Liberty Township (part 3 of 4)

were natives of Pennsylvania, but moved with their family of seven children to Frederick Co., Md., and during their residence there which was only about a3'ear, their eighth child, Reuben was born. The family all returned to Pennsjdvania again and located in Adams Co., where our subject spent the early part of his youth. When about 15 years of age, he began to learn the milling business in Franklin Co., and after serving his apprenticeship he spent several 3'ears there at his trade. He moved from Pennsylvania to Ohio and settled in Stark Co. in 1837, where he found ready employment at his profession. On May 9, 1839, he united his fortunes with those of Catharine Correll ; and, in September, 1842, they moved to Crawford Co. and located on and purchased 72 acres of the farm where Mrs. Flohr resides ; afterward purchased 25 acres more, making in all 97 acres of well-improved land, with good buildings, where Mrs. Flohr is passing her advanced 3'ears in the enjoyment of all the temporal blessings needful. She was born in Adams Co., Penn., Aug. 20, 1818 ; her father, John, and her mother, Elizabeth (Linne) Correll, were both natives of Maryland, and were married there, but subsequently moved to Penns3'lvania and thence to Stark Co., Ohio, in 1834." Mrs. Flohr was the fourth in a famil}- of twelve children, and is herself the mother of eleven, seven of whom are living, viz., Malinda, Oliver, Aaron, Carolina, Madison, Jefferson and Franklin ; three died in childhood. John and Oliver enlisted in the late rebellion on Aug. 19, 1862, in Co. C, 101st 0. V. I. They passed along safely until the 20th of September, 1 863, the second da}- of the conflict at Chickamauga, where, it is believed, John fell, like so many of his noble comrades, as that was the last ever seen of him while participating in that fatal engagement. And although no sculptor's art decorates or even marks the individual spot where his dust may rest, to the bereft there stands a nobler and more lasting monument ; that is, the knowledge of the fact that his blood constituted part of the sea, which was seemingly necessary to remove from this nations history of its darkest page - slavery. Oliver served until the close of the war, and was honorably discharged June, 1865, and returned home without receiving a sci'atch. Malinda is now the widow of the late William Kessler, of De Kalb Co., Ind. ; Oliver and Aaron are both living in Sandusky Township, this count}' ; Carolina is now Mrs. George P. Howell ; Madison, Jefferson and Franklin make their iiome with their mother. Mr. Flohr was called from scenes temporal April 1, 1878.

ABRAHAM GROGG, farmer ; P.O. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Dauphin Co., Penn., Oct. 9, 1809. His father, Solomon, and mother, Mary (Snyder) Grogg, were both natives of the " Keystone State." They reared eiglit children, viz., John, Abraham, Solomon, Jacob, George, Daniel, Peter and Catharine. While in Pennsylvania they were farmers, and, intent on securing laud of their own, the parents, with their two eldest children, John and Abraham, moved to Ohio, and settled about three miles northeast of Canton, Stark Co., as early as 1810. They were in limited circumstances, and the older children had to do for themselves when the}' grew up to maturit}'. The family being large, and school privileges ver}' poor, the older ones had but little time or opportunity for improvement in that direction. Abraham, the second of the childi'en, remained at home, and worked steadily on the farm until he attained his majority. He was married to Ann Bower in November, 1838. She was born in Stark Co., this State, Nov. 9, 1815. For two years afterward, he worked at whatever odd jobs he cotdd get, and thereby saved a little money, and moved to Crawford Co. in February, 1836, and bought 30 acres, where he now resides. At the same time, he owned 120 acres of Government lands in Chatfield Township. It was no trifling task to clear up a farm, and, when cleared of the heav}' timber, he had no implements to till the soil with. Yet, he never failed to produce a very good substitute for every want of the farm or household - from a plow to a pair of boots or shoes. For many years in the early settlement of the country, his mechanical skill added materially to the comfort of himself and famil}', when they would have been unable to pay for the sei'vices of a mechanic, and, frequently, such service could not be secured at anj- price within reasonable distance. He has succeeded in the accumulation of property, and has a valuable as well as beautiful homestead of 154 acres, besides having given to each of his children a good start ; one tract of 160 acres, in Sandusky Township ; one of 98 acres, and another of 80 acres, in this township. He has divided among his children, in lands and money, to the amount of $20,000 or upward. They have had eleven children, five of whom are living, viz., Daniel, Amos, Sarah, now Mrs. George Ambrosier ; Frances, now Mrs. D. 0. Crum, and Jemima, now jMrs. Samuel Sturtz, who farms Mr. Grogg's homestead, and receives for his share half the entire product. He was born in Fayette Co., Penn.. Nov. 15, 1850, and came here with his father's family in March, 1869. His mother died when he was about 9 years old, leaving five children, viz., Joseph, Susan, Samuel, Lizzie and Freeman. His father, Solomon Sturtz, married a second wife, and, by that union, there are three children - two girls and a bo}' - Samuel, who was married to Jemima Grogg. They have two children - Carrie M. and Phinney. Mr. Grogg has been a member of the United Brethren Church for over thirtj'-seven years. His wife is also a member of the same church. JACOB D. HELLER, farmer; P.O. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Dauphin Co., Penn., Nov. 28, 1801. His father, John Heller, was married three times ; his first wife being Susana Bordner. They were both natives of Pennsylvania, and had only two children - Jacob D. and John, who is now in Ogle Co., III. Mrs. Heller died when her two l:)oys were quite young. Mr. Heller's second wife had two children - Rebecca and Sarah, and she also died when her children were quite 3'oung, Mr. Heller married a third wife, b}' whom there was one child, Thomas, who died in Pennsylvania. Jacob D. was the oldest one of the family, and was onl}' about eight years old when his mother was taken away by death ; he lived with his fatlier until about 24 years of age, when he married Margaret Daniel in March, 1825; she was born in Dauphin Co., Penn.. in February, 1805. Shortly after they were married, they rented a farm in Penns3dvania, and rented various places for a period of twelve 3'ears ; when they concluded to go to some less populous settlement in the West, where their rapidl}' increasing family would have better facilities for making homes for themselves, and where he could as well secure a home for all. With this resolution in view, they set out, and arrived in Crawford Co., Ohio, in May 1836. They came through with a two-horse team, the family consisting of parents and nine children when they came here, which, in due season, was increased b}" four more. Mr. Heller chose the location where he resides to this da}- ; there he purchased 77 acres, and of that there had been 10 acres par- tially cleared when he bought it. Himself and sons went to work clearing, but never added much in acres, to the first purchase, although they made a comfortable home by improving what they did have. They had thirteen children - Isaac, Amanda (deceased), John (now in Williams Co.), Elizabeth (deceased), Sarah (deceased), Josiah (now in Iowa), Edward (in Defiance Co.), Jacob (in Iowa), William (in Paulding Co.), Polly (in Bucyrus), Andrew (deceased), Catharine A. (in Williams Co.), and Lewis, who resides with his father, and farms the place ; he was married to Nancy Rock, April 5, 1878. She was born in this township, and has borne him two children - Albert and Edna. Three sons of Mr. Heller participated in the late rebellion ; Jacob enlisted in Company C, 490 0. V. I., and served over three years ; Edward enlisted from Defiance County, where he was then living ; William enlisted from Nevada, Wyandot Co., where he was residing at that time.

JOHN HETRICK, carpenter. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Pennsylvania Feb. 28, 1841. His father, Michael, and mother. Polly Hecdard, were both natives of Pennsylvania. They reared five boys and two girls, viz., John, Michael, Jacob, George, Phillip, Elizabeth and Mary. They all moved here in 1855, and settled near Leesville, where they bought a small farm and lived there about three years, when they moved to Van Wert, and thence to Cardington. Morrow Co. John was the eldest one of the family, and learned the carpenter's ti'ade with his father by the time he was 18 years old. He then hired out by the month with another carpenter, worked two years, and afterward began business for himself, and has worked at the trade ever since. He also learned the cooper's trade, and opened a shop in the village of Sulphur Springs, where he does considerable business in the fall ; and, although his business is not so extensive that he has to employ labor, yet he certainly enjoys the reputation of doing good, substantial work. He was married on Nov. 7, 1861, to Augusta Baldassar ; she was born in Ohio, Jul> 24, 1845. They have five children living, viz., William, Jacob. Mary J., Franklin and John.

CHARLES HEIBERTSH AUSEN, boots and shoes. Sulphur Springs; was born Dec. 6, 1835, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany ; when about 19 years of age, he resolved to tr}^ his fortune in the United States. He left his native land Aug. 12, 1854, and landed in New York Oct. 24 of the same year. On his arrival, he went to Faterson, N. J., where he obtained employment at his trade, but only worked a few days, when he set out for Pittsburgh, Penn. He got emplo}'- ment there, and remained six months, when he conceived the idea that he could do better further West, and, starting for Ohio, he came to Bucyrus in 1855, and, being unable to get work at his trade, took the first job which offered, that being on the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. for one month. He then hired on a brick-yard, and worked there two months ; at the expiration of that time, he got employment at his trade, with one Reick, and sta3-ed there about nine months. He then came to this village and began woi'k for Conrad Baltser, in April, 1856, and worked for him until the following February, when he opened a shop on his own account and pushed his business steadily. He has made as many as nine or ten pairs of boots per week, and has frequently made six pairs of shoes and six paii's of boots in one week. Anxious to supply and accommodate his growing patronage, he has worked many nights to fill orders which were crowding in upon him. In this, as in other cases, industry brought her gracious reward, for, although he landed in Pittsburgh with $1 in his pocket in 1855, he is now enjoying the comforts of a good home and property in town, besides 85 acres of well-improved land in Sandusky Township. The competition in his trade is different now from what it used to be ; for when he came here there were six shops in the village, employing ten men, beside, three good shops in the country, near town. Now there are three shops, and one man in each supplies the entire demand for home-made work. On April 20, 1860, he married Louisa La3'er, who was born in this township Dec. 4, 1837. Her parents emigrated from Germany in the summer of the same year. They have four children living - Emanuel, Franklin, Emma and Clara ; two deceased - Charles and Edward. Mr. Heibertshausen is a member of Libertv Lodge, Knights of Honor, No. 845.

