." At one time be edited the Christian Register, of Boston, and contributed from time to time to various periodicals. Mr. Upbam was noted not only for his intellectual but social qualities. He died June 15, 1875.

AsAHEL Huntington was the eighth mayor, serving from March, 1853, to March, 1854. He was born at Topsfield, July 23, 1798, and graduated at Yale in 1819. He was a prominent lawyer ; elected district attorney in 1830, resigned in 1845, but was again elected in 18^7, and held the office until 1851, when be was appointed clerk of the courts for Essex County, in which office be continued until bis death, September 5, 1870. He was deeply interested in the cause of temperance, and frequently lectured on the subject, and was an effective speaker. He was twice a representative at the General Court ; was president of the Essex Institute, also president of the Naumkeag Cotton Company. Mr. Huntington was highly esteemed by the people of Salem and of Essex County.

Joseph Andrews was the ninth mayor, having been elected on the Know-Nothing or Native American ticket in 1854 and 1855. He was born in Salem, December 10, 1808; began business as a clerk in one of the Salem banks, and in 1832 was elected cashier of the Commercial Bank, in Boston, where he remained until the bank closed, in 1838. He was always interested in military matters, and commanded at one time the Salem Light Infantry. He was brigadier-general of Massachusetts Militia at the breaking out of the Civil War, and was placed in command at Fort Warren, in Boston harbor, where be bad charge of the State troops before their departure to the seat of war. He removed to Boston and died there February 8, 1869.

William Sluman Messervy was the tenth mayor, serving in 1856-57. He was born in Salem, August 26, 1812, and began business in a counting-room in Boston about 1830. In 1834 he went into business in St. Louis, Mo. In 1839 he was a Mexican trader, and spent several years in Chihuahua and Santa Fe. When the Territory of New Mexico was organized be was elected delegate to Congress, and was afterwards acting Governor. Having had financial success in his various operations, be returned to Salem in 1854, and was soon afterwards made a director in various corporations. He was interested in literary and scientific institutions, and a great reader. He was also interested in politics ; an Old Line Democrat, but during the war a strong Eepublican, He died February 19, 1886.

Stephen Goodhue Wheatland was the eleventh mayor, and served in 1863 and 1864. He was born at Newton, August 11, 1824, and graduated at Harvard in 1844. He was a lawyer by profession ; represented the city at the General Court for a number of years ; was a director in several corporations, and has been president of the National Exchange Bank.

Joseph Barlow Felt Osgood was the twelfth mayor (1865), and was born in Salem July 1, 1823 ; graduated at Harvard in 1846. He is an able lawyer; has been a member of the State Senate and House of Representatives. At j>resent be is judge of the First District Court of Essex County, which position he has held since its establishment, in 1874.

David Roberts was the thirteenth mayor, and served from January, 1866, to September 26, 1867, when he resigned on account of a disagreement with the aldermen. He was an attoi'ney and counselor-atlaw, having graduated at Harvard in 1824. At one time he was a representative at the General Court ; was author of a work on admiralty law and practice. He was born in Hamilton, April 5, 1804, and died in Salem, March 19, 1879.

William Cogswell was the fourteenth mayor, and was elected on the resignation of Mayor Roberts, September 26, 1867, and held the office in 1868 and 1869, and again in 1873 and 1874. He was born in Bradford, August 23, 1838; a graduate of Harvard Law School ; practiced law in Salem. He served with distinction in the War of the Rebellion ; went first as captain in the Second Massachusetts Regiment and rose to the rank of brevet brigadier-general ; and was with Sherman in bis famous march through Georgia. Since the war he has held the office of State Inspector of Fish for several years ; has several times represented the city in the Legislature, and the district in the State Senate. He is at present Representative in Congress from Essex District.

Nathaniel Brown was the fifteenth mayor (1870 -71), and was born in Salem, March 18, 1827. He began business as clerk in the counting-room of Messrs. Stone, Silsbees & Pickman, noted East India merchants; went to sea, and was for many years an intelligent ship-master. In 1871, as president of the Salem Marine Society, he delivered an address on the centennial anniversary of that society's incorporation. He died in Salem December 10, 1879.

Samuel Calley was the sixteenth mayor, and held the office in 1872 and again in 1881 and 1882. He was born in Salem, April 13, 1821 ; was a housepainter by trade, but always greatly interested in political and municii^al affairs; Republican in politics, and was representative at the General Court in 1870 and 1871. He died January 1, 1883.

Henry Laurens Williams was the seventeenth mayor (1875-76), and was born in Salem, July 23, 1815. He began business in the counting-room of N. L. Rogers & Brothers, well-known merchants. In 1836 he went into the employ of Joseph Peabody, the noted merchant. After the death of Mr. Peabody, in 1844, he founded the house of Williams & Daland, in Boston. Later he was for some years a director of

Henry Kemble Oliver was the eighteenth mayor, serving in 1877, 1878, 1879 and 1880. He was born in Beverly, November 24, 1800; graduated at Harvard in 1818. He was a school-teacher in Salem from 1819 to 1844 ; was the first master of the English High School ; afterwards opened a private school for boys and, later, a school for young ladies. He was interested in military matters, and was adjutant-general from 1844 to 1848. Elected agent of the Atlantic Cotton Mills, at Lawrence, he removed to that city in 1848 ; mayor of Lawrence in 1859 ; agent of the Board of Education in 1858 and 1859 ; State treasurer from 18i!l to 1866; chief of the State Bureau for Labor for some years. He possessed great knowledge of the art of music, and composed numerous excellent Psalm tunes, such as " Federal Street," " Merton," etc. ; published a few years ago a collection entirely of his own compositions ; was made one of the judges of musical instruments at the Centennial Exhibition, in Philadelphia, in 1876. He was also well versed in mathematics and astronomy. In short, he was a man of very varied talents and accomplishments. He died at Salem, after a long illness, August 12, 1885, and had a public funeral from the North Church, of which he had long been a member, and was formerly the organist.

William Millett Hill was the nineteenth mayor (1883 and 1884), and was born in Salem, August 16, 1831. He was a currier by trade ; a Democrat in politics ; was president of the Common Council from 1873 to January 14, 1875, when he was appointed city marshal, which office he held until 1877, after which he was appointed upon the State detective force.

Arthur Lord Huntington was the twentieth mayor, and served in 1885. He was the son of the Hon. Asahel Huntington, a former mayor, and was born in Salem August 12, 1848 ; graduated at Harvard in 1870 ; a lawyer by profession. He was president of the Common Council in 1877 and 1878.

John Marshall Raymond was the twenty-first mayor, elected December 8, 1885, and again in December, 1886, and is the present incumbent. He was born June 16, 1852, and is a graduate of the Boston University.

John Endicott

John Endicott was born in Dorchester, England, in 1588. In 162-3 a company known as the Dorchester Company established a colony at Cape Ann, near what is now Gloucester. This colony consisted of about fifty men, under the leadership of Roger Conant, and not long afterward removed to Naumkeag (now Salem). The Dorchester Company was organized by Rev. John White, of Dorchester, who, in response to letters from Conant favoring a permanent settlement, wrote to him that if he and John Woodbury, John Balch and Peter Palfray would remain at Naumkeag, he would, as soon as possible, obtain a patent and forward more men and supplies. In accordance with this promise, Mr. White obtained a patent from the Council for New England, dated March 19, 1628, conveying to six persons - Sir Henry Rosewell, Sir John Young, John Humphrey, Thomas Southcote, John Endicott and Simon Whitcomb - a tract of country described as " that part of New England lying between three miles north of the Merrimac, and three miles to the south of the Charles River, and of every part thereof in the Massachusetts Bay ; and in length between the described breadth from the Atlantic to the South Sea." Some changes were afterwards made in the list of grantees by the retirement of Rosewell, Young and Southcote, and the substitution of Sir Richard Saltonstall and others in their places.

