Alexander Township (part 1 of 2)

Part

Ephraim Blaine's Education; Appointment to an Ensigncy in the Provincial Service; Commander of Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania; Letters; Resignation.

Ephraim Blaine Marries Rebecca Galbraith; the Galbraiths of Donegal; Scotch-Irish. Donegal Church. John Lyon, John Armstrong and His Sister, Margaret. John Armstrong Public Services. Samuel Lyon Public Services; Marries Eleanor, Ephraim Blaine's Sister.

Ephraim Blaine Elected Sheriff; Owner of Grist and Saw Mills; Lieutenant in BattaUon of Associators, Member of Committee of Observation; Special Commissioner to Treat with Indians; Appointed by Congress to Purchase Quartermaster and Commissary Supplies; Colonel 1st Battalion Cumberland County Militia.

Ephraim Blaine again Appointed to Purchase Quartermaster and Commissary Supplies; Resigns as Colonel of Militia ; The Executive Council tenders Him Appointment as Lieutenant of Cumberland County which is Declined; Elected by Congress Deputy Commissary General of Purchases; Services in Commissary Department; Elected by Congress Commissary General of Purchases; Monies Disbursed.

Ephraim Blaine, Commissary General of Purchases; Letters; Aided in His Work by His Brothers William and Alexander and His Brother-in-Law Samuel Lyon; Remained in Service to the Close of the War. Record of Public Services of Ephraim Blaine and Authorities.

Ephraim Blaine resumes Private Business; Fortune Impaired by War; Makes Philadelphia His Winter Home; Forms Business Connection with William Bell; Visits Kentucky to Enter Lands in Partnership and on Their Individual Accounts; Partial List of Lands Entered; Makes a Later Visit; Meets Dr. Saugrain, an Early Kentucky Explorer and with Him Travels through the State.

James Blaine sent to Europe for Special Professional Training; Bearer to this Country of Jays Treaty; Appointed by Governor McKean Captain of the First Troop of Light Horse Militia of Pennsylvania; Appointed by President John Adams Captain in United States Infantry; Marries Jane Hoge, who died within a year. Robert Blaine Marries Susanna Metzger. Ephraim Blaine Purchases Middlesex Estate. Whiskey Insurrection. President Washington Entertained by Colonel Blaine in His Carlisle Home. Dinner Party at George Metzger's.

James Blaine Marries (a second time) His Cousin Margaret Lyon. Death of Colonel Blaine's Wife, Rebecca Galbraith, and of General John Armstrong. Colonel Blaine Presents each of His Sons with Handsome Homes in Carlisle; Marries (a second time) Sarah Elizabeth Postlethwaite Duncan. Will of Colonel Blaine. Tragic Death of Ephraim Blaine, Jr. Death of Colonel Ephraim Blaine, February 18, 1804. His Sons James and Robert as Executor's Present Claims to Congress for Monies Due their Father for Salary and for Money Advanced by Him. Robert Blaine remains in Carlisle.

James Blaine Moves with His Family to Western Pennsylvania. Samuel Lyon Blaine Marries Anna Coons and Establishes His Home in Kentucky. Marriage of Ephraim Lyon Blaine and Maria Gillespie, Parents of James Gillespie Blaine. Marriage of Eleanor Blaine and John Hoge Ewing. David Hoge lays out Town of Washington, Pennsylvania. James Blaine Spends His Last Days in Washington, Pennsylvania.

Foreword

IN PREPARING this narrative of James Blaine, and more particularly of his son, Colonel Ephraim Blaine, I have carried out a long-cherished desire to bring together in concise and permanent form, fragments of family history, gathered from many sources.

The pioneer days of the family in America are very accurately described in Gail Hamilton's life of James G. Blaine, from which, through the courtesy of Funk & Wagnalls Company, publishers, I have drawn freely. In addition, it has been my pleasure to make a diligent search of public records, to consult authorities and to seek information through personal interviews and through correspondence with the older living members of the family, several of whom have but recently passed away. The results of these efforts have been written into the narrative. That it is brief, that it is incomplete, must always be a matter of regret. Our ancestors, many of them at least, were careless or indifferent about preserving the records and memorials of their families, and of the incidents of their daily lives. Perhaps their vision was not broad enough to reach into the distant future and picture the interest with which coming generations would turn to them as the pioneers of the glorious America of today. Their interest was in their own time, in the strenuous life and daily duties that brought them prosperity and happiness and peace, in training their children for usefulness and service, and in worshipping God in a freedom of spirit they had not known in the land from whence they came.

The passing years have scattered the family far and wide; many have disappeared in the mists of time, and with them, no doubt, have been lost documents and manuscripts that we would count of great value. A disastrous and irreparable loss, was the almost criminal destruction of Ephraim Blaine's public documents, manuscripts and private papers stored, after his death, in the house of his son Robert. The servants found them convenient for lighting the fires in the great mansion, and empty barrels and boxes were the mute witnesses of the havoc that had been wrought.

In addition to my acknowledgments to The Funk & Wagnails Publishing Co., I wish to return my thanks to the publishers for kindly granted permission to use selections from "Carlisle Old and New," published by the Civic Club of Carlisle, and "The Presbyterian Encyclopedia," published by The Presbyterian Publishing Company, Philadelphia.

My acknowledgment is also made to the publishers (my letters to whom, were returned to me unopened) for selections used from "Egles History of Pennsylvania," Dewitt C. Goodrich & Company, Publishers, and from the "History of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania," Mr. James S. Scott, Publisher.

This narrative contains but little perhaps, of value or interest to the stranger; it covers, however, a brief history of a family distinguished for its patriotic services during Colonial and Revolutionary days to whom historians have done scant justice; it has its value to the patriotic and loyal descendants of James Blaine, and Ephraim Blaine, his son, and to them it is dedicated.

The Blaine Family

FROM a muster roll in "ye province of Ulster" made in 1630, and preserved in the British Museum, and from a list of persons who paid the Hearth or Chimney tax (1665) in the Parish of Raphoe, County of Donegal, Ireland, preserved in the Public Record Office, Dublin, the following names are taken :

These families were all represented in the great Scotch- Irish migration to America, that began in 1718 and continued unabated for forty years or more, and it is with these we have to do. Arriving in America at different periods, and choosing their homes in Pennsylvania, in the beautiful and picturesque Cumberland Valley and the Valley of the Juniata, they shared their trials as neighbors in the pioneer da3'-s, and within a few years the Blaines, the Galbraiths, and the Lyons were drawn nearer together, and became more closely related through marriages, of which more particular mention will be made later.

The conditions in northern Ireland at the time the migration of the Scotch-Irish began, are matters of history, too well known and too extended to be repeated in this brief narrative. Fines, forfeitures and imprisonments, estates confiscated, taxes increased, factories closed, rents on lands leased from the crown increased to an extent that reduced many to poverty, intolerable religious persecutions, the Presbyterian ministers, among others, being prohibited under severe pains and penalties from preaching, baptizing or in any way ministering to their people - these were but a few of the grievances of a people described by Mr. Froude, as "of the same metal with those who came over in the Mayflower - Presbyterians, Independents, Puritans, in search of a wider breathing space than was allowed them at home."

Dean Swift in referring to the existing conditions in Northern Ireland, wrote in 1720, "whoever travels this country and observes the face of Nature, or the faces and habits and dwellings of the natives, will hardly think himself in a land where law, religion or common humanity is professed."

Ireland was not the home land of the Blaines, the Galbraiths, the Lyons - they were all of Scotch ancestry, and in Ireland they resented the intolerable conditions they were powerless to remedy. Their manhood rebelled at injustice and oppression. They refused to submit to indignities that were borne by the native born Irish Catholics. So it is not strange that news of the great free and beautiful land across the sea filled their hearts with longing and desire, and that the stories of its charms and its possibilities for themselves and their children proved an attraction they could not resist.

James Blaine in his sturdy young Protestant manhood, putting behind him the history and traditions of the past, bade farewell to family and friends, and with his wife Isabella, and four year old son Ephraim, came over the sea from Londonderry, and in the year 1745 found a home in the Donegal of the New World.

Donegal, Pennsylvania, claims him, and to Donegal he must have come first, for in the year 1767 Temple Thompson, of Donegal, died, leaving two hundred acres of land and other property to three minor children, of whom he appointed James Blaine guardian; indicating that he had tarried in Donegal and was probably a relative of the family. James Blaine at any rate took charge of the children and educated them, fulfilling the trust of the dying father. Subsequently he made his home in Toboyne Township, where he took up a large tract of land on the south side of the blue Juniata, extending his interests in many directions. He lived long and prospered. Tradition locates one of his homes in Philadelphia, though he may have shared it with his eldest son. An old-fashioned two-story brick house on the north side of Arch, in the neighborhood of Fourth or Fifth Street, was many years ago pointed out as the Blaine house. In Carlisle also, where his son Ephraim had established his home, he spent time enough to make warm friendships, to ma- ture the slow-growing plant, confidence, and to lend his Scotch- Presbyterian sympathy and assistance in building the old stone church, which, with improvements and enlargements, still stands on the public square in Carlisle. It was in this building two years before the Declaration of Independence, that the influential men of Cumberland County met and appointed a Committee, of which his son Ephraim was chosen a member, "to co-operate in every proper measure conducing to the general welfare of British America."

But in Toboyne Township, then on the frontier, he made his abiding place and there he assumed a leading part in the afifairs of the province, so long as it continued a province. He later took an active interest in the State when it became a State, and in the Nation when a Nation was born.

