Springfield City (part 3 of 8)

The growth of the stage business early in this century, and the opening of Court Square in 1819, led to the building of two new taverns in the centre of the growing town. In 1820 Thomas Sargeant, who came to Springfield as a jeweller in 1785, built the Exchange Tavern. It was ihe first brick tavern in town, and was first known as the Springfield Hotel. But it was a stage-house from the first, and ought to be called a tavern ; indeed, a lantern still hangs in front of the building, with transparencies lettered " Exchange Tavern." Benjamin Phelps was the first landlord ; and among his successors are Moses Chapman, John J. Bishop, Marvin Chapin, A. P. Chapin, Zorister Bonney, Philo A. Rockwell, D. D. Winchester, Ezekiel Adams, and N. S. Chandler. This building is owned by William B. Walker, who thoroughly renovated it not long ago, increasing its conveniences and attractions. The present proprietors, F. Kingman & Co., strive to make it a popular business-man's house ; but this doesn't bar out theatrical people, who have always been its patrons. The other new tavern was the Hampden Coffee-house, built by Erastus Chapin in 1821, partly on the site of the old Moses Church Tavern, at the north-westerly corner of Court and Main Streets. After trying the business a couple of years, Mr. Chapin sold out to Miner Stebbins of West Springfield, who does not seem to have had better luck. He in turn sold it to Col. Ebenezer Russell, who had just stopped running a tavern on State Street for the county. It obtained and maintained an excellent reputation under his management and that of his several successors, who include Horatio Sargeant, Harvey Rockwood (who was afterward identified with the United-States Hotel at Hartford), James Worthington. Vinton & Tucker, A. M. Alden, and I. M. Parsons. While Chester White was proprietor, 30 years after its erection, the place was accidentally burned. It was most noted as being the starting-point of Chester W. Chapin's stageline, his horses being kept in barns on the site of the present City Hall.

-Uncle ferry Warriner" and "Aunt Phcebe " first made Springfield hotels famous, in the old Bates Tavern. By way of humoring the old couple's ambition, some of their friends built a fine brick building on the southerly corner of Bliss and Main Streets, investing about $150,000 in the enterprise. The new hotel was christened the Union House, and the local god and goddess of hospitality were duly installed. But both of them were homesick, and somehow things didn't go right in the new palace. Furthermore, the opening of the railroad from Boston drew everybody up town ; and Uncle Jerry and Aunt Phcebe gave up the struggle. The premises have since been leased for short terms by various parties, none of whom met with great success, until Hiram M. French bought the property. Under his management the Union House gained a good reputation : and when he retired, six or seven years ago. Lewis W. Cass became its proprietor. He re-christened it the Belmont, and under this name C. R. Gowen now keeps it as a family hotel.

The Massasoit House, the most noted of the local hotels, is practically a result of the opening of the Western Railroad from Worcester to Springfield in 1S39. which created an era of great change in various important matters in the town and its vicinity. Court Square had always been the centre of business, but the railway-station soon gathered about itself a large share of the town's activity, particularly all that falls in the line of hostelries, This epoch also marks the transition from the plain, free-and-easy tavern, the resort in common of travellers and of village loafers, and the more pretentious hotel, with its modern conveniences, designed exclusively for the travelling public. The Judge John Hooker property, next south of the railwav-station on Main Street, was put up at auction in 1842. It contained about one acre and a half, of irregular shape, fronting 180 feet on Main Street, and falling away in the rear to a width of 75 feet. Men are still living in Springfield who pass the Union Depot with a sigh of regret that they were not far-sighted enough. 40 years or more ago. to buy a homestead, or a part of one. in this locality. But there was one shrewd man who knew that if his project of building a famous hotel near the railway-station should fail, the buying of land in the vicinity could not prove an unprofitable investment. This man was Marvin Chapin. a native of Somers, Conn., who in 1S36 began "keeping tavern" with his brother at Cabotville. A Westfield tavern-keeper, Israel M. Parsons, was interested in the scheme: and these two bought the Hooker homestead for SS,ooo. The Hooker house was moved back, and has since been known as the Nayasset House. A contract was at once made with Charles McClallan of Chicopee to1 build a brick hotel : but Parsons soon became scared at the venture, and gladly sold his interest to Mr. Chapin, who at once took into partnership his Chicopee brother, Ethan S.. and the firm of M. & E. S. Chapin has ever since Lecn identified with Springfield's most famous hotel. McClallan fulfilled his contract, and the house was opened late in June. 1S43. E. S. Chapin says that he intended to call it the Massachusetts House, but gave up the idea, by reason of the unpopularity of a Boston hotel by that name. His friends suggested several local Indian names: among others. Massasoit," which was at once adopted. Shortly before the house was opened to the public, the barber-shop in the basement was fitted up: and its colored proprietor, Charles W. Hall, wishing to advertise his new stand, announced in the local newspaper the opening of his barber-shop under the new -- Massasoit House," before the name had authoritatively been given to the public. The name thus given was never recalled, although for years it was very unpopular; few knowing how to pronounce it, and scarcelv anv one venturing to spell it. In its early days, people wishing to engage rooms by letter would resort to the most comical circumlocutions to avoid using the name. The original Massasoit was a small affair, about onefifth of the size of the present building. It was built as it now stands, on the corner of the lot, about ten feel from the east and north lines. A threestory wood addition was built in 1S47 on Main Street, joining the brick building on the south : this gave place, ten years later, to the present brick extension. In 1S53, another addition of brick was built in the rear, containing the large dining-room and kitchen.

Thus enlarged, the house has T30 sleeping-rooms, two fine parlors, and two ladies" reception-rooms. The smoking and reading room in the front corner on the office-floor, with its iron balcony, is perhaps the best-known part of the house : the writing-room is more quiet, being retired behind the office and coat-room. The large dining-room usually seats 150, while the ladies' ordinary accommodates So. The house cannot, perhaps, lay claim to general elegance in its furnishing equal to that of its more modern rivals, but the Massasoit has well earned its wide-spread fame for solid comfort and good living, and for large and comfortable rooms. Few hotels can show a longer list of famous guests, not only in later years, but when the supper-tables were lighted by tall candles placed in silver-plated sticks, one at each plate. The name of Horace Mann is the first enrolled upon the register. At other times appear the names of Daniel Webster. Edward Everett. Wendell Phillips. Louis Kossuth, Charles Dickens. President Johnson, President Grant, Jefferson Davis, Stephen A. Douglas. Secretary Seward, Gens. Sherman and McClellan. and Grand Duke Alexis. To this list should be added the names of nearly all the great actors and actresses and singers of the last 40 years. During this time supplies have trebled in value, and hotel-rates have risen accordingly. Vet the Massasoit, while it has never been known as a low-priced house, has never held out for exorbitant or "fancy" charges. It has had a monopoly of the tourist patronage, which always wants the best, and is willing to pay for it. This class of hotel guests has diminished in the last decade, largely owing to the through-train service on the roads centring in Springfield ; but at every meal-hour may be seen a goodly number of travellers enjoying the always satisfactory bill-of-fare of the Massasoit. This house has been a trainingschool for several noted hotel-keepers : among them are Edward Chapin of the Occidental, San Francisco; S. H. Moseley of the New-Haven House, New Haven ; Major Field, formerly of the Delavan, Albany ; Charles Vinton of the Continental, Philadelphia ; and Henry Warner of the Metropolitan, New York. Several who held subordinate positions in the Massasoit have gained honorable positions outside of hotel-keeping: of these, may be mentioned Messrs. Davis and Bridgman of San Francisco, and Lawyer Pelham of New York. The Massasoit-house farm, or the "Chapin farm " as it is frequently called, has been locally famous for a dozen years. It has furnished most of the vegetables and dairy-produce used at the hotel. A couple of years ago, as its manager, H. J. Chapin, a brother of the hotel proprietors, engaged in other business, its usefulness was considerably curtailed; and part of the land has since been sold to the city.

The American House is one of the hotels of the past, and its history is short. Just north of the railroad, on both sides of Main Street, lay the estate of Capt. Robert Emery. The homestead occupied the site of the Boston and Albany Railroad's massive granite office building. This plat was sold for $7,500 in 1845, by the captain's widow, to Albert Morgan and Samuel S. Day; who turned the dwelling into a hostelry, and named it the American House. It attained considerable favor locally as a family hotel, but changed proprietors frequently. It was leased successively by James Warren, Thomas D. Winchester, and Henry Adams, and in 1857 was bought by James E. Russell, whose father has been mentioned as proprietor of two Armory-hill taverns. Mr. Russell kept- the property six months, and sold it to his brother Charles O. Russell, who leased it to Daniel P. Kingsley. Mr. Kingsley ran the hotel till Chester W. Chapin bought it, and turned the property over to the railroad-company. The building was removed to Sharon Street.