Under this patent, John Endicott, described as " a man of dauntless courage, benevolent, though austere, firm, though choleric, of a rugged nature, which his stern principles of non-conformity had not served to mellow," was sent out from England, and arrived, with his wife and a band of emigrants, in the ship "Abigail " at Salem September 6, 1628. He had been appointed in England Governor of the plantation, while Matthew Cradock had been chosen Governor of the Massachusetts Company in London. After his arrival in New England the English Company applied for a charter, which might give them authority to establish a government within the territory granted to them by the Council for New England. The charter was granted and passed the seal March 4, 1629. This charter created a corporation under the name of the " Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." In 1630 John Winthrop, as Governor under the charter, assumed control of the colony, having arrived in June of that year. At the first meeting of the Court of Assistants, held at Charlestown August 23, 1630, it was ordered " that the Governor and Deputy-Governor for the time being shall always be justices of the peace, and that Sir Richard Saltonstall, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Endicott and Mr. Ludlowe shall be justices of the peace for the present time, in all things to have like power that justices of the peace hath in England for reformation of abuses and punishing of offenders." On the 7th of September, 1630, he took his seat as one of the assistants, and occupied that position many years. In 1636 he was appointed one of the magistrates to hold the Salem Court, and in the same year colonel of the regiment composed of the militia of the towns of Salem, Saugus, Ipswich and Newbury. In 1637 he was chosen " to be one of the standing consell for the term of his life," and in 1641 was chosen Deputy-Governor. In 1644 he was chosen Governor and removed to Boston, and served almost continuously in that office until his death in Boston March 15, 1665. In 1645 he was made sergeant major-general, the highest military officer in the colony, and in 1652 established a mint, which was engaged in coinage more than thirty years. He was a man of good education, of fearless disposition and determined will. Whatever credit may be due to others in the successful establishment of the Massachusetts colony, it may be reasonably doubted whether his presence and influence were not essential parts of the great whole, which gave it a permanent life.

Sir Richard Saltonstall

Sir Richard Saltonstall was born in Halifax, England, in 1586, and died in England about 1658. He was one of the grantees under the patent from the Council for New England, obtained by Rev. John White in behalf of the colony at Naumkeag, e-tablished under the leadership of Roger Conant. In the charter to the Massachusetts Company, which passed the seal March 4, 1629, he was the first named of the eighteen assistants provided for in that instrument, and came to New England with Winthrop in 1630. In March, 1635-36, he had a gr^nt of one hundred acres of land in Watertown, and in June, 1641, a grant of five hundred acres " below Springfield." He finally returned to England, having previously revisited it in 1631. In 1644 he was in Holland, and there the portrait of him now in the possession of his descendants was painted. Breadth of mind and a liberal spirit were his marked characteristics, and have been inherited by the successive generations of his descendants. In 1651, in a letter to Rev. John Wilson and Rev. John Cotton, he lamented the narrow spirit of persecution prevailing in the colony, and urged upon them the exhibition of kindlier and more charitable judgment and treatment of those who had been subjected to persecution.

Sir Richard is spoken of more in detail in the sketch of Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, of Salem, in the chapter on the Bench and Bar, and in that sketch may be found a full statement of his family and ancestry.

Joseph Peabody

Joseph Peabody was born in Middleton, in Essex County, which was made up of parts of Salem, Topsfield, Boxford and Andover, and incorporated June

20, 1728. His birthday was the 9th of December, 1757. He was descended from Francis Peabody, who came from St. Albans, Hertfordshire, Enghmd, in 1635, and was one of the earliest settlers of Tojjsfield. The American ancestor was doubtless a farmer, as were all his descendants in the line of Joseph Peabody, the subject of this sketch, down to himself. Indeed, it may be said that he, too, began the life of a farmer, for after his common-school education, not until he w-as eighteen years of age did he leave his father's larm to seek a fortune in the busy world.

It is probable that the popular excitement which attended the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, and the adventurous spirit which they would naturally develop, inspired that departure from the ways of his father which led him to a life of activity and finally to wealth.

It is said that when the British march on Lexington became known, though too young to be enrolled in the militia, Mr. Peabody joined the Boxford company as a volunteer, but arrived at the scene of action too late to take part in the battle. The subsequent draft of his brother-in-law into the army obliged him to take his place on the tarm, and with a reluctant hand he toiled in uncongenial work until the end of his brother's campaign.

As soon as circumstances would permit, however, he went to Salem at the age of eighteen, and joined, probably as sailor, the privateer " Bunker Hill," belonging to E. H. Derby, of that town. After his recovering from a fever which afflicted him after his first cruise, he joined, probably as an officer, the privateer "Pilgrim," belonging to G. and A. Cabot. The second cruise, unlike the first, was successful and resulted in the capture of a British merchantman deeply laden and strongly armed, which Mr. Peabody, as prize-master, took into Thomaston, Me. A second cruise in the "Pilgrim " proving a failure in consequence of a storm, in which the vessel was dismasted, Mr. Peabody spent a year on shore acquiring that instruction and knowledge to which, more than any previous instruction, his future success was due. He pursued his studies during the year with Rev. Elias Smith, of Middleton, a man both of scholarship and of varied general knowledge.

In the month of August, 1778, he enlisted in the Middleton militia when they were called for to join General Sullivan in Rhode Island and aid in his attempt to rescue Newport from the British, and on his return from that unsuccessful expedition he made a voyage to Gottenburg in the letter of marque " Rambler." He next sailed as prize-master in the privateer "Fishhawk," commanded by Captain Foster, and was captured by a British man-of-war which Captain Foster had mistaken for a merchantman. After a short imprisonment at St. John, Newfoundland, he returned to Boston and, with the determination to abandon privateering, sailed as second officer in the letter of marque " Ranger," owned by Henry Sargent, of Boston, Henry Gardner and Ward & Chipman, of Salem. On this voyage a cargo of salt was carried from Salem to Richmond and a cargo of flour from Alexandria to Havana. He was now twenty-five years of age. On the next voyage a cargo of flour was shipped at Alexandria, and while lying at anchor at the mouth of the Potomac, the "Ranger" was surprised in the night by a party of American Loyalists,^and only by the bravery of the master and crew and the gallantry of Mr. Peabody did she escape capture. In the engagement Mr. Peabody was severely wounded, and on the return of his vessel to Alexandria to refit, a boarding pike, richly mounted with silver and bearing a suitable inscription, was presented to him by the merchants of that place in recognition of his gallant conduct in the battle.

On account of the wounds received by Captain Simmons, of the " Ranger," the voyage was further prosecuted under the command of the first officer, and Mr. Peabody was promoted to his place. On her return from Curacoa the vessel was chased thirty-six hours by a man-of-war, but escaped into Havana, and soon returned to Salem.

After the declaration of peace Mr. Peabody was given command of a vessel owned by the Messrs. Gardner, of Salem, and was dispatched to St. Martin's from which port he sailed for Alexandria. There he was attacked by small-pox and obliged to abandon his command. On his return to Salem his earnings enabled him to purchase the schooner " Three Friends " and taking command, he made repeated voyages to the West Indies and Europe. For several years he thus acted in the double capacity of captain and merchant, assiduously pursuing the advantages which the revival of trade after the Revolution afforded, and laying firm and deep, not only by the accumulation of capital, but by a valuable commercial education, the foundations of his future wealth.