While Pennsylvania was still English, and the French were putting the Indians on their track of blood and fire and torture that they might gain control of the New World, James Blaine, for all his Scotch-Irish blood, was sturdily on the English side, though in the stubborn and brutal Braddock he saw repeated in the wilderness the same British poHcy which had driven him from the Donegal of the Old World to the wilderness of the New. Just as sturdily, when Pennsylvania would throw off her foreign ties and become American, James Blaine gave all the wisdom and sympathy of his declining years, as well as the sons of his strength, to the struggle for independence, nor laid down the torch of life till he had seen that struggle end in victory.

As his family grew to maturity each took up a tract of land around him on the sunny side of the same Juniata. As late as March 24, 1777, a deed from James Blaine and Isabella Blaine, his wife, residents of Toboyne Township, Cumberland County, conveys to William Blaine, one of their sons, four hundred acres in Toboyne.

So they took root and extended themselves in the new country, carrying with them wherever they went, and upbuilding wherever they stopped, the church and the school. They lived at peace with all the world, so long as the world would ordain the things that make for peace, but desiring peace only under liberty.

Successful in all his business activities, happy in his domestic relations, the father of nine children who survived him, the first recorded grief of James Blaine was the death of his wife Isabella - a loss in some degree repaired by his subsequent marriage with Elizabeth Carskaden, daughter of George Carskaden, of Toboyne, his friend and neighbor. The second marriage did not, apparently, disturb the family harmony, for by will his executors were "my beloved son Ephraim and my beloved wife Elizabeth." Their honorable exactitude appears in an inventory which shows accounts of debit and credit, carefully estimated and duly balanced, to the smallest detail.

In 1792 James Blaine passed away from earth well stricken in years. He had lived through the storm and stress of Indian and civil war, supporting his sons with his patriotism, and rejoicing with them in the triumph of the cause of liberty which each upheld with all his strength, the one giving to it the blessing and approval of his patriarchal years, the others their courage and power. He had lived to see that his experiment of a change of home had not been a mistake. The petty restrictions of the British Government and the consequent exasperations and hardships of life in Ireland had driven him from that country, and he had come into a land where freedom was limited only by the laws which he and his compeers in their wisdom had made, and where possessions were made commensurate with ability of brain, skill of hand and quality of honor.

With the exception of one who had gone before him, he had been able to rear his children in comfort, to intelligence and selfrespect, and was permitted to see them clothed in the sovereign power of self-governing citizens and held in esteem by the republic which they had served. Surely he could wrap the drapery of his couch about him and with complete satisfaction lie down, not to pleasant dreams, for "dreams were no part of the faith of the Scotch-Presbyterians. Their creed was of no such stuff as dreams are made of. They died under contract with God, in full expectation that He would and moral demand that He should, grant them immortal life in Jesus Christ our Lord."

OF JAMES BLAINE'S nine children, Ephraim, the little Irishman, was the eldest. He received a classical education at the school of Rev. Dr. Allison, an institution of learning famous in its time. No better proof is needed of the principle that it is the teacher, and not boards, buildings, or machinery, that accomplishes education, than the number of distinguished men of that day whose biography records their education by Rev. Dr. Allison. There was a commanding reason why the young gentleman from North Ireland should be sent to Dr. Allison's school, which was, that this noted educator himself had come from the Irish Donegal, and had settled in Toboyne township, neighboring the Blaine home. He was, moreover, pronounced the greatest classical scholar in America, especially in Greek, and "a great literary character." In addition to the honors accorded him in his American home, he had the distinction of being the first of his presbytery to receive the honorary degree of D. D. from the University of Glasgow.

When young Ephraim left the patriotic and stimulating training of this school, he went armed with a recommendation from Dr. Allison for an ensigncy in the provincial service and endorsed as "a young gentleman of good family." Nearly all his short life had been passed within sound of the rifle shot, and it is not strange that he should have turned to military service. Dr. Allison's recommendation was honored, and young Blaine was appointed commissary sergeant. Then began the apprenticeship which fitted him for valuable services to his country in the struggle for independence. The wars between the Provincials and the Indians were relentless, and with many varying fortunes were steadily tending towards Indian subjugation and provincial supremacy. But the struggle was bitter and long. Dr. McGill has said, "The rich and beautiful Cumberland Valley became the bloodiest battle-ground we have ever had since the beginning of our American civilization. There the Scotch- Irish Presbyterians had been suffered to pour their stream of

The conflict which opened in 1753 and in which our ancestry shared so largely was part and parcel of a grand struggle in which the Indian was but an ally.

Hostilities between these two powers were openly declared in 1754; the peaceful era of Pennsylvania was at an end, and the dark clouds of savage warfare were gathering. Little did the peaceful inhabitants of these beautiful valleys dream of the immensity and the horror of the conflict that was impending.

Two of the great nations of Europe entering a deadly conflict in lands thousands of miles from their own countries; the prize, a continent with natural resources second to none upon earth; the sublime arena, the wonderful valleys, the majestic mountains and the endless and practically unexplored forests of a new world.

Surely the days were dark and ominous. The conflict between these two great nations, one supported by our forefathers, the other supported by the native Indians, raged on American soil for ten long years, years of blackness, almost despair to our forebears, and the horrors and ravages of which can never be fully known. Indian warriors estimated that in the first years of the war they killed fifty whites for one Indian that was killed and in after years when the whites better understood their modes of warfare, they still killed ten whites for each Indian that was slain. This great disparity existed no doubt, because of the massacre by the Indians of helpless and unprotected women and children.

It was in the midst of these exciting and desperate times that Ephraim Blaine received his appointment to an ensigncy in His Majesty's Service, (corresponding to a Lieutenancy in the present day).

In 1758 Lieutenant Blaine was assigned to duty at Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania, later becoming commander of the Post. Here he remained, fighting the Indians and protecting the frontier until late in the year 1763. The story of his service is par- tially told in the following extracts from the history of that period, and in his personal letters: July 7, 1759, Col. Stephen reports to Gen. Stanwix:

"Yesterday about one o'clock, the scouts and hunters returned to camp and reported that they had not seen the least sign of the enemy about, upon which, in compliance with Major Tulliken's request, I sent Lieut. Blaine with R. Americans to Bedford. About three-quarters of an hour after the detachment had marched, the enemy made an attempt to surprise the post. * * * At first I imagined the enemy only intended to amuse the garrison while they were engaging with Lieut. Blaine's party."

In the latter part of May, 1763, Captain Ecuyer wrote to Col. Boquet from Pittsburg, that he believed the Indian affair from the evidence around him was general, and he trembled for the outposts. Fort Ligonier was then commanded by Lieut. Blaine of the Royal American Regiment.

The record states that Blaine had been at this post for a number of years. When his affairs were at the worst, nothing was heard from him for long periods, as all his messengers were killed.

He writes June 4, 1763, "Thursday last my garrison was attacked by a body of Indians, about five in the morning, but as they only fired on us from the skirts of the woods, I contented myself with giving them three cheers, without spending a single shot upon them. As they continued their popping upon the side next the town, I sent the Sergeant of the Royal Americans with a proper detachment to fire the houses, which effectually disappointed them in their plans."

June 17th he writes to General Boquet: "I hope to see yourself and live in daily hopes of a reinforcement. * * * I believe the communication between Fort Pitt and this is entirely cut off, having heard nothing from there since May 30th, though two expresses have gone from Bedford by this post."

June 20th he explains that he has not been able to report for some time, the roads having been completely closed by the enemy. On the 21st he reports: "The Indians made a second attempt in a very serious manner for near two hours, but with the like success of the first. They began with attempting to cut off the retreat of a small party of fifteen men, who from their impatience to come at four Indians who showed themselves, in a great measure forced me to let them out. In the evening I think above a hundred lay in ambush beside the creek about four hundred yards from the Fort, and just as the party was returning pretty near where they lay, they rushed out when they undoubtedly would have succeeded, had it not been for a deep morass which intervened. Immediately after, they began their attack and I dare say they fired upward of one thousand shot. Nobody received any damage. So far my good fortune in danger still attends me."

"Mr. Blaine commanding at Legonier has not had a scrap from Pittsburg, nor even any verbal intelligence since the second express, which went from there to Philadelphia, the third express taking the road by Fort Cumberland; that circumstance with the loss of a man at Legonier who going out on the 14th instant to bring his horse was picked up, (so termed) near that place giving Mr. Blaine, with many others reason to conjecture that Pittsburg is infested and the communication cut off."

By some means Blaine got word through to Captain Ourry of the fall of Presque Isle and the two other forts, for Gen'l. Boquet reports to Gen'l. Amherst, July 3d, the news which he had received from Capt. Ourry, who had received it from Blaine. Knowing the straits in which Lieut. Blaine and his men were, and having fears that they could not hold out without relief, Capt. Ourry sent out from Bedford a party of twenty volunteers, all good woodsmen, who reached Ligonier safely. While Boquet lay at Carlisle and the tidings were more and more gloomy, his anxieties centered on Fort Ligonier. If that post had fallen, his force would probably have been unable to proceed, and his would have been the fate of Braddock. In the words of the authentic narrative of Gen'l. Boquet, "The fort was in the greatest danger of falling into the hands of the enemy before the Army could reach it, the stockade being very bad

The Blaine Family 11

For an object of such importance every risk was to be run. Thirty of the best "Highlanders" were chosen, furnished with guides and ordered to push forward with the utmost speed. The attempt succeeded, they were not discovered by the enemy until they came in sight of the fort, which was beset by the savages. They received a volley as they made for the gate, but entered safely to the unspeakable relief of Blaine and his beleagured men.