CHRISTIAN HIEBER, farmer ; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born in AVurtemberg, Germany, Nov. 7, 1836. His father, John Gr., and his mother, Fredrieka (Shnarrenberger) Hieber, were both natives of the same place. They emigrated from Germany with four of their five children to the United States in 1854 ; the oldest son, John, had been here about two years before the rest of the family. They came direct to Ohio and settled in Liberty Township of this count}', and bought 80 acres of good land. The family was in good financial circumstances in Germany, and brought a considerable quantity of cash with them, which was a material help to them here. The names of all the children are as follows : John, Christian, Fredrick, Christina and William. Shortly after they came here, their father met with a serious accident ; while descending the stairway into the cellar, he fell, breaking his wrist, which disabled him for life. He lived to see his family all in homes of their own, and was called away in 1872 ; his wife still sui'vives and lives on the old homestead with William, in her 73d year. The oldest son, John, moved to Illinois and bought a farm there, and about eighteen or nineteen years ago he wrote to his folks in Ohio, that he was going to sell out and come back to Crawford Co.; since the sale of his propert}', there has never been an}' account of him heard to this day, and all inquiry as to his probable fate has proved futile. Christian got his education in Germany, but learned to read readily in English. Jan. 25, 1866, he married Christina Wagner ; she was born in Lycoming Co., Penn., in Februar}^, 1838, and came to Crawford Co. in 1856. Mr. Hieber had purchased 60 acres, some time before he was married, to which he and his wife repaired, and when they had lived on it one year he sold to his brother and bought the 80 acres where he now resides, and has added, by purchase, until he owns in all 192 acres of good land. They are all industrious, and a spirit of enterprise prevails in the Hieber family, notwithstanding their quiet, unassuming disposition. Mr. Hieber has five children - John G., Mary L., Lydia F., Annie and Sarah B.

WILLIAM HIEBER, farmer ; P. 0. Bucyrus ; is the youngest son of John G. and Fredricka Hieber. He was born in September, 1850, in Wurtembei'g, Germany, and was scarcely 4 years old when his parents emigrated to this countr}^ His early life was spent on his father's farm ; he got a fair education in the English language, as he was too young to have been at school in Germany. As stated, his father died in October, 1872, and, therefore, the care of the farm devolved on him, who was then the only one of the family- who was at home. There are 79^ acres which belong to the homestead, and which he farms for his aged mother who lives on the same. He united his fortunes with those of Elizabeth, daughter of David Lust, on April 5, 1877. The}' have two children - George D. and Matilda E. Mrs. Hieber was born in Lykens Township, June 14, 1857.

F. HIEBER, farmer; P. 0. Bucyrus ; he was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Oct. 21, 1841, and is a son of John G. and Fredrika (Shnarrenberger) Hieber, whose sketch is included with Christian's. Our subject was brought up to farm life, acquiring what education he has in Germany, and attended Enghsh school here about two months, which constituted his schooling in this country. He purchased 60 acres of good land in the spring of 1867, and on March 24 of that year, he united his fortune with Lydia, daughter of Rev. Fredrick Lust ; she was born in Lykens Township April 13, 1849. Her father came from Germany when quite young. When Mr. Hieber was married, he repaired to his farm of 60 acres ; and since that time he has added by purchase, until he now owns 193 acres of good land. They have eight children, viz.: Fredrick, Samuel, Lizzie, Benjamin, Joseph, Jacob, Sarah and Isaac. Mr. Hieber has succeeded admirably in his farming pursuits.

ANDREW HESS (deceased); was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in May, 1806, and when a young man learned the carpenter's trade in his native State. On April 9, 1833, he united his fortunes with Mary Hemry. She was born in Harrison Co., Ohio, Oct. 16, 1814 ; but came to Crawford County with her parents in 1830. Mr. Hess came to the county the following year, and, as the above dates show, he was in this township about two years before he was married. They moved where Mrs. Hess is now living, the same spring in which they were married. They had twelve children, ten of whom are living - Delilah, William, Henry, Isaac, Nancy J., Lydia A., Mary A., Margaret E., Francis M. and John A. Two of their sons, Henry and Isaac, enlisted during the late rebellion. Henry, in the 49th 0. V. I., and Isaac in a Michigan Cavalry Regiment, as he was residing in that State at the time he enlisted. At the engagement of " Dallas Hill " on May 25, 1864, Henry was seriously wounded ; a musket ball entered his right breast a little below the collar-bone, ranged slightly downward, and emerged immediately below the shoulder blade of the same side ; he served in all about four years. At the expiration of his term of service he was honorably discharged, and returned to his home in Crawford County. He has since removed to Michigan, where he is now living. Delilah, William. Lydia A. and Mary A. are also living in Michigan. Margaret E. is now Mrs. Sweney, of this township. Francis M. married Alice Bower ; they live on the old homestead, and he assists his brother John in farming the place, which contains 136 acres of good land. Mr. Hess was called away by death Dec. 28, 1875. Mrs. Hess is spending her advanced years in the enjoyment of the fruits of their early industry.

REV. GIDEON HOOVER, minister and farmer ; P. 0. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Washington Co., Md., Nov. 19, 1828. He is one of a family of ten children of Henry and Elizabeth (Puffenberger) Hoover, who were both natives of the same State. When Gideon, our subject, was about two years old, they moved from Maryland to Ohio and settled in Richland Co., in 1830. There his parents resided until death asserted its never-failing claim. The names of the children were as follows : Daniel, Catharine, Samuel, Elias, Lydia, Simon, Gideon, Martha, Milinda and Betsy ; and of these, Elias and Betsy are 'deceased. Mr. Gideon Hoover's youth was spent on the farm and attending school during the winter months ; but on account of the limited financial circumstances of his parents and their large family, it was impossible to give all of them such opportunity as is now afforded by the public schools of to-day. But meager as the chances for education were, he made the most of his time, and in the event secured a more liberal education than the average of that early date. April 24, 1851, he was united in marriage to Nancy Teter. She was born in Wayne Co., Ohio. April 28, 1829. They lived on and worked his father's farm for about two years after they were married. He then began reading and occasionally preaching, preparatory to the ministry, which he continued three years, which is the time required by the United Brethren Church before a charge is given. On Oct. 25, 1857, in the Sandusky Annual Conference, held at Carey, Wyandot Co., he was duly ordained a minister of the United Brethren in Christ. His first charge was the Shiloh Circuit, which embraced Shelby and a number of country appointments, in which he oflficiated three years. (Their appointments are made for one year onl}'. but, at the option of Pastor and people, they may legally retain a minister three years.) His second charge was at Upper Sandusky, where he preached two years ; he was then transferred to the Shelby Circuit, where he remained one year. His fourth charge was on the Bucyrus Circuit, for a period of two years. He then got the Flat Rock Circuit, in Seneca Co. ; from there he was returned to the Bucyrus Circuit for one year ; thence to Shiloh for one year ; thence to the Crestline Mission one year ; thence to Gallon one year ; thence to Seneca Circuit, near Batesville, where he preached one year. He was then without a charge for several months, but was then appointed to the Pleasant Ridge Circuit, in Wyandot Co., on account of their minister f:\iling : there he preached eight months. At the Annual Conference this fall, he Avas returned to the Flat Rock Circuit, in Seneca Co. He is in good financial circumstances, which is the result of his own industry. In 1864, he purchased a farm of 60 acres in Sandusk^^ Township, to which he has since added 80 acres more ; and now owns 40 acres where he resides, on which he is erecting an elegant two-storj- frame dwelling, to supply the loss which he sustained in May, 1880. by his residence, with almost all its contents, lieing consumed by fire. They have had a family of ten children, eight of whom are living, viz., John, Moses, Lovina, Alice, Lincoln, Franklin, Henr}- and Lotty. Two deceased ai'e Aaron and Amos. Mr. Hoover is a radical Prohibitionist and takes a lively interest in everything which tends to promulgate that sentiment. His was one of two votes polled in Sandusky Township in 1876 for that faction.

