Springfield Township (part 1 of 3)

Ohio

on this subject, to give us the depth and width of the water over weir, so we can verify the calculations ourselves ; state also what length of time the water can be dammed or held, if the stream is small.

It sometimes becomes necessary to vary the foregoing method in certain particulars, when it is desired to ascertain with great exactness the quantity of water a stream furnishes, or a wheel is using. On very small streams, or where wheels are competing, or where the useful effect or power of a wheel for the quantity of water is required with special precision, the arrangements for measuring should be more carefully prepared, and corrections made that are not taken into consideration in the foregoing description. The notch B should be made in a thin plate or sheet of iron, forming almost a sharp edge, (as a thick one retards the flow,) the plate then being screwed fast to the board. A, on its upper side ; the requisite stiffness is thus afforded to the iron. The notch in the iron should be made sufficiently less in size than that in the board, both on the bottom and at each end, to enable the water to pass clear of the board at all points, its flow being thus entirely unobstructed.

If the ordinary square and measure is used, the stake, E, should be driven so that the top will be precisely level with the edge of the iron lip or notch ; but since the capillary attraction caused by placing a rule in the water and on the stakes gives rise to some uncertainty in measuring by that means, it is best to use a hook gauge. In this case the stake E, stands above the level of the water to any convenient height, and is graduated with any degree of minuteness desired. The point on the stake on an exact level with the top of the notch may be fixed by means of a spirit level and straight edge. From this point to the commencement of the graduated scale, or zero, the distance is equal to the length of the gauge less the vertical length of the hook, so that when the water is just even with the notch, the top of the gauge will be at 0 on the scale, the top of the hook being at the surface of the water. Then as the water rises, the gauge is held against the stake and carefully adjusted by sliding up until the hook comes as before, exactly to the level of the surface water, when the top of the gauge will show on the scale the precise depth over the notch.

Again, the velocity of the water as it approaches the weir is a matter to be carefully considered and calculated. In the foregoing remarks we have considered the measurement of depth as though it were in still water. The nature of the channel will materially affect the approach of water to the point where it spills ; the tendency being to increase the discharge over the notch. The correction for this increased discharge is made by adding to the actual depth obtained, the amount of head water that would produce the velocity. Then from this measure can be ascertained by the table the actual arnount of water spilling ; except that from another cause of less consequence, but of sufficient importance to engage our notice, there is also a correction to be made, which is for the contraction to which short weirs are subject at the two ends. Weirs of all lengths, especially if narrower than the channel, are liable to this deviation or narrowing of the stream or flow of water - not, however, in so great a proportion as short ones. Experiments of a thoroughly reliable character show that this condition of the spill of water operates at both ends, and reduces the effective length of weir in about the proportion of two-tenths of an inch for each inch in depth of the spill, or one inch for each five inches depth, that is for a weir 80 inches wide and the spill 5 inches deep, the actual width to be calculated for will be 79 inches.

It rarely occurs that such exactness will be required for the measurement as is described in this article, and for all ordinary and practical purposes, the preceding article will be sufficiently accurate.

As in many cases it is impossible to construct even a "temporary waste-board or weir, the quantity of water that the stream can supply must be obtained by first ascertaining the mean velocity in feet per minute, and also the area of cross section of the stream in square feet ; when the product of these two quantities will give the required quantity of water afforded by the stream. The velocity of such stream can be estimated by throwing floating bodies on the surface of near the same specific gravity as the water, and rating the time accurately, required in passing a given distance ; it must be borne in mind, however, that the velocity is greatest in the center of the stream and near the surface, and that it is less near the bottom and side. It is generally best to ascertain the velocity at the center, and from this estimate the mean velocity, which has been found by accurate and reliable experiments to be 83 per cent, or about four-fifths of the velocity of the surface. The cross section may be estimated by measuring the depth of a stream at a rmmber of points, at equal distance apart, (these points being in a line across the stream,) adding the depths together, and multiplying their sum by the distance apart in feet of any two points. This will give the result required in square feet of cross section, when the product of mean velocity in feet per minute and cross section in square feet, obtains the quantity of water that the stream affords in cubic feet per minute.

Another method of obtaining the quantity of water approximately, where an overshot or breast wheel is already in use, and where it is difficult to so arrange as to obtain the quantity of water by our first or weir measurement, would be to measure in square inches the amount of opening, made by raising the gate, through which the water is to pass upon the over shot or breast wheel, giving also the depth of water over the gate opening. The length of opening made, by draw- ing the sliding gate, as well as the thickness or width of this opening, should be carefully given. Both of these measurements are more or less accurately required, in order to ascertain as nearly as possible, the amount of opening in square inches that the gate makes ; for upon the accuracy of all the measurements required, depends the degree of accuracy with which the quantity of water will be estimated by this m.ethod.

By multiplying together the length and breadth of the opening, the number of square inches of gateage or issue upon the wheel is ascertained ; but in addition to these two measurements another of equal importance must be taken, viz : the depth of water from the top surface or level to the floor of Penstock or lower part of gate opening. It is the depth of water that gives the velocity with which it passes through the gate opening ; consequently the quantity discharged depends upon the depth as well as opening.

An application of the measurements thvis obtained may now be made to the following table of spouting revolutions, arranged for the purpose, in which the columns B represent the head or depth of water the table giving depths in inches from 1 to 40 ; columns E represent the velocity per second, in inches and decimals of an inch; columns F represent the number of cubic feet per minute, for each square inch of orifice. Now, suppose the opening under a forebay gate, required to pass the water of a stream, is 48 inches wide and 3 inches deep with a head of water (B) in forebay of 28 inches, then to find the water discharged, by Table, run down the columns marked "B" until you come to 28 inches, (head given in this example,) then run across to column F, and you will find 3.24 the number of cubic feet of water discharged by an orifice 1 inch square under 28 inches head. The area of the opening given, 48 inches by 3 inches, is 144 square inches ; this multiplied by 3.24 gives 466.56 cubic feet that the above opening will discharge per minute. This table gives the actual and not theoretical discharge.

James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. Ii

but in many cases it answers the purpose quite as well. It should always be stated how many hours out of the whole day of twenty-four hours the stream will supply the gate measurement given. In writing us, send the width and the length of opening made by the gate when in use, and the depth of water in the forebay at the gate, that we may calculate for ourselves the quantity discharged.

The definition of a miner's inch in different mining regions does not always agree. Usually, however, one square inch opening under a head or pressure of six inches above the opening, is taken as the standard of measure. For a small number of miner's inches the discharge per minute for each inch will be a trifle less than one and a half cubic feet, but for larger openings, where 50 to 100 or more inches are measured, the quantity will exceed one and a half, and the estimate may be safely made at one and six-tenths cubic feet discharged per minute for each miner's inch. The legal miner's inch is measured under a little less head than that mentioned ; but the method above is the one most generally employed.

A well constructed Turbine Wheel does not discharge a quantity of water equal to its full measurement of apertures ; or, in other words, in order for a well constructed Turbine to discharge a quantity of water equal to that which would flow through an orifice of a certain size under a given fall, and where the discharge is free and unobstructed, the apertures in the wheel must greatly exceed that of the simple orifice. The quantity of water discharged by different Turbines varies according to the construction. The controlling cause of this difference is the varying forms - curves and angles - given to the guides and buckets. The actual discharge of the Leffel Wheel is six-tenths of the combined area of its apertures. Suppose we take a wheel in which the total area of the apertures between its buckets amounts to 100 square inches ; now, this wheel will not discharge a quantity of water equal to 100 square inches, but only equal to 60 square inches. It must be evident to every one that this difference results from the water being retarded in its flow through the guides by coming in contact with the wheel within the casing. To make this clear, even to those who are not fully versed in hydraulics, let us suppose, a wheel, the apertures of whose buckets measure 100 square inches, and place it under any given fall.

Now, let us suppose we remove the wheel from out the casing, and open the guides ; the water will then flow freely and unobstructed through the guides into the empty space within the casing ; as there is nothing to retard its flow, it will rush through the guides with a velocity due to the head under which it is placed. Now, by placing the wheel again within the casing, it acts as a clog or check to the flow of water, as the water comes in contact with the buckets of the wheel, and instead of passing through the guides with the same velocity as before, it is held back, so that it now passes through the guides with only six-tents of its former velocity. Consequently, in order that a Turbine should discharge a certain quantity of water, the area of the apertures must greatly exceed that of the aperture that would discharge the same quantity under the same head, when allowed to flow into open air and freely retarded. The only reliable means of ascertaing the quantity of water that a Turbine of any established proportions will discharge, is by actual measurement of the water after passing through the wheel. The tables we publish of the quantity of water used by the James Leffel Wheel, are not the result of a mere measurement of their apertures and a consequent computation by theory, but are the results of numerous and repeated experiments and actual measurements of water after passing from the wheel ; and the quantities, as laid down in our tables, will be found on trial not to vary in any material amount from the quantity stated, if the quantity is correctly measured.