The condition of those at Fort Ligonier during those last days must have been miserable in the extreme; cooped up in the fort and blockaded for several weeks, they could neither hear from the outside world, nor could they convey any information. We can then well imagine that it was with great joy they caught the first glimpse of the "red coats" emerging out of the laurel bushes as they appeared coming down the slopes from the base of the Laurel hills. The troops who had garrisoned this post during this terrible time had, for the most part, come out with Forbes in 1758. To them life was becoming a burden; they were all tired of this service, and we read with marked interest the series of complaints with which the commanding officers at these posts worried the ears of Col. Boquet. August 5th, Lieut. Blaine, after congratulating Col. Boquet on his recent victory at Bushy Run, adds: "I have now to beg that I may not be left any longer in this forlorn way for I can assure you the fatigue I have gone through begins to get the better of me. I must, therefore, beg that you will appoint me by the return of the convoy a proper garrison. * * * * My present situation is fifty times worse than ever." And again on the 17th of September: "I must beg leave to recommend to your particular attention the sick soldiers here, as there is neither surgeon nor medicine, it would really be charity to order them up. I must also beg leave to ask what you intend to do with the poor starved militia, who have neither shirts, shoes, nor anything else. I am sorry you can do nothing for the poor inhabitants. * * * * j really get heartily tired of this post." He endured it two months longer and then breaks out again on the 24th of November: "I intend going home by the first opportunity, being pretty much tired by the service that's so little worth any man's time, and the more so, as I cannot but think that I have been so particularly unlucky in it."

AFTER resigning from the army in December, 1763, Lieutenant Blaine made his home in Carlisle and in June, 1764, purchased a house and lot, described in the plat of the town as lot No. 199. In the deed to this property, the residence of both grantor and grantee is given as Carlisle. The purchase of this property by him at the early age of twenty-three, was followed through a busy life, by purchases of other town lots and farming lands, until his possessions established him as one of the largest land owners of his day.

June 26, 1765, he married Rebecca Galbraith, daughter of Robert Galbraith, and step-daughter of Major John Byers, whose home was on the Alexander Springs Road near Carlisle. Rebecca Galbraith was born in Donegal Township, where Ephraim Blaine's father first settled and which township was largely settled by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. The sterling character of these settlers and the prominence of the family of Ephraim Blaine's wife, Rebecca Galbraith, deserves more than passing notice. To quote from Egle's History of Pennsylvania:

"Many of them, (the Scotch-Irish) occupied prominent positions in Colonial times and the records of the Revolutionary War and that of 1812, fully established their claim to the purest patriotism and love of country. Whatever is said to their credit, equally applies to the Scotch-Irish who settled in the southeastern section of the county and the back settlements beyond Donegal. Of those who first settled in the township and were there at the time of the organization of the county and were brought into public notice, the Galbraiths deserve the first attention. The father, John Galbraith, having died in Ireland, the sons John and James, and their families, came to America from Queenstown with William Penn about 1718. They belonged to a family of the remotest antiquity. Its name is derived from the Celtic, and it originally belonged to the Lenox of Scotland. It was in the parish of Badenock chiefs of the name had their residence. The Galbraiths of the Isle of

Ghiga descended from those of Badenock, having fled there with Lord James Stewart, youngest son of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, from the Lenox, after burning Dumbarton, in the reign of James I of Scotland. They continued to hold that island until 1500. There is now a small island in Scotland called Inch (Island) Galbraith, and upon it are many ruins of castles and villages, the strongholds built by the clan when war was the rule."

Of the brothers, John Galbraith tarried in Philadelphia, while James, the great-grandfather of Rebecca, with his family, sought the fertile fields that lay beyond. Finding the hills and valleys of Conestoga beautiful to the eye, and well- watered and fertile, there he chose to remain. James Galbraith, (b. 1666, d. 1744,) was a man in the full maturity of life, strong and resourceful. The wilderness had no terrors for him, and he at once proceeded to build a house and establish his home. His sons, John, aged twenty-eight, and Andrew, aged twenty-six, settled on lands near-by, while James, Jr., aged fifteen, and his sisters, remained in the father's house. In this vast, rich, strange land the family clung together, and having provided shelter for themselves, without delay they proceeded to organize a church. No church had as yet been established in the community. The obstacles to be overcome were great but the will was there and the faith of the Fathers was with the father and sons. An appeal was made, willing hands lent assistance and in less than two years a building was erected and Donegal Presbyterian Church, with Andrew Galbraith as its first ruling elder, became the center of the social and religious activities of the rapidly increasing Scotch-Irish population. For nearly two hundred years, this little church of the wilderness has served the purposes for which it was built. Its history is treasured by the great church of which it is a part, and Donegal Church still stands as a monument to its founders, to whose descendants the following description taken from the Presbyterian Encyclopedia will be of interest :

"Of the several Scotch-Irish settlements in America, in the latter part of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, the one in Donegal Township, Lancaster

The Blaine Family 15

County, Pa., is the most notable. It became the nursery of Presbyterianism in Middle, Western and Southwestern Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. Donegal Church was organized in 1719 or very early in 1720. Andrew Galbraith, Esq., son of James Galbraith, who came to America with William Penn, from Queenstown, upon his second visit (and whose remains are buried at Derry Graveyard) settled upon land adjoining Donegal Church on the south, in 1718, for which he received a patent from the Penns in 1736, for two hundred and twelve acres. He was the first ruling elder of this church and to him belongs the credit of organizing the congregation, and the selection of one of the most admirable and attractive sites for a church edifice within the broad limits of the state. The first meeting-house was erected with logs, and stood a few yards south of the present structure. After it had been used for a dozen years, the present edifice was erected. Loose stones were collected from the surface of the ground in the surrounding woods, with which the walls were built. There was no effort made by the masons to dress the stone; they were simply laid in mortar, to a line. The edges were craggy and rough. And there were no stones in the building that one man could not handle conveniently. The walls were plastered on the inside but the outside was left in its rough state until the remodeling of the house in 1850. The front of the building was on the south side facing the graveyard, with a double doorway, the only entrance into the house. The door frame and windows had a circular head. The pulpit stood against the northern side and immediately opposite the doorway. A broad aisle led from the door to another one running lengthwise of the building in front of the pulpit. For some years after the church was built, the floors of the aisles were composed of earth; no stoves were admitted ; an innovation of that kind was considered incompatible with the worship of a true Christian; gradually, however, two large stoves cast at Cornwall were introduced, and the aisles paved with brick.

James Galbraith and his sons, rejoiced in the freedom of the new world. The sons stood by their father in noble character, patriotic service, and public record. Their lives were peaceful, and contented. Their influence in the community strong and vigorous. The father and sons were repeatedly elected to positions of honor and trust, and before the father's death, the family had become known in America as it had been known in the land from which they came, "The Galbraiths of Donegal."

John Galbraith, son of James, (born in Ireland 1690, died 1754,) established his home on Donegal Meeting House Run, on lands adjoining his brother Andrew and near by his father's. In 1721 he erected a saw and grist mill on his land, and being on the highway, or Indian trail of that day, leading to the Chicquesalunga, neighbors gathered about him, attracted by the convenience of the mills, and the pleasant meadows and woodlands. Here John Galbraith bore himself steadfastly for law and order.

He was a member of the first Grand Jury drawn in Lancaster County (Ellis' History of Lancaster County, Pa., page 267); was elected and served as Sheriff of Lancaster County in 1730-32 (Pennsylvania Provincial Archives, Vol. 3, pp. 387-416); and was Captain in the Associators Regiment of the west end of Lancaster County on the Susquehanna 1747-1748, (Pa. Archives, 2d Series, Vol. II, page 437). The little son, Robert, whom he had brought with him from England, found a wife in to John Galbraith, in the death of this loved son in his young manhood. In addition to his widow, Robert left two children, John and Rebecca. By will he left his little son John a sacred charge to his father, and afterwards the young widow, by her own will, became with her little daughter, Rebecca, a sacred charge to her prosperous young neighbor, Captain John Byers, who was an officer in the French and Indian wars, a man of prominence and large influence in provincial days and a son of David Byers of Donegal. This marriage scarcely brought separation from her family, for his broad smiling acres lay close by, and all the orchards and meadows were broad and pleasant - a delectable home for the two grandchildren of John Gal- braith. The broad stone house thrown open to them, was ample and comfortable, and in this home with its wide dooryard filled with the bloom of flowers, and the cool shade of lofty trees inviting to quiet and hospitality, the children, John and Rebecca, spent the sunny days of their childhood. Subsequently Captain John Byers, with his family, removed to an estate on Alexander Springs Lane, near Carlisle, in Cumberland County.

It was here that Ephraim Blaine wooed and won his bride. After his marriage he is supposed to have lived on the lot on East Main Street in Carlisle, now owned by the First Lutheran Church. Intimate friends and family connections surrounded him. On the corner opposite lived General John Armstrong, who had married in Ireland Rebecca Lyon, sister of John Lyon. Below, where the Barnits property now is, lived John Lyon, who had married in Ireland Margaret Armstrong, sister of John Armstrong. All of these were destined to play a prominent part in the early history of the country. John Armstong arrived in America in 1748, and at once took an active part in public affairs, especially in the military affairs of his new country. His first great accomplishment was, when in 1756, at the head of about three hundred farmer soldiers, he routed the Indians from their Kittanning stronghold, destroyed their town, released eleven English prisoners and secured, at least, temporary peace and security for the settlers. The corporation of Philadelphia, on account of this victory, on the fifth of January following, addressed a complimentary letter to Colonel Armstrong, thanking him and his officers for their gallant conduct and presenting him with a piece of plate. When the Indians again became troublesome. Colonel Armstrong took part in the expedition led b}?^ General Forbes against Fort Duquesne, and when the French taking alarm fired the fort and fled, with his own hands, he raised the British flag over the ruins.

