Twin Township (part 2 of 3)

Botetourt county, Virginia, where he resided until his death, about 1821, or 1822. He had seven children, five of whom were sons, the youngest of whom was Christian, born in Maryland in 1788. He was in the War of 2872 as sergeant of his company, and was stationed at Norfolk, Virginia.

1829 when, with his wife and five children, he emigrated to Preble county. He settled in Harrison township, building his log cabin in the woods where his son, Christian, now lives. September rs, 1871, he died, at the advanced age of eighty-two years and eleven months. June 13, 1857, his wife died, aged seventy years, seven months and twentynine days. They raised five children, of whom Matthias was the oldest. He was raised upon the farm and had, perhaps, less than two years' married to Mary Ann, daughter of John Ozias, of Twin township. She died some six months after marriage. and July 9, 1843, he married Rebecca Jane Ozias, a cousin of his first wife. He remained on the homestead until the fall of 1843, when he located on a part of the farm on which he now lives, which consists of three hundred and sixty acres. In 1862 Captain Disher raised a company of volunteers (company H, Ninety-third Ohio volunteer infantry), and was chosen captain of his company. His regiment was ordered to Kentucky, and in the retreat which followed from Richmond, Kentucky, to Louisville, lost by capture one hundred and eighty men. He remained in service only about four months, being compelled to resign on account of ill health. Captain Disher is a man of much more than ordinary intelligence, notwithstanding his lack of early educational advantages. He is a reader of books, and possesses a literary quality of mind in which the antiquarian element predominates. Politically he is a Republican. Captain Disher is now living with his third wife, his second wife having died in February, 1854, at the age of twenty-eight. His present wife, zee Elizabeth He has forty-one years ago, and the old hewed log house into which he moved is still used, adjoining his present residence, which was built in 1863. Mr. Vance began here in the woods, cleared up a farm which is now a well improved property of one hundred and fifty-six acres. His wife died March 6, 1870, aged sixty-four years, eleven months and twelve days. Mr. Vance is the father of nine children, as follows: Jordan, born January 11, 1828; Sarah, born July 28, 1831, died in 1863; Isabella, born June 6, 1834; Maria, wife of John Ashbaugh,- born May 26, 1837; Isaac, born March 16, 1840, married Catharine Houk, and occupies a member of the National Eclectic Medical associction, the Ohio Eclectic Medical association, and the Miami Valley Medicai association, of which he is secretary.

Dr. Tillson's wife, Caroline (Brower) Tillson, was born in West Alexandria, November 18, 1843. Her father, Joseph Brower, was one of the earliest settlers of the county. Her mother, whose maiden name was Maria Spate, was a native of Switzerland.

Oliver Tillson, father of the subject of our sketch, was born in Butler county, Ohio, August 5, 1805. His father, a native of Vermont, was one of the pioneers of southwestern Ohio. 4 heavier weight of responsibility than any other profession. Upon the decision of the physician depends the health, and, frequently, the life of the patient. A thorough knowledge of all that pertains to the profession, an ac- qualifications of the successful practitioner. The subject of this sketch, Dr. Oliver E. Tillson, is, happily, well possessed of all these qualifications.

He was born in Darke county, Ohio, April 20, 1842. When quite young his father removed with the family to Richmond, Indiana. Oliver attended the public schools of Richmond, clerked in a store and worked in a printing office until 1856, when he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. G. W. Dickey, at New Hope, Preble county. cinnati Eclectic Medical institute, where he remained two sessions. His extensive course of reading was then resumed in Dr. Dickey's office and pursued until Octo-

Thus thoroughly prepared by six years diligent study, Dr. Tillson was ready to begin the practice of his profession with the most flattering prospects. He located at West Alexandria, and his merits were soon appreciated by the community. From the time he opened an office the doctor has enjoyed a large and lucrative practice, and a high standing among his professional brethren. He is

He afterwards engaged in the same business in New He died at New Hope, June 21, 1865. He was married December r9, 1823, to Rosanna Beeson, who was born in North Carolina in 1807. While in childhood her father removed to He was a volunteer soldier in the War of 1812, and died at Fort Meigs, September 5; 1814. She died at Richmond, Indiana, December 7, 1873.

The family of Oliver and Rosanna Tillson consisted of four daughters and three sons, one of whom is dead. Mary Ann was born June 21, 1827. She is married to Andrew Tosh, and is living in Kansas. Rebecca C. was born December 25, 1830. She is married to David Richey, and living in Richmond, Indiana. Lydia was born April r3, 1834. She is married to Dr. G. W. Dickey, and living in New Hope, Preble county. Frances A. was born February 3, 1837. She was married to Jacob Benner, and is living in Richmond, Indiana. Robert Mitchell was born September 1, 1839, and died January 19, 1842. Wilham Irwin was born July 18, 1845. He is now living in the south.

council and school board. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party, of which he is a working member, for the office of county clerk, but was beaten by an independent candidate. His vote, however, in the townships in which he is best known, was very flattering. He is a member of the Reformed church, and the Masonic and Odd Fellows orders.