An invention of but little real utility, may obtain, through lavish advertising and shrewd management, a temporary reputation, and for a short time meet with some sale among that class of persons who are continually on the lookout for novelty in everything. But time and varying conditions prove the worth of every machine, and the maintenance of a good reputation throughout a long period of years, must be regarded as an evidence of intrinsic merit.

The James Leffel Double Turbine Water Wheel stands before the public as a thoroughly tested hydraulic motor to purchase which the buyer indulges in no doubtful experiment, the original design of the Leffel Wheel having been proven by the most exacting practical tests to be such as secures the greatest economy of water, together with the greatest degree of durability, ease of management and useful effect. It has been the aim .of the manvifacturers to improve minor working parts of the wheel, through greater accuracy in theii; formation, and increased durability of material. Years of diligent study and practical experience have enabled us to effect these most desirable improvements, which are now found in every wheel sent out from our works.

It is a common habit of the incompetent to copy from others that which they are unable to originate themselves. Hence it is that many manufacturers of inferior wheels - inferior both in principles of action and methods of construction, are not content with covert imitation, and, in many instances, with outright infringement of the Leffel Wheel, but they have appropriated the tabulated forms originated by James Leffel, modifying them in some instances by raising the figures repre- senting amount of power furnished, in order to show an apparent increase of power over the LefFel Wheel, when it is to the Leffel Wheel alone the tables, as originally arranged, are applicable.

With a view of getting a testimonial for advertising purposes, rival wheel makers have sometimes resorted to the artifice of a private test in some obscure locality, with an old style worn out Leffel wheel and thoroughly prejudiced witnesses chosen by themselves, all without our knowledge or consent. Of course such tests can only result oneway, the reported defeat of the Leffel Wheel, which is heralded abroad with a great flourish, and which forms the basis of flaming head-lines in the circulars and phamphlets of the parties in whose interest the so-called "test" was concocted and conducted. The exposure of such fraudulent tests is eventually more damaging to such parties than the groundless reports of defeat can possibly be to the Leffel Wheel.

No machine, however simple, durable and perfect in appearance, will in every respect prove satisfactory when first put into operation. Many parts will require, perhaps, a change of form, strengthening, or may be an entirely different arrangement, upon application to the work to be performed, after a trial of three or four years. In fact, it requires year^ K)f dilligent study and practical experience, particularly with a water wheel, to so perfect all of its parts as to make it successful under all circumstances, even though it be sound and practical in principle. Of course, many of the various kinds of wheels now offered for sale never can, by any amount of labor or attempted improvement, be made to operate all species of machinery, and must always, remain but little better than worthless. To the general principle first stated the Leffel Double Turbine has perhaps been no exception. During its introduction for the first four or five years many of them were, no doubt, imperfectly made.

Amid the unparalleled growth of mechanical science, and the increasing knowledge of the principles and action of hydraulic motors, the makers of the Leffel Wheel have not been unmindful of such activity. Not only have the various parts of the wheel been greatly improved in design and ease of adjustment, but facilities for perfected manufacture of the entire wheel have been increased from time to' time. Notably has this occurred during the past few months, when new, extensive, and convenient works have been built by us. These we have fitted out with entirely new, expensive, and especially designed machinery, constructed for the sole purpose of imparting to the wheel the necessary accuracy in workmanship, and of reducing the cost of manufacture, so as to enable us to offer, as we have long desired to do, not only the best, but in deed and in fact, the cheapest reliable water wheel in the market.

James Leppel & Co., Springfield, Ohio

gates ; the process for lining the iron plates with brass or any anticorrosive metal (applied only when specially ordered); the combination of the toothed segment with the gate-arm in such a manner that the segment can be removed when the teeth become worn, and a new one supplied ; the spherical iron penstock ; the use of steel gates or guides for some sizes instead of iron ; and the improved method of casting solidly in one piece, both wheels, by means of which the edge of the diaphragm can be made much thinner, and yet stronger, assisting also to separate more perfectly the due proportion of water to each wheel. Half the buckets being made of good boiler iron, and the fillets retaining them improved, both in form and strength, it; is impossible to break or tear out any of them ; as a result of which, out of the last 5,- 000 wheels put in operation, not one has lost a single bucket. One set of buckets can easily be bolted or riveted to the wheel flange, if it were considered advisable. All such bolted buckets, on whatever kind of wheel they may be used, are, however, liable to frequent derangement by working loose and striking the inside of casing and end of guides, often dropping entirely loose and breaking others ; subjecting the parties to the expense and inconvenience of taking the wheel from the casing to replace the broken ones. We prefer and recommend only those cast solidly into the Leffel Wheel, thus enabling them to withstand the shock of blocks, stones, and other rubbish to which they are so often subjected, and avoiding also the annoyance of removing the wheel from casing. Practically the wheel "itself is perfect. In fact the durability of the entire wheel and casing is such, that the whole amount of repairs called for at the large shops of the firm, per annum, is covered by a sum so extremely small, in view of the fact that about 11,000 wheels are in operation, as to be scarcely worth estimate. The firm have within the last ten years so arranged and systematized the process of manufacture that if any part is accidentally broken, it can at once be duplicated, another being supplied by express on receipt of the necessary information. In short the Leffel Improved Double Turbine has kept pace, from its first introduction, with the advanced developments of mechanical science ; and for any purpose for which the power of water is employed, it may be safely guaranteed as having no equal in utility, economy, and durability.

An i.lea exists to a considerable extent, that water wheels may be so constructed, with two or more sets of buckets, in such a manner that each set of buckets may form a separate wheel, and that the water may be received first by one set of buckets, or one whael, and after passing from from the first, then to operate on a second arrangement of buckets, or wheels, and so on with as many sets or wheels as there may be, or until the last one is passed or operated upon ; thus, in their opinion, obtaining much greater peri6 JtAMEs LeS'fel^s TuRBt^fE Water WhEeL, centage of the power of water than is ordinarily utilized by the use of well-constructed wheels of other kinds. In fact, a much greater power is often claimed for them than can possibly exist in the quantity of water used.

Again, there is another class of wheels claiming to be double wheels, which are in reality and principle but single wheels ; their builders believing by such representation that the reputation and popularity of the Leffel Wheel (so celebrated for its truly double character,) may thus directly benefit them. A single wheel, either a center or a vertical discharge wheel, is commonly used, with partition through the middle of the tier of buckets, thus only dividing the wheel, without in the least changing the action of the water on the buckets on either side of the partition and without any modification of the principle of construction.

The Leffel Double Turbine should not be confounded with either of these classes of wheels, as it is constructed and acts upon entirely and essentially different principles, which are peculiarly characteristic of it as a water wheel, and upon which its good name and reputation have, to a great extent, been established. There is in it a combination of two independent sets and kinds of buckets, one a vertical, the other a central discharge, each entirely different in its principle of action upon the water, yet each wheel or series of buckets receiving its water from the same set of guides at the same time ; but the water is acted upon but once, since half the water admitted by the guides passes to one wheel, and the other half of the water to the other wheel, being nicely separated and divided by the partition, or diaphragm between the two wheels, the water leaving both wheels or sets of buckets at the same time and as quickly as possible. These two sets of buckets are so combined as to make really but one wheel ; that is, both are cast in one piece and placed vipon the same shaft. By this arrangement there is admitted the greatest possible volume of water, to a wheel of any given size, consistent with its economical use, at both full and part gates, and at the same time the greatest area for the escape of water is secured. The surface in the wheel is thus reduced to minimum as compared with the quantity of water used, avoiding a very material loss by friction, which otherwise seriously diminishes the working power of a wheel. The value of this arrangement will be fully appreciated by those who understand the practical effect of the frictional surface in a water wheel. The cut on page 13 exhibits the general appearance of the wheel as completed and ready for attachment of shaft above it.

We deem it necessary, from the many attempts being made to evade our patents, to call the especial attention of the public to that fact, so that no one may become innocently involved in the trouble that must en^ue by purchase of wheels and cases which are in part or wholly covered by several letters patent. It is well known that all good and successful inventions are INFRINGED UPON ; for as soon as the long and unwearied efforts of an inventor have been crowned with success, (despite the world of opposition he has to encounter,) and the merits and utility of his invention are established, there at once arises a host of Imitators - those who have not the patience or genius of inventors, but who seek by some slight change or modification to appropriate to their own use the vital and essential points of a machine, hoping by a mere colorable change to escape their just i labilities to the inventor whose j'ears of toil first gave to the world the invention they would fain wrest from him. This, the reader will at once see, is not invention - it is mere piracy - and deserves to be spurned by all who recognize in a true inventor the greatest of all public benefactors.