Leaving an active and successful business life, John Armstrong responded to the call of the Bell that sent echoing round the world the proclamation of American Independence. He entered into the struggle with the fire and enthusiasm of a born soldier and his record in the trying and responsible position of Brigadier General and Major General in the Revolutionary

War, form one of the bright pages in American history. For nearly fifty years and until the time of his death, March 6, 1795, General Armstrong made his home in the town of Carlisle. He held many positions of honor and trust, and was elected a member of the Continental Congress 1778-1780, and again 1787-1788.

The esteem in which he was held is expressed in the following extract from "Carlisle, Old and New": "A Colonel in the French and Indian War, in which he won lasting fame at Kittanning ; a General in the Revolutionary War ; a Councillor in times of peace, whose practical wisdom was sought by the authorities of State and Nation ; the trusted friend of General Washington ; and a man 'living habitually in the fear of the Lord, though fearing not the face of man,' General Armstrong is a son whom Carlisle delights to honor."

His sister, Margaret Armstrong, whom John Lyon took for wife in Enniskillen, Ireland, brought to her husband, a strong and beautiful character, second only in wisdom and sound judgment to that of her illustrious brother; and down through more than a century and a half, has come to us the story of Margaret Armstrong Lyon, crowned with a brilliant intellect, remarkable intelligence and rare conversational powers that fitted her for any station in life.

John Lyon (died 1780) established his family in the rich and picturesque valley of the Juniata near the little village of Mifflintown, and here he spent the remainder of his life. Earnest in his endeavors, and diligent in his labors for the good of the community, assisted by the rare tact and unusual endowments of his brilliant wife, his position was soon assured as one of the leading citizens of his day, not only in the activities of the pioneer life, with its cares and burdens, but in the religious life of the community as well. In 1773 through his efforts, a proprietary grant of twenty additional acres of land for the use of the Presbyterian Church of Tuscarora was secured, and here in the graveyard of the church, he and his wife found their final resting place. The only public office held by John Lyon of which we have record, was that of Quartermaster of the 4th

The Blaine Family 19

His son Samuel acquired and settled on lands adjoining his father's, but only a few years elapsed when, through the death of his father, he became owner of the entire estate. Here Samuel Lyon brought his bride, Eleanor Blaine, sister of Ephraim Blaine, and here he resided until the year 1785, when he removed his residence to Carlisle. April 6, 1771, when but 21 years old, he was appointed by Provincial Authority, Magistrate of Milford Township. (Pennsylvania Provincial Archives, Vol. 9, page 732.) This position he held continuously until June 19, 1777, when he was appointed by the Supreme Executive Council, Justice of the Peace. (Pennsylvania Provincial Archives, Vol. II, page 229.)

The following month he abandoned his civil pursuits and on July 31, 1777, entered the Military Service as Colonel of the 4th Battalion, Cumberland County Associators, (Penn. Archives, 2d Series, Vol. 14, page 385.) October 23, 1777, he was elected Colonel of the 1st Battalion, Cumberland County Militia. (Penn. Archives, Fifth Series, Vol. 6, page 22.) May 14, 1778, he was commissioned Colonel of the 4th Battalion, Pennsylvania Militia. (Penn. Archives, 2d Series, Vol. 14, page 411.) July 3, 1780, he was appointed Commissioner of Purchases for the Continental Army for the County of Cumberland. (Penn. Archives, 1st Series, Vol. 8, page 440.) June 26, 1781, he was commissioned Assistant Commissary General of Purchases for the Continental Army. (Penn. Archives, 1st Series, Vol. 8, page 715.) In 1795, ten years after he established his residence in Carlisle, his daughter Margaret was married to her cousin, James Blaine.

EPHRAIM BLAINE, in the peaceful years that followed his retirement from Colonial Military Service, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits . With headquarters in Carlisle he engaged in the milling business and also became a skillful and successful Indian trader. He never, however, made trade subservient to patriotism. Later, in 1771, when elected Sheriff of Cumberland County, he seems to have given up Indian trade. He never encroached on what he regarded the rights of the country, being constitutionally on the side of law and order, even against some of his own friends; for through the piping times of peace the bugle blast of war was ever sounding. Turbulence was the natural after-swell and roar of past storms.

The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians were fain to enjoy the liberty which they valued so highly and had bought so dearly. Sometimes they verily thought they did God service by resisting the powers that existed. During the prevalence of Indian War an act of the Assembly prohibited the selling of guns, powder and other warlike stores to Indians, but a company of traders, tempted of the devil, risked the safety of the community by selling their wares, irrespective of law, to the Indians. The ruling Quakers, supposed to be friendly to the Indians and hostile to the Presbyterians, did not interpose; whereupon the law and order Cumberland men took the enforcement of law into their own hands by seizing the stock of goods, blankets, lead, tomahawks, scalping-knives and gunpowder. On another occasion two Germans, who had murdered ten peaceable Indians, were arrested and lodged in Carlisle jail, but a warrant was issued for their removal to Philadelphia for trial. The Carlisle folk counted this an encroachment on the right of a citizen to be tried by a jury of his countrymen in the county where the crime was committed. Some seventy men, well armed, appeared at the door of Carlisle jail early one morning, surprised the keeper, effected entrance and bore away the murderers. Colonel Armstrong, the Sheriff, William Lyon, Ephraim Blaine, the

The Blaine Family 21

Presbyterian clergyman-soldier, John Steel, then a youngster of twenty-three, and all the more likely for that to be on hand, and others, gathered to the assistance of Sheriff Armstrong in pursuing the rioters but they escaped to Virginia. One is fain to believe that the chase for such law-breakers was not over-hot.

From 1769 to 1773 inclusive, Ephraim Blaine appears upon the tax lists for East Pennsboro Township in Cumberland County, first as a "renter", then as the owner of the property. In this township he must have resided, for in the years of 1770 to 1773 he was taxed at one time on three grist and saw mills, and was taxed in 1770 for one servant (slave) and for two in the succeeding years until 1774, when the two servants appear on his tax list in Middleton Township. In 1771 when in his 30th year, he was elected High Sheriff of Cumberland County, and continued in that position until 1774. Though serving as Sheriff, he let no opportunity pass for securing desirable real estate and in 1772 purchased four hundred acres of land on the beautiful Conodoquinet Creek in Middleton Township, near Carlisle, on which he built, in the same year, a flour mill, located at the point where the pumping station of the Carlisle Gas and Water Company now stands. In the walls of that Company's building, is preserved the old sandstone with the inscription, "E. B. R. 1772" that was embedded in the wall of the old mill. This property still remains in possession of his descendants and the old heavy hand-made iron key of that mill of 1772, properly framed and inscribed, was recently given to Ephraim Blaine Hays of Carlisle, a great, great, great grandson and namesake of the mill builder.

Ephraim Blaine's peaceful pursuits were remarkably successful. He became one of the wealthiest men of interior Pennsylvania at that day. In his purchase of land he had an eye for the picturesque and beautiful, as well as for the fertile and productive, and in this respect his estate on the Conodoquinet will, even to this day, satisfy the most exacting. A large cave, with its black mouth opening on the waters of the beautiful stream, gave it the name of "Cave Farm," by which name it is still known. One can drive today along the peaceful country road that he built for the farmers to come to his mill, and a mill then was an immediate vital industry. The mill is not there, but the Conodoquinet goes down, as of old, past the place where the mill-wheel went turning round and round, and curves into a broad, tranquil stream, spreading smoothly under the willows. Beyond the water and willows was the pleasant country house to which its owner came for summer rest, and whither his friends drove out from the city for many a gala feast.

Across the water, half hidden by trees and vines, can still be discerned the black mouth of the mysterious cave. On a high wooded knoll behind the house, but easily accessible by a safe road, is a far, fair view of the goodly land into which he entered and took possession, amply wooded and watered, framed in with purple hills, fruitful under a caressing sun.

Joining his father, or perhaps joined by his father, in erecting and supporting the First Presbyterian Church in Carlisle, his pew in the church was steadily occupied, and his "stipend" from 1774 to the day of his death was regularly found on the treasurer's list - among the highest contributors, along with the familiar Byers and Galbraiths. His children were reared in the habit of attending church, and of contributing their share of money and of moral influence in sustaining the institutions of the gospel. His voice was wanting in no good word, his hand in no good work.

But another war-cloud was rising in which the red-coats were to be vanquished as the red-skins had already been. Into this war Ephraim Blaine, still a young man, entered with the energy of youth, with the enthusiasm of conviction, with the advantage of experience. He joined at once in raising and officering a battalion of Associators, of which he was commissioned Lieutenant. On July 12, 1774, a meeting of the citizens of Cumberland County was held to take action upon the act of Parliament closing the port of Boston. At that meeting Ephraim Blaine, together with his old teacher and friend, Francis Allison, and with John Armstrong, Robert Callendar, Jonathan Hoge, and others, was appointed a member of the committee, "to correspond with the committee of this province and of the other provinces, upon the great objects of the public attention, and to co-operate in every measure conducing to the general welfare of British America." In commenting upon the personality of the members of this committee, the historian of Cumberland County, Rev. Conway P. King, D. D., says, "Ephraim Blaine we have known for his brave defense of a fort at Ligonier, and was now proprietor of a large property on the Conodoquinet, near the cave, about one mile north of Carlisle."