In the person of Dr. Haldeman we have all the characteristics of a live American. His life has been one of action and progressive thought. There is nothing fogy in his make up; with him mere antiquity commands no reverence, and mere novelty conciliates no favor.

. Allen Furgus Haldeman is a native of this county, and is the youngest of six children.. He was born in 1843 and is thirty-seven years old. His father is Abraham Haldeman, a native of Virginia, and emigrated to this county with his father, John Haldeman in 1806. He is still living in the enjoyment of excellent health, and is in the eighty-first year of his age. In his prime of life he possessed a fine physical organization, with rare mental and social endowments. At the early age of nineteen he became a self-taught and practical surveyor. His mother is Elizabeth Haldeman, who emigrated to this county with her father, John Fisher, in 1813. She is still living in the enjoyment of good health, in the seventy-sixth year of her age. She possesses rare qualities of both heart and mind, and has filled well her mission in life.

Dr. Haldeman's early life was spent in acquiring an education; but before he had fairly emerged from boyhood: he lost his health. He tried the merits: of the health he sought, and receiving, as he believed, nothing but injury from the treatment of all the physicians whom he consulted, and being dissatisfied with their explanations of his malady, and their talk about the remedies proposed, he determined to investigate the subject for himself; he had, however, no idea of ever becoming a physician. His health was lost; if he did not regain it he would be useless to himself and to the world. He determined to sacrifice all to that primary consideration, and let the future take care of itself. Having no love for, or interest in, any system but the true one, he determined to satisfy himself, if possible, what was true. His observation and experience, however, were continually leading him from all faith in drug remedies. Hydropathy or Hygienic Medication through "Laws of Life," published by Dr. Jackson at his home, Hygienic institute, Dansville, New York.

Through its teachings he was not long in convincing himself that Dr. Jackson was teaching and practicing a system that was at least in harmony with nature and the laws of vitality. In the spring of 1863 he became a patient at Dr. Jackson's cure. During a course of treatment of five or six months he was restored to health. He now had a pretty good idea of what constituted a philosophical treatment of the sick. Out of this embryotic insight of matters pertaining to health, sprang a desire to enter the medical profession. In the spring of 1865 he had a correspondence with Prof. Trall, president of the New York Hydropathic college. He was informed that Dr. Trall would hold a spring and summer term of his college at his Hygiean Home, Saint Anthony's Falls, Minnesota. Dr. Haldeman concluded to attend this term. At the end of the term he returned, and re-

In 1866 he became a graduate of the New York Hygeio-Therapeutic college. After his graduation he remained in New York several months, attending a course of scientific lectures on collateral sciences. In the fall of 1866 he returned to New York on purpose to accompany Prof. Trall to Europe, to prosecute his studies in that country.

After reaching New York, he found that Dr. Trall would be delayed several weeks on account of engrossing professional duties, and in consequence, his stay in Europe would be shortened. On this account Dr. Haldeman deferred going to Europe, and instead, spent the winter in New York. He attended hospital clinics at Bellevue, and at Blackwell's Island. His new and progressive medical ideas opened up new fields of thought, and he lost no time in making himself conversant with as wide a range of doctrines and scientific subjects as possible. It is but justice in behalf of the age of progress to say that Dr. Haldeman came out of New York as much of an anti-orthodox as he was anti-drug.

In the spring of 1867 he visited Boston and the New England States. While at Boston, he made the acquaintance of Dr. Dio Lewis, and with him visited his young ladies' physiological school at Lexington, Massachusétts. After a visit of several months in Boston, he returned to New York. Inthe spring of 1869 he went west. After spending several months in Chicago, returned. À

In the fall of the same year he went to Philadelphia, to investigate a business proposition made him by Dr. Wilson, of that city, wherein Dr. Haldeman would become a partner with him in his Hygienic institute. Dr. Trall,of New York, had also submitted a proposition to him to become a partner with him in his Hygeian Home.

Mining and Smelting company with a capital stock of five hundred thousand dollars. Dr. Haldeman was made president of this company, with headquarters at Chicago. During his business career in the west he was elected president of two other business corporations. In the spring of 1876 he went east to look at several health institutions, with a view of purchasing.