The visual method employed to impose upon customers is, to offer some pretended improvement, which is done by taking some well known machine and attaching to it some part, which, however small, if it be new, is subject to a patent. For instance, a water wheel may have thirty to fifty of its parts and combinations protected by patents ; yet any other part, however r-mall, such as a bolt, nut \rm, lever, pinion, strap, stirrup, gate, pivot, bridge-tree, bucket, bush, etc., if attached, and pronounced by the Pateiit offic'als a new and novel device, is patentable, whether an improvement or not ; but such patent only covers the particular part in 'ts connection with some other, and of course does not in the least <5rant any right or privilege to use any of the parts previously patented ; such right to the use of other patented parts must be obtained through the full consent of, and from the parties holding such prior patents. But this" is too often disregarded, and the rights of previous inventors totally ignored ; this new inventor, presuming through ignorance, bigotiy or dishonesty, that he is master of the entire situation, and however insignificant may be his little attachment or patent, is publishing and representing that he has discovered or invented an entirely new and improved w^ater wheel ; such falsification of the facts is the origin, sooner or later, of prosecutions against both the manufacturers and users of such infringements, and a source of almost endless litigation in the civil courts.

The Double Turbine Water Wheel and Case is the invention of James Leftel, to whom patents have been granted and re-issued from time to time, as improvements were added and applied ; these patents having been granted not only in the United States, but also by Great Britain, France and Belgium. For a further protection to our customers and our trade, we now hold in whole and in part, both in fee simple and otherwise, a number of other well substantiated patents on water wheels and parts thereof.

As the extent of the liability arising from an infringing article U not generally understood by the public at large, we would here state that those who use or sell infringing articles are liable for damages as well as those who make them , hence, great caution should be exercised in purchasing ; and as a rule those are safest to purchase that have been longest before the public and most extensively used.

We published heretofore the decision and decree of the United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of Ohio, in the suit in which the firm of James Leffel & Co. were plaintiffs, and the manufacturers of the so-called Thomas Leffel Wheel, defendants - the suit being brought to restrain the defendants from infringing the patents of James Leffel by the manufacture of the said Thomas Leffel Wheel. The decision of the Court fully and completely sustained the Leffel patents in every particular, absolutely confirming their validity ; and a decree was rendered granting an injunction forbidding the manufacture of the defendants' wheel.

The defendants in this suit having, in pursuance of law, filed a motion for a re-hearing of the case, it again came up the last week in November, 1874, ^^ ^^e United States Circuit Court at Cincinnati ; and after a thorough and exhaustive hearing, occupying nearly a week, in which the points at issue were argued at great length by the most eminent and able counsel, the Court, on Wednesday, the 2d of December, re-affirmed its former decision without reserve, exception, or modification. This decision, to which the Court has a second time given its authority, embraces in its scope all the valuable features of the Leffel Water Wheel, of the casing as relates to its portability, etc., and of the guides, recognizing and pronouncing James Leffel as their inventor.

It may be well, also, to remind those who intend purchasing water wheels, that the James Leffel Wheels are therefore not liable to damages, delays, and other annoyances that may arise from the use of many of the late patented and pretended "improved " wheels now on the market, which no doubt in many cases grossly infringe orior patents.

On the following page (19) we illustrate a method comparatively new, in the application of Turbines to mining purposes. We have, however for the past eleven years, located wheels in horizontal positions, in each instance making and providing an arrangement somewhat to suit the circumstances ; sometimes adapting our Patent Globe Case, and at other times the cylindrical, as seemed most convenient to suit the purpose.

ented casing, intended to be a more convenient modification of our patent globe case, which we have used for a number of years. The object attained in this new arrangement is economy of space, and the application of an extremely small inlet and headpipe ; this latter being accomplished by a peculiar and patented arrangement in the upper or interior part of the casing. The new design effects also a great saving of power, by means of the use of anti-friction bearings which can be oiled ; the whole being accessible and subject at any time to examination. The design is intended particularly for mining purposes ; and for small wheels under high heads, where the use of gears is not only difficult of arrangement, and of keeping in order, but frequently impracticable otherwise.

The horizontal shaft of the water wheel on which is placed a pulley, aftords not only the simplest, but the most efficient means of connecting the power to the point where it is desired to be used. This is easily effected and any amount of power transmitted and motion obtained that may be desired, by properly proportioned pulleys with light but sufficient belting. The method, however, is not only applicable to mining purposes, but frequentlj^ may be attached to saw mills and other machinery where a simple and efficient arrangement is desired.

Important improvements have been made in this wheel within the past three years. These relate to the gate arrangement ; obtaining greater regularity in closing and opening them ; this being necessary under extremely high heads. Provision has also been made for keeping the journals cool under their very high speed, as they are not in the water or inside the casing, but on the outside. They are lubricated with oil, but are now provided with a water jacket. Avery effectual device is also now applied for relieving the step of the great presure that wheels are subject too when placed on horizontalsh afts. It is extremely simple and thoroughly efficient. A patent will shortly be issued for this devise, thus protecting us in its exclusive use.

At present we are making the wheels on this method for the sizes up to our 23 inch inclusive, and possablj^ rnay adopt the same plan for still larger sizes where the peculiarity of the situation will render the application of this method the most practical. Of course, in the wheel proper we retain the essential principles of the Improved James Leffel Double Turbine Wheel. Having applied it to heads as high as 300 feet, we are confident in its abilitj' to accomplish all that we promise, and to give entire satisfaction under any circumstances where a turbine can be used.

We cannot speak in too high praise of this arrangement for mining, pumping, and other purposes, and where it is desired to have the greatest power in the least possible space, having the smallest conducting pipe that can be used, and the simplest communication of the power to the work. We shall be pleased at any time to give full and further information, and to give prices for constructing the wheel and casing on this method. It will be necessary for us to learn in all cases, however, the amount of head and pressure that can be obtained, the quantity of water that the streams afford by miner's measure, or otherwise, as we direct for such measurements in other parts of the pamphlet, and the amount and kind of machinery to be driven, as well as the work expected to be done.

It is frequently found necessary to discard an inferior water wheel, and substitute one of better quality. This generally requires a change of gearing and other alterations, involving a large expense which might have been avoided by choosing the best wheel at first.

The best wheel is that which develops the most power from a given quantity of water, and which is the most manageable and durable under vise.

While it has been our aim to keep the Leffel Wheel up to the very highest standard of efficienc}^ and economy, it has been no less our desire to so impi-ove the process of manufacture that it could be brought within the means of the humblest manufacturer, giving thereby to a machine possessing the highest mechanical merit, the merit

It shall be our care, as in the past, to use the very best quality of material - in fact, Ave are constantly improving the same, as we now use for some of the parts of first sizes up to the 35 inch, a fine quality of steel, w^here before only iron was used.

The " Vertical Turbine" made for our works proved a perfect success, accomplishing all promised for it. During th- low stage of water it ran our mill night and day for five months, giving us probably 80 horse power with a head of no feet. We consider it an economical and satisfactory investment.

Our machinery consists of Ore Crusher and Rollers, Sample Crusher, Three Batteries of Five Stamps each. Five Ro sting Cylinders, Four Amalgamating Pans, Two Settlers, Circular Saw, Elevator, .-screens, &c.

James Leffel'S Turbine Water Wheel

The plate on page 32 represents our New and Improved Patent Globe cast Iron Penstock, or Casing, which we are now making, and in which many of our wheels are now placed. The form being that of a Globe or Sphere, it at once secures the greatest strength, with the least weight, and at the same time affords the largest space for the water to circulate above and around the wheel ; while it also admits of the smallest exterior dimensions, and therefore occupies less space, than any other form or shape that can be adopted. As none of the parts are su bject to wear or breakage, it never requires replacing, and of course its durability is beyond question.

This casing is made in two hemispheres bolted together, thus enabling it to be easily taken apart, if at any time it should become necessary. There is a moveable cap or cover, C, bolted on the top of the casing, which can at any time be removed, (when the head of water is not standing in the case,) and the wheel lifted bodily out of the casing, the opening in top of same being amply large for that purpose, though it is seldom necessary to remove the wheel from any cause. There is one large man-hole on the side, also a hand-hole, B, on the top cover, through which any obstruction can be removed, that may by carelessness or accident get into the casing ; through these holes the wheel can at any time be examined. On the top of cap, C, is bolted firmly a bridge-tree, carrying a good, broad oil bearing, for the support of the upper end of the water wheel shaft, to which a clutch coupling, D, is attached, immediately above said bridge-tree. In the cover or cap, C, are arranged neat, snug and tight stuffingboxes, through which the gate rod A and water wheel shafts pass, and by which any water is prevented from discharging ; they are supplied with tightening bolts by which they can be tightened down should the packing at any time become worn or loose ; they admit also of the packing box being entirely taken out and the stuffing renewed at any time. In fact, the whole affair, when well set and arranged, is perfectly watertight, not leaking a drop, and could be located upon a floor near to any of the machinery if desired.