The Cooley House, like the American, was built on the Emery estate. Chester W. Chapin bought the greater part, if not all, of that estate lying on the east side of Main Street; but the railroad would not take it all off his hands, so he disposed of it in parcels to different individuals. The plat at the corner of Liberty Street was bought, in 1848, by Justin M. Cooley, who had just come to Springfield from New York. He was not a stranger in the Connecticut Valley ; for all but the previous two or three years of his life had been spent at his birthplace, Whately in Franklin County. He saw the prosperity of the then young Massasoit, so in the next year built, and in 1850 opened, the Cooley House. It was a brick building, four stcries high, 45 x 100 feet on the ground. In 1856 he bought of John L. King a piece of land in the rear of the hotel; and in 1861 another piece was added, bought from Chester W. Chapin and the heirs of John Childe. In 1S64 Mr. Cooley built upon these purchases, doubling the capacity of the first- building. At the same time he leased of Daniel L. Harris his brick building adjoining the original Cooley house, fronting 49 feet on Main Street, and in 1867 bought it. The present Cooley House, a monument of shrewd and unostentatious management, is one of the most popular hotels in New England. Year in and year out it has a steady patronage, and yet there seems to be no inclination to lie back on its good reputation. During the past summer many improvements have been made. A new hydraulic passenger-elevator has been put in, the parlors have been refurnished, and modern steamheating-apparatus has replaced the old. The hotel numbers 85 rooms, has a large and convenient office, with reading, smoking, and writing rooms in the pleasantest part of the house, and a large and inviting dining-room. Although the hotel may be surpassed in elegance, none surpass it in neatness, comfort, and good order. These qualities, together with its nearness to the Union Depot, are the causes of its popularity.

The Haynes Hotel rose phcenix-like upon the site of one of the largest fires that ever threatened the business part of Main Street. The fire occurred on the 24th July, 1S64, and burned the old Music Hall on the south corner of Pynchon Street, and several small wooden buildings on the north corner. The losses were heavy, and the property-owners were glad to sell their smouldering building-sites to Tilly Haynes, a clothing-dealer, who came to the city in 1849 from Boston, where he now resides as proprietor of the United-States Hotel, after amassing ample means and gaining a lasting reputation as the result of his thirty years of indefatigable and quite successful work in Springfield. Mr. Haynes rebuilt Music Hall on the scale of a modern theatre, and on the opposite corner built the Haynes Hotel, which is to-day the largest and most elegant of Springfield's famous hotels. The ground floor, in addition to its several large stores, was designed to meet the needs of the United-States Post-Office, which had outgrown its old quarters on Elm Street. The open court, having a broad entrance from Main Street, and smaller ones from Pynchon Street, was protected from the weather by a skylight, and for a decade was known as the "post-office rotunda." When Mr. Haynes bought the United-States Hotel at Boston, the Haynes House passed into the hands of C. H. Goodman and Emerson Gaylord of Chicopee. After six years of joint ownership, Mr. Goodman, in 1882, bought out his partner's interest in favor of his son-in-law, H. H. Waters, who had been associated with the old firm for three years. The post-office had been removed some time before the expiration of the lease, July, 1883 ; and the deserted rotunda had an uninviting appearance. But as soon as the lower floor of the building passed from the control of the government, Mr. Goodman began to carry out his long-cherished plans for renovation. In three months the rotunda was transformed into one of the finest hotel-offices in New England outside of Boston. The floors are of marble, the wainscoting of party-colored marbles and slates, while the walls and ceilings are richly frescoed. The toilet accommodations are most conveniently located ; and the barber-shop, bar-room, and billiard-room have been given new and richly furnished quarters. These improvements cost somewhat over $15,000. The dining-room, seating 150, is still on the second floor; and the admirable arrangement of kitchen, store-rooms, and servants' quarters in a separate building, connected with the hotel proper by a half dozen bridges at different floors, is not disturbed. The parlors are on the second and third floors, and handsomely furnished. The house numbers 108 large, completely furnished rooms; and other accommodations, held in reserve, make the number of guests provided for on special occasions not far from 300. On the ground-floor, in rear of the office, is a neatly arranged cafe. The Haynes Hotel had the first hydraulic elevator used in the c i ty, a double car for passengers and baggage, put in in 1874. Landlord Goodman has been in the hotel business since 1833, trying it first in New Haven, Conn., and then in South Carolina. He has managed a hotel in Chicago, the Allyn House and City Hotel of Hartford, the Bonney House in Buffalo, and came to Springfield from St. Louis, where he had had charge of the great hotel at the gigantic East St. Louis Stock Yards.

The Hotel Warwick is the latest addition to the hotels for which Springfield is famous. It is just north of the Union depot on Main Street. The building was begun 10 years ago by W. H. Allis, and was bought in

1875 by Horace Kibbe, who finished it at an outlay of $40,000. It met with varying success as the Allis House and then as the Marshall House, until 1882, when it was thoroughly renovated and vastly improved. Major William D. Field took it in its renewed state, and christened it the Warwick. His training at the Massasoit House, and his experience at the Delavan in Albany, would doubtless have established the success of this new venture, had not a long sickness deprived the Major of the oversight necessary to prosperity. In April, 1883, he turned over his lease to William Hill, whose name is a household word in the Connecticut Valley north of Springfield, and also with many summer visitors, by reason of his long and successful proprietorship of the noteworthy Mansion House at Easthampton, which he still retains, and keeps up in its ever satisfactory manner. The Warwick has a spacious corridor and office on the first floor, with barber-shop adjoining, and billiard and bar rooms in the rear. The large dining-rooms and parlors are on the second floor. It numbers 127 rooms, about half of which are heated by steam. An hydraulic elevator connects the five floors. The hotel is fast growing in popularity ; its modern furnishings, and nearness to the railroad-station, backed by Mr. Hill's experienced management, are likely to make the house as famous as its older rivals.

The Hotel Gilmore is another big venture in the hotel line, which will probably soon be launched upon the city and the travelling public. Tilly Haynes sold his theatre property, in 1881, to Dwight O. Gilmore, who had built, more than a dozen years before, the brick building adjoining. More recentlv Mr. Gilmore has bought the large brick building around the corner on Court Street, for many years occupied by the Adams Express Company, and has just completed the work of tying these buildings together by a tSiree-story structure in the rear. The original Main-street building, adjoining the theatre, has been used for some years as a boarding-house, and of late, under the management of H. A. Converse, some attention has been paid to transient patronage. The Court-street building has at times been used similarly, and is commonly known as the " Hampden House." Mr. Gilmore's plan is thoroughly to rejuvenate both buildings ; to banish the kitchen, laundry, store-rooms, and servants' quarters to a separate building; to put in elevators and similar conveniences ; and to fit up the Main-street portion as a transient house, and the Court-street building in suites for a first-class family hotel. When completed, the Hotel Gilmore will number 150 rooms, a supper and breakfast room seating 75 or 100, and a dining-room accommodating 200.

The Evans House is the leading family hotel. It was started by Mrs. C. F. Evans, more than a dozen years ago, on State Street. Outgrowing its modest quarters, it became necessary to seek larger accommodations ; and arrangements were made to have the greater part of the new and handsome

Third National Bank building, on Main and Hillman Streets, fitted up for a convenient, pleasant, and home-like hotel. All the modern fittings, steamheat, elevators, running water, baths, and the like, were provided ; and these, with satisfactory management, have caused the house to enjoy a a modest but none the less substantial success. It is now under the management of Mrs. Evans's daughter, Mrs. Lizzie E. Hutchinson. The Other Family Hotels include the Mansion House, between Bliss and State Streets, and the Pynchon House, once a somewhat famous hotel, near the depot : both deserve mention.

Restaurant s. - That Springfield is a " city of homes.'' precludes the possibility of supporting many noteworthy restaurants, cafes, or public dining-halls. There is, however, one firstclass restaurant. Edwin C. Barr came to Springfield in 1858, from California, where he had spent a few years after giving up the bakery-business in Clinton, Mass. He opened a bakery down town, and kept a lunch-counter. His ice-cream soon created a great demand, and led to a patronage which enabled him to move into his present quarters at No. 384 Main Street, on the west side near Vernon Street. Here, during 18 years, by shrewd management he has built up a large business, amounting to $75,000 a year. His fancy baking is still carried on, and in connection with it is a restaurant and a salesroom for fruit and confections. In the latter department is found the largest and choicest stock of fine confectionery in the city, with all sorts of fancy and staple fruits. The main dining-hall on the ground floor, 75 feet deep, is elegantly finished and richly furnished. A toilet alcove opens from the left of the entrance, opposite the cashier's desk. There are three private dining-rooms cosily located above stairs, seating altogether 50 people. A large sum is expended every year or two in new and fashionable decorations, $3,000 being laid out in this way last season. In connection with the industries mentioned as carried on harmoniously under this roof, is one of the largest and best catering establishments in the State outside Boston. Any thing in this line, which customers will pay for, can be furnished in creditable shape. The kitchen, besides the ordinary modern conveniences provided for culinary purposes, is equipped with the novel contrivances for cooking by steam. Steam-power is used in the bakery and for freezing ices. Mr. Barr gives personal oversight to the work in all the departments, and has associated with him his eldest son, George E. Barr. Not content with even this large business, two branches have been for some time successfully run, one in Holyoke, and the other in Northampton. Both are in charge of sons of the senior Mr. Barr; Edward E. Barr taking charge of the former, and Jesse

Although there is nothing seasonable in " flesh, fish, or fowl,"' that cannot be had at Barr's, yet there has for years been one place where game has abounded. In this connection the middle-aged and older residents remember the basement resort kept by "Uncle" Aaron Howe. Uncle Aaron came from Worcester County, and had two or three locations in town before he reached the well-known place under the Adams Express Company's office. There was no game-law in those days, and Uncle Aaron used to furnish his tables with game of all sorts the year round; for, besides being a o-ood cook, he was a tolerable hunter, and used to scour the woods with Moses Cooley, Joe Blair, George Ashmun, and Chester Harding.

Among other old-time victuallers were Amasa I'.. Parsons (who is still living), Aleck Pease, and Charley Jc-t'ts. But the legitimate successor of

Ho Ay Atcs Handbooa' Of Springfield

Uncle Aaron is Maurice Conrad, familiarly called " Dutchie." He has been in the business 20 years, the major part of the time in the basement at the corner of Main and Sanford Streets, the stand which Parsons had for nearly 30 years.