After remaining several months in Philadelphia, attending the Centennial, he returned. In the spring of 1877 Dr. Haldeman was employed as physician at Cedar Springs. In August of the same year he purchased Mr. Marshall's entire interest. In the spring of 1878 he and his brother, Eli, became the owners of the entire property. Immediately after this purchase Dr. Haldeman and his nephew, O. A. Gale, furnished the hotel entirely new, and have ever since conducted the place as a health resort. With the opening of the coming season of 1881, its name will be changed to Cedar Springs Hydro-Therapeutic and Hygienic Institute, and will be conducted on the medical philosophy as is understood and practiced by Dr. Haldeman. The doctor has furnished the following, as embracing his viewing as to the rationale of the new medical philosophy which, he believes, constitutes a "True Healing Art," - one that is successful and satisfactory when applied to practice.

The Rationale Of The Nature Of Disease

Disease is an action of the living system, and occurs only in living organisms. Its nature is determined by its symptoms, and by the causes that produce it. Two things are necessary for its existence; first, vitality in the organism, and second, a morbific cause introduced therein, or an agent brought in contact with the vital principle that produces obstruction in its operations. Disease is then the action which iollows as a result of this contact, in which the vital instincts of the organism strive to rid themselves of the offending substance. Disease, then, is vital war, an effort of the living system to preserve itself, to defend its autonomy. In this instance war is right and should continue as long as the morbific causes are upon the patient. Disease, then, is 2 necessary vital process, and should not be cured until the removal of its cause. The vitality of the organism is the motive or operating cause and the morbific agent, the obstructing cause. ` To remove the motive or operating cause, nothing is more certain than the administration of violent poisons, and this explains why physicians of the drug schools consider them their best remedies, on the supposition that disease is a thing that must be killed, hence employ them for that purpose, often to the destruction of the patient'slife. If they were cognizant of the fact that disease itself represents the life powers of the patient in remedial effort, and that, in killing out the disease, they were but killing out the vital power of their patient, they would see how utterly unphilosophic the practice of employing poisons in the treatment of disease. Disease, then, is not a thing to be destroyed, but an action to be regulated, a process tO: be directed, not allowing the action to terminate in congestion in any part or organin the body. The body brought to a high degree of temperature, either by violent exercise or by disease, is just as subject to the great law of radiation as any other heated object, and to obtain the necessary radiation we have only to supply the conditions in accordance with this great law. The normal temperature of the body is ninety-eight Fahrenheit. A few degrees above indicate consuming fever; a few below,. a depressed condition that tends to collapse and death. In health, if the heat of the body tends to increase beyond the standard of normality, the body at once covers itself with water (perspiration), thus the evaporation carries off the dangerous excess. In fevers and congestions, however, there is such a sudden increase of heat as a consequence of extreme labor, or the introduction of a poison into the circulation, that the perspiratory glands become obstructed and perspiration does not take place; then the science of Hydropathy clearly indicates the remedy. The dry and hot surface of the body must be supplied with the conditions of moisture, according to the great law of radiation. Thus we see our reme dies are indicated by the preservative tendencies of nature.

The Rationale Of The Modus Operandi Of Drugs And Poisons

It is claimed by the advocates of drug medication that when a drug is introduced into the system that it acts by a special elective or selective chemical affinity, which the different drugs inherently possess for the various organs, parts and structures of the system. The rationale of this apparent action is reduced to the following propositions:

The rationale: The vital instincts recognize the substance to be inimical to their normal functions, and an intruder into their sacred domicile; hence it cannot remain; they cannot use it by any process known to the sustenance of life. Hence they set up a process to expel it. If the drug is classed as an emetic it devolves upon the stomach to expel it; if classified as a cathartic, the duty is assigned to the bowels; if a diueretic, the kidneys become the best vehicle to carry it out, and so on by like process to the end of the three thousand known drugs.

The vital instincts, in relation to the duties they have to perform, have an intelligent guidance, as it were, the same as a man would have who had a difficult piece of work to perform; if intelligent he would do the work the easiest way, and with the least wear on his vital energies, considering the material he had to use. Just so with tbe vital instincts of the organism in relation to the expulsion of non-usable substan- ces. They take in, as it were, the nature of the situation, and the nature of the substance they have to deal with - the composition of its component elements, its density, or its fluidity; then whatever enunciatory is best adapted to the removal of the substance with the least wear to organic structures, to that -organ or organs is the duty assigned. The work often necessitates extreme and violent action on the part of the organ or organs whose duty it devolves. This undue action is disease - a veritable drug disease. This explains why professors of the drug schools say, "We but cure one disease by producing another;" or why Professor Paine, of the New York university says, ''Remedial agents," meaning drugs, ''are essentially morbific in their action. They operate in the same manner as do the remote causes of disease." The action which follows, on the part of the living system, when a poison is introduced, is intense in ratio to the poisonous qualities of the drug. This explains why mild poisons only affect the patient slightly, while violent ones depress vitality rapidly. The action devolved upon the system where a violent poison is administered, becomes so great that the vital powers soon exhaust themselves and fall paralyzed, as it were, and death is the result. This explains, perhaps, why the distinguished Marshall Hall declares "thousands are annually slaughtered in the quiet sick room."