A few months later Ephraim Blaine made his last return as Sheriff of Cumberland County, and thenceforth gave himself wholly to the greater work.

The Committee of which he had been chosen a member, besides keeping closely informed as to conditions in its own territory, and through correspondence with the general conditions throughout the Colonies, was also doing its part in securing troops for the Continental Army. That its work was recognized and approved of by Congress, and that Ephraim Blaine was actively engaged in this patriotic work, even to the extent of advancing his own money for the equipping of troops, is shown by the following records in the Journal of that body :

"Journal of Congress, March 20, 1776. The Committee reported there was due to Ephraim Blaine 'for necessaries furnished Rifle Company Ls., 148-13-3 - 607^ dollars."

"Journal of Congress, Thursday, July 18, 1776. "Resolved, that the sum of 2600 dollars be sent to the Committee of Inspection and Observation for the County of Cumberland, for the use of the troops raising in that County for the flying camp."

While engaged in the activities of this Committee, Ephraim Blaine was appointed by the Supreme Executive Committee a Special Commissioner to treat with the Indians.

His large experience and the practical knowledge he had obtained as an Indian trader peculiarly fitted him for this undertaking. Having no doubt dealt fairly with the Indians in his transactions with them as a trader, he was kindly received by them and was successful in his mission. The Indians were pacified and a treaty was made. Whether or not he received compensation for his services in making this treaty we do not know, but that he was reimbursed for the expenses he had incurred, is told in the following record :

"Journal of Congress, December 23, 1775. "The Committee reported there was due Ephraim Blaine for expenses incurred by the Treaty with the Western Indians and paid bv him, the sum of Ls., 533-19-41^."

"Journal of Congress, April 25, 1776. "On a draft drawn by Ephraim Blaine, Esq., on the Commissioner for Indian Affairs in the Middle Department, in favor of Samuel Semple, in the sum of 77 dollars for expenses of the said Commissioner, and that the said sum ought to be paid to Robert Miller, Esq., of the County of Cumberland, ordered that said account be paid."

In December, 1775, the Committee of Correspondence for Cumberland County reported to the Committee of Safety, that they had expectation of raising an entire battalion in the county in addition to the twelve companies already sent to the front, and among the officers therefor, recommended Ephraim Blaine as Lieutenant-Colonel. With untiring energy Ephraim Blaine engaged in the work of raising the promised battalion, and during the time he was so engaged he was on two occasions, appointed by Congress to perform special duties in the Commissary Department, and in the Quartermaster's Department, the nature of which duties is fully stated in the Journal of Congress from which we quote:

Resolved, that Mr. Ephraim Blaine be appointed to purchase a quantity of blankets not exceeding 5000, and also that he be directed to purchase 5000 pairs of shoes to be sent to Virginia to the Commanding Officer at Williamsburg."

Resolved, that a Commissary be appointed to supply the Battalion commanded by Colonel Mackay with provisions; the ballot being taken, Ephraim Blaine was elected."

These appointments did not interfere with the principal work he had in hand, which was the raising of a battalion of troops, and we hear of him again through the Journal of Congress :

IN THE position of Colonel of Militia, Colonel Blaine was not to remain long, for his remarkable executive ability had brought him to the notice of the Supreme Executive Council and on April 1, 1777, by a resolution of Congress, he was appointed Commissary of Provisions. -

"Journal of Congress, Tuesday, April 1, 1777. Resolved, that Ephraim Blaine, Esq., be appointed Commissary for supplying with provisions the troops now in the County of Cumberland, in Pennsylvania, and such as may hereafter march through that County, as well as the artificers and troops who shall be employed in the Magazine and Laboratory to be erected at Carlisle."

Upon receiving this appointment he resigned his commission as Colonel of the 1st Battalion of Cumberland County Militia and entered the Commissary Department. For this department he was specially fitted by his intimate knowledge of the resources of the colonies, his extended acquaintance with men, his large personal credit, his signal ability in the discharge of public duties, and the superior business qualifications that had brought him success in his own private affairs.

Almost the same day that Congress honored Ephraim Blaine by appointing him "Commissary," he was also honored by the Supreme Executive Committee by election to the distinguished position of "Lieutenant of the County of Cumberland" to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of General John Armstrong. (Penn. Provincial Council, Vol. 2, page 199.)

The difference of sentiment which prevails in Cumberland County about the constitution and the ill judg'd appointment of part of the sub- Lieutenants are my principal reasons for not accepting, for the present, the Commission your Honor and the council were pleased to offer me of the Lieutenancy. I shall, however, study to render the publick every service in my power, and return your Honor and the Council thanks for your very favorable opinion and friendly offer.

The following August he was elected by Congress to the office of Deputy Commissary General of Purchases. At this time the Commissary Department was part of the Quartermaster's establishment, and General Nathaniel Greene was Quartermaster General.

"Journal of Congress, Wednesday, August 6, 1777. Congress proceeded to the election of Officers in the Commissary Department and the ballots being taken, Ephraim Blaine, Esq., was elected Deputy Commissary General of Purchases in the room of Mr. Buchanan."

Colonel Blaine's life thenceforth, till independence was obtained, lay in furnishing food for the soldiers, who at times were in desperate need and often reduced to the point of starvation. During the memorable and critical winter of Valley Forge, with a bankrupt and listless Congress, with an army destitute of clothing and perishing with cold and hunger, with the farmers refusing to accept the country's depreciated paper money in payment for their farm products, and resisting by armed force the seizure of their cattle and grain which had been authorized by Congress, human endurance was put to the test, and only through the strenuous exertions and good management of Colonel Blaine, was the terrible softened and life made tolerable.

Back and forth from Carlisle to Valley Forge, from Valley Forge to Carlisle, went Colonel Blaine, consulting friends and neighbors, urging the laggard traders and farmers. Then it was seen why he had been foreordained a miller, a farmer, a tradesman. Night and day, every mill that he owned, every mill that he could control or influence, was kept running to feed the soldiers. He ordered, pleaded, remonstrated, impelled. I have heard that insistent and irresistible voice bearing down all opposition.

The sore need of money may be inferred from such simple facts as that with an estimate of $8,000,000 voted for a year, the whole sum actually raised by the States during the first iive months was $20,000. Out of his own means, and by his influence over his neighbors, and by all his business reputation with men of means and affairs, Colonel Blaine advanced a saving fund, for the distressed and apparently abandoned army.

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Every school child remembers Valley Forge, for the sufferings of the soldiers and the footsteps traced in blood. But every child does not know that all the while "hogsheads of shoes, stockings and clothing were lying at different places on the roads, and in the woods perishing for the want of teams, or of money to pay the teamsters," and that when ordered to be ready to march against the British, the army answered "that fighting would be preferable to starving." Three days, reported a commander, we "have been destitute of bread. Two days we have been entirely without meat." Washington reported an "alarming deficiency, or rather total failure, of supplies." On the 23d of December, 1777, he reported: "Since the month of July, we have had no assistance from the quartermaster-general; and to want of assistance from this department, the commissarygeneral charges great part of his deficiency." "We have, by a field return this day made, no less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight men now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot, and otherwise naked."

And - alas! that we must say it - in this bitter time critics arose to carp and sting, to attribute to Washington the misery of the soldiers and the low estate of the war. Many men in the region round about preferred to send their grain to the British, dancing in Philadelphia, rather than to the patriots, dying at Valley Forge. What wonder that Washington cherished forever a tender friendship for the man who stood at his side, faithful among many faithless, eager, active, loyal, helpful, untiring, self -suppressing, through that season of stress and test!

On the transfer of Gen. Nathaniel Greene to the field service, the office of Commissary General was created, and at the personal request and on the recommendation of General Washington, Colonel Blaine was made Commissary General of Purchases, at that period a trying and most difficult position, demanding not only integrity, but infinite patience, prudence and worldly wisdom.

"Journal of Congress, Thursday, January 13, 1780. A letter of 12 from E. Blaine was read accepting the appointment of Commissary General of Purchases."