James Bee Be Smith

THE resident of Springfield has the advantage of living in a city large enough for him to enjoy all that variety and activity of life which easy communication with the rest of the world, good newspapers at home, and the best educational and social opportunities, are able to give; and a city, at the same time, so moderate in size, that with the public institutions, local government, and the movements of civic life, he feels a personal interest, both because he knows the chief actors, and because, as an individual, he knows that his vote and influence count for more than if he were part of a much larger municipal body. He also has a share in those valuable traditions, which imperceptibly influence for good such of the old New-England towns and cities as have had the fortune to develop slowly, and have merely absorbed the immigration from other lands without having their native characteristics destroyed by it. The government of the city is conservative of what is best in the experience of the past, and progressive wherever the changing circumstances of the day demand progress. Spacious schoolhouses, ample water-supply, good drainage, and efficient fire-service, bespeak the ambition to make the city as good to live in as any other; while a low tax-rate, moderate salaries, and absence of all suspicion of "jobs"' in the construction of public works, indicate that the control- of civil affairs is in the hands of men who realize that public place is not for the subserving of private interest. The disposition to retain faithful officers when once secured, and thus to place the public interests above the spoils of party, is seen in the long tenures of a number of the public servants. The tax-collector, Francis Norton, has been in office twenty-four years ; the city clerk and treasurer, Albert T. Folsom, twenty-one years; the chief engineer of the fire-department, Abner P. Leshure, ten years ; and the terms of most of the county officers, in whose election the citizens of Springfield have no small influence, seem to be practically during good behavior.

In this chapter we shall give some account of how the city is governed by the differently constituted bodies that represent its citizens ; and oi buildings devoted to public uses, - local, county, state, and national.

The City Government is vested in a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a common council, all annually elected, and serving without pay, except the mayor, who receives a compensation of $1,200. The number of aldermen (8) corresponds with the number of wards ; but there may be, and occasionally are. 2 aldermen from one ward. The members of the common council represent the wards, and the number in each ward is proportioned to the population of the ward. The other departments of administration are the board of overseers of the poor, the board of public works, the board of water-commissioners, the board of health, the board of park-commissioners, and the school-committee. Besides these, there are the board on claims, and the board of supervisors of highways and bridges, each composed entirely of members of the city council. The board of overseers of the poor have charge of the almshouse and the city farm, and employ an agent at a salary of $1,400, an important part of whose duties consists in looking after neglected children, and placing them in comfortable homes. The board of public works is composed of 3 able and discreet citizens, whose duties are to investigate and report upon such matters pertaining to streets, sidewalks, sewers, and drains, as may be committed to them by the city council. They receive a compensation of $3 per day. The city engineer is the clerk of the board. The board of water-commissioners have entire charge of the aqueducts and other works for the supply of water to the city. They are three in number, one of whom is the mayor. The board of health is composed of the mayor, one alderman, and the city physician, who is the clerk. They have a general supervision of sanitary affairs, and are a court of appeal from the decisions of the inspector of provisions. The board of park-commissioners consists of 5 citizens, appointed by the mayor with the consent of the city council, after the city had accepted the provisions of the act of 1882, providing for the establishment of parks in cities and towns. The school-committee is composed of 9 members, besides the mayor who is chairman ex officio. Their representative in the oversight of the schools is the superintendent of schools, who has a salary of $3,000 per year. The present superintendent is Admiral P. Stone. Those of the foregoing officers who are voted for directly by the people are elected on the Tuesday following the first Monday in December.

The City Hall is situated near to what is generally reckoned the centre of the city ; that is, the vicinity of Court Square. Near this spot was the first church of the village, and the first schoolhouse, as also the court-house which was besieged by the insurgents at the time of the Shays Rebellion.

The old town-hall building, now standing on the corner of State and Market Streets, was constructed in 1828, and dedicated with an address by the Hon. George Bliss, whose historical sketch delivered on this occasion is the reservoir of facts connected with the early history of the town. In the construction and ownership of this building, the town united with some individuals and the Masonic organizations ; and the city continues to own the second floor, the lower floor being owned by individuals, and the third floor by the Masons. For many years after the new City Ha^l was built, the old town-hall was used as an armory by the local military companies.

of sandstone from the neighboring quarries of Longmeadow. and Romanesque in its architecture. In the basement are the police-station and the lockup. On the first floor are the rooms of the mayor, aldermen, the common council, the school-committee, and the superintendent of schools, at the right of the entrance ; and on the left, are seen the rooms of the city clerk, treasurer, the city marshal (salary $1400), the overseers of the poor, the cityauditor (salary $400), and the assessors and tax-collector. The upper floor is almost entirely occupied by the large audience-hall capable of seating 2.300 persons. In this hall, whose acoustic properties are not good, has been held many a mass-meeting, caucus, and fair, that had much to do with the political and social life of the city for the time being. At the dedication, Dr. J. G. Holland delivered the address ; and, eleven years after, a crowded and saddened multitude gathered to hear his eulogy on the death of Lincoln. Here John B. Gough has drawn full houses, especially when, in a notable series of temperance lectures in 1862, he aroused an unusual public interest on that subject. On the rostra, Charles Sumner and Wendell Phillips have spoken stirring words. With the unexpended proceeds of the last Soldiers' Fair, held here near the close of the war of the Rebellion, the soldiers' monument in the cemetery was purchased. A photograph taken at that time, and now treasured as of great local value, contains likenesses of nearly all the leading citizens in attendance at the fair, and is an accurate representation of the interior of the hall. The clock in the tower used to be kept at Boston time, which was nearly five minutes earlier than the true time, but for convenience was generally used throughout the city, but on Nov. 20, 1883, the newstandard time was adopted. Not till a few years since was the old custom abandoned of ringing the bell at the hour of nine in the evening, and on such momentous occasions as the straying of a child away from its mother. The bell is the heaviest in the city, its weight being 4,400 pounds. Its use is now confined to the announcing the hour of day and the occurrence of a fire, in accordance with the following mottoes cast upon its surface : -

Proclamo Tibi Igne Furente Populum Conclamo

The Water-Department consists of a board of commissioners composed of the mayor and two citizens elected by the council. They are assisted by a clerk and superintendent. The office of the board is a commodious building on Bridge Street, where also is the office of the city engineer. George A. Ellis. In this building each day's flow and pressure of water is automatically recorded for every minute of the day, and the results filed for future comparisons. The city is supplied with water through 68 miles of pipe, - most of which is of wrought iron, cement-lined, - connecting with 4 different reservoirs, 3 of which are north of the Boston and Albany Railroad, at a distance of less than two miles from the City Hall: but the last-built and main reservoir is situated in the town of Ludlow, nine miles from the city. The capacity of the three old reser- voirs is 110,570,000 gallons; of the new one, 2,132,817,000 gallons. The aqueduct from the Ludlow reservoir is brought across the Chicopee at Indian Leap, on an iron bridge, the two chords of which serve also as water-mains. The parts of the city below Spring and School Streets are supplied with water for domestic purposes from the old reservoirs, at a low pressure of 40 pounds to the square inch; and the rest of the city, including all that region known as the " Hill," has only the Ludlow water, whose pressure is 65 pounds to the square inch. The pipes of the two systems can be connected, and the fire-hydrants made to discharge the water of the new reservoir at the rate of 150 to 250 gallons per minute, through an ordinary nozzle. The entire cost of the water-works, up to 1883, has been $1,258,752: and the receipts for rates for 1882 were $77,407, having nearly doubled since 1875. The water from the main reservoir is, during the winter months, pure in taste and color, but, during a part of the summer, becomes less clear and somewhat unpalatable. A view of the reservoir itself, during the warm season, reveals a green scum on the surface at the lee side of the pond, whose growth was commented on, in 1875, by Professor Nichols the consulting chemist, and said to be a peculiar alga belonging to the nostoc family. It at first caused no serious alarm, but with the lapse of years it has begun to be feared that its effects upon the water would need to be counteracted by the use of a filtering gallery. Upon an examination made of this vegetable growth by Dr. George Dimmock, the biologist, he pronounced it to be parasitic; and specimens of the numerous fish that every year are found dead on the shore of the reservoir were found by him to have been fastened and fed upon by this vegetable parasite, until their life had been literally eaten away. The evil caused by this pernicious nostoc has been less of late years ; and it is hoped will eventually disappear, though the large amount of shallow water in the reservoir is conducive to its growth. Deleterious influences have not generally been attributed by the local physicians to the Ludlow water; and, even at its worst, it may be said to be, like a singed cat, better than it looks. The advantages of a bountiful water-supply are seen all over the city, in the 400 fire-hydrants, the trim, well-watered lawns, and streets free from dust.

Of the earlier history of water-supply, it may be said, that, prior to 1S43. the city was supplied mainly by private wells; and, in June of that year, the Hon. Charles Stearns built a reservoir on the site of the present Lombard Reservoir, and laid about eight miles of log pipes through various streets. In June, 1848, the Springfield Aqueduct Company was chartered; and on Sept. 10, 1S60, the City Aqueduct Company was organized. The Aqueduct Company's works comprised the Lombard Reservoir, lying northeast of the Armory, in Ward 1 ; and the two Van Horn reservoirs, north of the Armorv, in the same ward, and divided, or split, by Armory Road. In

1873 the city bought all these works, retaining them for a low-service supply, and, proceeding to construct the high-service reservoir in Cherry Valley, in the town of Ludlow, completed it in 1875.