They cannot be frozen up, since the iron is thick, and the circulation of water always sufficient to prevent freezing. A short tube or cylinder is attached to the bottom, which is intended to be slightly submerged under the standing tail-water ; it has a flange with its face turned and with bolt holes, as the illustration shows, to which an iron tube can be attached, and by a little care a perfectly air tight joint can be made ; the tube may be any length, provided the perpendicular height from wheel to tailwater does not exceed 28 to 30 feet ; in all cases, however, where the draft tube becomes necessary, make it as short as possible. In cases where such draft tube is used, of course the entire casing can be set higher, and sometimes in a more convenient location.

Globe Case are illustrated in several pages further along in this pamphlet. The one to be preferred, however, is that shown in cut of Circular Saw Mill, where the quarter turn belt is used. A good substantial foundation of stone is built, upon which timbers are bolted or permantly laid, and to these timbers the horizontal flanges or lugs at the sides and center of globe are fastened. These foundation lugs are almost exclusively made now as shown in that cut, projecting from the central part, as the engraving on the foregoing page (22) represents. By placing them centrally and on the sides, the wheel and globe can be more conveniently set, and mvich more solidly located.

It is of covirse understood that our Wheel and its case are constructed in the ordinary manner, with the exception that the shaft is made longer, in order to adapt it to the Globe. They are then placed inside of this flume or outward casing, as it may be termed. To the Globe Casing may be attached any length and shape of piping desired ; several of the following illustrations represent such attachments. Often it is unnecessary to connect any piping to it, as the location of wood flume is such as to admit of bolting the inlet flange directly to the planking as some of the cuts illustrate ; but we would prefer in almost all cases to use a short, straight tube of four to ten feet, thus placing the casing in a dryer location, since all the wooden flumes are more or less subject, after a few years, to leakage, and all objects near liable to dampness.

We cannot say too much in praise of this Casing, particularly for high falls ; being made strong and watertight, it will always remain so. It has been fviUy tried and tested under almost every circumstance, and has proven in the highest degree satisfactory ; some of them are under heads from 80 to 260 feet and stand the tremendous pressure admirably. In fact, almost all of our small Wheels up to 20 inches diameter are now ordered by our customers to be encased in this manner, such has been the satisfaction they have given. Of course it is not absolutely necessary to use it, except in particular instances, where a want of space or other circumstances would prevent the erection or use of a wood flume or box in which to place the wheel ; but any time and under almost any condition it is preferable and makes a number one arrangement, especiall}- in any case whatsoever where the power is taken off below headwater. But its greatest convenience is locating wheels under mills, and in other diflficult places, where posts, foundations, walls, etc., can not be removed ; such difficulties being obviated by the compactness of its form, and the ease with which it can be connected to the headwater by a pipe of suitable size.

Gents. - I am using six of your wheels, size from 48 inch to 72 inch, and they perform all that they are recommended to do, and I regard them as ihe best wheel in yse in this locality. They give me perfect satisfaction. Yours truly,

James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio

Dear Sirs-I am using three of your old style Water Wheels to run my flouring mill, which is a full roller mill with complete set of machinery, and make on an average'20 barrels per hour but have made more. The working head of water under favorable circumstances is 12 feet, and use two 48 wheels of 13 buckefs to drive the rolls, and one 48 wheel with 16 buckets for driving machinery. The wheels that drive the rolls are generally used full gate, the machinery wheel generally about % gate. The wheels are giving good satisfaction, run every day, and have not needed repairing since they were re-set over two years ago. Two of the wheels have been in constant use about 18 years, and I think run just as well as when new.

Gentlemen - In reply to your favor of 25th inst touching the performance of your Leffel Wheel in this section, I will say, I have, as you know sold anumber of your wheels, and never in the first instance have I heard a complaint. One wheel (1334 inch mining special pattern) running under i8a ft. head, driving 60 stamps with about fg gate and gives equally good results with partial or less gate driving a less number of stamps. Another wheel, same size under 100 ft. head driving 20 stamps with half gate and parties say no more trouble than a low pressure wheel near here. Two wheels 23 inch driving grist mill under 12 it. head, 12 or 15 bushels of corn per hour, with half gate and doing fair work under only 6 ft. head at times, which gives entire satisfaction. One 44 and one 56 under about 18 ft. head, doing heavy duty at the " Garnet" mine driving pump and stamps, and parties say working fully up to the guarantee and gives entire satisfaction. I can hear no other expression from the use. of your wheels, than as above stated and I will add, as a millwright and mechanic, that I believe them to be the best wheel in the market, and cannot fail .to give satisfaction in every instance where properly erected. With respect I am Yours truly.

Frank W. Hall

I am highly pleased with your Water Wheels, which have never given me trouble. I am using six of your make and two of others, a Jonval and a Houston; the latter are fine wheels but bad gateage. I use a thirty special Leffel to drive my Midly's stone; a forty eight special to drive machinery in flour mill; a forty to drive just six breaks (Roller Mills) ; a forty eight to drive 8 pairs smoth Roller Mills, a forty and a forty eight to drive fuel mill, all under an eigh t to ten foot head.

Gentlemen - The 44 inch, special size of Water Wheel we bought of you works excellent; it is running under 13 - 14 feet head with 3^ of gate; it drives the whole mill, containing 18 pair of rollers; one 3)^ foot middling stone; one 4% foot feed stone; one brush machine; one scourer; one separator; four dust collectors five centrifugal reels; one bran duster; four purifiers; nine scalping reels; two flour packers ; 37 elevators ; two 4 reel Rolling chest. We had a 263^ inch wheel in our old mill, which we have sold now for 8100, which was in use every working day since 1870. Yours truly,

Outline Plate Of Globe Showing Dimensions

This plate is to be examined in connection with the table on foregoing page, in order that each dimension may be easily recognized and understood. Like lettering in each indicates the proper numbers or dimensions. A mere examination and comparison of both will render further explanation on that point unnecessary.

Gents - It is now about two years since we have been running your 40! ch wheel. and we must say that it gives entire satisfaction. We are very much pleased with it. It does all the work you claimed it would do, and a little more. We have a 26 foot fall and run eight run of four and one-half foot stone, two set of rolls, and all the necessary elevators, bolts, etc. JACOB AMOS & SONS.

SHOWING HORSE POWER, CUBIC FEET OF WATER, AND REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE, FROM 41 TO 100 FEET HEAD. [The first horizontal line gives si:!e and number of Wheels.]

Head James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio

We have been manufacturing with perfect success for some time, several special size Leffel Wheels ; tables of which are presented herewith on foregoing pages 42, 43 and 44. It will be observed that a large additional quantity of water is applied to them, over that used on the common or standard sizes ; and that there is also a corresponding increase of power. In fact it is in every wav perfectly reliable and fully warranted in every particular.

We can give a large number of names of reliable parties each using from one to four or more of them, as there are now over 600 of them in daily operation. Their durability and efficiency has been amply tested and thoroughlj'* proven in every respect by their constant practical work, driving all kind of machinery. No complaint whatever has been made of them from any source. In fact they are made precisely as the common sizes, except that the gates and buckets are made wider to admit more water, but the same curves and proportions are retained.

The table gives quantity of water discharged per minute in cubic feet, the number of revolutions per minute, the horse power and number of square inches vent ; all of which Avill be vmderstood upon examination.

On pages 34, 35, 36 and 37 will be found tables showing the power, number of revolutions per minute, and also the number of cubic feet of water discharged per minute, for each size of our Wheels, under heads from 3 to 40 feet. The top lines of figures show the size of wheels from 6% to 87 inches diameter. The left hand perpendicular columns give the head of water in feet from 3 to 21, and 21 to 40. In the small squares formed by intersection of the perpendicular and horizontal lines are three sets of figures. The upper one indicates the number of horse-power ; the middle set of figures shows the number of cubic feet of water used by the wheel per minute, and the lower set of figures shows the number of revolutions of wheel per minute. The style and arrangement of table was first introduced by James Leffel, and on account of its simplicity, compactness, beauty and convenience of reference, has been extensively copied and adopted by other wheel men.

On pages 38 and 39 tables for small wheels are given, under heads ranging from 40 to 100 feet. The first or tipper horizontal column represents the sizes of wheels in inches, and parts of inches, and the first left hand perpendicular column represents the amount of head under which each operates. The horizontal lines of figures in the body of the table, shows the horse power, revolutions per minute while at labor, and cubic feet of water discharged per minute, all of which will be understood.