This, then, is the rationale of thé modus operandi of the so called drug medicines, which is so much written about and so little understood. Perhaps the advocates of thé chemical theory are not quite satisfied with this solution of the problem. What is chemistry? Chemistry is the accretion and separation of the atoms of dead matter. Chlorine and mercury will combine and form a new substance called calomel, and then the calomel may be decomposed and the chlorine and mercury reproduced. Nothing like this happens in the domain of organic life. There is no chémistry in the living organism. Were any drug to act chemically upon any part or organ within the living system, it would combine with it, and that would certainly be the death of it. Dead things combine with dead things, and this is chemistry. Living matter acts on dead matter, resists and expels poisons, and this is vitality. Chemistry then takes cognizance of the combinations and decompositions of dead, inorganic matter, while vital action is the transformation of usable matter into living forms. There are but two functions of vitality, one process transforms the elements of food into tissue, and throws off the waste matters; this is health - physiology - vis conservatrix nature. The other process expels drugs, extraneous or foreign substances and repairs damages; this is disease - pathology - vis Medicatrix Nature. The living system acts only in two ways. It acts appropriate to the substance if useful, and to reject it if injurious. This, then, explains the grfhd demarkation between foods and poisons, as they are recognized by the vital instincts of the organism. A nutritious agent creates and renews nerve cells and structures, endowing them with the finest physiological sensibilities, while a poisonous agent disturbs the essential conditions of their growth and renewal, and paralyzes their normal sensibilities. Thus one destroys, what the other builds up. Hence it is just as reasonable to suppose that there is affinity between health and disease as to attribute affinity between a poison and any organ, part, or structure of the body.

With these truthswe enter the most facinating fieldin nature to considerthe-conduct of agents within the elaboratory oflife. Nowhere in na. ture has Deity evinced such evidence of divine and supernatural intelligence. It brings into play man's noblest and highest manifestation of intellect to perceive and make the distinction between these opposing forces. One agent producing construction, and the other destruction , one maintaining integrity of function, and the other debasing and de. stroying it. Out of this depot of lifes dynamics the brain becomes the recognized sun of the physiological system, receiving and transmitting to the system a force that propels the mightiest and minutest process of physical life. In this citadel sits enshrined the im. mortal soul, whose sublime and sensitive train of transition is evolved. As the brain is the instrument of the mind through which it receives and transmits its vital force, then much depends upon the integrity of its structural health, and its normal action. Let it once become dis, eased or paralyzed by the use of debasing poisons, and the mentality becomes deranged, and life loses its purpose.

Then for men to call poisons medicines is an outrage upon the name of science; a blight upon our civilization, and an obstacle in the pathway of progress.

Rationale Of Medicines

A more correct knowledge of the nature of drugs shows they are not medicines at all! Medicines are those things which in themselves does the patient good, and can never be used properly with any other idea.

Rationale Of Drug Medication

Drugs are agents which produce disease, hence cannot be medicines. The idea that drugs are medicines found existence in the primary dogma that nature has provided in drugs remedies for disease. If disease is a result of a transgression of the vitallaws, would nature so stultify herself as to to provide remedies to do away with the consequenced penalties? Nature has provided penalties to secure obedience to her laws; not remedies to do away with the consequence of disobedience to them! Man has mistaken her teachings. Instead of nature providing drugs as remedies for disease, the truth is, every drug taken into the living system-induces a new disease. Every drug has its own penalty. Every dose is an outrage on the vitality of the patient. There is no so called Zaw of curein the universe. There is a condition of cure, which, when filled, means to live in obedience to physiological law. RATIONALE OF DRUG MEDICATION.

Drug medication is established upon the fundamental fallacy of doing evil that good may come. Health cannot come through the use of those means which destroy health. Poisons cannot sustain vitality, for the very term implies its destruction. It is a grand delusion to poison a person because he is sick. To drink alcohol, smoke tobacco, and eat opium are additional parts of the same delusion, and the one practice is justified or condemned upon the same principles as is the other. Physicians prescribe drugs because the patient is made to feel better, because his eyes and ears tell him he is better. The drunkard drinks whiskey, smokes tobacco, and eats opium for the same reason, and with quite as great wisdom. Every process of stimulation known to man is a delusive process, either by whiskey or drugs. Whiskey makes the drunkard fecl better, and he repeats his dram from day to day until he fills a drunkard's grave. Tobacco sustains the nervous powers of the smoker, just as arsenic, strychnine, and opium sustains the nervous powers of its deluded victims. Hence we see that the practice of drug medication is a delusive practice, encouraging and buoying up the patient, making him feel improved, while destruction and death follow close after him, When he dies his death is ascribed to a special act of Divine Providence for the protection of the doctors.