"Military men are in the habit of insisting much upon the difficulty and importance of provisioning an army. More ability of a special kind is sometimes requisite for supplying than for otherwise commanding a large body of troops. The American people, without experience in this department, with no anticipation of a long war to provide for, and with a paper currency which soon greatly depreciated, hastily adopted systems of action which soon proved entirely inadequate. In May, 1780, the troops had been unpaid for five months, they had seldom more than six days provisions in advance, and on one or tv/o occasions not a supply for twelve hours. When Gen. Greene was persuaded in March, 1778, to undertake the office of Quartermaster General, the patience of the soldiers had become completely exhausted, and the affairs of the department had fallen into utter confusion. His efforts soon brought relief and order. Col. Ephraim Blaine, of this county, was his most efficient deputy. He was after a while invested with the entire charge of supplies from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the states on which the main reliance was then placed. With his ample fortune, all of which he at times staked upon his payments, with an enthusiasm which from the beginning was intense, but mounted higher with exertion, and with an administrative ability which extended to an immense amount of details, he was by "the express acknowledgment of the War Department more than once the 'Savior of the army from being disbanded.' He was the owner of a large establishment for the manufacture of flour on the Conodoquinet, near Carlisle, which he enlarged and kept in operation to its utmost capacity, and without profit to himself. In May, 1780, he writes that there was not a single pound of beef in camp ; and in August there were fourteen brigades and recruits hourly arriving, consuming one hundred barrels of flour and sixty-five head of cattle daily; and he makes a demand upon Pennsylvania for five thousand barrels of flour, two hundred and twenty-five hogsheads of rum and a hundred and sixty-six thousand eight hundred and thirty-five pounds of beef per month. To obtain this he soHcits authority for the commissioners of the counties to purchase and to take cattle wherever they can find them fit for use. In September he again writes that the magazines of flour were exhausted and that the quantity demanded from his district was 150,000 barrels, and that 70,000 of these was the quota for Pennsylvania; and he complains that under the unhappy spirit of extortion and monopoly which prevailed, he required the aid of executive and legislative authority. On the 25th of January, 1780, he presented as the Commissary General of Purchases, an order of Congress on the Council for a million of dollars only in part for monies which he had raised from his own resources and by his influence for the use of the United States; and again on the 11th of April of the same year, another similar order and for a like payment in part, was directed to be paid to him for his department. Very generally he raised the funds when they were needed among his friends and trusted to the public treasury, precarious as it then was, for reimbursement. In those dark times this was a service of incalculable importance. It was impossible that he should transact such an amount of business, sometimes by impressments, without giving offence. He had to do with people who were jealous of their rights and resolute in asserting them. The people of Cumberland County refused to submit to the impressment of anything, particularly of wagons and horses, and they agreed to resist force by force. John Byers, Esq., who with Gen. Ewing, of York, was appointed (Feb. 4, 1778), to superintend the storing of flour and other provisions, on the west of the Susquehanna, complains that a work which he had undertaken solely for the public good, should be met with odium and opposition, and he was kept with difficulty from renouncing his task. It was, however, with the co-operation of men of wealth and energy like these, that the army was after a while, amply supplied, and though sometimes the stores were low, they were always replenished before a complete exhaustion."

gress, whose journals are fretted with his name. April 5, 1777, a few days after his appointment as Commissary of Cumberland County, Congress ordered that there should be advanced to Ephraim Blaine, Esq., in part payment of the balance due to him for provisions furnished the troops, and in advance towards his furnishing provisions in consequence of his late appointment, $15,000. Another time it resolved that "a copy of the letter from Ephraim Blaine and its enclosures be transmitted without delay to the several States, who are hereby requested to take into their serious consideration the present want and distress of the army, and that they furnish and forward by means the most efficacious, the supplies requested from them."

"Journal of Congress, Monday, April 10, 1780. Ordered, that the following Warrants * * * amounting in the aggregate to $3,704,000.00 issue in favor of Ephraim Blaine, Commissary- General of Purchases."

It was one thing for Congress to order warrants for money to issue, and it was quite another thing to get the money on them; the National Treasury was empty and it was necessary for the officer in whose favor the warrants were drawn, to collect the monies from the Treasurers of the several States. The first of the above warrants was drawn on the Treasurers of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut; the second on the Treasurers of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and the delay in collecting such large sums was often most embarrassing. Included in the Commissary supplies was rum, of which large quantities were evidently consumed, for Congress ordered on November 16, 1780, three warrants to issue in favor of Ephraim Blaine, Commissary General of Supplies, for the sums respectively of $647,810.00, $281,435.00, and $268,249.00, in payment for rum seized for the use of the army.

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sylvania and from New England to the Carolinas. He took time, however, to write letters to Congress and to the President of the State of Pennsylvania from the various places he visited, recommending measures for the public good, urging prompt action and pleading for the appropriation of necessary funds to carry on his operations. At the same time, he was in constant communication with his assistants, contractors and others who had to do with the Commissary Department. His letters, many of which may be found in the records of the State and of the General Government, were brief but comprehensive; often brusque, and perhaps homely in detail, but of a character that indicates that he was a man of ability and decision.

History is most authentic when recorded in the words of the man who actively participated in the events that constitute history, hence we call on Ephraim Blaine to relate in his own words the story of his trials and difficulties in provisioning the army that was fighting for American Independence.

The neglect in the Quarter Master's Department, not keeping up a continual supply of waggons from the Magazines with provisions, renders it difficult for me to support the Army ; have not received one Brigade of waggons from Lancaster or the back counties this three weeks. The Quarter Masters complain they have no power to press and have great difficulty in procuring a single team. Would request your honor's immediate assistance to adopt such measures as to your prudence may effect drawing out the necessary supply of teams. Two hundred and odd will be wanting in our Department.

There is Flour and Whiskey in every county sufficient to load such waggons as may be commanded. The badness of the roads have deprived a single waggon from coming to camp this several days. I am with great respect.

Busy collecting food - will go as far as Winchester in Virginia. My doubt about being able to procure a plentiful supply of Flour for our coming is very great - there are near seven months before we can have any relief from the Crops now in the Ground, and indeed sorry I am to inform you that the scarcity of grain is not so real as artificial. Extortion seems generally to prevail with mankind - some from a desire of obtaining large prices hold back from sale - others from disaffection and dislike to our currency." "To Robert L. Hooper, Jun. Esq.,

12th. I am afraid of our Salted Provisions spoiling. See that yours is in proper Order and the pickle Sound. - One Weeks Neglect may occasion considerable loss in that Article.

16th. Am exceeding sorry to find there is the least Appearance of any of your Beef spoiling, it will be a great loss, and give the malicious Room to charge us with Neglect. Let every Measure be adopted to preserve it - believe Severe smoking will be the best but first have it clear drained from the old pickle - and make a Strong fresh Pickle, which let it lay in, twelve Hours before you hang it.

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24th. The acct. I have received of Your Salt Provisions being Spoiled distress me exceedingly. It will oblige us to buy fresh Beef before it is fit to Use; and at a most extravagant Price, and exclusive of the great loss the publick will Sustain it will occasion great Clamour with many people -

July 1st. I have had Letters from the Commissary Gen'l of Purchases and Issues, and from General Sullivan - who has also wrote the Board of War - that all the Salt Provisions are Spoiled - beg to hear from you by very first Express."

I have some time ago given orders to my Assistants at York & Carlisle to apply to the Quarter Master for a sufficient number of Teams to transport to Harris's Ferry, Eleven hundred Barrels of Beef & Pork, twelve hundred Barrels and five Hundred Kegs Flour and fifteen Hundred Gallons of Rum and Whisky, also my Assistant at Lancaster to send and without delay four Hundred Barrels of Flour to Middleton, they inform me the Quarter Master cannot furnish them with Teams, without an order from the Council to press.

"You will please make application to the Council for the Warrant, or adopt such other measures as you may think prudent to obtain the necessary Waggons.

The daily consumption of Flour for the support of our Army is very great and our Magazines quite exhausted. This will require the greatest exertion in the Commissaries of Purchase to procure that Article, otherwise the Army will undoubtedly suffer for want of Bread. The demand from my district is one hundred and fifty thousand Barrels (Seventy thousand of which is the quota for this State). To execute this business under the present unhappy Spirit of Extortion and Monopoly, which prevails generally with Mankind will require the aid of the Executive and Legislative Authority of the respective States. I beg Your Excellency and Council would please to grant such assistance as your Wisdom may see prudent to enable me to procure the quantity demanded.

Annexed your Excellency has the names of my assistants in this State, should you approve of them, please to signify it by line, and such as you disapprove of, please to mention and recommend those whom Your Excellency know to be active men and capable to answer the public demands in the Execution of their Offices.

For the City and County of Philadelphia, Challoner & White, Bucks County, Nicholas Patterson, Chester, William Evans. The lower district of Lancaster, Matthew Slough. The upper, Cornelius Cox. Northampton, Robert Lettis Hooper (resigned). York Town, Henry Miller. Cumberland and Bedford, James Smith. Northumberland, William Mackay. They have all taken the Oaths of Office and Allegiance and have been active in the execution of their respective duties.

I have done all in my Power to Obtain Money from the Treasury board for the use of my Department but have been disappointed - The Treasury being exhausted of the Monies limited and the taxes coming in very slow - have obliged Congress to delay payment of Large sums wanted, for the Commissary and Quarter Master's Department - I have not been able to Obtain a sum Necessary for the present Demands of my assistants in the vicinity of Camp for the daily supplies of our Army at Head Quarters. You must therefore wait till Congress have it in their power to Obtain money by tax and dispose of bill of Exchange which they are now about selling, - without the Immediate wants of the Garrison at Fort Pitt, call your attention. In that case you will make Immediate application to the Treasury Board for a sum of money sufficient to make tJhe Necessary Purchases in your District, for the above purpose, and I make no doubt they will furnish you with it. I am now on my way to New England; when I return shall give you every Assistance in my Power, and am with much regard Sir Your most Obed. and Most Hble Ser.

The consumption of Provisions has increased this eight days past and without the States use fourfold Exertions the Army cannot long subsist; there is now but Ten days flour within the neighborhood of Camp Kings Ferry and Morris Town, six days supply of Beef and little or no Rum: and what distresses me beyond measure I have this moment been informed that the Magazine at Trenton is quite exhausted and all the flour and Rum there would not load one Brigade of Waggons.