REUBEN HOPPEL. ftirmer ; P.O. Bucyrus; was born in Northampton Co.. Penn., Aug. 18, 1818. The Hoppel family are descended from one Henry Hoppel, who emigrated from France and settled in Pennsylvania man}' years before the Revolution. He was a single man when he came here, but afterward married and reared a famll}' of seven children, four boys and three gii'ls, viz., Barbara, Sophia, Simon, John, Sallie, Henry and George. The two oldest boys, Si- mon and John, enlisted in the Revolutionary war, and soon after the conflict began these boys were lost track of by their folks, and were never more heard of. George, the youngest one (the father of our subject), was married in Pennsylvania, to Elizabeth Cester, and reared a family of ten children, viz., Catharine. Elizabeth. Jacob, Adam, Cxeorge, Charles, Anna, Reuben, Aaron and Frana. Their lather died when the younger ones were quite small, and Reuben hired out by the month when about 15 years old, and worked steadil_y on the farm. Dec. 25, 1840, he married Christina Teel. She was born in Pennsylvania Jan. 18, 1821. He had purchased 121 acres on credit, and moved to it as soon as he got a cabin erected. It was all woods, and without any improvement, but by diligent toil the heavy timber yielded to the continuous wielding of the ax, and ere-long he was living in comfortable circumstances. They sold out their farm in Pennsylvania and came to Crawford Co., in April 1856. They had four children, viz., Annie (deceased), Effie (deceased). Jerry and Emma A. (the latter is Mrs. A. B. Charlton). He purchased 109 acres in this township, where the}' lived about seven years, and, in April, 1864, they came to his present farm of 320 acres, on the Broken Sword, for which he paid $13,000. On May 28 of that same jear, ^Irs. Hoppel died, and, Oct. 1, 1865, he married Mar}- McMichael (a daughter of Matthew, who was a son of Daniel Mc- Michael, who was the first setter in this township). By this union there are three children - Ida, Ruben and Ada. In 1877, Mr. Hoppel removed the old brick residence, which was on his premises since 1833, and replaced it by a commodious and substantial two-stor}' brick structure, at a cost of $2,300, besides his own labor, and much material, which was on the place, and went into the new house. He has 240 acres of good laud and well improved, after giving his son 80 acres. Jerry Hoppel married Martha Shieber Feb. 6, 1873. They have two children - Murtie E. and Otis M.

W. H. HISE, farmer; P. O. Bucyrus ; was born July 25, 1818, in York Co., Penn., the son of John and Eve (Kunckle) Hise, who were both natives of Penns^dvania ; but his grandfathers, both Hise and Kunckle, were natives of Hesse, Germany, and came to this country as soldiers in the British arm}' of the Revolution. (Britain had, in those days, many Hessian soldiers, and many of them were sent to participate in the Revolutionary conflict with the Colonies.) Hise and Kunckle participated in one engagement against the States, and, at the close of that attack, the}' deserted the British ranks, but did not shrink from fear of danger, or leave the battle-field for more comfortable quarters, but immediately joined Washington's troops, and continued to do service with the American soldiers till the close of the war. Many of the Hessians, their acquaintances, who were in the British army, were taken prisoners at the battle of Stillwater, and likewise volunteered their services to the Colonial force. After the close of the Revolution, Hise and Kunckle pushed their way to York Co., Penn. There they settled, and turned their attention to farming, and lived to an advanced age. Hise, the Hessian of Revolutionary fame, reared four sons. One of them - John, and father of our subject - ^reared a family of seven children, thx'ee of whom were born in Pennsylvania, and the four youngest in Crawford Co., Ohio. They settled in Jackson Township Oct. 20, 1824. The family afterward moved to Whetstone Township, where the old gentleman died in the spring of 1836. His widow married Samuel Lare, but he has since died, and she still survives at the advanced age of 82 years. When W. H. Hise was quite young, he learned the shoemaker's trade and opened a shop in Galion, being one of the first industries of the kind in that place, where he worked two years, then moved back to his father's in Jackson Township and remained at home for some time, and, in 1832, he opened a shop in Bucyrus, where he remained three years, then moved to Sulphur Springs for about one year, thence to Whetstone Township, where his time and attention were divided between farming and working at his trade, from 1836 until 1844. On March 13. 1845, he married Isabella Ridgley. She was born in Wayne Co., Ohio. July 15, 1818, and came here with her parents, who settled in Jackson Townsliip, this county, when she was about 6 weeks old. Mr. and Mrs. Hise are parents of seven children, six of whom are living - John W., A. H., S. A., Sarah C, Marie R., Norah B.; one deceased - Molly. They own 95 acres of good and well-improved land, which he purchased in 1858, at the same time carrying on his shop work a little south of his present residence, where he has earned and laid, by his unl^ ceasing industry, the basis of his comfortable home, as he was actually in debt over $100 when he was married, and no means of any consequence within his control. Since 1871, he has devoted his attention to his farm, seldom doing anything at his trade. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1865, and served three terms, in which office he is now holding his fourth term. He has been Township Treasurer six years ; also held the office of Township Trustee for several 3'ears.

J. A. KLINK, farmer; P. 0. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Jan. 29, 1824. His parents, John Gr. and Catharine Klink, emigrated, with their three children - Catharine, J. A. and J. G. - to this country in 1828 ; after a long, severe passage, they arrived in New York. They pushed their way westward by canal or other available conveyance, until they arrived in Columbiana Co., Ohio, where they stopped, as it was then the approach of winter, and they had no means to carry them further, as their all was expended. Their father had been in good circumstances in Germany, but lost all his property by going security for a milling firm which failed, and when he sailed from Germany, it was onl^' by the liberal and generous aid of relatives and friends that he was enabled to bring his family along ; consequently, he had nothing left when they got here. Mr. Klink, Sr., found employment in Columbiana Co., and worked there through the winter, and in the spring of 1829 he had saved enough to purchase a pair of oxen and an old cart. He packed his family in the cart, and set out for Crawford Co. They settled in Liberty Township in the woods, and soon after he entered 80 acres, paying for it with a little money which remained, and two watches. His family got the shelter of a cabin of some one who had settled there a short time before them, until a log cabin could be erected on their own location, which was hastily and roughly done. When they had lived here about two years, another member was added to the family by the birth of J. D. They seemed to prosper nicely, but had many inconveniences to bear with in the new and unsettled country. Their cattle would stray off through the unbounded forest, and on several occasions, the oldest boy (John A.), when a mere lad, lost his way when sent in search of them ; once, overtaken by the shades of night, he was unable to get back or find any way out, and after wandering until exhausted, he crept into a hollow tree and remained until daylight. Search was instituted b}' his parents and the neighboring settlers, who were unsuccessful in meeting with him, and were about to give up the search, supposing he had been killed by wolves, when, to their surprise, he came home. On a similar occasion, he found an Indian camp, at which he stayed all night and was well treated by them, and m the morning one started with him to conduct him home. When they arrived at Klink's cabin, the Indian assured Mr. Klink, if they ever found his bo}', they would neither let him get lost nor injure him. About the time that thej' were getting things in shape to enjoy themselvss and live comfortably, Mrs. Klink died. Mr. Klink married a second wife, Katie Deppler ; she was a native of Germany, and came here with her people, ^y this union there were two children - Mary and Hosy, who finally married and moved to Henry Co. Mr. Klink, Sr., died on his farm (which is now owned by I. Klopfenstein), on Feb. 25. 1853. John A. remained with his father until of age ; he worked early and late on the farm, and had no opportunit}' of attending schools, as there were none in the neighborhood when he was small, and soon as he was able to work his services were considered too important at home. He married Melissa Kohlman, March 8. 1848, and that year they moved on to a farm of 110 acres, which was all woods, and which Mr. Klink had bought some time before he was married, with $200 which he had earned by chopping. He worked unceasingly, and was very economical, and he is now among the ablest farmers of Crawford Co. In about eight years after he was married, he began to make other purchases of land, and has kept on increasing his broad acres, from time to time, until he now owns 940 acres (except 4 acres, which he sold off), of as good land as there is in the county, and in an excellent state of cultivation, with very good buildings. Of these 936 acres, 780 acres are in one continuous tract, lying in the corners of three adjoining townships. His first team was a yoke of oxen, with which he did a great part of the logging in this neighborhood ; he used cattle for his work for about fifteen years. All he ever received from home was $260, after his father's death ; his start in business was the proceeds of his work by the month and days' labor, which he saved careful!}^ ; now they enjo}' the possession of one of the best farms of this county. They had twelve children - Mary M., now wife of B. Jacobs ; Carolina, now wife of John Shieber ; John H., married Jennie Feighner, and farms the Lykens Township place ; Henry is farming 80 acres in Chatfield Township - his wife is Flora Feighner ; Adam, Daniel, Solomon, William, Emma, Melissa and Charles are single, and reside with their parents ; also, one boy, who died in childhood. The whole family are members of the Lutheran Church. Mrs. Klink was born in Prussia Dec. 22, 1832, and came to this country with her parents when 4 years old. Her father, Daniel Kohlman, came here with three children, viz. : Catharine, Charles and Melissa ; the boy died when they had been here about three years.