Then what is the rationale of this practice? It is to force-into the organism that whichis destructive to it. No difference what common sense has to say, that which destroys life must save it ; that which exhausts vitality must increase it; that which is ordinarily deadly in its effects must be salvatory. Health, then, is sought to be obtained by the use of those means which destroy health; invigoration is hoped for through exhaustion; natural power sought to be developed by defying nature. Hence the plans are in their very terms empirical and contrary to every law of the organism.

Toillustrate: If the usual vigor of the patienti seems diminished, the physician becomes alarmed - the patient as well, and he administers a poison ''to rouse the patient up, to sustain and support his vitality." The vital powers act with electric energy to avoid death, thus he sees the wonderful magic of his remedy. The rationale of this is, that the organism was forced to yield up what little vigor it had left, in the contest against its enemy. So pleased is he (and the observers, too,) with this manifestation of vital vigor, and so intent is he upon appearances, that he repeats his dose from time to time, as long as.the vital resources hold out. Finally the delusion ends in exhaustion and death. This explains why Professor Alonzo Clark, of the New York college of Physicians and Surgeons, said: ''Allof our curative agents are poisons, and as a consequence, every dose diminishes the patient's vitality." Or why Dr. Garth, in his last illness, when he saw his fellow doctors consulting together at his bedside, raised his head from his pillow, and said, with a smile: ''Dear gentlemen, let me die a natural death." Were the physician cognizant of the fact that the appearances he believed were signs of recuperation and health were but the morbid manifestations of life in-defence of his remedy, he would then see why this apparent sinking away of the vital energies was in harmony with the great and inexorable law of periodicity, and that the vital forces were only being saved and accumulated through rest, in order to recuperate for another struggle. What would the intelligent community think of an over anxious mother who would prick and pinch her child to keep it awake and active, for fear it would die if its powers sank to rest. Yet physicians are prescribing alcohol on the same principle. Why is this? Because, they tell us, that as yet medical science is still in her infancy. And it is safe to predict that if they still continue to took for the solution of its problems in the same direction they have for the last two thousand years, it will always remain in its infancy.

Hygienic practice, because the patientis placed in the very best conditions to rest and recuperate naturally. When the patient is in the throes of the paroxysm, the remedial effort is assisted and regulated.

Periodicity is a law of nature which governs physiological processes, as wellas pathological. No bodily function will bear continuous exertion without its periodic rest. Contraction must be followed by relaxation, or disintegration is the result, Even the heart, which carries on its unceasing action, has its period of rest between every beat. Digestion has its periodic stages. Periodicity then is a law of nature, all-pervading and inexorable, If disease shows its manifestations more markedly at certain periods than others, it is in obedience to this great law. In conclusion we will say, that if a man is not conversant with the true relation that a substance sustains to the living system, he is not a. fit person to predicate an opinion as to the good or harm the agent employed will do him. When a man says: "I want a quiet night; I will take a sleeping draught," that man speaks in parables. He should say, I will poison myself alittle, just enough to make me unconsious, but not enough to kill. The state he produces is not sleep, but a condition of narcotism that counterfeits sleep. He is a wise man who meets the condition with rest, seeks the sunshine and fresh air, and makes some fresh investments for his nervous system. If he follows in the footsteps of his deluded neighbor, and takes an artificial stimulant, he will begin a career which, sooner or later, will place him among the incurables or bring him to an untimely end. Alcohol and all drugs that narcotize are dangerous in the highest degree, for they mask the malady without curing it. The remedy is to give up all habits which cannot be sustained and defended by reason and scientific argument.