He retired from the sea in 1791, when thirty-four years of age, and married in that year Catherine Smith, the daughter of the minister of Middleton, under whose care a portion of his education was conducted. In two years his wife died, and in 1795 he married her sister, Elizabeth, with whom he led a happy life of nearly fifty years. From this time forward, with the knowledge he had acquired, in the various ports he had visited, of the methods and opportunities of profitable trade, his business rapidly increased. With his business he increased the number of his vessels, and during his whole career built eighty-three ships, which he largely freighted himself, and for which, at different times, he shipped more than seven thousand seamen. After the year 1811 he promoted to captaincies thirty-five who had entered his employ as boys. It is stated that in these vessels, before the War of 1812, thirty-eight voyages were made to Calcutta, seventeen to Canton, thirty-two to Sumatra, forty-seven to St. Petersburg, ten to other northern European ports and twenty to the Mediterranean.

The business of Mr. Peabody always had Salem for its headquarters, and from and to that port all his vessels sailed, and from there was distributed in coasting vessels the merchandise which they had brought from all parts of the world. His ships were built and equipped there, and it may be easily imagined how much employment he gave to his townsmen and how largely he j^romoted the prosperity and growth of the town.

At various times he had as partners in business Mr. Thomas Perkius, who sailed with him in his early privateering voyages, and Mr. Gideon Tucker, both of whom, though men of great business capacity, reaped abundantly the benefit of the master-mind of their partner.

The career of Mr. Peabody sufficiently indicates, without a definite analysis, his character. To have accomplishe d it he must necessarily have possessed certain qualities, without which it would have been a failure instead of a remai'kable success. His temperament was cool, his judgment was unerring, his estimate of men was almost infallible. He was cautious and careful in making his calculations and reaching conclusions, but his calculations when made were always correct and from his conchisions no argument or obstacles could swerve him. But underlying and supjjlementing all his qualities as a business man was the experience of his early life at the lowest round in the commercial ladder, which made his steady progress comparatively easy and sure.

Mr. Peabody died on the 5th of January, 1844, at the age of eighty-six vears. His widow died on the 28th of February, 1854, at the age of eighty-seven years.

Col. Francis Peabody

Colonel Francis Peabody was the son of Joseph Peabody, of Salem, and a lineal descendant from Lieutenant Francis Peabody, of St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England, born in 1614, who came to New England in the ship "Planter" in 1635 and first settled in Ipswich. In 1638 Lieutenant Francis Peabody removed to Hampton, in the old county of Norfolk, but in or about the year 1650 took up his permanent residence in Top-field. He married Mary, daughter of Reginald Foster, and had children.

Joseph, one of his descendants, was born Dec. 12, 1757, whose sketch is included in this volume ; married, first, August 28, 1791, Catherine, and second, October 24, 1795, Elizabeth, daughters of Rev. Elias Smith, of Middleton.

Colonel Francis Peabody, one of the sons of Joseph, born December 7, 1801, was placed, at ten years of age, in Dummer Academy, at Byfield, under the care of Rev. Abiel Abbott. At the age of twelve he was placed in a select private school kept by Jacob Newman Knapp, in Brighton, where he remained four years. Here ended his academic education. His predilection for scientific pursuits was so strong that a collegiate career was abandoned, and his time and energies were devoted to the study of mechanics and chemistry. In 1820, at the age of eighteen, he took passage in the ship " Augustus," belonging to his father, to Russia to re-establish his health, which had been seriously impaired by a fever which, during its ravages, threatened his life and had left him somewhat enfeebled. From Cronstadt, the port of destination, Mr. Peabody made a tour into the interior of Russia and returned home in the " Augustus '' with renewed health and a zeal for his chosen work strengthened and matured. During the next two winters he attended courses of scientific lectures in Boston and Philadelphia, in the latter city forming an acquaintance with the distinguished scientist, Dr. Hare, which proved of special benefit to him in his course of study.

Nor was his enthusiasm confined to scientific pursuits. His attention was turned to military matters, and as whatever subject he applied his mind to he studied with earnestness and easily mastered, he was soon in command of a battalion of artillery and was rapidly promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy of a regiment. In 1825 he was transferred to the infantry as colonel of the First Regiment, First Brigade, Second Division of the Massachusetts Militia, and ever afterwards bore the title which he then acquired. Hon. Charles W. Upham, an intimate and devoted friend of Colonel Peabody, in a memoir, to which the writer of this sketch is indebted for much of its material, says that, " having exhausted the activities of a military life, it had no charms for Francis Peabody, and he forthwith gave himself back to his predominating tastes and to the inexhaustible satisfactions they afforded him. Yielding again and now once for all to the spirit of the place, he renewed his philosophical and inventive operations and engaged in branches of business, manufacturing and commercial, to which they led him, remaining always on hand, however, to bear his part in movements for the general welfare."

Colonel Peabody was among the first to introduce the system of public lectures on scientific and literary subjects, which did so much to instruct the last generation and spread intelligence among the people. In 1828 he gave a free course of lectures in Franklin Hall, in Salem, on the history and uses of the steamengine, and the next season gave a similar course in Concert Hall, in the same city, on electricity. These lectures awakened in the community a sense of the value of knowledge, which took form in the establishment of lyceums not only in Essex County, but throughout the commonwealth.

Colonel Peabody had, in 1826, connected himself with the establishment of the business of the " Forest River Lead Company," but in 1833 he built the papermills in Middleton. At a later date he began on an extended scale the business of refining sperm and right whale oil aiul the manufacture of candles, and also erected at Middletoa linseed oil mills. As Mr. Upham says, " The application of science to practical and useful arts was not only the unwearied labor, but the happy entertainment of his life." The establishments projected by him were carried on by machinery which owed their perfection to his inventive skill.

He was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and during many visits to Europe made it his business as well as pleasure " to explore whatever illustrated the application of philosophical principles to the useful arts." His services in the introduction of aluminium in dentistry and in the preparation and use of flax are well known to persons of the last generation interested in these branches of science and industry.

In 1866 Colonel Peabody succeeded Asahel Huntington as president of the Essex Institute and continued in office until his death, which occurred October 31, 1867. On the 7th of July, 1823, he married Martha, daughter of Samuel Endicott, the seventh in descent from John Endicott, the governor of the plantation in Essex, and had children.

This inadequate sketch of the career of Colonel Peabody suggests the prevailing traits in his character. He inherited wealth, but neither permitted it to lessen his activities and paralyze his usefulness nor used it for display or personal aggrandizement. The diffusiou of knowledge, the elevation of public taste, the establishment of pure morality, the happiness of his home and the prosperity of his children were the ends he sought, and to these ends he lavishly devoted his time and means. He was universally respected and beloved by the community in which he lived, and the memory of his warm heart, his open hand, his cheerful spirit, his unsullied purity, his untarnished integrity and his irreproachable life is still fresh in the homes of his native city.