On pages 40 and 41 will be found a table showing tne power, quantity of water, and revolutions per minute of eight sizes of our new mining wheel. The same method of arranging the sizes and heads is observed as in the preceding pages ; but the powers, water used, and revolutions, are upon the same horizontal line. An examination will readilv enable any one to obtain the desired data.

On pages 42, 43 and 44., will be found tables for our New Special LefFel Wheel. The first horizontal line running lengthwise with each page, represents the size or number of wheel, and does not give it in inches as heretofore. The second horizontal line gives square inches' vent of each number of wheel in that table ; while the third horizontal line shows the abbreviated words, for " Head, Horse Power, Cubic Feet and Revolutions. " After this in each table, four heavy perpendicular columns will be observed, representing the heads in feet ; and between these columns are others in lighter figures, the one next the heavy coluinn showing the horse power, the next one the cubic feet of water used per minute, and the last or next the heavy column again the revolutions per minute. It should be observed that each of the wheels has a column, representing the head, and that these columns are not the same for all. An examination cannot fail to make the tables clearly understood by any one.

The revolutions of the wheels, as laid down in the foregoing tables, are the number of revolutions the wheel makes when at work. But as there is always a loss of fall by the water drawing down in the head race, and also rising in the tail race, when the wheel is running, we would advise those who have charge of putting in the wheels, that, in calculating for the speed of wheel and machinery, they always base their calculations on a fall of from six inches to a foot less than the measured fall, when the head and fall is from four to twenty feet, and eighteen inches when the fall is over twenty feet ; thus allowing for the loss of head mentioned, which will bring the speed of the wheel to suit the actual running head.

The plate on page 46 is intended to clearly show some of the reasons why an overshot wheel, even of the best construction will not yeld the full power of the water applied to it. At the same time we shiow how our wheel must necessarily produce an increased power by reason of its being free from all those objections which, in the nature of an overshot, result from its construction, and largely dimin'sh its efficiency as a motor by an unavoidable waste of water and loss of a part of the entire fall.

For the purpose of illustration, we have selected a head and fall of eighteen feet, being the medium and most common fall for overshot wheels. As it is usual to allow a head of water of about two feet, above the overshot wheel, and to prevent the wading of the wheel in tail-water, it is necessary to allow a clearance of at least six inches, the wheel therefore for this fall can not exceed fifteen feet six inches diameter. We will point out severally the sources from which a waste of water arises. It has generally been the practice to regard the entire head of water above the overshot as wholly lost, but we will concede the benefit of one-half of the head. There will then remain to be deducted from the whole fall - ist, one foot above the wheel ; 2nd, one foot for depth of rim, which below will be a line where the buckets are entirely empty; 3rd, six inches clearance below the wheel; which makes together a loss of two feet six inches fall; and as the water begins to empty from the buckets at some distance above the water in the tail-race, which not unfrequently is nearly on a level with the shaft of the wheel, particularly when the buckets are wellfilled, it will be safe to say that the waste of water from this source will be fully equivalent to the loss of another foot of fall, which added to the amount of fall lost in the manner before described, will make a total loss of three feet six inches ovit of eighteen feet, or nearly t\^tenty per cent, of the whole fall.

It will be seen, that our wheel is placed at the botton of the penstock, and touching the tail water ; thus utilizing every inch of the fall below the overshot, if the pit under the turbine be of sufficient depth and capacity. A line drawn through the top of the penstock, at the height of the level of the head water in the forbay over the overshot, would also show that the^-e is no loss at the head surface ; as the water should stand at almost a perfect level, providing also the forbay leading to the penstock is of sufficient capacity.

In another particular we have also demonstrated their superiority over the overshot, this being in the height of head to which they may be applied. There are a number of instances in which the Lefl:el has been supplied, where the height of head water was so excessive, and the surroundings so difficult, that the overshot could not be used or applied in any form or manner. In fact, there is a limit as to the diameter of the overshot, and beyond which they become impracticable ; this circumstance only adding to the vitility of our wheel, and its excellence being more apparent with increase of head.

Gents - Yours of 24th just to hand and contents noted. We are using your 263^ inch Wheel to run 4 ft. burr stone with 10 ft, head. We used it last fall, when water was low, on 8 foot head with J^ gate, grinding 10 bushels wheat per hour. We are well pleased with its work. We have other wheels but this one will do the work with half the water of th§ pther wheels. Yours truly,

James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. 5I

Tlie plate on the opposite page represents the arranj^ement and method adopted by the Manville Cotton Company, Albion, R. I., ibr locating our wheels in their new mill, and connecting them to the machinery. The flumesor penstocks are constructed of stone, brick and iron throughout, one situated in each end of the mill ; the floors being iron and supported by iron girders or sills. The arches, or flumes proper, in which the wheels are located, are made of bricks, with the sides laid up with heavy cut stones ; in the tops or deckings at S, is a safety vent for overflow of water, thereby relieving the undue pressure in case the wheels should be suddenly closed at any time. The arches for discharge of water in tail-race are each 11 feet high, by 20 feet wide, having in them a standing depth of 7 feet tail-water, there being iron draft tubes extending down from the wheels. The entire penstocks are each 40 by 80 feet, containing two of our 84 inch wheels in each, under a head of over 18 feet, giving about 1,740 horse power.

The power of these wheels is delivered from one side of the crown gear to the jack shaft b}^ means of jack gear 59 inches diameter, and 38 cogs, working into the crown gear. The jack shaft is 8 inches diameter, and consists of two lengths, connected with 24-inch face couplings. The iirst length from the wheel is 7 feet 4 inches ; the second is 14 feet for the two inside wheels, and 15 feet 2 inches for the outside. Upon the second length, resting in two bearings, are the flj' -wheels, or main driving pulleys, 20 feet diameter, 25 inch face, weighing 20,368 pounds each.

This mill has a capacity of 120,000 spindles and 2,112 looms, equipped and fitted for the manufacture of fine sheetings and shirtings. In exterior dimensions it is 783 feet long and 98 feet wide, with six towers adjoining, each 26 feet square. This is exclusive of an engine and boiler building 100 feet long and 94 feet wide, adjoining the main building on the south end, and having a chimney 16 feet square and 155 feet high. The mill has five full tloors for machinery. It covers an area on the ground of over two acres, and the aggregate area of the floors, inside the brick walls, is about nine acres. Some idea of the magnitude of the works may be gained from the fact that in the construction of the building there were required 8,160 cords of rough stone, 9,110 cubic feet of granite ashler, 5,605,800 brick, 348,028 pounds of cast iron, and nearly 23,000 pounds of wrought and malleable iron. There are 117,351 square feet of roofing, and 1,208 windows, containing 34,994 lights of glass, and requiring 94,104 pounds of window weights. There are 41,971 yards of plastering. Over 860,000 feet of southern hard pine timber was used ; and in the floors there are 1,266,000 feet of 3-inch spruce planks and 65,000 pounds of nails.

The principal motive power of the mill is water, received from the Blackstone river, the flow of which is 38,000 cubic feet per minute. For a period of from five to eight months of the year the flow of water at mean average is about 65,000 cubic feet, constituting a full supply for the mill. During the remaining part, or dry season, of the year, water as the motive power is supplemented by steam to the extent of one-half the capacity of the mill, or 800 horse power.

At a point 282 feet north of the mill is located the dam, which was built in 1867 b}^ the late S. B. Gushing, C. E. Providence. This dam is a fine work, built upon a rock bed, and constructed with cut granite, laid in bed and build courses. It has a span of 246 feet between buttresses. The face of the dam is concaved to the arc of a circle of 511 feet radius. The height from the foundation to the top of cap-log is 16 feet. The available fall or working head is 18 feet 6 inches. From the basin or pond the water passes into a trench 14 feet deep, extending 61 feet to a stone bulkhead 64 feet long, having ten gates fitted with heavy gearing and hoisting apparatus. From this point the water passes into a large basin of 37,800 feet area, and at the end of which are the guard-racks, with a length or breast of 180 feet. The front of the racks is pitched to an angle of 68 degrees, having 2,880 feet area or surface for screening.

The principal trenches or w ater-ways have a cross-sectional area of 474 feet. The water necessary to supply the wheels, in passing through this large space, is required to move with a velocity of i^ feet per second. To the entrance of each flume are two gates, built of 4-inch oak plank, bolted, strapped with iron plates, and hung upon one edge or side. The arrangement of the flumes and connections is such that, if desired, either one of the four wheels may be stopped, the flume drawn oft', the wheel or step inspected, the flume again filled, and the wheel started in less than thirty minutes from the time of stopping, during which time the other wheels are in full operation.