The Rationale Of The Relation That Water Sustains

THE RATIONALE OF THE RELATION THAT WATER SUSTAINS TO THE BODY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. - Air and water are two fluids necessary to life, and subserve similar purposes in the organism. The elements of air yield to chemical combinations in the organism, by which it furnishes materials for its use, and conveys from the system some of its impurities, while water receives and dilutes the impurities and carries them out of the organism. Three-fourths of the organic world is water, equally true is it that three-fourths of all organized existence is composed of water. Water subserves a similar purpose in the animal economy, to that of our rivers, canals, and lakes in commercial life. Itis the medium through which floats the solid materials to: their requisite places; carrying from out the organism the waste and worn out matters. 'Then one of the chief uses of water is the function of transportation, which, in reality, is the most important one of the organism. Nutritionis the first and greatest of life's functions, and comprises the breaking down of the old structures, and the building up of new. This process necessitates the continual removal of its ashes, and the debris of various depurating organs. Hence water becomes the organism's chief medium of exchange. Without water the excretory matters would become solid, and incapable of removal. With the fluidity of the body properly sustained, the tissues are kept soft and pliable and the blood a fluid, nutrition perfect and health the physiological result. When the fluid part of the body is not properly sustained, the mucous surfaces become dry and parched with. attendant fever, then the inward üse of water just as truly radiates internal heat as its application to the external The great law of radiation is just as applicable to the allaying of inward fever, as its use is to its external manifestation. When the channels of navigation get dry or low in the system, it is a most prolific cause of disease. Then it is of the greatest importance to serve the system with the requisite amount of water each day, and at proper times. For this purpose only pure water should be used - water which contains no elements save its own proper and unvarying constituents; and like the air, it is a difficult thing to obtain. The purer and softer the water, the better solvent it is, and the quicker absorbed and circulated through the system. Another important reason why water should be abundantly supplied to the organism, is to facilitate the process of ezdosmose and exosmorse. This process affords a constant interchange of the fluids of the body. When this function is acting normally there is a perfect depürent from the blood of its impurities. "When the blood becomes thick it becomes impure, and this occurs because the system has not been furnished the means for its purification, according to the law of exdosmose and exosmorse.

Rationale Of Hygienic And Hydro-Theraputic Medication

RATIONALE OF HYGIENIC AND HYDRO-THERAPUTIC MEDICATION. - This system of medication contemplates the employment as remedial agents those materials and influences which have normal relations to the living system. These are: air, water,f ood, sleep, exercise, rest, sunshine, light, temperature, and social recreation. Its philosophy is predicated on the primary premise that those things which are constitutionally adapted to the preservation of health are also the proper remedies for disease. It rejects from its materia medica all poisons - all things whose presence in the vital domain is incompatible with the normal play of all the functions, and which are destructive to the living tissue. It regards disease as disordered vital action, consequent on irregularity; excess or defect in the use of things normal, or as a result of the presence of things abnormal. Then the remedial plan is to regulate the use or application of things normal, and to rid the system of the presence of things abnormal - regulating the one and removing the other. In other words: disease is nature making an effort to rid herself from agrievance, or if from traumatic causes, to repair theinjury done. Nor does she cease her efforts until she accomplishes her object, or exhausts herself in an unsuccessful attempt. Then, to assist nature, we first place the patient in normal' relations to useful things- -health-giving agents; and, second, to furnish her with the means to regulate and conorol her morbid actions. Hence the work must not be suppressed but intelligently superintended; her forces marshalled and commanded, that thelabor to be performed be equally divided among the organs involved. The patient is always safe when the remedial action is equally directed to the various depurating organs, or mainly to the skin.. There is danger just to the extent that the remedial action is determined from the skin and concentrated on some internalorgan. The rule then is to balance the remedial effort. 'To direct and control the remedial effort we have only to balance the circulation; and to balance the circulation we have only to regulate the temperature. In order to do this the hydropathic appliances are successful, because they are in accordancewith the great law of radiation. When the temperature rises above 105? Fahrenheit, there is great danger of disorganization, but when kept within the limits of hyperpyrexia, 103° Fahreheit, there is little or no danger to the patient. An acute disease is an active effort on the part of the vital forces against the offending causes; while 2 chronic disease is a subdued, sullen, or inactive condition against the same causes. One of the first conditions of disease is an unbalanced circulation. Hereagain the Water Cure appliances are in harmony with the two great naturallaws of expansion and contraction, on the principle that cold contracts and heat expands, By these means, then, we have the.most efficient remedy known for equalizing and balancing the circulation. Then to radiate heat from the surface we have only to supply the conditions of moisture; thus we bring to bear upon the patient two great natural remedial laws. Then this is a practice in harmony with the laws of nature in agreement with every living structure; in accord with Science and common sense.