Dudley Leavitt Pickmak

Was born in Salem on the 4th day of May, 1779. He was the fifth in descent from Benjamin Pickman, who came to Salem from Bristol, England, about the year 1666. His grandfather, also named Benjamin, was a successful and public-spirited merchant, and it was he who built and occupied the fine old house on Essex Street, next to the present East India Marine Hall. William, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a man much respected and esteemed, although, being a younger son, he inherited but little wealth. Washington appointed him naval ofiicer of the port of Salem, which position he held twelve years, until, on the election of Jefferson, he was removed to give place to a Democrat. He married a daughter of the Rev. Dudley Leavitt, minister of the Tabernacle Church, in Salem. Mrs. Leavitt was a sister of that sturdy old Federalist, Colonel Timothy Pickering. William's eldest son, a young man of great promise, bearing his father's name, was lost at sea, and his only daughter, Elizabeth, married Daniel Abbott, a distinguished lawyer of Dunstable, (afterwards Nashua), New Hampshire. The second son, Dudley Leavitt Pickman, after receiving a commonschool education, was for a time clerk in his father's department at the Custom-House ; then, like so many of his fellow-townsmen, he followed the sea for about ten years, acting as supercargo and agent for several well-known commercial houses in Boston and Salem. Soon after the War of 1812 he commenced business in Salem, associated with the brothers Nathaniel, William and Zachariah F. Siisbee and Robert Stone. This partnership continued for more than thirty years. Their business was extensive, and their vessels made voyages to all quarters of the world. They were among the first to engage in the trade with Zanzibar and Madagascar, since so successfully carried on from Salem, but their principal business was with Sumatra, Java and the Philippine Islands. The ship " Endeavour," owned by them, was built by Christopher Turner, near Frye's Mills, in Salem. The brig " Persia," which was afterwards lost on Eastern Point, Cape Ann, with all on board, was launched from near Phillips' Wharf, and the ship " Borneo " from South Salem. The " Friendship," another of their vessels, was attacked by Malay pirates off the coast of Sumatra, and after the first officer and several of the crew had been killed, was captured and plundered. In addition to foreign commerce, Mr. Pickman took a strong interest in manufacturing enterprises. Unlike most of the merchants of that time, who were free traders, Mr. Pickman was an early advocate of a protective tariff, believing that the introduction of manufacturing industries was of vital importance to the prosperity of the country. He was a member of each of the comijanies which purchased the land and water-power where the cities of Lowell, Manchester and Lawrence now stand, and also a large stockholder in many of the early cotton and woolenmills in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Later, he took the same strong interest in railroads, then a novelty and an experiment. Probably, in the records of a majority of the railroads first built in New England his name would be found as an original subscriber.

He performed valuable services in the Massachusetts Legislature, to both branches of which he was several times elected, though not a seeker after political office. Always ready to give his time and service to public or charitable institutions, the unfortunate and needy were sure to find in him a willing friend. In politics an ardent Federalist and great admirer of Alexander Hamilton, he acted, after the extinction of that party, with the National Republicans and Whigs.

He was an active member of the North Church of Salem, and took a deep interest in the rise and spread of Unitarianism, many of the clergymen of that denomination being among his most valued friends. Strong good sense, sound judgment, great clearness of perception and statement were his most striking characteristics. Eminently just and honorable in all his dealings and despising everything false or tricky, he was nevertheless a man of strong prejudices, but he did not allow them to betray him into injustice. Mr. Pickman was not only an accomplished merchant, familiar with everything relating to accounts, the laws and usages of insurance, banking and exchanges, but extensive reading, aided by an excellent memory, had given him a vast fund of general information, particularly on historical and geographical subjects and the politics of Europe and this country, as well as a good knowledge of the best English and French literature. He was a large man physically, fully six feet two inches in height, of striking presence, with a fine head and expansive forehead, indicating decided brain-power. His manners had all the dignity and courtesy of the old school. The brick house on the corner of Chestnut and Pickering Streets, built in 1819, was occupied by him until his death, which occurred in 1846. He was married, in 1810, to Catherine, daughter of Thomas Sanders, of Salem. Three children survived him : Catherine Sanders, married to Richard S. Fay, of Boston ; Elizabeth Leavitt, to Richard S. Rogers, of Salem ; and William Dudley, to Caroline, daughter of Zachariah F. SilsbcC, of Salem.

A son of the last, born in Salem in 1850, and a grandson, born at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1885, both bear the name of Dudley Leavitt Pickman.

Richard S. Rogers

Richard Saltonstall Rogers was born in Salem January 13, 1790, and was a lineal descendant, not from John Rogers, the martyr, as has been supposed by some, but from another John Rogers, a contemporary of the martyr, living in another part of England. This John Rogers had two sons, - the Rev. Richard Rogers, of Weathersfield, and John, who lived in Chelmsford. The latter son, John, was the father of Rev. John Rogers, of Dedham, England, who was the father of Rev. Nathaniel Rogers, who was born in Haverhill, England, in 1598, came to New England in 1636, and was settled at Ipswich in 1637. The Rev. Nathaniel Rogers married Margaret Crane, and was the father of Rev. John Rogers, of Ipswich, born in Coggeshall, England, in 1630, who graduated at Harvard College in 1649, and was its president from April 10, 1682, until his death, July 2, 1684. The Rev. John Rogers, the president, married Elizabeth Dennison, and was the father of another Rev. John Rogers, of Ipswich, who was born in Ipswich in 1666, and graduated at Harvard in 1684. The last John married Martha Whittingham, and was the father of Rev. Nathaniel Rogers, of Ipswich, born September 22, 1701, and a graduate at Harvard in 1721.

The Rev. Nathaniel Rogers married, first, December 25, 1728, Mary, daughter of John Leverett, president of Harvard College, and widow of Colonel John Denison, of Ipswich, and second, Mary, daughter of Thomas Burnam, and the widow of Daniel Staniford. By his second wife he had Nathaniel, born March 11, 1762, and a graduate at Harvard in 1782. The last Nathaniel married Abigail, daughter of Colonel Abraham Dodge, and had Nathaniel Leverett, August 6, 1785, who married, October 24, 1813, Harriet, daughter of Aaron Wait, of Salem ; John Whittingham, who married Austin, daughter of Colonel Benjamin Pickman, of Salem ; Richard S., the subject of this sketch, January 13, 1790; William Augustus, who graduated at Harvard in 1811 ; and Daniel Dennison, who died in infancy.

About the year 1790, after the birth of his two oldest children, Nathaniel Rogers removed from Ipswich to Salem. Richard Saltonstall, with his brothers, was educated at the common schools, and in early manhood entered with energy and enthusiasm upon a business career. At that time Jerathmael Peirce, the father of Benjamin Peirce, librarian of Harvard College from 1826 to 1831, and grandfather of the late Benjamin Peirce, professor of astronomy and mathematics at Harvard, was, with Aaron Wait, under the firm name of Wait & Peirce, largely engaged in Salem in the foreign trade. Nathaniel Leverett Rogers, the oldest brother of Richard, married, in 1813, Harriet, the daughter of Mr. Wait, and through his influence Richard obtained large consignments of merchandise to Russia, and spent several years in that country engaged in the management of the affairs of that enterprising house. In 1816 he sailed as supercargo in the ship "Friendship," belonging to the same house, on a voyage to Lisbon and Calcutta, and after successive voyages in that capacity, and one voyage on the ship " Tartar," as master, he, with his next oldest brother, John Whittingham Rogers, was taken into partnership by his oldest brother, Nathaniel Leverett Rogers, who had already established himself at Salem in foreign trade, under the name of Rogers Brothers. The three brothers, all of whom were quick-sighted, quickwitted and quick to act where shrewd calculation and clear judgment led the way, started at once on a career which, during twenty years, overcame every obstacle in the way of its success.

The older readers of this sketch will remember the vessels in their employ and the captains who commanded them, - the " Grotius," " Augustus," "Tybee," "Clay," " Nereus," "Quill" and "Charles Daggett," will be recognized as names of vessels of which not a timber-head remains, while the names of their masters - Woodburj^, Ward, Skerry, Neal, Farley, Vanderford, Kinsman, Lamson, King, Mugford, Bowditch, Brookhouse and Drevin - only recall the past and its busy days of active commercial life. With these ships and masters the Rogers Brothers were the pioneers in the Zanzibar and New Holland trades, and besides numerous voyages to South America and various European ports, there were performed by them more than one hundred and twenty voyages around either Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope.