The engraving shows two Leffel wheels in position in the flume. The Manville Company are, however, using six of these wheels, manufactured hy James Leffel & Co,, Springfield, Ohio. The wheels shown in the illustration are each 84-inch, working, as alreadv stated, under 18I/2 ^^^^ head. They are set 13 feet under the head, with 5 or 6 inches draft tube. The vertical shafts for wheels are 8 inches diameter, hammered iron, and consist of two parts joined together 20 inches below the top of the flume, with clutch couplings, the upper piece extending through a 20-inch tube in the brick arch.

Gents - The 23 inch Mining Wheel purchased from you during the year 1884 we are using under a 30 foot head of water, in operating our Quartz Mill, located at Pony, Madison County, Montana Territory, consisting of 20 stamps, bleeke crushers, 7x1c, and four forerunners. The wheel under this head would furnish twice the amount of power necessary to operate the machinery named. The power and simplicity of your wheel in our estimation cannot be excelled.

Henry Elling

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases the capacity four times. The ordinary speed to run a pump is lOO feet of piston per minute. To find the area of a piston, square the diameter and multiply by

Hydraulics treats of fluids in motion, and especially of water, the machinery and works for raising and conducting it, its action in canals, races and rivers, its adaptation to water wheels as prime movers, etc.

To find the velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given voluine of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144, and divide the product by the area of the pipe in inches.

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. (Approximately every foot of elevation is considered equal to )^ lb. pressure per square inch.)

To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of water per minute (loofeet of piston being the speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the result will be the diameter in inches.

Vertical apertures, or slits on the side and running near to the bottom of vessels, issue the water with a mean velocity due at the sill or lower edge of opening, or with the velocity due to a point fourninths of the whole height of hfead.

. The time occupied in discharging equal quantities of water under equal heads, through pipes of e4ual lengths, will be different forvavyings forms, and proportionally as follows : for a straight line, 90 ; for a true curve, 100 ; and for a right angle, 140.

To find the horse power necessary to elevate water to a given height, multiply the total weightof column of water in lbs. by the velocity per minute in feet, and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance of 25 per cent, should be added for friction, etc.)

To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144, and divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, it is easy to get the diameter of pipe necessary.

To find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons. Multiplying the area in inches by the length of stroke in inches will give the total number of cubic inches : divide this amount by 231 (which is the cubical contents of a gallon in inches), and the product is the capacity in gallons.

The quantities of water discharged in equal times hy the same apertures under different heads are nearly as the square roots of the corresponding heads, the heads being measured above the apertures.

The quantities of water discharged in the same time through different sized apertures, vinder different heads, are to one another in the compound ratio of areas of the apertures, and of the square roots of the heights of heads above the centers of the apertures.

The area of the steam piston, multiplied by the steam pressure, gives the total amount of pressure exerted. The area of the water piston, multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch, gives the resistance. A margin must be made between the power and the resistance to move the pistons at the required speed.

With thin plates on the bottom or sides of reservoir, the stream, issuing through circular openings, converges toward a point at about one-half its diaiiieter from the outside of orifice, reducing the quantity discharged nearly five-eighths from the quantity that the velocity corresponding to the head should discharge.

With a horizontal cylindrical tube, the length and diameter being the same, the discharge will be the same as through a plain aperture, A horizontal cylindrical tube having greater length than diameter increases the discharge, and the discharge will continue to increase' vmtil the length reaches four times the diameter.

To find the quantity of water elevated in one minute running at lOO feet of piston per minute. Square the diameter of water cylinder in inches and multiply by 4. Example : The capacity of a 5-inch cylinder is desired. The square of the diameter (5 inches) is 25, which, multiplied by 4, gives 100, which is the number of gallons per minute ( approxiinately . )

The best form of aperture for giving the greatest flow of water, is a conical aperture, whose greater base is the aperture, the height or length of the section of cone being half the diameter of aperture, and the area of the small opening to the area of the large opening as 10 to 16 ; there will be no contraction of the vein, and consequently the greatest attainable discharge will be the result.

Water in falling is actuated by the same law as other falling bodies; passing through i foot in 3^ of a second, 4 feet in ^ second, 9 feet in 34^ of a second, and so on ; hence its velocity flowing through an aperture in the side of a reservoir, bulkhead or any vessel, is the same as that of a heavy body falling freely from a height equal to the distance between the middle of the aperture or hole to the surface of water below.

For the benefit of those who wish to adopt this plan for heads of 20 to 50 or 75 feet, we describe it fully. If well built, it is capable of withstanding even greater pressures or heads than those named. The corner posts A (see ground planter which) need in no case be over by 6 inches square. For a head of 40 feet, with a penstock of the desired inside area to pass a sufficient quantity of water for our 26i'2 inch wheel, giving no horse power, the penstock would require to be 40 inches square in the clear, with a frame made to bolt the flange of the inlet pipe to the globe penstock. Then the plank for the first 15 feet would require to be 4 or 4)^ inches thick ; then for 15 feet further 3 inch plank would answer ; the rest of the way 2 inch plank would be sufficient. The flume to pass the water into the penstock at the top would require to be the width of the upright part of penstock, and deep enough to pass the water 50 inches deep for a 26)0 inch wheel. This would give a cross section to the inflowing water of 14 sectional feet, and pass the water at a speed of nearly 2 feet per second. Of course, a wheel of our make using less water than the 2630 inch wheel would not require so large a penstock.

Have the plank all gauged to a certain width, whatever they may be. If the penstock is to be 40 inches square inside, cut one-half the number of planks required 42 inches long. Gauge and size them down at each end to a size that they will all work. Then take the same number of planks and cut them 60 inches long ; if the plank is four inches thick this will allow the plank to extend to the outside of posts on each side. They are then laid off" evenly, 40 inches between gains, and gauged three inches from the face or outside of plank, which leaves a rabbet of i inch to receive the ends of the 42 inch plank. After all the planks are prepared, the 6 inch corner posts can be set up, and the work of putting up the plank commenced and carried up until the place is reached to splice the posts. These should be spliced and prepared previous to putting up, and are thus extended on up to the height desired. The plank can and should be double-pinned or spiked at each end as the work progresses. After the plank are all on, the small corner strips marked (B B B in ground plan) should be well fitted in and nailed. If the work is well done the penstock need not leak a drop. The bottom can be planked with the same thickness of boards. A penstock 40 inches square inside, with 40 feet of water in it, would have a pressure of a little over 17)^ pounds to the square inch, or 28,160 pounds total weight of water, besides the weight of penstock ; therefore it will be well to put a good and solid foundation under it.

Dear Sir - I received yours of the 27, and in answer to the same would say that I am using one of your 26)^ inch wheels bought last summer, one year ago, and it does all the work I expect it to do, it is running under 7 foot head, I have ginned two seasons with it and can gin 6 bales of cotton law gin everyday on half gate, I also run 330 inch bur and can grind 100 bushels of fine meal in 10 hours in the 2 seasons I gined 600 bales of cotton. I have been running the Brooks Wheel Mill, I purchased the Double Tnrbine from you and would say there is no comparison. I have been milling a long time and do believe candidly that the LefFel Wheel is the best water wheel made. Mine gives me perfect satisfaction, would have no other.

I have been running the 30)^ inch wheel that I got of you In August last, and it works well and gives entire satisfaction. We have about 10^ foot head over the wheel and with the gates % open we run two pair of burs, four feet in diameter, one middling bur, one separator, one smutter, four sets of bolting reels,, four set of elevators, testing jack, &c., and make two barrelsof flour per hour. This wheel displaced an 8)4 foot overshoot wheel, and as far as I can j udge, it will grind as much wheat per hour, and I think more with the same quautity of water and saves all the trouble of cutting of ice, and also stoppage with back water. I have had considerable experience with turbines m niy mill during the last summer, as I was persuaded to trytwo other wheels, warranted to be equal, if not better than your wheel, and if they did not give good satisfaction to me the maker of the wheel was to pay all expenses of putting wheels in and damages besides. After a fair trial of the wheels Ifound that they were very dificent in power and did not render satisfaction by no means, consequently they was taken out, but I had to bear the trouble and expense, which was considerable. As far as I can judge there is no better wheel made than the Leffel. JACOB WISTER. ,

Gentlemen - It gives us pleasure to say we have now used your 10 inch wheel for several months under a 44 foot head in our flouring mill and are running one 3 foot burr, 2 set rolls, all the reels, elevators, conveyors, with smutter and purifier and find it gives us all the power necessary to finish up five bushels wheat per hour, and feel satisfied it will do all or more than you claimed for it. This wheel took the place of a " Little Giant" put in on trial. Yours respectfully,

Weimer & Hoover James Lbffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio

The foregoing page contains two illustrations or views of a method now quite generally employed in driving mill stones, and frequently used in communicating the power to various other machinery. The cut at top of page gives a side view or elevation, showing one run of stone only, the others being located directly in a line with it are not seen. Any convenient number can be driven in that manner, it being only necessary to lengthen the horizontal shaft, on which the additional pulleys for each run of stone may be placed. It is to be understood that the horizontal shaft is driven direct from the upright water wheel shaft by a pair of bevel gears.