The more you know about it the better you like it; the more you see of it the more you are convinced it is correct in theory, and in practice based upon the immutable laws of nature, while Drug-opathy is not demonstrable in science, and in practice is not based upon one law in nature, hence it cannot bear examination; to explain it would be to destroy it; to defend it would be to damage it; to keep the people ignorant of its philosophy consists only in its safety; to hold an intelligent court of inquiry over its theories and practices, it would fall to pieces like a baseless fabric, or be driven into thin air like the vapors of a poisonous miasma before a rising sun. It does not seek explanation; it wants the people to believe that medical science is in its infancy and that its practices and theories cannot be explained by its most brilliant advocates. Its existence is a good thing for those who follow it for a livlihood, and palm it off on the dear people as philosophy, as science - but what about the people? Do the people exist for the benefit of the profession, or does the profession exist for the benefit of the people? But occasionally the most liberal and educated of the profession talk heteropathic. Professor Parker says: '' As we place more confidence in nature and less in the preparations of the apothecary, mortality diminishes." Professor Smith says: ''Drugs do not cure diseases; diseases are cured by the vis medicatrix nature. '' Medicine is as yet ina very imperfect state. The philosophy of diseased action is very little known.'" - Professor Nunnely. ''All of our cogitations of the modus operandi of medicines are purely empirical." - Professor Meigs. Professor Campbell, in a clinical lecture, said: "When you get into practice you will think that your medicines cure, and that moment you will begin to kill your patients." ''The whole nation is groaning under the present practice of the medical profession, which fosters disease more than it cures it, and debases and ruins our constitutions." - Morison. ''The science of medicine is founded upon conjecture, improved by murder." - Sir Anthony Carlisle. ''It is not less certain, but still more deplorable, that the majority of the people are yet a prey to medical credulity, superstition, and delusion." - Professor Rafinesque. "I have long enough been tossed on the sea of unfounded hypothesis to feel convinced that absolute darkness prevails in the medical practice." - Reil. ''Universities are but dull repositories of exploded opinions."

- Dr. Adam Smith. "Iam wearied of guessing." - D'Alembert. ''The people are a goose and I'm going to pluck it," - Beale. ''I was a dogmatic at twenty, an observer at thirty, an empiric at torty, and now at fifty Ino longer have any system." - Borden. The great physiologist and pathologist of France, M. Magendie,-in a clinic to a medical class, said: ''Gentlemen, medicine is a great humbug." When the advanced physician dropped the large pill and adopted the small pill the revolution began. Statistics show that the practice of Homceopathy is a great saving in human life over the Allopathic. This is already opening the eyes of the blind. One step more and Hygeio-Therapy will remove all the scales, and poor faculty-fooled humanity will be emancipated. Hygeio-Therapy is in the sience of health what the steamship, the locomotive, the gas light, and the telegraph are in the science of locomotion and progress. Drug-opathy is the stage coach, the canal-boat, the mail bag, the tallow candle system of advancing backward. Hygeio-Therapy's perscriptions need not be written in Latin. Rést, regularity, recreation, diet, sunshine, exercise, and early hours are nature's phyiscians. It says meat once a day, plentyof water inside and out, no alcohol drinks, and no drug poisons. It tells you that cleanliness is next to godliness, while Allopathy says he that is filthy let him be filthy still. The criminality of Drug-opathy is apparent. It inoculates the heathiest of our race with the seed of death. It is pitiful to see an innocent babe, whose blood is pure, inoculated with some terrible disease by the introduction of poisonous vaccine matter. It is a blight on the delicacy of woman to submit to the demoralizing use of the speculum. It sets all habits of temperance aside and plants forever the seeds of drunkenness by recommending bourbon, or some one of its train of fashionable narcotics Hygeio-Therapy ignores all these pestilential contrivances of the faculty, and is undermining, by acts and facts, this system which is only perpetuated by ablind and ignorant faith in delusive appearances; grown out of the false idea of the relations of poisons to the living system; and the ignorance entertained of the essential nature of disease; and in not comprehending the functions of vitality wherein it makes its grand demarcation between foods and poisons. Then this new system of medicine is a practice in harmony with all the laws of nature, and in agreement with every stricture and function of the living system, and in accord with science and common sense, and is the only successful and satisfactory system of the healing art known to man.

With these truths, scientific and self-evident, in the name of science that classifies all knowledge, in the name of science that truthfully interprets the teachings of nature, let the edicts issue and drive from popular use and favor this poisonous plague, drug medication, and with it its train of fashionable and debasing poisons. When this is secured a heayenly halo of light will open up over the poisonous wastes of the world, a broad and bright, and beautiful pathway of crimson and gold, wherein garlanded angels will gladly gather, proclaiming from highest heaven over all the earth, man's emancipation from the ruinous and depressing practice of pupularized poisons, which have for centuries been wasting his highest and holiest possibilities.