Those who are familiar with the facilities which ocean cables afford to the merchant who sends his ship to-day into distant seas find it difficult to appreciate the judgment and skill and heroic courage without which no man could successfully engage in foreign commerce fifty years ago. Now the owner communicates with his master in every port, and orders are postponed to meet the exigencies as they arise. Then a one or two or three years' voyage was planned at the start, and its successful termination was a triumph of business skill. Of this skill the Rogers Brothers were largely the possessors and until unexpected and undeserved reverses met them, in 1842, their career was smooth and prosperous.

But the reverses were uot sufficient to discourage or depress Mr. Rogers. He met them with the same undaunted courage which he had always exhibited when perils threatened and disaster was nigh. He again adopted the occupation of his early life and sailed as supercargo to Australia in the ship "lanthe," Captain Woodbury, opening with hope a new chapter in his life. He afterwards became engaged in commerce to some extent with his brother-in-law, W. D. Pickman, of Salem and Boston, and never permitted himself, as long as health and strength remained to fall away from active and absorbing pursuits.

Mr. Rogers married, May 14, 1822, Sarah G., daughter of Hon. Jacob Crowninshield, and had William Crowniushield ; Richard Denison, who married Martha Endicott, daughter of Colonel Francis Peabody; Jacob Crowninshield, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Francis Peabody ; Sarah and George,who died early; and Arthur Saltonstall. He married, second, March 17, 1847, Elizabeth L., daughter of Hon. Dudley L. Pickman, of Salem, and had Dudley Pickering ; George Willoughby, who married Josephine Lord, of Peabody ; and Elizabeth P., who married Mr. Pound, and resides in England.

Mr. Rogers was a man who never sought popularity nor ofiice. His individuality was strong, his opinions were his own and not easily changed, his will was indomitable, and for many years his influence in political and civil life was marked. He was at various times a member of the Common Council of Salem and of the Legislature, but the methods of modern politicians were distasteful to him and he had no ambition to keep them company. He died June 11, 1873, at Salem, at the ripe age of eighty-three years.

Captain Johx Bertram

more highly esteemed than that of John Bertram. He was a notable representative of a class of men who, as civilization advances, grow more and more important in their influence upon society. In a business age like our own, a great merchant is pre-eminently a factor of force. He and his work touch the community at an infinite number of points. His honest successes are an inspiration to the multitude of workers, the patience and industry by which he wins his wealth and standing are a rebuke to the idlers who take life easily and hope to find shortcuts to fortune, his methods are suggestive and healthful, and his history is a school book for beginners to study. In the record of human activities there is nothing finer than the story of the career of a truly great and honorable merchant.

And both as a great and honorable merchant John Bertram was exceptionally eminent. He owed nothing to fortune. Born in humble circumstances with no friends to push him, and no capital with which to begin the world, he shouldered himself to the first rank of successful business men by sheer force of will and patient endurance. He first saw the light in the Isle of Jersey, February 11, 1796. His family were residents of the Parish of St. Saviour, to which parish his ancestry as far back as he was able to trace it had always belonged. The Bertram family belonged to the middle class, in the somewhat peculiar society of the unique island which is both French and English. The ancient parish church is still standing, and in later life Mr. Bertram had the pleasure of revisiting the very locality where, as a boy, he had played, and of entering again the old church in whose very shadow he had perhaps in his earlier years nursed ambitions and hopes that w^ere to be realized in his later life. Beyond question, that old church and its surroundings had something to do with imparting a permanent tinge to his thoughts and feelings, for through a long life he showed a profound reverence for and interest in religious matters, and a sketch of the old church procured in his later years was one of the most highly esteemed of his household treasures.

The family came to America in 1807, and settled in Salem. Like all adventurous Salem boys of that day, John conceived a grand passion for the sea. The shop where he worked was within hearing of the lapping of the waves, and through the windows he could catch sight of the lines of masts and the white gleam of the canvass and the songs of the sailors outward or homeward bound, seemed to invite him to become a wanderer on the ocean. At last a decision was reached, and in December, 1812, Captain Bertram, then sixteen years old, shipped for his first voyage on board a vessel bound for Alexandria and Lisbon, rated on the ship's lists as a " boy " with a pay of five dollars a month. Then came the exciting times of the War of 1812, and after his return from his first voyage he followed the adventurous life of a privateer until he found himself a prisoner on board the prison ship " Alicant," at Bermuda, and in 1815 one of the unhappy captives confined in the prison ship at Plymouth, England.

The close of the war released Captain Bertram from his captivity, and he found himself at home again, with very little to show for his years of hard service. But the boy's romance had become the purpose of the man, and he was soon afloat again, serving in vessel after vessel, voyaging to all parts of the world, rising from grade to grade, until he found himself in command, retiring from the hard life of the sea in 1832, after twenty years of tasking and faithful service. From thence on he continued in the ordinary routine of commercial business until 1848, when the discovery of gold in California set the world on fire. Captain Bertram was quick to discern the value of this new opening for business, and sent out the first vessel from the States after the discovery of gold, and the third vessel which arrived from any port. He, with others, subsequently built a number of ships for the trade, most of them clippers, some of them very large. From 1852 to 1858 he gradually narrowed the range of his commercial business, until at last he confined it to trade in the Indian seas. In 1856 he became interested in Western railroads, and carried into the new business the same energy and caution and foresight which had characterized him in other departments of activity. There, as elsewhere, his ability commanded success, and his faculty for organization enabled him to spend his last years with his business so well in hand, that he was free from anxiety and relieved from overburdensome labor. At the same time he did not intermit his vigilance. Useful occupation was his delight, and he devoutly believed that if a man wished to be well served, he must serve himself. His quiet office was an observavatory, whose windows looked north, south, east and west, and he kept watch of what was going on that concerned him, both on the far shores of Zanzibar and beyond the roll of the Mississippi. Wherever the business was the man was, to plan and oversee and superintend.

Perhaps the most notable thing about Captain Bertram - certainly the thing by which he will be longest and most lovingly remembered - was his openhandedness. He was no importunate creditor in the transaction of business. The number of obligations due him, which were cancelled without payment, will never appear upon the open record. Impatient as he might be at any attempt to defraud him, intolerant as he was of all shiftlessness and extravagance, yet when misfortune overtook his debtors, they had nothing to fear from him. Instead of being their persecutor, demanding the pound of flesh nominated in the bond, he was sure to become their helper. He took especial interest in young men in their early business struggles, and was ready to assist them, both with advice, which, however valuable, is cheap, and also with financial aid, which most men do not furnish so readily. He had been young himself, and knew all the perplexities of beginnings, and, out of his own experience, caught the impulse to save others from what he had suffered himself.

And this open -handedness was not a matter of selfish calculation. It came out of large-heartedness. This business consideration was supplemented by most munificent liberality. During the dark days of the War of the Rebellion he was a most intense patriot, in purse as well as profession. The wants of the soldiers never plead with him in vain, and he often anticipated the cry for help before it was uttered. The records of the Grand Army show that this generous interest was not a momentary enthusiasm. To the close of his life he kept in mind the needs and the deserts of the defenders of the Union, and his unrecorded liberalities in their behalf were quite as numerous as his formal donations. The forlorn condition of the race whom the war liberated was constantly and pressingly present with him, and any plan for their elevation was sure to receive generous consideration at his hand ; so that he made himself powerfully felt in the schools and educational movements undertaken in behalf of the freedmen. Soldiers and freedmen alike never lost a better friend than Mr. Bertram.