CHARLES KEPLINaER, farmer; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born in York Co., Penn., Feb. 2, 1809. His father, Daniel Keplinger, was also a native of Pennsylvania. He married Annie M. Leister, of Maryland. After their marriage they settled on a farm. They reared a family of eight children, viz., Jacob, Hannah, Sarah, Polly, L3'dia, Charles, Daniel and Catharine. They all moved to Columbiana Co., Ohio, in 1825, except Hannah, who, with her husband, followed a year and a half later, and in the spring of 1827 they moved to a farm which they purchased in Stark Co., where the childi'en grew up to maturity-, and began to " strike out " for themselves. On account of the delicate condition of their father's and oldest brother's health, Charles was obliged to render all the assistance in his power, from the time he was 11 years old. Almost the entire care of his father's farm was left to him, consequently he got no chance of attending school. He remained at home until 24 years of age, and on Dec. 24, 1833, was united in marriage with Sarah Wersthler. She was born in Stark Co., Ohio, Oct. 9, 1813. They lived with his father and farmed the homestead for three years. They then moved to the farm of his father-in-law (Greorge Wersthler), where they farmed three years. In the meantime, his father (Daniel Keplinger) died ; therefore they moved back to care for the old homestead, and lived on it one and a half years. He purchased 160 acres of his present farm in August, 1839, and moved to it, arriving here on the 3d day of November, 1840. The farm was all under wood and without any improvements of any kind when he purchased it ; by the time they get here there was a log cabin erected by one John Werner, under contract. The roof was on, but the cabin was yet untenantable, so his wife and little ones got shelter in the house of his brother-in-law, Jacob H. Sells, who had been here several j^ears, until their own cabin was fixed up so thej^ could live in it. The}' were in poor circumstances, financially, as all they possessed was one team, and were $150 in debt on their land. They worked hai'd, and by unceasing energy and industrious habits of himself and noble wife, they have secured a competence of this world's goods. They built a substantial and commodious brick residence in 1857, and besides his well-improved farm here, he owns 320 acres in Nebraska. They had eleven children, eight of whom are living - Mary A., wife of Isaac Kinney, of Indiana ; Josiah, in this township ; Emanuel, in Nebraska ; William E., in this township ; Daniel E. and Jacob W., also in Nebraska ; George W. and Emma at home with their parents. Three children, two girls and one boy, died here of scarlet fever, which was epidemic shortly after they came to this count3^ The second year of their residence here, Mr. Keplinger was elected Township Trustee, and served several years, and then Township Clerk for two years ; was re-elected Trustee, and held the office several years. He was then elected Township Treasurer for two years, and when one j^ear had elapsed after his term had expired, he was elected to the same office and served ninej^ears. In 1860, he was elected Land Appraiser, and officiated in the same capacity' in 1870. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1846, for one term, and on account of his own business interests, which demanded his undivided attention, he refused to serve any longer in that office. In 1859, he was elected Count}' Commissioner, and held that office until December, 1865, and in the fall of 1875, he was again elected County Commissioner, and is now serving on his second term. Although his school education was deficient, he acquired a good, practical, business education through his powers of quick perception and varied experience. Almost continuously, since his residence in the county, he has been, in some capacit}', faithfully serving the public. In 1862, his son Emanuel enlisted in Co. H, 123d 0. Y. I., and served until the close of the war. He received three wounds - once through the calf of the right leg, and was shot througii the right foot, the ball entering in his heel, passed through his foot lengthwise, emerging between the second and third toes ; the third was less serious, though none the less dangerous, as it came closer to more important organs of life ; in this case a ball grazed the top of his ear so closely that it bled, but luckly from this he sustained a mere scratch.

JOHN KAFER, farmer; P. 0. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Jan. 13, 1812. His father Michael, and mother Elizabeth (Klienknecht) Kafer, with their seven children - Mar}', Jacob, Catharine, John, Fredrick, Rosey and Christiana - emigrated from the old country in 1832, and in the spring of 1833, came to Crawford Co., Ohio. The}^ purchased 80 acres in this township, which one of the family now owns ; this served as a home for all the family until they began to drop off, one by one, into homes of their own. The old folks still remained on their first location, until removed by death a few years ago. Mr. John Kafer remained in the parental home for some time after he was of age. He then thought best to make a beginning on his own account, and prudently secured a housekeeper, who would take a life interest in his affairs. She was named Elizabeth Hamm, and they were married March 22, 1838 ; she was born in Stark Co., Ohio, Oct. 8, 1818. While yet in limited pecuniary circumstances, they enjoyed their lot; but erelong that mutual enjoyment was crushed by the death of Mrs. Kafer ; she left one child, Elizabeth, who is now the wife of Adam Durr. Mr. Kafer married a second wife, Fredrecka Layer, on March 15, 1841. She was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Nov. 29, 1821, and came to the United Stateswith her parents (Christian and Catharine Layer), when about 15 years old. In 1839, Mr. Kafer bought 80 acres of the farm where he resides, and has lived there ever since ; he is unlike many, in that he has not only been able to barely hold on to his first purchase of 80 acres, but by his unceasing labor and economy, has added, by various purchases, until he now owns 319 acres of good land, and lives a quiet unassuming life, enjoying the fruits of his early industry. His children by the second marriage are Mary A., wife of Daniel Pfleiderer ; Carolina, wife of Fred

Heiby ; Catharine, wife of Jacob Ackerman ; Louisa C, at home with her parents ; Rosy, wife of Phillip Heiby ; Jacob S. and Emma R., at home. They are members of the Lutheran Church.

SAMUEL B. KOONS, farmer; P. 0. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Sandusky Township, this county, Nov. 17, 1840. He is the son of Abraham and Jane (Mills) Koons. His father was born in Pennsylvania June 16, 1783, and, when a young man, he learned the millwright's trade, which he followed for many years, besides owning a farm. He was twice married, first to Susan Shrader, b}' which union there were thirteen children, six of whom grew to manhood and womanhood and reared families of their own ; they were Margaret, Daniel, John, Charlotte. Susan and Abraham. After about twenty-four years of married life, his first wife died. April 15, 1830, he married Jane Mills, who is his surviving widow ; she was born in Marjdand July 1, 1812 ; of her father's family there were seven children left to do for themselves when quite young. Mrs. Koons was taken by a famil}^ to rear, and they moved to Pennsylvania when she was about 5 years old. There she grew to womanhood, and, as stated above, was married to Mr. Koons. Notwithstanding he was much her senior, they got along the very best. Two years after their marriage, the}^ came to Ohio, first settling in Richland Co. in the spring of 1832, and, in the spring of 1839, they sold out and moved into Sandusky Township, this county, where they purchased 160 acres, and afterward added 37^ more. In the course of time, there were fourteen children born to his second wife, twentyseven children in his family in all, as his first wife was mother of thirteen, seven of whom died in childhood ; but the fourteen of the second marriage are all living and doing well, the youngest about 26 years old. Their names and present residences are as follows : William L., in Fulton Co., Ind.; Annie E., in Crestline, at the millinery business ; Mary M., in Kansas - was married to R. Armstrong ; he was killed by a runaway team ; Sarah J., now Mrs. Moore, of Lansing, Mich.; David S., farming in Hancock Co. ; Martha E., is married to Rev. James M. Roberts, a missionary in New Mexico ; Samuel B., in this township ; Harriet, Mrs. James Stevenson, of Annapolis ; Ben. F., is now pursuing his studies at Yale College,

New Haven, Conn.; R. Catharine is on missionary work among the freedmen of Mississippi, and teacher in Tougaloo College, near Jackson, Miss.; R. Porter, is a physician in Kansas: Oliver H., is studying music in Philadelphia ; F. Mills, is studying in Oberlin, Ohio ; Joanna is married and living in Illinois. Mr. Koons, Sr., died March 22, 1869, and, after the settlement of the estate and several unimportant changes, Mrs. Koons got herself a comfortable residence in the village, where she is spending the remaining years of her life quietly and alone. Samuel B. received a common-school education, besides one term in Obei'lin ; his time bej'ond school hours was occupied on the farm until Aug. 15, 1861 ; at that date he enlisted in Co. C, 49th 0. V. I., and participated in several of the deadly engagements of the war, viz., Shiloh, Liberty Gap, Stone River (and at the close of that engagement he was promoted to Sergeant), Chickamauga and Mission Ridge ; in the latter conflict, Nov. 19, 1863, he sustained a serious injury b}' being struck on the back of the head by a piece of wood which formed a partition between the powder and ball in the construction of cannon cartridges, from one of their own guns, which was firing OA'er them. From the effects of this wound he lay insensible for eighteen days. After a month's hospital care, he was able to come home on a furlough, and remained about two months. When his regiment was re-enlisted, he went in the Atlanta campaign as far as Buzzard's Roost ; his tei'm of enlistment had then expired, and he was discharged Sept. 5, 1864. He then came home to Crawford Co., and, on Nov. 17 of the same year, he was mai'ried to Margaret Stevenson ; she was born in Seneca Co. March 27, 1845. For three years, he worked his father's fjirm, and, in the spring of 1868, they pui'chased the farm of 71 acres where they now live. Mrs. Koons' parents came to live with them, and here her father died Aug. 16, 1871, but her mother is still with them at the advanced age of 73 years. On account of his wound received in the army, which affects him seriously if he takes the least cold, he draws a pension of $8 per month. They have a family of five children - Clarence A., Virgil C, Sarah J., Maggie M. and Samuel R.