The Fire-Department is well equipped and manned, and under the charge of a chief-engineer, Abner P. Leshure, of ability and lifelong experience ; who is also the building commissioner, and as such has an oversight of the construction of buildings within the fire-district. There are 4 assistant engineers, 8 foremen, and 93 men connected with the force, besides a superintendent of the y fire-alarm. There is also a and-ladder trucks, and 10 hose-carriages. There are 3 bell-strikers connected with the fire-alarm, and located at the City Hall, the Bond-street engine-house, and the Walnut-street hose-tower. Fourteen horses, and 13,000 feet of hose, are in use. The signal-boxes of the fire-alarm are 33 in number. Upon this department the city spends annually upwards of $35,- 000, and receives its return in a sense of real security against disastrous fires. As an aid to the city fire-department, when needed, the " Waterspout " engine belonging to the United-States Government, and kept at the Armory, is sometimes called out. The work of the engines in subduing the flames is supplemented, and often made unnecessary, by the 400 hydrants located in all sections of the city, and each affording a supply of 250 gallons of water per minute, at the pressure of 125 pounds. The principal engine-house is on the south side of Pynchon Street, about midway between Main and Water Streets, and will repay a visit. The careful preparations to save every second at the outbreak of a fire, the appearance of order and neatness prevailing, and the substantial character of all the equipments, - impress the beholders, and suggest a comparison with the old system; when the general populace turned out at the sound of the alarm, rushed pell-mell along the sidewalks with the shaky old hand-engine, and often celebrated the extinguishment of a fire with scenes of drunkenness and riot. Firemen's musters in those times were days of much fun, but of much disgraceful disorder. They are now simply the exhibition days of the department in its dress-clothes, - but a department in which every man is required to be strictly temperate and orderly, whether on or off duty. At the Pynchonstreet engine-house, the visitor will be shown the well-oiled engine, with water always warm in its boiler ; the harnesses fastened to the pole, and hanging from overhead, ready to drop upon the backs of the horses at a touch, when, as the alarm is struck, as if by magic the gas in the building, by a change in the electric circuit, immediately springs into brilliancy, the horses are automatically set free, and take of their own accord their places before the wheels ; and the men, aroused from their numerous cot-beds in all parts of the building, jump into their clothes, slide down to the lower floor on a brass-bar, without waiting even to run down the stairs, and are out into the dark street, with the thunderous machine, in from 15 to 2,0 seconds from the moment when the first blow of the alarm was sounded. Such are the changes since, in 18 10, a fire at the Dwight House (page 209) was extinguished by buckets passed from hand to hand from the "town-brook."

The first known local fire-company was organized on Jan. 17, 1794. By its articles of association, each member was required to keep "two fire-bags and buckets, with his name thereon, hung up by the front door of his house," and to repair with them to fires, at which the members exercised supreme authority. * The town, however, owned a fire-engine a few years previous to the formation of the company just mentioned. It was built in Philadelphia, in 1792. The firemen of those clays carried brass-tipped staves. The present fire-department was organized in 1830 by Elijah Blake.

The firemen have formed among themselves two associations for the relief of each other, - one called the Firemen's Mutual-Relief Association, which pays a sum weekly to any of its members that are injured at a fire, or suffer from exposure thereat; and the Fireman's Aid Association, which relieves in cases of sickness from other causes. The last, and indeed the only, great fire from which Springfield has suffered, occurred in 1875, when nearly $400,000 of property between Main, Vernon, and Worth ington Streets was destroyed ; but, as the buildings were mostly of wood, they have since been replaced, to the great advantage of the city.

The Police-Department is not a separate branch of the government inasmuch as its administration is entirely vested in the mayor and aldermen ; who annually, in the month of January, make appointments to the offices of city marshal, assistant marshal, captain of the watch, and night and day watchmen. The office of marshal is so intimately connected with the administrative policy of the mayor for the time being, that the incumbent of this office is frequently changed, and a new mayor generally appoints a new marshal. Public praise or criticism of this functionary turns mostly on his vigor or laxity in enforcing the liquor-law. 96 licenses were granted for the year 18S3. The popular vote then in favor of granting licenses was 2,128, against 1,044 opposed to this policy; but in December the vote was against granting licenses for 18S4. The city marshal the present year is Robert J. Hamilton : he receives a salary of $1,400. The night and day watchmen are 26 in number. The justice of the Police Court is Gideon Wells. There is a criminal term of this court held daily except Sundays, and civil causes are tried on Mondays. An important official in attendance on this court is the probation-officer. His duty is to investigate the character and offence of every person arrested for crime, with the purpose of ascertaining whether he may reasonably be expected to reform without punishment. If he sees reason to hope for reformation, he so advises the court ; and, if the justice places him upon probation, it is on such terms as the court pleases, and the officer follows up the career of the released person, makes a record of the same, and reports the results of each case to the commissioners of prisons and to the county commissioners. The statistics of this officer, Rev. jioseph Scott, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1883, are as follows : -

The Sewer-Department embraces over 33 miles of sewers, which have cost, up to Dec. 31, 1882, the sum of $423,000. The key to the system of sewerage is readily seen when it is considered that a large portion of the city is situated on land sloping directly to the Connecticut River, and that the highest point of the lowlands is near the corner of Main and Worthington Streets, whence the land slopes north and south. The great trunk sewers through Main Street run north and south from the last-named point ; one discharging its sewage into the river above Hampden Park, ami the other at the foot of York Street. It is at this corner that Garden Brook, which takes its rise east of the Armory, divides, and enters the river by two natural channels, one running south under Main Street to Mill River, and the other north through the meadows east of Main Street to the Connecticut north of Hampden Park. This brook has naturally been made a part of the sewerage-system, and one of the mains running to the hill follows in part the course of this stream. The other main sewers draining the hill are laid through State, Union, and Mill Streets. The branch of Garden Brook south of Worthington Street is called the " Town Brook," though now covered for most of its course. The superintendent of the department is Henry D. Foss.

The first effort at drainage was a sewer constructed through Elm Street in 1842, for the purpose of draining the marshy fen east of Main Street; which resulted in making that previously impassable swamp dry and usable, several streets having since been laid out over it without difficulty. The next sewer was placed in Worthington Street, in 1863. The next in order was through Ferry and Cypress Streets, in 1866. Then followed Union Street in 1868, Garden-brook sewer in 1873, and Locust Street in 1874; and, lastly, the great sewer from Lyman Street, down Main to York, and thence through York, to the Connecticut River.

The United-States Post-Office is in the fine four-story, brick, fire-proof building, with granite trimmings, on the corner of Main and Court Streets, extending back to Market Street. It is well fitted with 1,000 Yale-lock boxes, stamp-window, register and money-order window. The large, well-lighted mailing-room on Market Street, with the many other conveniences, make this an excellent office. The building is owned by the Five Cents Savings Bank, for which it was completed in 1879. Among the earlier postmasters were Moses Church, Daniel Lombard, Albert Morgan, and Col. Harvey Chapin. The present postmaster1 is Gen. H. C. Lee, who was, during the late war, colonel of the Twenty-seventh Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. In Postmaster Church's time, the office was on very near its present location ; it having then occupied the site of the present "Springfield Republican" building. It was kept for many years in a small room of the postmaster's house, corner of Main and Elm Streets. Postmaster Morgan removed it to a small wooden building, corner of State and Market Streets, where it remained several years, and was then again moved to a new brick building on Elm Street, near its former location. The business of the office once more outgrowing its room, it was removed, in 1866, to the Haynes Hotel building; and. after several years of service there, it was in 1879 transferred to its present convenient locality, which is a compromise between the centre of population and centre of business.

Icing'S Handbook Of Springfield

Hampshire, which extended from Connecticut to the Vermont and New- Hampshire lines, the original county-seat; and, though this honor was afterwards gained by Northampton, yet on the setting off, in 1812, of the county which bears the name of the patriotic John Hampden, it again became a shire town. Here is holden the Superior Court for the county; and twice a year is held a term of the Supreme Judicial Court, so called in distinction from the General Court, the constitutional appellation of the supreme legislative body.

The Hampden-county Court-House, a fine building constructed in the later Italian style, of gneiss from the quarries at Monson, and popularly known as Monson granite, stands on Elm Street, and, though somewhat obscurely placed, adds much to the views in the neighborhood of Court Square.

The original court-house, built about 1723, and only demolished in 1871, was a building of much historic interest. It was built mainly at the expense of the town, and stood on the spot where Sanford Street now enters Main. It was used as a court-house until 1792, from which date, to the organization of Hampden County, the courts were held at Northampton. It seems to have been used as a town-house before the construction of the old townhall, shown on page 113. It passed through a succession of ownerships after its sale, about 1828, to the First Parish, and was several times removed, until it was finally demolished by Kibbe Brothers. It was this building, of which the forces of the insurgents in Shays' Rebellion took possession on Christmas Day 1791, and prevented the holding of the term of court which was to begin on a following day.

In 1 82 1 this building gave place to the court-house standing on the west side oi Court Square, but now owned by the Odd Fellows, and devoted almost entirely to their use. In the latter building, which had formerly a tower in which the merry clatter of a bell used to summon the suitors to the sessions in the room below, Judge Lord, then of the Superior Court, was once holding a session, when he found himself much disturbed by the noise of the band of a passing procession. The sheriff having been sent out to remonstrate, without avail, the judge had the whole band arrested and brought in for contempt of court. In the court-room of this building for thirty years, beginning in 1830, was seen each year the portly form of the celebrated Chief Justice Shaw, when he came with the full court to hold the September term ; and in this room Reuben Atwater Chapman, the future chief-justice, and his partner the brilliant George Ashmun, a favorite friend of Webster, won their earliest triumphs.