The cut on lower part of page represents a down view, or ground plan. It is supposed the person is looking downward and on top of the stones, when the horizontal shaft now appears as an upright one, and indeed the method is just as applicable with the driving shaft in an upright as a horizontal position. On page 65 we give such an arrangement, driving, however, a saw mill, and without the tightening pulley. It will be seen that almost any kind of machine having a vertical pulley may be run in that way.

The quarter-turn belt when used with the tightener or idle pulley requires a somewhat different arrangement or position of the pulleys doing the work, from that necessary without the idler. The precise position of these pulleys as related to each other, depends on the direction which the belt takes or the pulley runs, and also on which is the driving and receiving pulley. To make each position in each instance clear to one unaccustomed to their use, would require several diagrams and a full explanation. There may be as many as eight or ten positions, which would, however, include all from the simplest method as illustrated in saw mill cut, already mentioned, to the most complicated arrangement, wherein several idle and tightening pulleys are used. It is therefore necessary, usually, where this method is to be adopted, to advise with some one, or obtain the services of one acquainted with their use and application ; although it need not be difficult upon carefully considering the matter.

Gentlemen - The two 48 inch LefFel Water Wheels, which the Drake Co. purchased from you to run their Stone Polishing Mill in this city continues to giye us perfect satisfaction. In a usual way we run at % gate under a 13 foot heed, producing about 120 horse power, which we find sufficient for our present machinery. The Jasper and Granite stone which we handle is exceedingly rough on our machinery, but we have at no time experienced any difficulty with our motive power, and if at any future time another wheel should be necessary, our experience up to this time would certainly justify us in placing our order in your hands.

PROBLEM I - To find the Circumference of a Circle^ or of a Pulley: Solution. - Multiply the diameter by 3.1416 ; or as 7 is to 22 so is the diameter to the circumference.

PROBLEM 2. - To Compute the Diameter of a Circle^ or of a Pulley : Solution - Divide the circumference by 3.1416 ; or multiply the circumference by .3183 ; or as 22 is to 7 so is the circumference to the diameter.

Solution. - Multiply the circumference by one-quarter of the diameter ; or multiply the square of the diameter by .7854 ; or multiply the square of the circumference by .07958 ; or multiply half the circumference by half the diameter , or multiply the square of half the diameter by 3. 141 6.

Solution. - Multiply the diameter by the circumference ; or multiply the square of the diam eter by 3.1416; or multiply 4 times the square of the radius by 3. 141 6.

PROBLEM b - To Compute the Diameter of a Toothed Wheel: Solution. - Multiply the number of teeth by the number of thirtyseconds of an inch contained in the pitch, the product will be the diameter in inches and hundredths of an inch ; or multiply the number of teeth by the true pitch and the product by .3184. These results give only the diameter between the pitch line on one side and the same line on the other side, and not the entire diameter from point to pom^ of teeth on opposite sides. It must also be borne in mind that these results are only approximate diameters, since the wheel often varies from the computed diameter in consequence of shrinkage and other causes.

PROBLEM Q - To Compute the Number of Teeth in Pinion to have any Given Velocity : Solution. - Multiply the velocity or number of revolutions of the driver by its number of teeth or its diameter, and divide the preduct by the desired number of revolutions of the pinion or driven.

PROBLEM H - To Compute the Number of Revolutions of a Pinion or Driven, token the Number of Revolutions of Driver, and the Diamnter or the Number of Teeth of Driver and Driven are given :

Solution. - Multiply the number of revolutions of driver by its number of teeth or its diameter, and divide the product by the number of teeth or the diameter of the driven.

PROBLEMS - To ascertain the Number of Revolutions of a Driver, when the Revolutions of Driven and Teeth or Diameter of Driver and Driven are Given :

Solution. - Multiply the number of teeth or the diameter of driven bv its revolutions and divide the product by the number of teeth or the diameter of driver.

PROBLEM 10 - To Ascertain the Number of Revolutions of the last luheel at the End of a Train of Spur Wheels, all of which are in a line and mesh into one another, when the Revolutions of the first Wheel and the Number of Teeth or the Diameter of the First and Last ore given :

Solution. - Multiplj' the revolutions of the first wheel by its number of teeth or its diameter, and divide the product by the number of teeth or the diameter of the last wheel ; the result is its number of revolutions.

Solution. - ^^ultiply the number of revolutions of the driving wheel by its number of teeth, and divide the product by the number of revolutions each wheel is to make, to ascertain the number of teeth required for each.

PR0BLEM12 - To Compute the Number of Revolutions of the Last Wheel in a Train of Wheels and Pinions, Spurs or Bevels, when the Revolutions of the First or Driver, and the Diameter, the Teeth or the Circumference of all the Drivers and Pinions are given :

Solution. - Multiply the diameter, the circumference, or the number of teeth of all the driving wheels together, and this continued product by the number of revolutions of the first wheel, and divide this product by the continued product of the diameter, the circumference, or the number of teeth of all the pinions, and the quotient will be the number of revolutions of the last wheel. Example : if the diameters, the circumferences, or the number of teeth of a train of wheels are 8, S, lo, 12 and 6, and the diameters, circumferences, or number of teeth of the pinions are 4, 5, 5, 5 and 6, and the driver has ten revolutions.

what will be the number of revolutions for the last pinion ? Multiply all the drivers together and then by lo revolutions and you have 8 by 8 by lo by I2 by 6 by lo equal to 460800 ; divide this amount by the product of the figures for pinions, 4 by 5 by 5 by 5 by 6 equal to 3000, and the quotient will be 153 or the number of revolutions of last wheel. This rule is equally applicable to a train of pulleys, the given elements being the diameter and the circumference.

Solution. - Multiply the velocity of driver by its diameter, and divide the product by the number of revolutions it is desired the driven shall make.

Solution. - Multiply the diameter of driven by the number of revolutions you desire it shall make, and divide the product by the number of revolutions of the driver.

Gents - We take pleasure in stating that the 13^ inch Vertical Double Turbine Water Wheel purchased of your firm last season, through your agent here, Mr. C. Kemp, and set to work as per his directions, gives us every satisfaction. We have a penstock 60 feet high, built on plan as described on page 79 of your illustrated pamphlet of i88o, ot 4 inch red pine plank, lined with inch timber, globe bolted to bottom of penstock and run direct to circular saw pulley with open belt, as shown on page 37 of pamphlet for 1880; diameter pulley on water wheel shaft 18 inches; Mandrel pulley, 22 inches. We have a Cooper rotary mill, 52 inch Desston saw, and can cut from 5,000 to 7,000 feet of inch lumber per day of 12 hours. Other parties put in a new steam saw mill last year just above us - same kind of mill, running with same size saw (52 inch,) but ve can sail right through a tough log that will bring their engine, a 22 horse power Ames, to a dead halt, although carrying heavy pressure. JENS C. NELSEN.

Gentlemen - The 40, 61 and 66 inch Water Wheel which we purchased of your agents, Messrs, Okeef & Sons, of this city, on the 19th of April, 1883, for the use of our Ravine Paper Mills, are giving us entire satisfaction, and are all they are represented to be, S. K. WAMBOLD,

James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio

Gentlemen - We are using one of your 40 inch Special Wheels. Wheel has been in operation day and night for nearly two years and has never given us five minutes' trouble since starting. Our head varies from 16 to 18 feet. We never use more than \^ gate, seldom more than ^. We draw i separator, i pair 30 inch smooth rolls, 2 large size brush scourers, 2 large bran dusters, 6 purifiers, 8 stands of elevators, 6 reels and i centrifugal. Wheel has only a 2 foot pit below it, which we consider only about ope-half what it should have. We consider your wheel, for all places and all kinds of work, without an equal. Yours truly, WM. HAYDEN,

Gents - Our experience with your Leffel Improved Double Turbine Water Wheel has been highly satisfactory. In March, 1873, we put in two 35 inch Wheels, displacing a four foot Reynolds Wheel, deriving therefrom full as great power, and a most decided saving of water. March, 1875, we put in one 35 inch wheel, displacing a Stout, Mills & Temple American Turbine. These Leffels run with no loss of efficiency or increased consumption of water that we can perceive, either at full or part gate, and with a decided advantage over the Stout, Mills & Temple in the attention required to prevent clogging of the wheel. We also, at the same time, put a 26)^ in. wheel in a new mill, which worked satisfactorily. Since then we have put in two 30)^ inch wheels, and shall, as soon as we get time, put in still another of the same pattern. In an extensive experience with water wheels of over thirty years, we can safely say that yours is the best water wheel we have yet tried.