The needs of his own community made constant and large demands upon his sympathy. He was always ready to listen to a story of want, and no deserving applicant failed of a helping as well as a hearing. His generous instincts often foresaw the formal appeal for assistance. He kept a list, to which he was constantly adding new names, of needy families, to whom he annually sent supplies of fuel, and he left in trust to the city a large amount, the income of which was to be used year by year in providing wood and coal for the poor, and no nobler or more judicious legacy was ever made. Morning by morning his hand kindles the fires on scores of the hearthstones of the destitute, and his memory is kept alive by the gracious light and warmth in multitudes of the homes of poverty. A benefaction of that sort is a well-considered charity.

Captain Bertram's liberalities of this nature were numerous. His gifts to the Salem Hospital, his establishment of the Bertram Home for Aged Men, his legacy to the Children's Friends' Society were all on a munificent scale, and will go on doing a work of blessing for generations to come.

No other single citizen of Salem has done more for the good name and real welfare of the municipality than Captain John Bertram. His life was a striking illustration of the fact that wise and generous giving does not impoverish a man. The serene content of his old age was the result of a useful and unselfish life, - a forcible and instructive lesson to those whose highest ideal of living is a constant struggle for merely personal advantage. The tears of the hun- dreds whom he had helped, that watered his grave when he was borne to his rest at the ripe term of eighty-six years, were the most satisfying tribute which any man can receive. The regret at his loss, with which his name is always spoken, is conclusive evidence that a useful and generous life is the fairest which any man can live. This is the true earthly immortality which is best worth the having.

So long as Salem is well spoken of by those who are acquainted with the ancient city, there will be coupled with its other claims to regard and renown the name of John Bertram.

Jacob Putnam

The late Jacob Putnam was one of the founders of the leather business in this vicinity. He was a man of a kindly nature, of indomitable energy and unflinching integrity, and possessed a large share of that intuitive knowledge of human nature which lies at the foundation of success in every vocation.

He was of English descent and traced his lineage back among the earliest settlers of this Commonwealth, to John Putnam, of Aylesbury, Buckingham County, England, who, with his wife and three sons, sailed from London, in 1631, for New England. He disembarked that same year in Boston, and, after a short stay in Charlestown, proceeded with his family to the then infant village of Salem, and here fixed his new place of abode. That he had been a man of note and had attained prominence in his native country is shown by the fact that a tract of land in Salem was now granted to him by the Crown for distinguished services rendered to the English government. Upon this tract he soon erected a house for himself and one also for each of his three sons, and devoted himself to the subjugation of the wilderness and the development and improvement of his new estate. His family increased and multiplied with the lapse of years, and by the achievements of many of its members the family name of Putnam has attained a deservedly high reputation both in the arts of peace and of war. The immediate descendants of this first emigrant were active, discreet and courageous men, fully alive to all the interests of the early settlers of New England and active and stirring in all the exciting struggles which marked our colonial history. They took part in all the combats with the Indians, at Bloody Brook, Brookfield, Lancaster and other now famous fights. The family soon attained prominence in Salem and, indeed, in the whole of Essex County, the sound judgment and vigorous integrity of its members making them fit leaders in all new enterprises, from the institution of a church to the prosecution of a business venture, and safe guides to wise decisions on the many knotty points that tasked the ingenuity of our ancestors as they laid broad and deep the foundations of our present commonwealth.

of this family ; and his impetuous zeal and daring, which might have degenerated into audacity had it not been so shrewdly tempered with New England discretion, have been displayed in many other members of the family.

One of the sons of this John Putnam, the founder of the family, was Nathaniel, and through him, his son Benjamin, his grandson Stephen, and his greatgrandson Stephen, the younger, a share of the ancestral estate originally granted by the Crown to John Putnam came to Jacob Putnam, the subject of this sketch, and fifth in the line of descent from the original settler. Jacob Putnam was born at Danvers November 17, 1780, near the close of the Revolutionary War, and grew up to manhood in Salem and in Danvers. He did not enjoy great opportunities of education, having to depend upon the common schools of his neighborhood for the slender education which he obtained from others. But his best education, as is not infrequently the case, was that which he owed to himself alone. He had inherited the traits of his ancestors in no small measure, and his good judgment and common sense enabled him always to be equal to the demands of any situation in which he found himself, and fully capable of carrying on an active business career. The same adventurous spirit which had found vent in the daring achievements of General Putnam led Jacob Putnam in his early manhood to seek fortune in maritime commerce ; but his sound judgment soon persuaded him to settle down into the steady pursuits of a business life. In the year 1805 he made a trip to Calcutta in the good ship " Boston Packet," and was absent from his home for two years.

Upon his return to Salem from this voyage, in the year 1807, he established himself in the hide and leather business. This business he prosecuted in all its branches, dealing in hides, tanning, currying and marketing the finished product, extending his operations as opportunities offered, and always availing himself of whatever improvements were within his reach. He also engaged in the South American trade importing both hides and India rubber from that country. He was interested in the Sumatra trade and became a ship-owner and importer. He continued the active prosecution of his business until his death, which occurred January 18, 1866, when it passed to his youngest son, George F. Putnam, of Boston, the present proprietor.

Though Mr. Putnam held himself aloof from any political oflice, he was a highly public-spirited man, and always took a sagacious and intelligent interest in all matters relating to the improvement of his native city. His generous and kindly nature was also active in many directions, especially in private charities, for he had none of that vanity which seeks to make a public display of its benefactions; and his humane and kindly disposition was known by its

Mr. Putnam was also a man of deep feeling of patriotism and eager to promote the welfare of liis country. He served as a soldier in the War of 1812, doing duty on the sea-coast defenses at Salem, and serving the public and his country in other directions. He took a deep interest in the prosperity and success of the religious enterprises of his day, both in his native city and in the country at large, and contributed generously towards their support. He was interested in fostering everything that would promote the progress and prosperity of his community and of his country. A man of the highest probity and honor, his character was unstained, and he died respected and honored by all who knew him.

Stephen C. Phillips

Stephen Clarendon Phillips was descended from Rev. George Phillips, who was the son of Christopher Phillips, of Rainham, in the county of Norfolk, England. Eev. George Phillips was born in 1593, and was educated at Tittleshall. He entered Gouville & Cain's College, Cambridge, April 20, 1610, receiving the degree of A. B. 1613 and A. M. in 1617. He came to New England in the " Arbella" in 1630, and settled in Watertown, where he died. By a first wife, who was a Hayward, he had a son, Samuel, born in 1625, who graduated at Harvard in 1650, and succeeded Rev. Ezekiel Rogers as minister of Rowley. Samuel married, in 1651, Sarah, daughter of Samuel Appleton, a native of England, who was one of the first settlers of Ipswich. By a second wife (Elizabeth Welden) Rev. George Phillips had Zerobabel, February 5, 1632 ; Jonathan, October 19, 1633 ; Theophilus, April 28, 1636 ; Annible, October, 1637 ; Ephraim, 1640; Obadiah, 1641 ; and Abiel. Jonathan, one of these children, married, January 26, 1680, Sarah, daughter of Jeremiah Holland (Harvard College, 1645), was a schoolmaster and magistrate, and died at Watertown, his native place, in 1704. His children were Sarah, born September 14, 1682 ; Abigail, April 22, 1683 ; Jonathan, 1685 ; George, Nathaniel, Elizabeth, Ruth, Sarah and Hannah. Jonathan, one of these children, was born in Watertown, and married, February 27, 1717, Hepzibah, daughter of Stephen Parker, of that place. He removed, in 1719, to Marblehead, and. about 1740, to Newport, R. I., where he died. His children were Stephen, born July 18.. 1718, Ruth and others. Stephen, one of these children, was born in Watertown, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Elkins, of Marblehead. He was a prominent man, deacon of the Congregational Church, and, in Revolutionary times, an ardent patriot and a member of the Committee of Safety and Correspondence. He died in Marblehead March 1, 1801. His children were Mary, born August 22, 1755 ; Elizabeth, November 28, 1757 ; Sarah, February 23, 176Q ; Stephen, November [13, 1764 ; Lydia, January

17, 1767 ; William, November 15, 1769. Stephen, one of these children, was born in Marblehead, and for some years was a ship-master in the employ of E, Hasket Derby, of Salem. About the year 1800 he removed to Salem, after Avhich time he was engaged in commerce, except during the last few years of his life, when he spent his summers on his estate in North Danvers. Salem continued, however, to be his residence, and there he died October 19, 1838. He married Dorcas, daughter of Dudley and Dorcas (March) Woodbridge, of Salem, who died at Salem June 15, 1802.