Supplying the French Army at Rhode Island has held back part of the supplies of Beef I had reason to expect from the Eastern States; this gives me to doubt I shall fall far short of a sufficiency of that Article without great Assistance from the Southward. Much Dependance is put on your State for flour therefore pray Your Excellency and Council to give us Immediate relief and every possible Assistance else the Army must undoubtedly disband for want of subsistence.

Marquis La Fayette is just returned from Rhode Island and brings little news, Except the French Army are in great spirits and with the Militia was well prepared to have received Sir Henry Clinton and his Army had he proceeded as was expected. I believe the Army will remain here Several days.

The Committee of Congress at Head Quarters having called upon the States to furnish Supplies for our Army, (during the Campaign) which is increasing fast and makes the daily consumption of Provisions very considerable and will require every possible exertion of the States to keep them supplied: Your State is requested to furnish five thousand barrels of flour, Two Hundred and twenty five hogsheads of Rum & 166835 pounds of Beef Pr Month - there is fourteen Brigades assembled in this Neighborhood and Recruits hourly coming in, which with the followers of the Army now consume one hundred barrels of flour and sixty-five head of Cattle daily.

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The requisition made by the Committee of Congress upon the respective States for Provisions are calculated to supply our Army, which is very shortly expected in the field and without a speedy complyance they cannot long subsist - have in the most pressing terms to beg your Excellency and Council to press the State Contractors to use every possible means to facilitate their respective Purchases and forward the flour and Rum agreeable to the orders of the Committee. The Beef Cattle will be received by Capt. Little at Philadelphia, whom I have appointed to superintend that Business and forward them by Droves to Head Quarters. I will be happy in Adopting any measure which will make the delivery of Supplies Easy for your State.

Our sudden March from Prackner's in Jersey to this place made me conclude that a very few days would bring us into New York; but Sir Henry Clinton's speedy return from his Intended Expedition to Rhode Island has prevented his Excellency General Washington from proceeding further. We are now recrossing North River and going to take post near Dobb's Ferry, which is about Eighteen Miles below this place and I presume we shall remain there until the arrival of the Second Division of the French Fleet.

His Excellency General Washington has ordered me to lay up, Seven thousand Barrels of Salt Provisions in this City, Easton and Pitts Town and One thousand Barrels at CarHsle - exclusive of the above small parcels ought to be salted up where Posts are Established to secure the Troops against want next Winter & Spring - to answer the above purpose ten thousand Bushels of Salt is necessary, and will be immediately wanting, have therefore to request your Excellency & Council to adopt some plan for procuring that quantity and give directions to your Agents to dehver the same to my order.

I should wish to have an opportunity of speaking with the Council and giving them my opinion respecting Small Magazines of Salt Provisions. I am very respectfully Sir

Sir : I think it my duty to inform Congress of every circumstance which concerns the supplies of our Army and my uneasiness respecting them. I fear none of the States will come up to their expectations and that many will fall exceedingly short. Inclosed I send you a copy of a letter which I received from Col. Champion. It will inform you the expectation I have from that State, and from many others similar information - these failures of supplies will one day or other be attended with the most fatal consequences, to prevent which I beg Congress to write the most pressing letters to each of the States to use every possible exertion in procuring the provisions required with punctuality. * * * * ances give me very little hope of a seasonable supply of beef cattle. We have no fresh meat upon hand and the troops are now fed upon what little corned and salted beef I had laid up for Spring use which is more than twenty days support.

If our situation is such in the most plentiful season of the year and when our Magazines ought to be filled with Salt provisions I leave Your Excellency to judge what it must be the next Campaign when three times the number of Men are in the field, the consequences must undoubtedly be their dissolution for want of subsistence - without the States use fourfold exertions in facilitating their purchases in due time. *******

The troops have been destitute of rum ever since they came into Winter Quarters. There is about 70 Hds. at Springfield, but I have not the least hope of getting it brought forward before the Spring.

I expected to have the pleasure of seeing you at this place but am disappointed. Captain Alexander, the person whom I have appointed to attend the Convention Troops upon their march to the Eastward, and use every endeavor in his power to procure supplies at the sundry ports upon the route and attend to your Orders and instructions, upon meeting the Hessian troops in Marsh Creek, and thinking you would be up immediately did not proceed but returned with them to this place where he will remain until he hears from you. He is a Gentleman on whom you may rely and will closely attend to your Instructions and put every part of them into execution."

Colonel Blaine at the beginning of the war was but thirtyfour years of age, His children were too young to serve him except through their bright spirits and cheerful dispositions, their fresh interest and the boyish enthusiasm of the martial times in which they were living. To the little boys of seven and nine years, the war was but a broad playground. His brothers Alexander and William, and his brother-in-law Samuel Lyon, to whom reference has been made, were his strong supporters and close friends.

William Blaine served in the Continental Army as Captain in the 1st Battalion Cumberland County Associators, which was called into service December, 1776, and later was captain in the 4th Battalion Cumberland County Militia. (Penn. Archives, 5th Series, Vol. 6, page 5; and 2d Series, Vol. 15, page 583.)

Alexander Blaine served as Assistant Commissary of Issues and though I find no mention of his name in the official record, the fact of his service is amply established in an official paper containing an account of provisions issued to the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment, detachments, artificers, wagoners, etc., at Cariisle, from January to September, 1777, by Alexander Blaine, Assistant Commissary of Issues, beautifully ruled and written by his own hand, which has escaped destruction and is reverently preserved in his Colonial collection by the Hon. John Hays of Carlisle, Pa.

Alexander Blaine had also been fitted for the work by an excellent education, and by long experience in business affairs. So early as 1768, when he could have been hardly more than twenty-five years old, he received from the Hon. John Penn, Esq., his certificate of character and license to trade with the Indian nations and tribes.

To the wonderful triumphant end of the war, Ephraim Blaine held his even course, strong, sustained, effective, untouched by envy, unmoved by calumny, unswerving under opposition, loyal to his chief, faithful to his cause, marshalling his inglorious flour and whiskey and the preservation of life as strenuously as if he had been intrusted with the glory of battle. And presently even the dates of his severe business letters and the dry terms of his orders and despatches are musical with the notes, fragrant with the blossoms, of approaching peace.

That his even course was sustained by loyalty to his chief and his cause is occasionally seen. "Please your Excellency," he wrote from Philadelphia the year before, "it has not been in my power to obtain a single shilling of money from the Treasury Board. My people are so much indebted that their credit is quite exhausted with the Country. * * * * The Treasury being exhausted, my Agents greatly involved, the delay of our public finances and the general change in the system of the Quartermaster and Commissary General departments has made my office one of the most disagreeable man ever experienced. Indeed, nothing would induce me to continue under present appearances but the duty I owe my Country and regard to your Excellency, which ever shall be motives to command my best services and surmount every other difficulty."

On October 18th, 1783, Congress issued a proclamation for disbanding the Army and by the 3d of November following, the Army was entirely discharged from service. Colonel Blaine, becoming weary of his position after hostilities ceased, resigned his Commission as Commissary General July 24th, 1782, and retired to private life.

Ephraim Blaine

COLONEL BLAINE came out of the war still a young man, his eyes not dim, nor his natural force abated. Instantly he took up again with undiminished ardor, promptitude and effectiveness all the old business of life - trade, lands, exchange; all the old pleasures of life, social and domestic. The establishment of Congress in Philadelphia, with his revered friend, General Washington, at the head of the Government, made that city the social centre of the new nation. Colonel Blaine availed himself of its advantages as far as possible by making Philadelphia his winter home, and taking his full share in its duties and festivities. His fortune had been impaired, or at least diminished, by his generous contributions to the patriot cause, but it was still ample for a gentle and wide hospitality, for the best rearing of his children, and for the demands, small or great, of an extensive business.

His brothers Alexander and William, and his sister Eleanor, who married Samuel Lyon, sought and established in other parts of the Country, new homes where they grew and prospered. Of the other members of his father's family we have but scant record. The descendants of the three brothers, however, and the sister, Eleanor Lyon, are to be found in nearly all the States. Many of them have gained distinction; all have been loyal and law-abiding citizens, the men, without exception, adhering to the higher ideals of life and the women distinguished by their charm of person, intellectual attainments and purity of character.

Ephraim Blaine's vision of the future growth and development of the great country he loved, had not diminished during the years he had given to the service of that country. After resigning his commission as Commissary General and having satisfactorily re-established his neglected private affairs, he sought a broader field for his operations. Within little more than a year he had formed a business connection with William

Bell, a wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, and at once started to Kentucky to view and secure such public lands as were available. Reaching Fort Pitt, he writes as follows:

I have this moment returned from being up the Monongahela River in pursuit of one of the Deputy Surveyors - and fortunately met with Col. Marshall who has Fayette County which extends from the Mouth of the Sandy River to Kaintuck, and back to the Mountains. I have Obtained a deputation for Mr. Lyon who goes with me as a Surveyor - Mr. Marshall has given me bad Encouragement Respecting Vacant Lands - however I shall proceed on Friday Morning and adopt every possible measure to accomplish my business. I shall have excessive fituage and do not Expect it will be in my Power to return before the last of February. After I reach the mouth of Sandy River and Explore that Country and locate my lands, I will have to ride one hundred & fifty Miles to Mr. Marshall's Office to Enter them. This will take considerable time, then after the surveys are made I must return them and have the drafts signed and Certified. Mr. Elliott has been gone some days. When he has his business a little settled at the falls he will proceed to Green River and endeavor to lay the warrants I have sent with him. You will be so kind as to hurry up the goods which I wrote for by Mr. Tate and Rather add to the list as many of the articles are much wanted. Speak to Mr. Ludlom Mr. A. & Co. and tell them to keep my note until I return at which time they shall be punctually paid with Interest - You will much Oblige me in paying Mr. Gren the Waggoner who brought up part of my goods the sum of fifty pounds, and I forgot to settle with Mr. Galaugher in record that for some delph ware which I bought from him. Pray will you pay him. Pray endeavor to have our Indian cargo early in the Summer, there will be a great demand. I shall have a very Considerable Remittance to carry down with me upon my Return in money and piltry.