Dear Sir - It gives me pleasure to sav that the 1334 inch Leffel Wheel, which you put in for me at the " Ivey Mill, " is doing its work well and giving entire satisfaction. I find with the small amount of 60 inches water under the pressure of 182 feet, that the wheel gives ample power to diive the 60 stamps of 460 lbs each, and 1 think surplus power to drive 20 or 30 additional stamps. The wheel is the most complete power I have ever seen or used, and a success in every way. To those who wish to gain the greatest amount of power from the smallest possible supply of water, I would cheerfully recommend the Leffel Wheel, knowing there will be satisfaction in every instance. With respect I am, Yours truly.

Dear Sirs - For two summers last past I have been running a 50 inch saw in the toughest of red fir, with one of your to inch turbine wheels, using about 175 inches of water, (miner's measurement, the method in universal use in mining countries) under 75 foot pressure. It has done the required work satisfactorily, and is well capable of cutting 6,000 feet per day in fair size logs. Usually run with gates full open, though it seems to give about the same power with gates about % open. I believe these wheels will, properly managed, do about what is claimed for them.

The illustration on following page gives a plan somewhat in detail of a very simple and efficient method for arranging circular mills in many instances. This style when adopted, if well put up, with proper size of pulleys, and suitable length of belt, cannot fail to give good satisfaction. Usually in building mills upon this plan, a wheel of comparatively small size is used, operating under a head of considerable height. In the cut, the wheel is shown in our Patent Globe, to which a head pipe is attached, leading from the ordinary upright wooden penstock. The pipe being attached to the bulkhead on outside of mill, passes through the stone wall, and connects directly to the globe ; this latter having, as is shown, a substantial foundation of heavy timbers, and stone piers or masonry. To the sides of the globe casing are flanges to rest upon the sills, affording it a convenient and solid support. A short draft tube is seen attached to lower part of cylinder below, which of course is not necessary in all instances, since the wheel and globe can frequently be placed at the bottom of head, as may be seen in other parts of pamphlet. ;

The power is transmitted directly to pulley on saw mandrel, by means of what is usually termed a quarter-turn belt, from a pulley placed on the water wheel shaft. One entirely unacqviainted with the arrangement of the pulleys and belts in this manner, should obtain the services or advice of some one who has had some experience in arranging, applying and putting such belts into operation.

It will be observed that the centre of horizontal pulley on water wheel shaft is placed very nearly on a level with the bottom of pulley on saw mandrel, and the centre of pulley on mandrel is almost in a line with the further edge of the pulley on water wheel shaft, although it may not be observed from the illustration.

The arrows indicate the only direction the belt can run, with this particular situation of pulleys in relation to each other. Should the direction of belt be changed, then an entire change of the location of pulleys would become necessary. There need, however, be no difficulty in the matter, upon due consideration.

When this method of using the Leffel Wheel is adop'.ed, it is best to have the pulleys situated some distance apart, perhaps 12 to 18 feet, and not too large in dimensions, nor should the one be very lai-ge and the other very small. When it can be so arranged, they may be as nearly the same size as the proper speeds of the water wheel and saw will admit. In almost all cases, however, the pulley on wheel shaft will be smallest, since the method is best applied to high heads and small wheels. We will give full information on any point concerning the method when desired.

James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio

Gentlemen - The ii>^ Turbine Water Wheel I bought of you last August is giving perfect satisfaction. It is operating under 30 foot head. Runs two pair of burs successfully, one a 4 foot, the other 334 foot, at full gate. I was told by many that it would prove a failure. That I did not have water sufficient to run a Turbine, as there was a Turbine put i n from some other company previous to my buying the property, which proved a failure. It is in every respect superior to the overshot it displaced. Yours truly, S. V. LEDFORD.

Gents - The thirty-five inch Water Wheel, special, from you gives us entire satisfaction We are driving a 125 barrel roller mill and it does its work splendidly under a 60 foot fall. Yours respectfully,

Sirs - We are usiiig a thirty-six inch " Leffel's Improved Double Turbine Water Wheel," and can say that it §ives entire satisfaction, running a wheat and corn mill with all the machinery requisite for the same, with only half gate water.

Gents - The 48 inch Water Wheel purchased of you last fall has proved satisfactory in every respect. We took out a 60 inch Stout Mills & Temple Wheel and put your 48 inch in its place and started up under 16 foot head. Our mill has capacity of 175 barrels flourdaily. When we were making the change some of the boys in the mill thought the 48 inch would not start the mill, it looked so small beside the one taken out, but when we come to let the water on they found it would carry the mill with about 3-5 gate under 16 foot head. Yours truly,

Johnston. Bro. & Co

Dear Sire - Yours of December 17th, directed to Lyon M. & M. Co., at hand, and as that Company is out of existence, I have taken the liberty to answer it myself, for the reason that before Lyon Mill ordered a wheel, I had the choice of a wheel for the Company, and I chose your wheel. I think you made the wheel late in 1875 or early in '76. I put in the wheel ; you also made case for it. It has been in constant use ev^r since, and the water at times quite muddy from tailings run into the river from mills above. Considering the water we use for power, I don't believe there was ever a piece of machinery put together that gave more perfect satisfaction than your wheel.

Lyon Mill Co. bought another of your wheels last year and we have it now; but the way the old wheel is operating it may be years yet before it will be worn out; there is never any repairs on it. 1 have run that wheel over 100 days without stop- ping, and did not stop then for the wheel, but to clean out the boiler in the mill. If 1 had use for one hundred wheels they would all be LefFel's Wheels, as then I could depend on my power. Ours is a 35 inch ; we don't use more than ^ gate ; the wheel is very economical as your gates are the most perfect form; we adjust them for the water we have as perfectly as you can an engine by its throttle. Ours is a quartz or tailings mill, about 160 tons per 24 hours. We have 12 pans and 12 settlers, which take from 12 to 14 horse power to the pan, making fully 150 horse power besides our Battery of ten stamps and two mills for crushing rock. The same 24 inch main driving belt is on that I put on when I put in the wheel seven years ago, so you can judge that it does its work very easily. 1 he belt travels 43 feet per second, the driving pulley 4 feet 4 inches, driven pulley 11 feet.

Our wheel lays on its side, but I am willing to bet and give large odds, that it will run upright, on its side, on an angle, or inclined, or any way that it can lie set up, and give good satisfaction. There is never any trouble with the wheel. We have 56 feet head of water, run with gates ^ open; your wheel is driving the machinery that a 52 foot overshot and an 8 foot breast wheel formerly did ; at the same time we are not getting half of the power in your wheel that it contains, on account of not having the water to fill it; but it will do the work economically according to the water, much or little. Wishing you success, allow me to subscribe myself. Truly yours,

A Proper Test For A Turbine Wheel

The severest practical tests to which turbines can be subjected, are to take the place of overshot wheels under high falls, and when applied to heads and pressures entirely too great to admit at all of the application of an overshot either single or double ; and in both instances where the quantity of water is extremely limited, being only supplied by a few springs. It can certainly be claimed for the wheel that succeeds under those circumstances, that it is a strong and durable one, easy of application and management when in operation ; and that it is the very best turbine thatcan be constructed.

We therefore invite special attention to the statements we publish elsewhere in this pamphlet from practical millers and millwrights, who have had years of experience with overshot wheels, under high falls and small quantities of water - just the circumstances under which it has been formerly considered impossible for any turbine to successfully compete with an overshot ; and we think it not too much to say, that the Leffel Wheel is the onfy wheel that can achieve such results under such conditions. But severe as is this test, the Leffel Wheel has not only proven equal but superior in every respect to the overshot ; and it will also be observed that, notwithstanding the high degree of economy demanded in the use of so small a quantity of water, not one of the wheels is using full-drawn gates. In factj some are operating with gates only one-quarter open ; thus proving beyond a doubt the highest degree of economy in our wheel with partial gates.

Another fact that cannot escape attention, is the immense power produced by such small wheels. We claim this as a feature peculiar to the Leffel Wheel ; and from the principle of its construction, we ftre ^ble ^et tp increase its capacity much beyond its present power, if in any case the circumstances may seem to require it. We have found, by careful comparison with many other wheels, that we can produce a far greater power from the same size wheel, thus enabling us to use a much smaller wheel for any purpose than is usually applied by any other form of turbine.