father, Abraham, was twice married ; by his first wife there were four children - Susan, John, Elizabeth and Abraham ; the three younger ones emigrated with their father from Switzerland to Canada in 1829. Susan remained in their native countr3^ Mr. Klopfenstein was a widower, and when he settled in Canada he married Elizabeth Reiter, who came from Switzerland when he did. They built a cabin in the woods and bought some land and were getting along nicely. A brother in Switzerland wrote to x\braham in Canada, that he was about to start for the United States, and would prefer to see him there. John came from Switzerland to Crawford Co., and Abraham from Canada, they located in Polk Township, where the latter entered 200 acres in 1833 ; and brought his youngest son, b}- first wife, along, leaving John and Elizabeth on the property in Canada. Abraham w^ent to Buftalo, N. Y., where he took sick and sent for his father to come and see him, which he did on foot, and returned in the same manner ; from then they lost all track of Abraham, as he never returned. When Mr. Klopfenstein came here he built a cabin in the woods and began the clearing and improvement of his land, and got along well until 1846, when he was called by death, leaving widow and three children, viz.: Mary, Elizabeth and Isaac. (Mary is now widow of Jacob Freidley, of Van Wert ; Elizabeth is wife of Charles No3er, of Allen Co., Ind.) Widow Klopfenstein married Jacob Millemater about two years after the death of her first husband ; Millemater assumed control of affairs, and in Api'il of 1851, Isaac (our subject) left home to do for himself, and engaged with Charles Noyer in a brickyard, and did odd jobs until spring of 1852 ; when he again engaged on the brickyard, and in the fall he purchased a half interest in a threshing machine on credit, in partnership with John Kinsey. Having poor success that season, he sold out his interest to Kinsey, receiving something for his labor. In January-, 1853, he went to Wayne Co., Ind., where he took a job of cutting eighty cords of wood at 60 cents per cord, and paid his board at the rate of $1.50 per week ; this job he completed in forty days. He then began to work by the month a short time at $15 per month, but soon got another job of cutting out a road three rods wide and one-fourth of a mile long, through heavy timber, cutting it all into cord-wood, re- ceiving for his job 62^ cents per cord for as much us it would make, and board himself, which he got at the old rate, $1.50 per week. He then returned to the county and sold his one-third interest in the homestead of eight}' acres, for which he received $600. His guardian turned over the money to him, and he straightway purchased eighty acres in Chatfield Township ; twenty-five of it was partially cleared, and had a cabin house and barn on it. He returned to Wayne Co., Ind., and worked in a slaughter-house until about Christmas of that year, when he returned to this count3^ and. on Feb. 5, 1854, he married Mary Bitikoffer ; she was born in Switzerland, Dec. 4, 1831, and came with her parents to Stark Co., in 1836, and to Crawford Co. in 1843. April 1, 1854, they moved to their farm, which he had lately bought, and while they lived there made several purchases and sales ; the}' remained there twelve years ; during that time he was twice drafted into the army, first time he furnished a substitute, and second time the township was cleared b}' subscription, costing him $595, in all. In 1866, he bought 100 acres and added to it 44, which constitutes the farm where he resides, besides 40 acres in Chatfield, 160 acres in Sandusky, and 144 acres in Bucyrus Townships, and, in 1877, he purchased a half-interest in the stock of dry goods and groceries of Fry & Keller (Mr. Fry owning the building). He has a family of seven children living, viz.: Abraham, who is living on the Bucyrus farm, 80 acres of which he has bought ; John is on the Sandusky farm, 80 acres of which he has purchased ; Mary E., Susan C, Emma S., Isaac E. and Maud M.; the five last named are at home with their parents. In 1861, he was elected Township Trustee for one term. He built a good brick residence on his farm in Chatfield, and in 1860 he put up a barn, 56x44 feet ; the frame- work cost only $105, taken off the stump. He has tried his hand at many kinds of business, and, although a man of very limited education, has succeeded at all. After he was 9 years old, he was only two weeks at school, and when he was married he could not write his own name. Being totally ignorant of mathemathics when he began to deal in stock in 1860, he found it necessary to study the simple rules, and for that purpose he went to school along with his own children. His first start was farming, next project was threshing in partnership with Mr. Bitikofl'er, in 1855, and in 1856 he made brick ; in 1857 he bought and " run "" a thresher on his own account, and in 1858 he resumed the manufacture of brick ; and in 1860 he began stock-dealing ; in that he has been ver}' successful ; while others have failed on every side of him he has and is still doing a prosperous business ; some farmers in this vicinity have sold to him exclusively for the past twenty years, which is good evidence of fair dealing. His success in farming can be best understood by the following figures and data : His first crop of wheat was four and onehalf acres, which himself and wife harvested in 1856, the entire crop amounted to eight bushels, and this 3'ear (1880) himself and sons harvested 110 acres, from which the}^ realized 2,750 bushels and marketed it at 95c(^$l per bushel. He joined the German Reformed Church when 14 years of age, and was Deacon from 1859 until 1865 ; since latter date he has been an Elder, and officiates in that capacity now. Mrs. Klopfenstein and the three oldest children are members of the church. His father settled up the estate so as to leave the property in Canada to John and Susan, of the first wife, giving a quit-claim deed to it, and taking the same from them as against his Crawford Co. property, which was intended for his other three children, but by neglect his father never recorded the quit-claim from those in Canada, and after his death they came here and claimed and got an equal share with Isaac and his two

DANIEL LIGHT, retired farmer ; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born June 30, 1806, in Dauphin Co., Penn. His parents, Adam and Mary (Diddie) Light, were also natives of Pennsylvania. In early life, Daniel learned the weaving business, but due regard for his health forbade him following it long ; so he abandoned it for the more invigorating life on the farm, to which he has ever since devoted his whole attention, both in Pennsylvania and Ohio. He moved here in 1854, purchasing 80 acres where he now lives, but has added, b}^ purchase, until his farm consists of 120 acres of good and well-improved land, where he is passing the declining years of his life in peace and enjoying the fruits of his early industry. He has been twice married ; first to Polly Heller, September, 1828. She was called awa}- by death, leaving four children, viz., William, John, Emanuel and Adam. His second marriage was with Lueetta Harmon ; she was born in Dauphin Co.. Penn., Jan. 15, 1823; the children by this union are Mary E. and Daniel A. They brought his first wife's four children along with them when the}' came to Ohio ; his daughter b}' second wife was onl}' a few months old ; his youngest son, Daniel A.. was born in this county. Shortly after the outbreak of the rebellion, his son. Aclf^-m, enlisted on Nov. 2, 1861, in Co. K, 64th O. Y. I., and served through the war, until the engagement at Chickamauga, where the Union soldiers were forced to yield, and daring the retreat he was stunned b}- a bullet, which grazed the top of his head, stripping its breadth of hair and scalp from his skull, which felled him to the ground, when he became an easy prey, as a prisoner, to the rebels ; he was forthwith conveyed to Andersonville Prison, and later, to Florence Prison, spending seventeen months of starvation and misery in the two places. He was paroled in February, 1865, and returned to his father's, as his discharge had been granted before he was released from the Southern prison. Emaciated with hunger and dejected in spirits, his recovery seemed ver}- doubtful ; but with strict attention of his parents, good care and nourishment, he regained his usual strength ; he afterward married here, where he died, leaxing a widow and three children. W^illiam lives in this township ; Emanuel resides in Henry Co., Ohio ; John owns 40 acres of land in Plolmes Township, but makes his home with his father ; he is unmarried ; has devoted his time to farming, and like those whose quiet lives are unallured by the gush and glare of society, lives a quiet, practical life. Mar}- E. is now Mrs. Henry Stevenson, of this county ; Daniel A., the youngest, also resides with his parents. Mr. and Mrs. Light are members of the German Reformed Church.

DANIEL LAYER, farmer ; P. 0. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, April 9, 1830. His parents. Christian and Catharine (Faill) Layer, emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1838, and brought eight children with them, viz., DoUe}'. Elizabeth, Fredricka, John, Jacob. Christian, Daniel and J. A. They all reside in this State. The oldest girl married John Layer, and died in Union Co., leaving five children. When Mr. Layer " came to the United States, he came direct to

Ohio, and purchased 96 acres, where Daniel lives. Here the family grew up to maturity, and from there struck out in the world for themselves. On Feb. 1, 1854, Daniel married Catharine, daughter of Jacob Ulmer, and moved to Kent Co., Mich., where he entered 160 acres of land and lived there three years. His wife's health failed, and she longed to return to her old home and acquaintances in this county, so they sold out, and came back to his father's, where his wife died, October, 1857. He rented his father's farm for four or five years, and lived a widower with his parents ; and they, being old with years and hard work, were ready to give up the care of the place to some one more competent to take care of it. In 1862, his father died, then he, Daniel, bought the interest of the other heirs, and carried on the farm, his aged mother making her home with him until July 24, 1878, when she was removed by death. Daniel was again inarried, to Barbara Eppley,. daughter of John and Barbara (Wey) Eppley, who came from Germany, where she was born Feb. 21, 1859. and came here with her parents when about 3 years old. Her parents first settled near Harrisburg, Penn., for about two years, and then came to Chatfield Township, this county. Mr. Layer has, by his second marriage, one child - Lydia. John A. lives on the adjoining farm, and both of them have prospered well. He married Mary Green Jan. 10, 1856. They have the following children - EUzabeth R., Eliza A., George F. and Frank E. JAMES MANAHAN (deceased) ; was born in Frederick Co., Md., in 1811. He married Sidney Nichols, who was born in the same county in 1813. Some time after they were married, they moved to Seneca Co., this State, where they stayed about one year. In 1840, they came to Crawford Co. and settled on the Wyandot Reservation, and remained about two years. Then they moved to the "Plains " out from Bucyrus, and settled at what is known as '- Parcher's Corners." They lived there seven years, and the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. now runs directly over the location where their house stood. They kept shifting from time to time, and, about 1851, they removed to a ftirm on the Sandusky, near R. W. Knisely's, where they lived eight years. In 1859, they rented the Biddle farm, near Annapolis, and here they have remained since. They reared a family of ten children, six boys and four girls - Alfred

Biographical Sketches

W., Samuel, Lucinda (now Mrs. John Zandel), Barbara J., Adaline, Elizabeth, Silas, James M., John and Watson. When the late rebellion broke out, Alfred W. enlisted in the three months' service. At the expiration of that time, he re-enlisted for nine months. When that time expired, he again enlisted, and served to the close of the war. He now resides in Frederick Co., Md. James M. also enlisted, but only in the one hundred daj's' service, O. N. (r., and when his term of service expired he returned to the rest of the family, and remained here until removed by death on May 1, 1878. Their father died on March 1, 1871. Silas is unmarried, and with him his aged mother and sisters make their home. He takes entire charge of the farm of 153 acres, for which he pa^'s $450 annually in cash as rent for the place. The}^ have now been occupying the same place for over twenty-one 3^ears, which fact would indicate that they are desirable tenants.