At the beginning of the last decade, it became evident that the growth of population demanded ampler and more convenient quarters for the courts ; and, proceeding under the act of 1871, the county commissioners purchased some [3,000 square feet of land extending from Elm Street to State; and upon it the present structure was built, being completed in 1874 at a cost of $300,000. Its extreme length is 1583 feet, and its extreme width 891 feet. The tower is 150 feet high, and is modelled after that of the Pa'azzo Vecchio of Florence, Italy. The woodwork on the outside of the building is painted in India-red. There is a noble flight of steps in front, and in the centre of the building the word LEX is inscribed.

In adaptation to its uses, and in general appearance, it is not excelled by any public building in the city ; being in these respects much more fortunate than in its location, whose only recommendation is its central character and the quiet that makes easy the transaction of business within its walls. The facade, with its imposing arches and tower with crenellated battlements, makes an attractive background to the view beyond the elms of Court Square. On approaching the main entrance on Elm Street, the visitor ascends a flight of stone steps, and, passing beneath one of the three arches supported by massive piers, finds himself within a portico floored witli mosaic and opening into the middle hallway. On the right of this hallway one arrives first at the registry of probate. This room, as well as the registry of deeds and the clerk's office, is built fire-proof. Opposite the registry of probate is the registry of deeds, where the ancient muniments of title will be shown upon request. Beyond these rooms are staircases ascending to the court-room on the second floor; and, still farther, doors open into the police court-room, deputy sheriff's office, and county commissioners room. At the end of the corridor, are tne rooms of the court of probate and of insolvency, and of the clerk of the Supreme and Superior Courts. In the clerk's office hangs a portrait of the late James W. Hale, the founder of the Hale fund for the relief of the poor by supplying them with stoves and fuel. There are also portraits of George Ashmun, and other past and present members of the bar. At the end of the hallway, another staircase provides, for the judges and members of the bar, a passage to the rooms above, the largest of which is the court-room, which is called one of the best in the State. It is finished in ash, and upon the fall of the plastering overhead, a few years since, was ceiled in the same wood. On the left of the bench is a painting, perfect in likeness, of the late Chief Justice Chapman ; and, on the right, a similar portrait of the Hon. John Wells, who, upon his death, was on the bench of the Supreme Court, which place he took upon resigning the office of judge of the court of probate for this county. Both these portraits are the gift of the members of the Hampden-county bar. In the rear of the court-room, is the law library, purchased and annually increased from an appropriation by the county commissioners. Besides a good selection of text-books, it contains the common-law and equity reports of England, together with the reports of all the New-England and Middle States, and some of the Western and Southern States. Adjoining the library, is a con- sultation-room for lawyers, in which the visitor's attention is attracted bj a portrait in oil of the late William G. Bates of Westfield, for half a century a prominent member of the Hampden bar. A photograph of Chief Justice Shaw also adorns the walls. The front of the building, on this floor, is occupied by the offices of the county treasurer, the high sheriff, and rooms for witnesses.

On the third floor are the retiringrooms of the juries, from whose windows the light, streaming out over the city in the small hours of the night, tells ot the imprisoned citizens within striving for an "agreement."' The Hampden-county Jail and House of Correction is located on State Street, nearly opposite the City Library; and the importance which that vicinity has now attained, by reason of the public buildings and finer residences, makes it an inharmonious object in an otherwise pleasing view. Its exterior is presentable; its interior neat, and as well-arranged as the limited space will allow. Besides the small apartments for women, there are 1 20 cells for men ; and the increase of crime makes it impossible to accommodate all the offenders within the county, and some are sent to adjoining counties. The county is indictable for not providing better accommodations, and the time is not far distant when a new jail must be built. The prisoners confined here are engaged in making harnesses, upon a contract with the county and a private citizen.

King'S Handbook Of Spring Field

HPHE educational advantages of Springfield have long maintained a -L character for general excellence and thorough instruction that has added to the desirability of the city as a place of residence, and attracted residents from elsewhere. Even from China have come those to whom their own government saw fit to give such a New-England education as these schools had to furnish. A liberal policy has not been wanting in the city government, which expends annually over $1 00,000 for public-school purposes ; the public-school committee are inclined to retain and encourage faithful teachers : and the desire of the community for careful supervision was long since shown by the appointment in 1840 of the first superintendent of schools in the Commonwealth, and the second in New England. The ambition of .Massachusetts as a manufacturing State to excel in the arts of design has manifested itself in Springfield in an attention to drawing which has produced, even in the lower grades, extremely creditable original designs. And, in addition to the usual curriculum of studies pursued, careful attention is given to moral instruction and to the formation of character. In these schools the children of the ricli and the poor, the native and the foreign born, meet together in a healthful competition in which no favorites are known: and it is a noticeable fact, that among those who have here received an excellent training for business and for college, are many sons of foreignborn citizens. Besides the public schools, there are several private institutions which have gained a reputation far beyond the limits of the State ; and there are also secular schools, that compare favorably with those of cities much larger than Springfield.

The Public-school System in this community, according to history, practically had its beginning with the first settlers, who gave early attention to the education of their children. In 1641 "ye selectmen "' were ordered "to see that all children be taught to read and learn a chattechisme," and "to see schools erected and maintained." Twelve years later a "parcelle of land at ye lower end of Chickkuppy plaine " was set apart for the support of schools and other "town charges." In 1677 William .Maddison was employed as schoolmaster, receiving "three pence per week" for those who learned to read, and four pence if writing was added. In the followi 26 ing year David Denton was engaged as teacher at a salary of ^20 per year. During this year, as the town-records show, there was a school in the tower of the meeting-house ; although it is evident that some of the schools were kept in private houses, for in 1679 the town paid to " Goodman Merricke \os. 6d. for his house for schooling," and gs. to Samuel Ely for the same purpose. The younger children were sometimes taught by married women at their homes, and such schools were called " dame schools." The records show that Goodwife Merricke was employed by the town for such a school.

The town authorities had charge of the moral training of children at church as well as at school. In 1679 the selectmen assigned certain seats for the children, " near the deacon's seat ; " and Deacon Parsons and others were directed " to have an eye on the boys." It was in this year that the first schoolhouse was built, "in the lane going to the upper wharf." This lane is the modern Cypress Street, north of the Boston and Albany Railroad, extending from Main Street westward towards Connecticut River. The length of the house was "twentytwo foot, breadth seventeen foot, and stud six foot and a halfe," with "three light spaces on one side, and two on one end," and a "rung chimney daubed." The contract price was /14 ; but it was agreed that if the builder, Thomas Stebbins, jun., should " have a hard bargain," he should "have \os. more of the towne." Samuel Ely was paid "3J. Sd. for entertaining the schoolhouse raisers."

In 1685 all parents and householders were required to send their children and servants to school ; and a vote was passed, that all persons living between "Round Hill and Mill River," who failed to send their children between the ages of 5 and 9 years, should "pay two pence per week for the space of half a year." This was compulsory education. In 1708 each person sending a child to school was ordered "to send a load of wood within two weeks, or pay enough to buy a load." It was easier, in those days, to pay taxes and bills in produce than in money; and hence we find, that, in 1709, the salary of the "Grammar-school master, John Sherman," was "£40 in grain ; viz., Pease, Rye, Indian corn, and Barley, at the town price."

The "grammar school" of this period was a school for the common and also for the higher branches. Such schools were required by a law of the Province, of 1647, in all towns of one hundred families or more ; and it was furthermore required, that the master of the school should be "able to instruct youth so farr as they can be fitted for ye university." It is a matter of record, that, from their establishment onward, schools continued to be maintained in the town ; and it is also known that many of their teachers were persons of scholarship and ability. The schools were under the care of the selectmen. School-committees were not appointed regularly until about 1827.

About this time there was much public agitation of the subject of education, and the records of town-meetings show that the leading citizens of the town made strenuous efforts for the improvement of the schools. In 1840 the late S. S. Green was appointed town superintendent of the schools, the first appointment of the kind in Massachusetts. He remained two years, and did a good work for the schools. Afterwards he became well known as the author of a popular series of English grammars for schools, also as a teacher in Worcester and in Boston, and, during the latter part of his life, as professor in Brown University.

Prominent among the firm and active friends of the public schools, is the name of the late Josiah Hooker, for nearly twenty years a member of the school-committee. By his wise counsels, and unceasing efforts for their improvement, he contributed largely to their advancement and high character. In this work he received the hearty and efficient co-operation of members of the school-board, of the city council, and of citizens interested in the general welfare of the city. In 1865 E. A. Hubbard was appointed superintendent of the schools ; and during his administration several new schoolhouses were erected, a better organization and grading of the schools were secured, and improved methods of instruction introduced. Mr. Hubbard resigned in 1873, and was succeeded by Admiral P. Stone, the present incumbent.

The organization of the schools includes three grades, - primary schools, grammar schools, and high school. The primary grade occupies three years, - and the grammar grade six years. In these schools, thorough and systematic instruction is given in all the common English branches, including book-keeping, and United-States and English history ; and special teachers give instruction in penmanship, music, and drawing.

Avng'S Handbook Of Springfield

The number of pupils in the day schools is more than 6,000, with 125 teachers. There are maintained, during the winter months, two free evening schools for adults, in which the last enrolment was about 450; also a free evening draughting-school, where more than 200 persons, during the past winter, were taught mechanical drawing.

The total value of the buildings, with their lots, furniture, and fixtures, is $550,000; and the current expense of the schools, including repairs of buildings for 1882, was about $101,000. The control of the schools is vested in a school-committee, composed of the mayor as ex-officio chairman, and 9 persons, one-third elected annually by the people.