Stephen Clarendon Phillips, the subject of this sketch, was the son of the last-named Stephen, and was born in Salem November 4, 1801. But the distinguished character of his ancestry is not confined to the family whose name he bore. Through his mother (Dorcas Woodbridge) he was descended from Rev, John Woodbridge, a follower of Wickliffe, in the latter part of the fifteenth century, whose son John braved the dangers of the same faith, as did a line of four direct descendants, all clergymen, and all named John. The last John, minister at Stanton Witts, in England, married Sarah, the daughter of Robert Parker, and sister of Thomas Parker, who came to New England and settled in Newbury in 1695. His son. Rev. John Woodbridge, came to New England in 1635, and died in Newbury, March 17, 1695. He married, in 1639, Mary, daughter of Governor Thomas Dudley, and thus the Dudley as well as the Woodbridge blood runs in the veins of the Phillips family. Nor is this all ; Benjamin Woodbridge, son of the last Rev. John, and great-grandfather of Dorcas (Woodbridge) Phillips, married Mary, grand-daughter of Rev. Nathaniel Ward, of Ipswich, the author of the " Body of Liberties," adopted as a code of laws by the General Court of Massachusetts in 1641.

Mr. Phillips graduated at Harvard in 1819, and at once entered into active business as a merchant, and in 1822, at the age of twenty-one, was the head of a family, an extensive business man and Representative in the General Court. On the 6th of November in that year he married Jane Appleton, daughter of Willard Peele, of Salem, who died December 19, 1837. On the 3d of September, 1838, he married Margaret Mason Peele, sister of his first wife, who died at Salem July 15, 1883. The children of his first wife were Stephen Henry, born August 16, 1823, whose sketch may be found in the history of the Bench and Bar, in the second chapter of this work ; Willard Peele, September 7, 1825, well known in recent years as one of the efficient and successful trustees and managers of the Eastern Railroad; George William, November 27, 1827 (Harvard, 1847); Henry Ware^ August 19, 1829; Jane Peele, February 24, 1833;' Margaret Peele and Catharine Peele (twins), June 30, 1835 ; and Abbott Lawrence, December 7, 1837. The children of his second wife were Walter Mason, May 26, 1839; Charles Appleton, January 30, 1841 (Har-

Mr. Phillips was an ardent lover of his native city, a man of overflowing public spirit, and with a heart which beat with warm sympathy in response to the appeals of his neighbors and fellow-townsmen in behalf of all deserving enterprises and charities. The educational interests of Salem won his early and constant aid and support, and for many years he presided over the board which had them in charge. In 1830 he was chosen State Senator, and in 1834 was chosen in the place of Rufus Choate, who had resigned his seat, to represent the Essex South District in Congress. His duties in Washington were ably performed, and by his generous spirit, his thorough integrity, his business methods and his kindly deportment, he won the confidence and friendship of both political friends and foes. The regard in which he was held by his brother Representatives was well illustrated by Mr. Hardin, of Kentucky, whom Mr. Cushing described as " the gray-haired Nestor of the House, and its perpetually snarling Thersites," who, in a reply to a speech of Mr. Phillips, said that "if all the members of the House were like this gentleman from Massachusetts, God would never have repented that he made man."

After one re-election, in 1836, Mr. Phillips retired from Congress, and in 1839 was chosen to succeed Leverett Saltonstall as mayor of Snlem. He held office three years, and on his retirement gave the amount of his entire salary to the city for the improvement of the building occupied by the Bowditch and Fisk Schools. In 1848 and 1849 he was the candidate of the Free-Soil party for Governor, and during those and succeeding years was an active participant in those movements which resulted in the organization of the Republican party.

During the last years of his life he was con-fronted by adversities in business, and though beyond middle age, with a hopeful spirit and an undaunted courage, of which younger men might well be proud, he set himself about to repair and rebuild his fortune. He engaged in extensive timber and lumber enterprises on the St. Maurice and Three Rivers, in Canada, where his third son, George William, was established for their care and supervision. After a visit to the field of his operations, in 1857, he took passage at Quebec in the steamer "Montreal," for Montreal, on Friday, the 26th of June, with the intention of returning home. On the same afternoon the steamer took fire, twelve or fifteen miles above Quebec, opposite Cape Rouge, and only about one hundred and fifty of the four hundred passengers on board were rescued. Among those who lost their lives was Mr. Phillips. His son sent news of the disaster to Salem by telegraph the next day, stating that his father's body had been recovered, and would reach Salem on the following Tuesday. At sunset on Saturday, after the receipt of the sad news, all the bells of the city were tolled, and on Sunday appropriate allusions to the death of Mr. Phillips were made in all the churches, and the flags of the shipping and armories and enginehouses were displayed at half-mast. On Tuesday, June 30, the funeral took place at Barton Square Church, and the remains of him, whom the city regarded almost as its father and every man as his benefactor and friend, were consigned to the grave. The Newhunjport Herald said : " With a fortune or without it, we do not know the man that Essex County could not as well have spared. He was one of nature's noblemen, and as an able, honest, sincere Christian man, added worth to the human race by belonging to it." And every reader of the Herald said Amen.

William Hunt

William Hunt was born in Salem April 25, 1804. He was in the fifth generation from Captain Lewis Hunt, who came from England and settled in Salem about 1660. His father's name was William. AVhen a mere lad he was employed by Mr. Jonas Warren, in his store at Danversport. After remaining there a short time he entered as clerk in the store of Mr. Nathan Blood, on Derby Street, Salem, where he remained until 1823, when he was employed by Mr. Robert Brookhouse, who had recently commenced in the African trade. After a few years he was given an interest in the business, which was continued until the death of Mr. Brookhouse, in 1866. They transacted a very large business, which was extended to the interior of Africa, from whence they imported large quantities of palm oil, gold dust, ivory and hides. At one time they owned more than twenty ships and barques. After the death of Mr. Brookhouse Mr. Hunt continued the business with Robert Brookhouse, Jr., Joseph H. Hanson and Cai^tain Nathan Frye, until March 27, 1869, when the last voyage was completed, and he retired from business with ample means.

Mr. Hunt was married to Austis Slocom, daughter of Ebenezer and Sarah (Becket) Slocom, March 24, 1831. Two sons - William Dean and Lewis - and two daughters - Mary Dean Hersey and Sarah Becket Putnam - survive him. He died August 3, 1883.

Mr. Hunt enjoyed a high reputation as an intelligent and honorable merchant. He was also a man of much intellectual culture. His reading was very extensive, he being familiar with all the best authors.

He took a deep interest in all afiairs of his native city, filling many positions of trust. In his charities he was very unostentatious, knowing but the need to give the required aid.