E. M. MOORE, farmer ; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, Sept. 9, 1838 ; he is the son of James and Catharine (Lomes) Moore, the former a native of Washington Co., Penn., and the latter of Columbiana Co., Ohio. Mr. E. 31. Moore's youth was spent between the duties of the farm and attending school. Being naturally as a boy apt and intelligent, he acquired a good education early in life, and, in his 17th 3'ear, he began teaching school, and taught sixteen winter terms. AVhen 18 years of age, he entered Mt. Union College, Stark Co., Ohio, and attended it eight terms. He had entered tlie Junior Class in 1861, wiien he abandoned his course at college, as he had to furnish for himself all means of support and tuition. He afterward turned his attention to teaching in the winter months and farming in the summer. He owns one of the most comfortable and bestimproved farms of 108 acres in Liberty Township, with splendid out- buildings and a fine brick residence, to which he moved in March, 1868, on the 12th of which month he united his fortunes with Lizzie, daughter of John and Elizabeth Crall. She was born in Dauphin Co., Penn., Dec. 17, 1843, and came here with her parents in 1852. They have six children - Cora E., Susan E., Mary M., John J., Kattie B. and Oliver M. Besides superintending his farm, he has been engaged about ten months of the year for the past nine years as foreman in the clothing department of the extensive mercantile house of M. Emrich, of Bucyrus, which position he now holds. He is a member of Demas Lodge, No. 108, of Knights of Pj'thias, and of Howard Lodge, No. 109, Knights of Honor ; also the Masonic Crawford Lodge, of Bucvrus.

ROBERT WALLACE MUSGRAVE, deceased ; was born in New York Feb. 10, 1810 ; he was the 3'Oiyigest of a family of six children, four boys and two girls. The whole family moved to this State when he (Robert W.) was a mere boy, and, when about 15 years of age, he was employed by Henry St. John as clerk in his store at Wooster, Ohio. Mr. St. John soon moved to Bucyrus and brought young Musgrave along. And, after he had been here some time, he took an interest in the establishment and did business for several 3'ears in partnership with St. John. Here he formed the acquaintan(;e of Maria G-illespie, who was born in Washington Co., Penn., Sept. 5, 1806, and came to Bucvrus with her father's family- in October, 1834. 'Sept. 5, 1835, Mr. Musgrave and Miss Gillespie were united in matrimony ; they began housekeeping and resided there for six 3^ears, when Ml". Musgrave disposed of his interests in Bucyrus and moved to this village in June, 1841, where he built a store and put in a stock of general merchandise, and carried on the business with much success, and purchased at various times land in this vicinit3' to the amount of 760 acres, which is owned b3' his widow and the heirs. During Buchanan's administration, he was appointed Postmaster, which office he held here many 3'ears, although he was of the opposite political persuasion ; he also held the office of Associate Judge for several years. The3' reared five children, viz., Marian, now Mrs. Biddle, of Buc3'rus ; Ellen J., deceased ; Thomas W. ; Julia, widow of James Rader ; and Myra, now Mrs. Wells. Mr. Musgrave's was a life of unceasing business activit3- from the time he was 15 years old until it closed in death Ma3' 18, 1868. His usefulness was never fully known or realized in business circles, or his influence in society until the vicinit3' sustained the loss in his demise. His introduction to this count3^ was in the role of a poor bo3' doing chores and clerking in a store, and carr3'ing the mail across the countr3- on horseback. But his course was steadih' upward, as in time he soon became one of the important factors in the business circles of the county, also holding the position of Associate County Judge. Regardless of public opinion, or at the risk of becoming unpopular, he would unhesitatingly assail whatever he considered of questionable merit. Mrs. Musgrave occupies the old homestead and 140 acres, where she is passing the remainder of her days in happiness, and supplied with all the luxuries of life. Her ancestors were from Ireland ; her grandfather, James Gillespie, emigrated from County TjTone, and came to United States when young ; he settled in Washington Co., Penn., where he reared a family of six sons. Thomas, the oldest one was Mrs. Musgrave's father, and when she was 8 years old the famil}- moved from Pennsylvania and located at Xenia, Grreene Co., Ohio, and remained there about twelve years ; her father spent some time in Tiffin in connection with the land office there, but, as stated, moved his family to Bucj'rus in October, 1834, and died in the village of Annapolis at the residence of his sou Thomas many ^^ears ago.

THOMAS W. MUSGRAVE, retired farmer ; P. 0. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Bucyrus, this county, March 9, 1840. He is the only son of Robert W. Musgrave, and was reai'cd to farm work, and lived with his parents until of age. On Aug. 21, 1861, he united his fortunes with Hannah Fry, a daughter of J. H. Fry, who was born Jan. 21, 1839, in this township. He farmed his father's place for several years, when he went to the State of Indiana, but remained only a short time, when he came back, and got 160 aci'es of his father's estate, which he occupied for some time, but subsequently sold it and purchased 148 acres, which he now owns. In the spring of 1 880, he moved to this village (Annapolis), where he lives comfortably, away from the cares and toil of the farm. He is one of those who are liberal in assisting in any enterprise which is worthy of patronage, and that without displa3^ He is a member of the Knights of Honor, Liberty Lodge No. 845. They have four children - Frank R., Mary E., Robert J. and Albert W.

THOMAS McCULLOUGH, deceased. He was born Aug. 14, 1831, on the farm where his widow and family reside. His father. Alexander McCuUough, came here at the first settlement of the count}' ; he died here, leaving a widow and five children, Thomas, the eldest, being only 10 years of age ; consequently, he learned earl}' in life what it was to do for himself The widow and her five children struggled hard for subsistence, and, as time carried them through the shifting scenes of pioneer life, they saw, with much gratification, that the many and varied obstacles disappeared as soon as approached ; but of the five, onl}- William (now living in Wayne Co.) is left to compare the present realities with the memories of the past. On Nov. 4, 1858, Thomas united his fortunes with those of Mary Cleland. She was born June 3, 1827, in Vernon Township, this count}'. They have had five children - Martha Atta, Rachel A., William C, and two who died in infancy. Mr. McCulIough began schoolteaching early in life, and continued the same in the winter months, and, in the summer, attending to his farm duties, for several years after his marriage. He was elected and held the office of Township Trustee for two terms, with honor to himself and satisfaction to those he represented. He took a deep and lasting interest in the Sabbath school which was organized in their district, and of which he was Superintendent for six years. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church. On the 12th of May, 1879, his career closed and his life of good works was sealed in death, mourned by many and highly esteemed by all who knew him. Mrs. McCulIough and her three children are in good circumstances, and live happily on their well-improved farm of 76 acres. She purposes giving them a good education, which they are eager to avail themselves of Her eldest daughter, Martha A., has taught school during the past summer. Mrs. McCullough's father, William Cleland, was born in Ireland, and emigrated to the United States when young, with his parents. He came to this county and settled in Vernon Township, where he is still living, and is strong and active, considering that he is in his 85th year. It took six weeks to make their voyage across the ocean. He married Rachel Ramsy, who was a native of Virginia.

DANIEL L.^McMICHAEL, farmer; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born April 7, 1836. where he resides. To give a short sketch of the family - of some historic worth, in connection with Crawford Co. - it is necessary to go back to one Daniel iMcMichael, grandfather of D. L. McMichael, who was born in Ireland, and came to the United States with his parents when about 16 years of age, which was about the year 1794. The family located in Westmoreland Co., Penn., and, when Daniel attained his majority, he married Mary McDowell. She was a native of Scotland, and came to the United States with her parents at an eai'ly date. A few years after their marriage, they moved to Ohio, and located on the north of the Sandusky, near where Bucyrus is located. Being a miller by profession, and a mechanical genius, Mr. McMichael saw and felt the pressing need for some kind of mill to grind what little grain they raised to subsist on. He traveled up the river, looking for a suitable location as the basis of operation for building a mill. When he reached the place where Nathan Cooper now lives, he concluded that the object of his search had been discovered. There he entered 160 acres of Government land, and built a saw and gristmill combined, which was one of the fii'st institutions of the kind in the county, of which the county history speaks more fully. He reared a family of eight children, viz., David, Matthew, William, Daniel, Allen, Mary. Hattie and Martha. Of these, Daniel, Mary and Martha are living in Iowa ; Allen, in Nebraska, and Matthew, who resided on the old homestead, near Bucyrus, and died there some 3'ears since. William set out for the gold fields of California, during the early excitement in 1848, and was never heard from here since he wrote a letter back when he reached the Rock}' Mountains. David, the oldest one of the family, married Margaret, daughter of John Anderson, who settled here about the year after the McMichaels came. Shortly after the marriage of his daughter, Anderson died, so David McMichael moved to the Anderson farm and remained there until the time of his death, which occurred Nov. 3, 1857, leaving a widow and seven children, viz., Rebecca J., Daniel L., John A., George W., Marie, Cynthia and David - the latter one is deceased. Of these, G. W. and Marie are in Nebraska ; John, Cynthia and Daniel L., in this county. The last-named worked on the farm, and, in the meantime, received a good education at the common and normal schools. He prepared himself for teaching, which he did with marked success for a period of fifteen years, in the winter months, spending the summer on the farm, with some few exceptions, when he taught in summer also. Sept. 16, 1864, he married Rachel J. Woodside. They have four children, viz., Wallace D., Burton 0., William G. and Lawrence E. Mrs. McMichael was born in this county, in 1839. They own about 50 acres of land, which is part of what belonged to the old Anderson homestead.