The High School dates, in its first organization, to the year 1827, when the town established a high school for boys on the north-east corner of

School and High Streets, which was maintained for about ten years, and in which many of the city's present business men, of the elder class, were educated. The late Rev. S. H. Calhoun, missionary to Syria, was one of its principals; and two principals are now residents of this vicinity, - Dr. Henry R. Vaille, and C. C. Burnett. A high school for the centre district of the town was established in 1841, on State Street, on the site of the present court-house. Its first principal was the late Rev. Sanford Lawton, who was succeeded in 1844 by Ariel Parish. In 1848 the school was transferred to a new building on Court Street, now known as the "old high-school building," but occupied by the Court-street primary school. In the following year it became the high school for the whole town ; and Mr. Parish continued as its principal until 1865, when he was succeeded by the Rev. M. C. Stebbins. The high-school building now in use was completed in 1874. It stands on State Street, nearly opposite the City Library. In 1874 W. W. Colburn, the present incumbent, became principal of the school. The cost of the building, including the lot, was $170,000. It is of brick, with Ohio gray sandstone trimmings. It is situated within a short distance of the old highschool building of 1827, and as near as practicable to the centre of population. Its proximity to the city library offers facilities for the use of books of reference, and the room in the library building containing the naturalhistory collection is found a convenient place for recitations in that branch by the classes pursuing it in the school. The facade of the building is defectively narrow in its proportions, and the stone ornamentation is un- finished; but within, the rooms are commodious and cheerful. In the basement is the draughting-school and chemical laboratory. The first floor contains a reception-room, principal's room, and a schoolroom seating 135 pupils, a room for scientific lectures, beside cloak-rooms and recitationrooms. Here also is the philosophical apparatus, valued at $3,500. The second floor is nearly a duplicate of the first; and on the third floor is an assembly-room, capable of seating 800 persons. The high-school course occupies four years, and embraces the higher English branches, including American and English literature, higher book-keeping, the science of government and political economy, the higher mathematics and metaphysics, the sciences, and the ancient and modern languages. Pupils are prepared for college, for business, and for high intellectual culture. Classes have been regularly graduated from this school for nearly thirty years. In 1883 the number of pupils in the school was 322, 46 of whom graduated in June.

The Grammar Schools are six in number, including the one at Indian Orchard. In these schools, thorough instruction is given in all the common English branches, including book-keeping, and United-States and English history; and special teachers give instruction in penmanship, music, and drawing.

The Hooker School on North Main Street, built in 1865, is the finest of the grammar-school buildings in external appearance, for which it is indebted to its imposing tower (containing a clock with illuminated dial), as well as to the beautiful network of vines which in summer relieve the bareness of its brick walls. It contains nine rooms devoted to the grammar and intermediate grades, and in this last respect resembles the other grammarschool buildings, except the Worthington-street and Central-street Schools, which have rooms for the primary grade. The building is named for Josiah Hooker, whose portrait may be seen in the hall. J. Dwight Stratton has been the principal for 28 years.

The Elm-street Grammar School (finished in 1 867) is one story too high for practical use, but possibly was built to rival the magnificent elm which stands in front of it, and which Oliver Wendell Holmes has commended to fame in his " Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," calling it "beautiful and stately beyond all praise.'' The principal is Simeon F. Chester.

The Worthington-street School was built in 1869; and, on the organization of the new district in this locality, E. F. Foster became principal, and

The Oak-street Grammar School, which, like all the foregoing, is a substantial brick structure, was finished in 1868, and replaced a building on Union Street. In the hall for public exercises hangs an excellent portrait in crayon of the present principal, Charles Barrows, placed there by the alumni of the school at the time of a celebration ment, and contains four schoolrooms for fifty-six pupils each. For each school there is also a recitation-room, cloak-rooms, and a marble sink.

The Private Schools begin their history with the year 1812, about which time a private academy was established on the north side of Elm Street, and continued nearly a dozen years. Miss Julia Hawkes opened a private school for young ladies, in 1829, on Maple Street, near Union Street, which was of a high order, and received a generous patronage. It was succeeded by a school at the corner of Main and State Streets, taught by Rev. George

Nichols, who removed it the next year to Court Street, in the building next west of the old Court-House, where it continued, under different teachers, until about 1881. It was latterly known as the Springfield English and Classical Institute; was for both sexes ; and its reputation and patronage extended far beyond the limits of the town and county- Its later and bestremembered principals were Misses Celia and Mary Campbell, and Messrs. E. D. bangs and C. C. Burnett.

Miss Catherine L. Howard's Family School for Girls leads the private schools in point of age, and is behind none of them in point of reputation. Among its pupils are the representatives of many States. It is pleasantly located on the corner of Union and School Streets. This is strictly a family school, and such of its pupils as are not provided for in the home of the principal are placed among families of culture and refinement in the immediate vicinity. The course pursued is both English and classical, especial attention being paid to mathematics and to composition ; a feature of the latter branch being the writing out, on Mondays, of abstracts of the sermon heard on the previous day.

The Elms is on Ingraham Avenue, upon the brow of the hill, "beautiful for situation," and commanding a fine view of the valley. The school was founded in Hadley, in 1866; and its principals are Misses Porter and Champney. It is for girls and young ladies only. The Harvard examinations are the standard of requirement for work done in the school; and, beside English branches, the classics, and modern languages, music, drawing, and painting are taught. Parlor-concerts, by the most advanced pupils, afford opportunity to gain experience in public musical performance.

Mr. and Mrs. J. Giles's Day and Boarding School was commenced at its present location, 359 Central Street, in the year 1S66. Its primary object was to receive only a sufficient number of pupils to occupy their immediate supervision ; thus endeavoring to secure thoroughness in whatever studies pursued, either in fitting students for college, or for practical business. This course has been pursued to the present time.

St. Michael's Hall and School is the name of the new building on Elliot Street, designed for the children of the cathedral parish. The school is in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph. The building itself is 120 feet frtnt, and has 2 wings, each 94 feet in length. The 10 schoolrooms will seat about 700 pupils; and the large hall on the third floor, excellently adapted for the uses for which it is intended, and provided with a stage and scenery, has a seating capacity of 1,200. The course of study embraces nearly all the branches taught in the public schools, including French, German, Latin, vocal and instrumental music. The school is designed to accommodate girls and boys of all grades. It was opened in 1883. Near the building may be seen the convent of the sisters who form its corps of instructors.

The Sacred Heart Parochial School, on Everett Street, was established in 1877. and is conducted by the Sisters of Notre Dame. It is exclusively for girls, and has an average attendance of about 450. One afternoon in the week is especially devoted to needlework. The school-building stands near the convent, and, besides eight schoolrooms, contains a hall capable of seating over 1,000, and well equipped for dramatic entertainments. The library comprises 700 volumes. The superintendent is Sister Mary Johanna.

The Kindergartens are several in number, of which 2 are missionschools: one of these being exclusively for colored children, and located in the old town-hall.

The Charity Kindergartens. - One was started at 186 Worthington Street, September, 1S82, for children of the poorest families in the neighborhood. Another was opened in November for the colored children on and near Willow Street. These were supported by contributions and under the charge of the Women's Christian Association. Each was in charge of a trained kindergartner, with assistants from Miss Brooks's training-class ; and twenty-five children in each were taught in accordance with Frobel's method. In June, 1883, the Springfield Kindergarten Association was formed to carry on the work for the following year, with Mrs. J. R. Hixon as president; Miss E. M. Ames, vice-president ; and Miss A. A. Pease, secretary. The kindergartens opened Sept. 10, 1883 ; and twenty children are taught in each, ranging in age from three to five. All the materials used are donated by the Milton Bradley Company.

The Sacred Heart Parochial School And Convent

Stebbins, is an English, classical, and business school for both sexes. Its principal is C. E. Blake, A.M., and its location 346 Main Street. Its graduating exercises are held in the Opera-House, and combine with the literary features, military drill, that branch being taught in the school. This school fits for all the colleges, and in its business and commercial course pays especial attention to bookkeeping. It has a valuable set of philosophical apparatus.

The Springfield Business College, under the management of G. C. Hinman, gives students a training especially fitted for a business-life. The methods in use in Bryant & Stratton's Business College, and in Rochester University, are adopted ; and celerity in reaching practical results is particularly sought in the instruction given. This college occupies a fine, large, well-lighted room on the second floor of the " Springfield Republican " Block ; and any visitor will be favorably impressed with the earnestness with which the students - young men and women, boys and girls - carry on their work. In the specialty of plain, practical business writing, there is probably no school in the country where the results will average better than they do here under Mr. Hinman's personal instruction. There is also a type-writer department, where instruction is given in the use of the Remington typewriter. The college was founded in 1S76; opened in Madden's Block; moved later to Hampden Block, and finally, three years ago, to its present quarters.

Geer's Commercial School is taught by George P. Geer, the most accomplished practical bookkeeper in the city, and the author of " Geer's Analysis of the Science of Accounts." The instruction is mostly confined to bookkeeping, business arithmetic, and commercial practice. It occupies room No. 4 in the Union Block.