Edward D. Kimball

The subject of this sketch belonged to a New England family, which moved from Ipswich, Mass., to Bradford and Haverhill, and later to Plaistow, N. H., being among the early settlers of the latter place. Here Mr. Kimball was born, December, 1811, and was a son of Nathaniel and Sarah Knight Kimball. He received his education at Pembroke and at Atkinson Academy, N. H., an institution of which his grandmother was one of the early promoters, and which he attended until he engaged in business at home. By the death of his father he was left, at an early age, as the eldest son in a family of three boys and three girls, with the responsibility of assisting his mother and attending to the duties of the farm. For several years he was engaged in business in a small way, and in the fall of 1833 he made a voyage to South America. The following year, at the age of twenty-one, he left the old homestead and moved to Salem, and shortly after married his cousin, the daughter of Hon. John S. Kimball, of Belfast. He entered into the eastern produce business with Stephen Hoyt, who was afterwards made mayor of New Orleans under General Banks. This connection was dissolved in the winter of 1837 by Mr. Hoyt withdrawing from the business; and Mr. Kimball continued it until 1843, when he bought out the African business of his brother-in-law, David Pingree. This necessitated his going to the West Coast of Africa, which he did soon after, taking with him his wife, and remaining about a year and a half, to look after his property and qualify himself for the successful prosecution of the business. This, in connection with the East India business, he continued until stricken with paralysis, from which he died at Paris, France, in September, 1867, at the age of fifty-six, after an illness of three or lour years. He had three sons, one of whom survives him. During his business career he was at times associated with David Pingree, Esq., his brotherin-law, and with his nephew, Thomas Pingree, but principally with his brother-in-law, Charles H. Miller, with whom he was associated many years, and who continued the business after his death. His brothers, Elbridge and Nathaniel, were interested in the business, and also Mr. Reader, on the coast of Africa, and in the East Indies Frank Reed, Esq., who died in Batavia.

Mr. Kimball was among the last of the merchants who sent vessels from the port of Salem, and in the latter part of his life he moved his business to Boston.

He, during his life, filled several other positions of trust and honor, among them the presidency of both the Naumkeag Cotton-Mills of Salem, Mass., and the Naumkeag Bank of Salem. He was successful in all his business pursuits from a rare combination of industry and judgment; managing all his affairs with great skill and success; an indomitable worker ; he possessed all the requirements for a large and successful merchant, being at once a good buyer, seller and accountant, generous, polished in all his manners, decided in his opinions and prompt to act upon them, which at once gained for him the confidence and respect of all who knew him. And he at all times exhibited a rectitude of character which never wavered from the proper direction.

Henry K. Oliver

Henry Kemble Oliver was born November 24, 1800, at Beverly, Mass., in the Upper Parish of which town his father was minister from 1787 to 1797. He was the third son and the eighth child of the Rev. Daniel and Elizabeth^ (Kemble) Oliver, both of Boston, and of the seventh generation of the descendants of Thomas Oliver, " chirurgeon," who immigrated from Lewes, Sussex, England, to Boston, with his wife, Ann, and their six or eight children, in 1632, in the ship " William and Francis," from London.

Henry Kemble was christened Thomas Henry, which name was changed by act of Legislature in 1821 to that of his mother's only brother, who died in 1802. Thomas Oliver, the immigrant, a ruling elder of the First Church in Boston, died June 1, 1658, aged ninety years. The direct line of descent to the subject of this notice is as follows :

Thomas Oliver and Ann (maiden-name unknown), Peter Oliver and Sarah (Newdegate), Nathanael Oliver and Elizabe'th (Brattle). Nathanael Oliver and Martha (Hobbs). Nathanael Oliver and Mercy (Wendell), Daniel Oliver and Elizabeth (Kemble), Henry Kemble Oliver,

In the year 1801 Rev. Daniel Oliver, with his family, removed to Exeter, N. H., and in 1802-03, to Boston, Here Henry attended, at five years of age, the school of a Mr. and Mrs. Hayslop. and acquired his earliest rudimentary knowledge. In 1809 he was transferred to the school of Madame Tileston, " The two schools," he has written, " were on the same method, a good deal of sitting still - if one could - and a very little teaching for each pupil. Not liking either, and with nothing to interest or amuse, during the dreary six hours of the day, I not unfrequently fell under the discipline of good Madame Tileston. I cannot remember that we had books or slates, and sitting still and being good was not within the bounds of my spontaneity; for I was a nervous, uneasy and playful child."

After leaving Madame Tileston's school, Henry attended the Mayhew School, on Chardon Street, under Mes«rs, Milliken and Holt, " both good floggers," and later, about the year 1810, the school kept by Ebenezer Pemberton, formerly principal of Phillips Andover- Academy, " With Master Pemberton - but still keeping up my elementary studies in English - I be- gan my Latin grammar, under the old dreary method of committing everything to memory. The book used was 'Adams' Latin Grammar,' followed by the 'Colloquies of Cordevius.' I had small relish for Latin, but was quite fond of my English studies and very apt in declamation.

"Some time in 1811 my father removed me to Phillips Academy in Andover, then under care of John Adams. . . . Here, continuing my Latin, I commenced Greek grammar, and memorized, with distaste at the difficult work, all of the book before entering upon translating. When that came about it was upon ' Dalzelt's.Groeca Minora,' a work then in nearly universal use for lads fitting for college. . . . My stay at Andover was for about twelve months, my first three days having been indelibly fixed in memory by the most distressing homesickness."

Returning to Boston, Henry entered the Latin School, - then on School Street, under William Bigelow, - near the close of 1811. His brother, Nathaniel Kemble Greenwood Oliver (Harvard College, 1809), was for a time, with Mr. Bigelow, an usher of the Latin School, and, about the close of 1813, he opened a private school. Henry attended it, and was by his brother oflTered at Harvard in 1814. " I was then but thirteen years and eight months old, a mere lad, with a short jacket, having, as was the fashion of the day, a wide collar to my shirt, fringed with a ruffle and turned down over my shoulders. . . . On being taken out to Cambridge at the beginning of the term my father gave me most valuable and excellent counsel. A part of this counsel - and it was very earnestly prohibitory - was that I should not attempt to play any musical instrument whatever.^ I had been a member of the Park Street choir in Boston, and he gave permission for my singing in the chapel choir, which performed the sacred music on Sunday, under charge of William H. Eliot (H. C, 1815). i strove to obey, but I was over-mastered by my love of music, and I borrowed a flute with one key, the upper joint of which was cracked nearly its whole length. ... I afterwards, at college, learned to play the violoncello."

Henry remained at Harvard College during the Freshman year and until May or June (1816) of the Sophomore year, when the increase at the college of Unitarian views, and the greater expense, induced his removal to Dartmouth College, much against his inclination. He entered the Junior Class of the latter institution in the fall of 1816. "I had no inclination for a literary life, and my whole preparation for college was to me a burden. . . . When I entered college I had but little knowledge of geography or arithmetic, none of history, almost none of the great facts of astronomy. My intellectual powers had not been properly or philosophically cultivated. ... In Latin and Greek, and in French, I held at college a pretty good

1 His father was entirely destitute of the musical sense, and he had the early dislike of the religious people of his denomination (he was a Calvinist of the Hopkinsian variety) to all musical instrument?.

rank, but I failed in mathematics and in intellectual and moral philosophy. I took an interest in what was then called natural philosophy, a good deal in rhetoric and elocution, but felt sorely my unripeness when called upon to express my ideas in composition."

Immediately on graduating at Dartmouth College Mr. Oliver returned to Boston. The commencement at Harvard College occurred one week later, and at that time he received an ad eundem with his old classmates, and subsequently, in 1862, the complimentary degree of A.M.