JACOB OREWILER, farmer ; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born in Huntingdon Co., Penn., on Jan. 5, 1814. His father, John, and his mother, Barbara (Keith) Orewiler, were both natives of Pennsylvania, but his mother's parents came from Germany, and settled in Pennsylvania, and her father's name was Michael Keith. When Mr. eJohn Orewiler married Barbara Keith, she was then the widow of one John Kline, by whom she had three sons - John, William and Joseph. And of the Orewiler children there were seven - Henr}', Adam, Lewis, Rosanna, Elizabeth, Michael and Jacob. They were all born in Penns^dvania ; and when the youngest (Jacob) was about 3 years old, the whole family moved from. Pennsylvania and came to Ohio ; they settled in Richland County, about ten miles north of Mansfield, in 1817. There the children grew to maturity, and began to branch out for themselves. Coming into this State at such an early date, they were perfectly conversant with pioneer life ; and, although the family were in reasonably good circumstances for that time, yet man}' were the disadvantages and privations to be borne then, which the youth of to-da}' would consider impossibilities. No pen can ever do justice to the men and wives, with their helpless little ones, who ventured into the trackless forest, with which they were unacquainted, there to risk their lives at the hands of the rad man, for the sake of securing a home for themselves and their posterity. And who can speak knowingl}^ of the longings, and aching hearts of those who would have gladly returned, whence they came, when all opportunities of returning were unavailable. But most of those noble souls who bore the first burdens of settling these parts, have passed from their toiling to a more abiding rest. Mr. Jacob Orewiler's parents made their permanent home in Richland County, and died there years ago. The first of the family to come into Crawford County was Lewis ; he settled in Cranberry Township in 1835. Jacob came here also at that time, but did not settle permanently. He made a purchase of 40 acres in Sandusky Township in the year 1835, and then returned to his father's in Richland County. Erelong he came back to Crawford County and stopped with his brother Lewis ; and purchased 40 acres more in Sandusky Township. He worked around between Richland and Crawford Counties for several years ; and in 1839, he went to Indiana, and stopped in De Kalb County, a little over a year, thence to Iowa, where he worked by the month about two years ; then returned to Crawford County, and made his home with his brother Lewis for a short time ; and in January, 1813, he married Annie Conley. She was born in Richland County Feb. 3, 1818. and came to this county with her folks in 1828. Mr. Orewiler and his bride repaired to his farm of 80 acres, which he still retained, in Sandusky Township ; but afterward sold out there, and moved to Chatfield Township, where he purchased 79 acres. They occupied the latter about ten years ; and Jan. 31, 1865, moved to the farm where the}' now live ; and in 1876, erected a commodious two-story frame residence, besides making other important and necessary impi'ovements on the farm. They had nine children, five of whom are living - John, Elzie, Albert, Jacob and Flora A. Those deceased are Alfred, Henry, Nancy J. and Louisa. John married Sophia Kroneberger, and lives in this township ; Elzie married Alice Keller, and lives at Upper Sandusky. Mr. and Mrs. Orewiler are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His sisters were married and moved West, at an early date, and little has been known of them since. Elizabeth was married to Jesse Van Fustin ; Rosanna to Jacob Hoover ; they settled first in Illinois, and then moved to California ; this was the latest account ; Lewis is the onl}' brother who survives. DAVID PFLEIDERER, farmer ; P. O. Sulphur Springs ; was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Dec. 5, 1822. He is the son of Christian and Barbara (Auberly) Pfleiderer ; the former born in the year 1789, and the latter in 1794. They were farmers in Germany, and in very comfortable circumstances; but Christian concluded to emigrate to the United States, where he could more readily procure farms for his growing familv ; accordingly, himself and wite and their four children, viz.: Adam, Jacob, Daniel and Christian, started from Germany in the spring of 1831, and after ninet3'-two days on the ocean they landed at Baltimore, Md. They came across the country until they arrived in Columbiana Co., Ohio ; being weary of traveling, and then near the approach of winter, they hesitated about going to unsettled parts of the new country, they concluded to stop in Columbiana Co., until winter would break up. They found shelter with a family by the name of Seacrist ; Mr. Ffleiderer went to work at whatever odd jobs turned up while they were there, as did the oldest boys. Soon as spring opened up they purchased a yoke of oxen and an old wagon, with which the family traveled and brought their little effects, and in the first week of April the}' came to Crawford Co. and located on 80 acres which was entered by Mr. Pfleiderer while they were wintering in Columbiana, and the same is now part of David's farm. Soon as they came here they purchased 80 acres for $145, adjoining that which had been entered. There was a miserable old cabin on the premises, which the family took refuge in until they got a more comfortable one erected, and in which there was scarcely a nail used in its construction, and about a year later he bought 80 acres more for $140. He was called on, soon after their arrival here, to assist one Ludwig Geiger raise a cabin, when by accident a pole fell and broke his right leg, which was a terrible drawback to the general improvement which was so much needed in the woods ; although he had no clearing done at this time, the family were not as destitute as many of the pioneers, as they had considerable money with them. They had made a good start, and everything seemed prosperous until Mr. Pfleiderer was stricken with paralysis one morning as he got up out of bed, from which he expired instantly. This sudden and unexpected change left considerable care on his widow with her six children, two of whom were born since their arrival in this county - John and Daniel, the latter a mere infant. The older children conducted the affairs of the farm admirable, and Mrs. Pfleiderer did considerably of the light work out doors herself; she lives with her son David, and although she is in her 86th year, she is as smart on foot as many who are twenty years younger ; will walk off to church, a distance of several miles, and back without any apparent fatigue.

a party of buskers, doing her share with a zeal and earnestness which would become one of 16, rather than 86 j^ears ; of course, it is neither expected of her nor desired, but having always lecl an active life, she could find no contentment in sitting down in idleness or ease. At the settling of the estate, David took the homestead and has bought nearly all the heirs' interest, except Christian's, who makes his home with David. He (Christian) was taken with a severe attack of scarlet fever when quite young, causing an unbalanced condition of his mental faculties, from which he never fully recovered. Nov. 13, 1843, David married Mary Heckenlively ; she was born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, and came to Chatfield Township with her parents in August, 1832. They have had fourteen children, viz.: Magdalen, now Mrs. Christ Harmon, of Kosciusko Co., Ind.; Anna M., wife of Gr. Ludhardt ; Abraham, in Kosciusko Co., Ind.; John (deceased), Margaret, George (deceased), Barbara, wife of Reuben Crall, of Indiana ; Lydia, Isaac and Jacob (twins.) Samuel (deceased), Leonora, Carolina and Clara. Mr. Pfleiderer owns a good farm of 240 acres, which is well improved and has good buildings, which have been well earned by his own and his wife's industry. David's eldest brother, Adam, is now in Ft. Wayne, Ind.; Jacob married here, died, and left a widow and three children. Mrs. David Pfleiderer is the oldest of a family of eight children ; her father, John Heckenlivelj^, was born in Germany and came to the United States a young man ; he was married in Baltimore, and subsequently moved to Chatfield Township, this county, in 1832. He was a minister of the Gospel of the New-School Lutheran Church. Sometime after the}- settled here his wife died, leaving eight children, viz.: Mary, Christina, George, Barbara, John, Catharine, Jacob and Magdalen. Of these George, Barbara and John are in Iowa ; Catharine and Jacob in Missouri ; Christina is now Widow Shieber. Rev. John Heckenlively finally married the widow of Christian Pfleiderer and lived very confortably. He was sent to Iowa by the American Tract Society, as a missionary - in the German language - in the interest of the New-School Lutherans. He preached in that State three years, and, finding his health failing, he resigned ; returned to Mr. Pfleiderer's, and soon afterward passed to that realm of

K S. PETERMAN, farmer; P. 0. Bucyrus; was born in York Co., Penn., Dec. 1, 1831, the son of Henry and Elizabeth (Shultz) Peterman. The family consisted of parents and two children - E. S. and Mary ; they moved from Pennsylvania and settled in Stark Co., Ohio, in 1834. Mr. Peterman, Sr., worked at the blacksmith's trade for some years, but later in life tui-ned his attention to farming. Mr. E. S. Peterman secured a good common-school education, and, in 1859, he embarked in the grocery trade, opening an establishment in Canton, and in 1861 he purchased an interest in a dry-goods establishment with J. J. Kaufl'man, a brother of Mrs. Peterman. Having sold out his grocery business, he devoted his attention to the dr}^ goods alone, which he followed about six years, and sold out in 1866. He was united in marriage with Henrietta Kauftman March 20, 1856. Her parents were natives of Lancaster Co., Penn., but moved to Ohio, and settled in Stark County in 1831, where Mrs. Peterman was born Jul}- 5, 1837. Mr. Peterman moved to Crawford County in 1868, and in 1870, purchased the farm of 80 acres which he now owns, and which he bought of his father, who purchased the same of one Ernshaw, a Quaker. It is said that this 80 acres was the first location entered in the township. Mr. Henry Peterman had moved to this place in 1855 ; he and his wife both died here, she in the fall of 1869, and he in the spring of 1873. Mr. E. S. Peterman is quite a mechanical genius, and does his own odd jobs of carpenter work, and some small blacksmithing jobs. They have three children - ^Ella, Frank E. and Harrie, and enjoy the comforts of a well-earned and pleasant home.