The Dr. Windship Graduated System of Health Movement is taught at an institution devoted to physical culture and mechanical treatment. Most of the apparatus used in this system of movement was invented by Dr. G. B. Windship, who founded this system in Boston in 1865. It was introduced in this city by Dr. C. B. Cone, its present director, in September, 1876, as a branch of the Springfield Collegiate Institute, then at Court Square under Principal Rev. M. C. Stebbins ; and was removed to its present attractive quarters in Central Hall, No. 389 Main Street, opposite Haynes's Hotel, in June, 1882, where its facilities and patronage have been greatly increased. It does not aim to qualify persons for extraordina'ry feats of strength or agility, but to promote their general health. The apparatus is constructed so as to exercise in turn every muscle in the body. An experienced instructor takes care to prevent undue exertion or danger. A little time spent in this exercise each day is a practical safeguard against the whole brood of nervous diseases. The methods originated by Dr. Windship, and applied by Dr. Cone, condense into an agreeable half-hour enough muscular work to refresh and restore the brain and body wearied by a day of sedentary occupation. The system is said to be a curative for many special and local ailments, and a preventive of certain kinds of disease. Many professional and business men, and many ladies and children, who are patrons of the establishment, speak well of its methods and their effects.

The International Institute was established in Springfield at the beginning of 1882, to assist youth and adults, especially foreigners, to attain those various ends which they may have in view. Its director says, " It extends counsel to those who seek its assistance, and begins at once the work of preparation for some definite career, employing teachers and recommending institutions in accordance with the purposes of its patrons. It thus aims to supply in part the place of parents and guardians in the way of educational supervision, and has become quite a centre for South-American youth and students of languages." Its headquarters are at No. 629 Chestnut Street, and its director is Paul Henry Pitkin.

The Hampden-County School-Committees' Association was founded in 1877; and its membership includes school-committees, school-superintendents, and friends of popular education. Its purpose is to discuss questions relating to the management and conduct of public schools ; and its meetings, held at the call of the officers, are intended to be semi-annual. Officers : L. F. Mellen, West Springfield, President; E. A. Hubbard, Springfield. Secretary. Executive Committee, A. P. Stone, Springfield; W. H. Eaton. Westfield ; H. C. Strong, Springfield.

Admiral Paschal Stoxe

IN the world of literature, from the days of the Pilgrims to the present time, Springfield has held high place. Here William Pynchon, one of the most cultured of the earliest civilizers of this continent, composed his famous "heretical" book, " The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption," which was as truly the pioneer of religious freedom of thought as its author was of civil liberty of action. Here were established, among the earliest, some of the best newspapers in this western world ; and here, from those days to these, have been maintained daily and weekly journals powerful for the formation of public opinion and the direction of public action. Here Hon. William B. Calhoun, afterwards a member of Congress, established the first agricultural journal in the country. Here the elder Samuel Bowles published the first daily newspaper, out of Boston, in the State ; and here, succeeding him, his son made it one of the leading journals of New England, and himself one of the first and most noted independent journalists in the country. Here Josiah Gilbert Holland began and grew to eminence in his literary career as a journalist, novelist, essayist, and poet; finding, in the local records and traditions of the colonial past, the material for his romantico-historical story of " The Bay Path." At his cosey, modest house. 115 High Street, now occupied by Tim Henry, he composed his "Bitter- Sweet;" and later, at his villa at Brightwood, now the residence of George C. Fisk, he wrote " Kathrina." Here, from his editorial desk in the office of The Springfield Republican." he sent forth successively the " Timothy Titcomb Papers," "Gold Foil," "The History of Western Massachusetts," - perhaps as valuable a contribution to local historical literature as has ever been made. - and the " Life of Abraham Lincoln," accorded the first place among the biographies of the " Martyr President;" while, at the same time, he was enriching the columns of his newspaper with prose and verse of such excellence as to place its literary department on a plane with the best magazines of the country, a position which it has held, under succeeding managers, to this day. Here, in the rooms now the law-office of Bosworth & Barrows on Elm Street, George Bancroft wrote the second volume of his History of the United States. On the westerly side of Maple Street, in the mansion now owned by James B. Rumrill, the saintly William B. O.

Peabody, first pastor of the Unitarian church, for many years taught Religion poetry, and Poetry religion. His musing-ground, it is said, was the romantic ravine then called "Martha's Dingle," now the cemetery, where he was inspired to the sermons, essays, and poems which so greatly influenced his own and succeeding generations.

and " The Switzerland of America," works not yet succeeded by superiors upon the subjects of which they treat ; and here his son, the third of his name, following in his footsteps, devotes himself to independent journalism.

Here Frederick A. Packard, more than half a century ago, wrote and published the first remembered novel of Western-Massachusetts authorship, entitled "The Insurgents."

Here Edward King, now of world renown as a journalist, newspapercorrespondent, novelist, essayist, linguist, and poet, began his career. Here the distinguished political economist, scientist, and statistician, David Ames Wells, was born and bred, and commenced and continued his intellectual work until called away to become a national adviser. Here Gen. Francis A. Walker lived and labored in his chosen field, until, like Wells, summoned by popular demand to a wider sphere. Here, now, the authorarchitect, E. C. Gardner, lives and labors in his Brightwood cottage, culturing the American people to better taste in house-building.

From here, only lately, has westward gone Rev. Washington Gladden, famed as a preacher, essayist, and poet, the founder while here of " Sunday Afternoon." Here the Merriams, George, Charles, and Homer, the proprietors of those sine-qua-nons of literature, the spelling-book, and Webster's Dictionary, for more than half a century made their home ; and here the two latter still reside, and maintain, with other partners, the business office of their publishing-house. Here lived and died the brilliant preacher, essayist, and eke novelist, the Rev. Dr. George B. Ide.

Here, a generation and a half ago, C. Teresa Clark, one of the earliest women in the local field of literature, wrote essays and poems for the magazines of her day. And here are, or lately were, as successors of her own sex, these: Marion Harland (Mrs. E. P. Terhune), author of "Judith'' and other novels, " Common Sense in the Household," " Eve's Daughters," and other works upon social science and domestic economy : Adeline Trafton, author of " The American Girl Abroad," etc. ; Katharine B. Foot, author of "Tilda," " Marcia's Fortunes," "Orphan in Japan," and other stories, and a contributor to the magazines and journals ; D. Ellen Goodman, a contributor of prose and verse to the magazines and the local press ; Mrs. William L. Smith (" Aunt Carrie "), author of " Popular Pastimes for the Field and Fireside," " The American Home Book," and other works of the kind, and a contributor to juvenile literature; Mrs. William Rice, a contributor of essays and poems to the magazines ; Mrs. Maria Pabke, an Austrian by birth, now Americanized, author of stories and sketches, and correspondent of several foreign journals, compiler and translator with "Margery Deane" (Mrs. M. J. Pitman) of "Wonder World," - published by the Putnams, a collection of wonder-stories of all nations, - also the author of a hygienic cook-book; Mrs. Edwin W. Seeger {nee Christine Kipp), a poet and magazine contributor; Miss Ambia Harris, a writer of essays and sketches; Mrs. Albert T. Folsom, a frequent contributor of stories and verse; Miss Lillie Palmer, a poet ; Miss Mary A. Chapman, daughter of the late Chief Justice Chapman, a translator from the German and French ; Madame E. D. R. Biancciardi (formerly Miss Elizabeth Rice), now in Italy, a poet, essayist, story-writer and literary critic; Mrs. Zadel B. Gustafson, a novelist and poet ; Mrs. C. A. Judkins, a writer of society essays ; Mrs. W. S. Gompf, a frequent contributor of stories; Mrs. L. E. Poole {nee Newell), a writer of stories for the juveniles ; Mrs. George D. Field, poet and essayist ; Mrs. F. H. Cooke, a story-writer, essayist, and critic ; Mrs. Charles Peet {nee Currien, author of " Hubbub," etc. ; Miss Julia R. Smith, author of " How they made a Man of him," etc.; Miss Annie B. Williams, a contributor of stories to the "Atlantic'7 and other magazines; Miss Alice I. Pennell and Miss Delia Foot, occasional contributors of verse to the local press; Mrs. Dora (Dennison) Keeney, a poet whose verse is familiar to the readers of -- The Homestead " and " The Union." So many names of women are known as frequent or occasional contributors to literature, but in the quiet homes of Springfield there are doubtless many others deserving mention in this chapter. ,.*-.-- Of men with whom authorship in literature is or was an avocation, or an interlude to vocation, there are, or have lately been, resident in Springfield the following clergymen : Samuel Osgood, formerly of the First Congregational Church ; Francis Tiffany, formerly of the Church of the Unity; and Richard G. Greene, formerly of the North Congregational Church, - frequent contributors of essays, literary and religious, the latter one of the editors of the " Library of Universal Knowledge;" William Rice, D.D., author of "The Pastor's Manual," now librarian of the city library, the compiler of a cyclopaedia of poetry, and the editor of the revision of the hymn-book now in use by the Methodist-Episcopal Church ; William T. Eustis of the Memorial Church, compiler of a hymn-book for church use, and an essayist ; Charles A. Humphreys, formerly of the Church of the Unity, compiler of a hymnbook for Unitarians, and a poet ; E. P. Terhune, D.D., of the First Church, an essayist, religious and general ; Charles Van Norden, of the North Congregational Church, author of "The Outermost Rim and Beyond," and an essayist upon social science and political economy as well as upon religious subjects ; William N. Rice, now professor of natural history in Wesleyan University, author of a variety of articles for scientific journals, and of some published sermons; James F. Merriam, author of essays on religious and other topics; George E. Merrill, author of "Three Christian Mothers," etc.; Theodore C. Pease, a graduate of the High School, author of numerous essays, poems, and reviews ; A. D. Mayo, formerly pastor of the Church of the Unity, an essayist, particularly upon education, now actively engaged in missionary effort in that behalf at the South.