You will please to pay attention to m.y family, and should my son Return from France before I come home, I shall take it a very particular favour if you will make it your business to see him often and give him your friendly advice. He is an unwieldy boy and will stand in much need of it, please to present my compliments to Mrs. Bell and believe me with much Regard Dear Sir -

Being at Fort Pitt he improved the occasion to turn an honest penny, for we find a conveyance to him of three lots in the City of Pittsburg, by John Penn, Esq., and John Penn, Jr. - grandson and great-grandson of William Penn, late proprietaries of Pennsylvania.

Pursuing his journey, he arrived at the Northeastern boundary of Kentucky in December, 1783, and established his camp on the Big Sandy River about fifteen miles from the Ohio River, and at the mouth of a tributary flowing from the south. This tributary was given the name "Blaine" in his honor, and by that name it still is known.

In the valleys of the "Big Sandy" and "Blaine" he entered large tracts of lands under Treasury Warrants and here he remained for some time, when proceeding down the Big Sand}'- to the Ohio River, he continued his operations, entering lands at many points in Kentucky, mostly adjacent to or along the banks of the river.

That he remained in Kentucky the greater part of the year 1784 is evidenced by dates of "Entries of Land" that he made in his own name. The records show in addition, that during the same year he made many "Entries of Land" in the joint names of Ephraim Blaine and William Bell, and in the individual name of his partner, William Bell.

The boundaries of one of the tracts of land entered by Colonel Blaine, is fully described in the accompanying Facsimile of the original report of the Survey.

Among the others we have record of the following entries made in his own name, all in Kentucky, or as described in the entries, on the south side of the Ohio River:

Dec. 29, 1783. 5000 acres, south side of Ohio River opposite the mouth of a small stream flowing into the Ohio, and about 2 miles below the Sciota River.

Dec. 29, 1783. 8000 acres beginning where the War or Buffalo's path crosses the North bank of the Licking, known by the name of Harrison's ford; leading from Lewistone to the Lower Blue Licks, to extend South across said branch one mile, thence West two miles, thence across said branch North for quantity.

June 12, 1784. 8000 Acres, beginning at four Poplars out of one root and a black Walnut, between the mouth of Tygart Creek and the Little Sandy River, and running up the Ohio river six miles.

Sept. 11, 1784. 3000 Acres beginning at 4 Poplars out of one root and a black Walnut to be surveyed in three tracts of 1000 acres each, extending down the river Ohio, giving a front on the river to each tract three times as long as broad."

An excellent opportunity is presented and I am going to avail myself of it. Col. Blaine is going as far as Carlisle and I intend to travel with him, that is to say, we shall see the whole of Kentucky (Quintague) and we shall go on horseback as far as Limestone^ where we shall await the boats which are to take us to Muskingun (Monsquingome) from there another, or the same boat will take us to Wheeling (Womlique) where I shall do my best to borrow a horse to take me to Fort Pitt, Philadelphia, etc. I am making a little book in which I shall keep exact account of everything interesting which shall present itself. I pray the Savages may not catch me again. The route is not very safe. I do not, however, believe it very dangerous when the journey is made with four or five persons well armed, but unhappily we are only Col. Blaine and myself. I have no arms and I doubt if he has any. But "Nothing venture, nothing gain" says the proverb and I have such a desire to see Kentucky that fear is nothing to me. We shall set out tomorrow."

"May 11, 1788. Set out from the Falls (Louisville) at 3 o'clock. We have made 12 miles. The lands are quite good and seem to me easy to clear as the trees are small. Col. Blaine, m.y traveling companion, is a little ill. God grant that he may be well tomorrow, for if he falls ill, I shall be obliged to return to Louisville and take the boats which are soon to go up. I fear much for them for there are a great number of Indians along the Ohio."

Of the 14th: "Danville. We have rejoined here Mr. Blaine's son who is going to return with us as far as Limestone. I think the young ladies will accompany us as far as Lexington (Lexenetone) where we shall go in two days. Col. Blaine having business on the way. These two ladies are very pretty and come from Philadelphia. I believe they will return at the fall of the leaves."

Of the 16th: "At one o'clock we arrived at Lexington, the capitol of Kentucky. This city is not large, but it is the largest in the Country. It is quite pleasantly situated. We found ourselves present at the time for holding court, which brings in quite a large number of people. I think we shall remain here two days and shall use two days in getting to Limestone. ^

Of the 19th: "Set out at seven o'clock, we got to Bourbon^ at eleven p'clock. We departed thence and made only five miles. We made the night in that place, because Col. Blaine had business."

Of the 20th: "We set out at three o'clock. We dined at Blue Lick (Saline bleu)^. It is a very extraordinary thing to see eight or ten feet apart two springs one of which is very salt, the other fresh. A great quantity of salt is made here by evaporating the water."

"From Blue Lick we went to a little town four miles from Limestone Creek. This town is quite large; it is called Washington (Wagentone), From there we went to Limestone whence I intend to depart tomorrow, seeing that the boats have arrived from the falls. They have met with no accident along the route."

The Blaine Family 43

Whether Col. Blaine continued his journey with Dr. Saugrain, or remained in Limestone, is not told in the diary. The latter left Limestone May 21st, and after spending eight days in Muskingum, arrived at Fort Pitt, June 7th.

COLONEL BLAINE'S children were rapidly growing into maturity, companionship, and support. His two sons had received a liberal education, and had become handsome and accomplished gentlemen, known in life and to be remembered long after they had left it for their distinguished bearing and social graces. Both followed their father into mercantile pursuits, including also traffic in lands. James, the eldest, named for his father's father, had been sent abroad to Bordeaux for special professional training, and for further travel and wider acquaintance with the world. Souvenirs of his tour yet remain to his great-great-grandchildren. There is a tradition that the young gentleman developed abroad a greater fondness for society than for business, which is not improbable considering his age, for he was not seventeen when he returned from his first trip, and a very young man when he returned from his second. On this latter trip he was the bearer to this country of the celebrated Jay's Treaty. John Bannister Gibson, the illustrious Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, wrote that "James Blaine, at the time of his return from Europe, was considered to be among the most accomplished and finest looking gentlemen in Philadelphia, then the centre of fashion, elegance, and learning, on this continent. His reputation as a model gentleman was honorably sustained throughout life." He and his brother Robert entered into business together in Carlisle, and gradually came into the management of their father's affairs as well as their own.

With all his graces and amenities, James Blaine had a watchful outlook for business, and could be short, sharp and decisive upon occasion. The records of the court at April sessions in 1798 present a true bill for indictment against James Blaine for assault and battery, and defendant being charged submits to the court with protestations of innocence, whereupon the judgment of the court is that the defendant pay a fine of four dollars towards the support of the government, pay the costs of prose- cution, and stand committed until this judgment be complied with. But though the court pronounced this stern decree, it is to be noted in a marginal "aside" that clerk and attorney forgave their fees ; whence we may infer that the weight even of the court opinion was on the side of the defendant, whose most accomplished kinsman, worthily wearing and transmitting the family honor, affirms that "whipping the other fellow is often worth more than four dollars, and only hopes he was well whipped!"

Perhaps this incident combined with his popularity in the community had something to do with his election shortly after, as an Officer in the Militia. Be that as it may, James Blaine was appointed by Thomas McLean, Governor of Pennsylvania, to the office of Captain of the First Troop of Light Horse Attached to the Militia of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as set forth in the accompaning Fac-Similie of the original commission.

John Adams, President of the United States, willing to do Colonel Blaine a service, nominated his son James as captain in the United States Infantry. This commission he resigned June 15, 1807.

Domestic joys came to crown the lives of the brothers. Both married young and married happily in their own sphere of life. The wife of the eldest, James, was Jane Hoge, daughter of David Hoge, Esq., a public-spirited citizen, whose name is closely identified with the upbuilding of civilization in both eastern and western Pennsylvania. He had relinquished the Sheriff's office to Colonel Blaine the year after his daughter's birth, and threw in his interests, though not his residence, to the formation of the town of Washington in Western Pennsylvania.

Returning from a business trip to New Orleans in 1793, James Blaine found only a grave, instead of his young wife and the child whom he had never seen.

A letter from Carlisle April 18, 1793, says with quaint pathos: "We lost a very worthy female inhabitant of Carlisle a few days ago, (the wife of Mr. James Blaine) who died and was buried in the absence of her husband. He arrived the day after the funeral, and upon hearing of the sad disaster, ran to the graveyard, almost distracted and there remained a good while, fixed in the deepest sorrow."

In the deepest sorrow he looked again upon her face and obtained some locks of her hair, from which ten rings were made for remembrance - five were made with her hair and his own entwined, five with such mourning emblems as love could command from the art of that period.

December 22, 1791, Robert married Susanna, daughter of Paul Metzger, of McAllister's town, now Hanover. Their happy home in Carlisle, and on the Cave Farm is still represented not only in tradition, but in living charm and force.