JACOB SHIEBER, farmer ; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born in Wiirtemberg, German}^ May 19, 1831. His father, Gottlieb, and mother, Magdalen (Brosey) Shieber, emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1832 ; they had five children, Jacob being then a mere child. The}^, with a party of German emigrants, came by way of the lakes to Sandusky City, Ohio, and resolved to make a search for one Fred Feichtner, with whom they were acquainted in Germany, and who had settled in Crawford Co. ; with this intent Mr. Gottlieb Shieber and several of his German friends and fellow emi- grants left their families in Sandusky City and set out on foot to walk here. x\fter considerable weary search they were successful in finding their friend Feichtner, located comfortably in this township on the Broken Swoixl. Being much pleased with the appearance of the country, they concluded to locate in the same neighborhood. When they had made a short visit and looked around for a place to locate, they retui'ned on foot to Sandusky City to move their families here. They hired teams and brought their etiects to this locality, and turned their attention to proAiding a home for themselves. Mr. Shieber bought 40 acres of J. Caris, and soon after he entered 40 acres, and added by purchase until he owned 110 acres. This constituted the homestead where the children grew up to maturity ; there were nine in all - Christopher, Gottlieb, Fredericka, Christian, Jacob, Catherine, John, Abraham and Mary. Of these Fredericka, John and Abraham died when young. They were poor when they arrived here and had a hard time, but were blessed with good health and industrious habits, which are the basis of all material success. Jacob was the youngest son who lived to mature years, therefore he remained with his parents until 24 years of age. He married Eve Mauer June 14, 1855 ; the}' farmed his father's place one j^ear, and then moved, in April, 1856, to the farm where they are living, and where they had bought 80 acres, of which about 20 acres were cleared and a log cabin erected. They were poor and worked hard to improve their home and make it comfortable. At length the}' were able to purchase 37^ acres of Henry Cobb, and subsequently bought 80 acres of his brother in Holmes Township, and added by purchase until he owns in all 287 acres of good land with good buildings and otherwise well improved. They received only about $3,000 in all from the old homestead, and all the balance has been made by his own and his wife's industry. They reared nine children, eight of whom are living - John, Louisa J. (was married to Harrison Klink, but is now deceased), Henry, David S., Emanuel, Mary. Lizzie, Abraham and J. W. Mrs. Shieber was born June 21, 1835, in Stark Co., Oliio, and was only 2 weeks old when her parents left Stark Co. to come to Crawford. Her father's name was Jacob Mauer ; he emigrated from Germany with his wife and one child and first settled in Stark Co. and, as stated, moved thence to Crawford Co., where he died ; his widow married one Simon Price. Mrs. Shieber is the only survivor of her parents' six children. Mr. Jacob Shieber was elected Township Trustee for two years ; he was drafted into the arm}-, but furnished a substitute ; his father died here in August, 1869, full of years, when he had lived to see all his children enjoying comfortable homes of their own ; his widow still survives at the advanced age of 82 years. The family are members of the German Lutheran Church. DANIEL SELL, farmer; P. 0. Bucyrus ; was born on the farm where he now lives, June 19, 1838. He is the son of Jacob H. and Mary (Keplinger) Sell, who were both natives of Pennsylvania, and moved to Stark Co., Ohio, when quite young. They were married in Stark Co., and lived there several years afterward. In 1837, they moved to Crawford Co., and brought with them two children - Henry and Elizabeth. Mr. Sell entered 160 acres, and afterward purchased 40 acres more ; there were no improvements on any of the land which they located on. Mr. Sell erected a log cabin in the woods, and began clearing and improving his home. Two children were born to them after they came here, viz., Daniel and Catharine ; the latter died when about 3 years old ; three grew up to maturity. Henry married here one ]Mary Peterman, and got 80 acres of his father's estate, but subsequently sold out and moved to Williams Co., where he now resides. Elizabeth is the wife of Samuel Forst, of Indiana. Daniel resided on the farm with his parents, and owns almost 80 acres of the same to-da}', and enjoys the fruit of their industry as well as that of his own. Their first residence, or cabin, was removed only six years ago, to give place to their more comfortable residence. When Mr. Sell was about the proper age for attending school, there was but little opportunity for attending, as there were but few institutions of the kind in the kind in the country, and on account of his father's ill health, he was obliged to take charge of the form, consequently his school education is limited. He married Lovina Alice Cooper Nov. 19, 1863. She was born in this county Nov. 19, 1844. They have five children, viz., Willie 0., Frank, Harry, Orie and Perley. Mrs. Sell's father, Adam, and her mother, Eliza (Knisely) Cooper, were natives of Pennsylvania, and moved to this county quite early, and afterward moved to Findlay, where they died, leaving four children - Eliza, Mary, Lovina Alice and Horace G. Mr. Jacob H. Sell died here on the old homestead, Oct. 3, 1876, and his aged widow resides with their son Daniel.

SEXAIIER BROS., carriage manufacturers, Sulphur Springs. To give a short sketch of the fiimilv, it is necessary to go back to one Christian Sexauer, who, when a young man, emigrated from Baden, Germany, about the 3'ear 1827, and landed at New York, but had resolved to push on to the West. Accordingly, he set out for Ohio, and located at Sandusky City. After a few years' residence there, he removed to Bucyrus, and there pursued his trade of shoemaking. On the same ship, there sailed a maiden of his own nativity (Baden), one Carolina Schindler, who was also en route for Sandusky City, Ohio, and who shortly afterward moved to Bucyrus, which, no doubt, had something to do with the attraction of young Sexaner thither, as subsequent events proved. There the}' united their fortunes in matrimony, and indeed the financial part was easily united, as neither one had much to begin with except willing hands and good health, which was their capital stock. Here they lived happily for a number of years, when the cold hand of death snatched the husband and father from the family circle, leaving the widow and four sons, the eldest about 6 years, and the youngest a mere infant, viz., William F., Christian, C. F. and Lewis. Subsequently, the widow married J. G. Kinninger, of Gallon, a wagon-maker b}^ trade. In the meantime, William F. had gone to live with Stephen Brinkraan, a chair manufacturer, and learned that trade with him. Christian had been living with a family in Bucyrus until about 17 years of age, when he went to John Sims, and learned the trade of harness-making. When his apprenticeship had been served, he spent some time traveling and working at his trade, with the intention of improving thereby. He finally located in Elgin, ni., and began business for himself in 1860, and died there in 1877, leaving four orphan daughters, as his wife had died a few days previous. C. F. and Lewis lived with their mother and step-father, the former going into the wagon-making business, which he learned thoroughly. The latter, when about 13 years old, was apprenticed to the painter's trade with JeflTerson Norton. At the termination of his apprenticeship, he traveled some in connection with the interests of his trade. In the meantime, their step-father had moved from Gallon and opened a wagon-shop here (Sulphur Springs) in 1849, C. F. being his only help, and in fact the sole conductor of the business, as both parents were advanced in years and requiring the assistance of their son. In 1862, the three brothers, William F., C. F. and Lewis, entered into co-partnership, under the firm name of Sexauer Bros., for the purpose of manufacturing carriages and wagons. (For particulars of this industry, see township history.) The}' employ from eight to ten men, besides what they do themselves, in the various departments. William and C. F. attend principally to the woodwork, as in that they are both proficient, and Lewis takes charge of the painting department. The iron work is under their own supervision, which is sufficient guarantee that it is well done. They began hei'e with limited means, and, although they have not sprung at once to the zenith of a financial success, they have raised steadily and surely in the favor of their patrons, which is indicative of good, honest work and fair dealing, at reasonable prices. Theirs is not the hurriedl3'-made machine work such as floods the country, but everything warranted, and made by hand, of the best material. They are all married, and have each a home of their own. William F. was born Nov. 19, 1835. When 21 years old, he married Mary Rupersberger (Jan. 24, 1856). She was born June 8, 1 837, in Germany, and came here with her widowed mother and four other children, two boys and three girls in all, in 1849, and located at Gallon. They have five children, viz., William, Charles, Frederick, Amanda and Christian. C. F. was born Nov. 17, 1839. He married Mary Ziegler Nov. 26, 1863. She was born Nov. 17, 1841. The}- have four children living, viz., Ella, Bessie, Susan and Bertha ; two deceased, Celia and George L. Lewis was born March 17, 1843. He married Sarah Culver May 24, 1871. She was born in Pennsylvania Sept. 21, 1853. The}' have two children living, viz., Laura A. and Walter A. ; three deceased - Carrie, Edward and Frank.