Besides the clergymen authors, there have been Charles A. Beach, a humorist and historical writer, author of " Pitzmaroon," etc.; Dr. George S. Stebbins, a writer of scientific essays, and author of a humorous autobiographical sketch entitled "My Satchel and I;" George S. Merriam, an essayist and a frequent contributor to the press and magazines; John Baker, a Pole by birth, a story-writer, a translator from several languages, and a political essayist ; Louis N. Roberts, author of " High Art,*' a humorous essay; Stephen T. Hammond, one of the editors of "Forest and Stream," author of essays on field-sports ; George D. Field, a magazine story-writer; Edward H. Lathrop, a member of the bar, an essayist, and a poet ; George W. Taylor, writer of humorous sketches and verse ; Henry Denver, a frequent contributor of verse ; Herbert Myrick, a contributor to " The Youth's Companion " and other periodicals ; Christopher C. Merritt, a writer of prose and a poet, who has published one volume of poems, which is soon to be followed by another; Aella Greene, a journalist and a poet, the author of three separately published volumes of poems, of sentiment, piety, and patriotism, and delineative of New-England life (they are, " Rhymes of Yankee Land," " Into the Sunshine, and other Poems," and, just from the press, " Stanza and Sequel," a romance in verse); John L. Rice, a writer, of prose and poetry, whose " Dartmouth College and the State of New Connecticut." contributed to the papers of the Connecticut Valley Historical Society, and published in its first volume, excited great interest among historians throughout the country. His poem delivered before the Grand Army of the Republic on Memorial Day, on the occasion of the dedication of the Soldiers' Monument, is perhaps the most notable of his verse.

Among those who have contributed to local historical literature, the earliest was the Hon. George Bliss, the first of his name, whose address at the opening of the Town Hall, March 24, 1828, is a work of the highest authority and the basis of many later productions. His son, of the same name, once President of the Massachusetts Senate and later Speaker of the House of Representatives, contributed many valuable historical articles to Springfield newspapers. The address of the Hon. Oliver B. Morris, formerly for many years judge of probate for Hampden County, delivered May 25, 1836, on the two-hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Springfield, - first printed in the "Papers and Proceedings of the Connecticut Valley Historical Society," - was a masterly production. He made many other valuable contributions to the archives of history; but following him in the same field, his son Hon. Henry Morris. formerly judge of the Court of Common Pleas, now the senior member of the Hampden bar, and president of the Connecticut Valley Historical Society, has contributed more biographical and historical matter than any local writer, with exception, perhaps, of Dr. Josiah G. Holland. The pub- lished volume of the Historical Society contains five papers read by him at its meetings, - "The Old Main-street Jail and House of Correction," "Elizur Holyoke," " The Old Pynchon Fort and its Builders," " Slavery in the Connecticut Valley," and " Miles Morgan" (an account of the Puritan whose memorial statue stands in Court Square). In addition to these, are his

" History of the First Church," published in book-form, his contributions to the " History of the Connecticut Valley," and his "Early History of Springfield, 1636-1675." Mason A. Green, now of the staff of " The Springfield Republican," author of a novel called " Bitterwood," a prose contributor to the magazines, and a poet as well, takes rank also as an historian bv his " Springfield Memories," in which are told anecdotes of local persons and events which, but for him, might have passed from Springfield memories. He also contributed to the above-named volume an account of "The Breck Controversy in the First Church in Springfield." Willmore B. Stone, a lawyer, and author of a "History of the High School of Springfield," is also an essayist upon political economy, and matters pertaining to the law and general literature, - notably on " The Attitude of our Government toward Polygamy," and a " Eulogy on Charles Sumner," in 1S74.

The papers published in the Historical Society's volume, other than those already mentioned, are from these Springfield writers: Joseph K. Newell, "The Old Springfield Fire Department;" William L. Smith, "Springfield in the Insurrection of 1786 (Shays' Rebellion); " T. M. Dewey, "Early Navigation of the Connecticut River, the first Steamboat;" Everett A. Thompson, "Count Rumford and his Early Life;" Mrs. William Rice, "Ryefield; or, a Town in the Connecticut Valley at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century;" and Dr. Alfred Booth, " Salmon and Shad in the Connecticut River." Dr. Booth is also a writer upon hygienic and other subjects. Joseph K. Newell, a soldier of the Tenth Regiment M. V., now of the firm of T. M. Walker & Co., has written and published the history of his regiment, entitled " Ours." William P. Derby has published, during the year, a history written by him of his regiment, the Twenty-seventh M. V., with the title, " Bearing Arms in the Twenty-seventh Massachusetts Regiment." James L. Bowen, a contributor of stories, is now preparing the history of the Thirty-seventh Regiment M. V. Rev. John W. Harding of Longmeadow i-s entitled to mention in the list of historiographers of Springfield; for his history of Longmeadow, contained in his address delivered at the centennial celebration of that town in October last, involved necessarily that of Springfield, from which Longmeadow separated ioo years ago. Mr. Harding is also an essayist, and a contributor to "The Springfield Republican." Admiral P. Stone, the superintendent of schools, is an essayist on educational topics, and has published several text-books, among them a "History of England."

Journalism and general literary work have been combined by these local writers: Solomon B. Griffin, managing editor of "The Springfield Republican," a political essayist, a writer of sketches of fiction and fact, and a poet. A notable piece of his work was " The History of the Hoosac Tunnel," published in "The Republican" in 1873. Wilmot L. Warren, leading editorial writer of " The Republican," is an essayist upon political economy, social science, and finance. He delivered an address at the commencement of Tufts College, his alma Dialer, in 1882, upon " The College in Civil Affairs." He has also contributed to the literature of travel by his late letters to "The Republican," upon his recent trip to the Pacific Slope, upon the occasion of the opening of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Charles G. Whiting, literary editor of " The Republican," a poet, and author of the series of papers published in his department of his paper entitled " The Saunterer." William W. Gay of the " Republican " staff, a contributor of verse. Harry R. Dorr, lately of " The Republican," now of the " Boston Herald's " staff, a prose-writer and poet. Joseph Hood, formerly of " The Republican," now deceased, a remarkably versatile writer of pungent essays. Clark W. Bryan, for many years connected as a part owner with "The Republican," afterwards with "The Union," and at present owner of "The Berkshire Courier," "The Paper World," "The Manufacturer," and "The Builder." J. O. Davidson, of the " Republican " estab- lishment, a contributor of sketches and verse. L. H. Taylor, formerly of " The Union,'' a journalist, a humorist, and a newspaper-correspondent. He is the " Miss Ward " of " The Berkshire Courier." Edwin Dwight, " Graph " of " The New-England Homestead," an essayist, poet, and humorist. Albert H. Hardy, a journalist, story-writer, a poet, and a contributor to various periodicals and magazines : some of his poetical work has lately appeared in English magazines. Joseph L. Shipley, editor-in-chief and part owner of " The Springfield Union," a journalist, and an essayist on political economy and social science. E. Porter Dyer, the literary editor of " The Union," an essayist, humorist, and poet. Elijah A. Newell of the " Union " reportorial staff, a journalist, an occasional writer of verse, author of several stories, - among them, " Tom Tilden," " Only a Tramp," " My Brother's Wife," " The Son-in-Law," etc. Edward H. Phelps, editor and chief owner of " The New-England Homestead," a journalist, an essayist, a musical critic, and, by occasional avocation, a composer of music. Edward Bellamy, author of " Doctor Heidenhoff's Process," " Six to One," etc. ; and Charles J. Bellamy, author of " Breton Mills," " Man of Business," etc., are brothers, - both journalists, novelists, essayists, and poets. The latter is editor, and, with the former, owner, of " The Springfield Daily News." Henry D. Tavlor, a writer of stories; George W. Taylor and I. C. Stoddard, humorous verse; William H. Bliss, a story-writer and a poet; Edwin L. Johnson, a satirist and humorist; N. I. West, a contributor of verse; Ezra Wilkins, prose; Theodore W. Ellis, a retired manufacturer, formerly superintendent of the Glasgow Mills, a prose-writer and poet; Henry M. Burt, editor and owner of the summer newspaper printed on the summit of Mount Washington, called " Among the Clouds."

The literature of medicine has had contributions in Springfield, from Dr. William Tully, who, during his residence here from 1851 to his death in 1S59, gave to tne medical world his " Materia Medica," and other kindred works. Dr. David P. Smith, professor of surgery and medicine in Yale College, a life resident here, was a frequent contributor of essays and papers to the periodicals and journals of his profession. Stephen W. Bowles, George S. Stebbins, and others of the present resident physicians, are also occasional contributors of medical and surgical essays.

The literature of the law has received contributions from these, among others, of the members of the local bar: Ex-mayor William L. Smith, the author of a work upon " Law and Practice in the Probate Courts," which has passed through several editions, and will soon come from the house of Little, Brown, & Co., in another, revised and adapted to the changes made by legislation up to the present time. Charles H. Barrows, lately Assistant Attorney-General, now of the law firm of Bosworth & Barrows, who is as well an essayist upon political economy and social science, and an occasional writer of reviews for " The Literary World," author of several professional essays, among them "The Maxim Res inter alios Acta" which has been republished abroad. While in college he was an editor of " The Harvard Advocate." Edmund P. Kendrick, a member of the legislature, author of " The Ashford Tragedy," " Jack's Speculation," and other stories, and a contributor to " The Waverley Magazine " and "The Yankee Blade ; " author of essays on " Fence Law," " Marriage Settlements," etc. Charles J. Bellamy, before mentioned, author of a hand-book entitled " Everybody's Lawyer." James G. Dunning, a contributor to the law-column of " The Homestead."