Dr. Haldeman, as a medical investigator, was not satisfied with mere statements, mere incoherent expressions of incoherent ideas, but searched for a philosophy of the healing art based in and upon the immutable laws of nature. His new medical philosophy comprises a solution of the following fundamental problems :

The essential nature of disease; the essential nature of the functions of vitality ; the essential nature of the conditions of cure; the essential nature of the vis medicatrix nature; the essential nature of the vis conservatrix nature, the relation of organic and inorganic matters; the relation of remedies to disease; the relation of disease to the vzs medicatrix nature ; the rationale of the nature and source of remedies: These propositions comprehend all the premises of medical science; all the principles of the healing art. Each is fundamental. Without an exact knowledge of the truth of each, the physician can have no true medical science, nor no rational nor successful practice. Dr. Haldeman, as a medical reasoner, is eloquent and cogent in his arguments, and is destined to stand at the head of the great therapeutic movement of this enlightened nineteenth century. His forthcoming book will be entitled the " Principles of Hydro-Therapy and Hygienic Medication." It will show their relation and adaptation to the treatment of diseases, and the preservation of health. Its teachings will be predicated upon the philosophy that nature has so related man to this life on earth that in order to live and keep well and finally die of old age (accident aside), he has only to be so circumstanced, and conditioned, that he may know and obey the laws which govern and regulate his organism. It will show that the different drug schools are in darkness in regard to what constitutes the true healing art. It will show that their practices are based on mere assumptions, and that every dose is a blind experi- every great natural preservative law in nature. It will show that drug medication is a Bohon Upas, grown out of a false doctrine of the reldtion that poisons sustain to the living system ; and that to perpetuate a system that is so fearful in its consequences as that of poisoning a person because he is sick, should belong only to the dark ages where it originated, and not any more be a part of the medical practice of our boasted civilization. It will explain the relation that stimulation sus- .tains to the economy of life. It will show that a stimulant is any poisonous substance that abnormally increases functional activity without imparting nourishment. It will teach that alcohol increases the work of the heart by increasing its beats, and that every heart beat that is evoked outside of its natural rate per minute is a draw on constitutional power out of time. It will teach how alcohol produces paralysis of the raso-motor nerve centres, thus weakening the contractile force of the minute blood vessels which fill the heart with blood at each of its strokes, and that these vessels, when once paralyzed, offer insufficient resistance to the force of the heart, and the pulsating organ quickens its action like the main spring of a clock, from which resistance has been removed. Thus this quickened action becomes a pathological action, and as pathology is disease, and disease is waste of vital power, so it will show that stimulation and disease is one and the same thing. It will show how water produces disintegration of the tissues, and keeps nutrition perfect, while alcohol prevents it, because alcohol checks decomposition of tissue. It will show why plethora abdominalis is a fashionable disease among whiskey drinkers, and why they fall such easy prey to disease. It will show why the temperance cause has never succeeded ; why it stands to-day a mere childish farce. It will consider the whole range of scientific medical subjects, and their relation to health and disease.

Official Census

The following is the official footing of the population of the several States and territories as developed by the census of 1880, which is published in this volume for the benefit of its readers.

Too, 000

Newark, New Jersey a 135,983 Newburgh, New York... uestes vue o bie SE 18,075 New Albany; Indiana. dome 2404 ces eats 17,500 New: Haven; Connecticut t voe s e eha O. 63,000 New Orleans Louisiana... cock OPERE aA EA 215,123 NewYork? New-York: TL voc cas octo eee NE 1,206, 577 Norwalk; Connecticut: 0000080 $992 seats 14,000 Norristown, Pennsylvania. l.l et aenea e eese 13,200 New Castle? Pennsylvanian if E E ee TS 10,292 New Brunswick, New Jerseys iiaeie arbia taa 17,311 Oakland, Californias sf or 35,006 Omaha, Nebraska 2... 0. e detect eene ve Tiras 30,605 Oswero) New Yorko 7 or ema ete ERE 20,732 Ogdensburehy New Yorke a pico a ates oes 16,277 Oshkosh, Wisconsin.............. Acid ptt s ade 15,758 Patterson) 'NewiiJersey vt ces e fe ka E 58,000 Pawtucket; Rhode Islandii oo CT 19, 530 Peoria, TWinoish costae e OIL HEEL UON ETT art: 31,708 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania i. 22222722. 847,542 Pittsburgh, *PenusyIvania tit. CEN A Haiti ase 121,977 Pottsville; "Pennsylvania Se SUI ON LITE E 13,246 Portland, "Maine. O TERT CEDE 33,765 Poughkeepsie; New Yorke SS UST 20,203 Providence, Rhode Island...... Gers ende ze o IO4, 500 Qtinty, Massachusetts... O URN 10,571 Quincy) MOIS... tee ISSAC Anc 27,428 RAGING; MASCOTS cee E 16,043 Reading, "Pennsylvania. Lorut ceca feces EN A 43,230 Richmond S VIrgibias nae sen acters raves eee tee 62,500 Rock Island) tins: 1 EAE 11,614 A SSE ane ee ee ena 13,088 Rochester" New VOrks meds ccs ey ep e etn 89,498 Rome; New Work. A S NE v REIN M eure 12,045 Ruuand,; Vermont: 6.05 case Ee EN re eite 12,223 Sun OSE Gahtormas gee aA d 12,635 Sacramento; California. 0s VON O 21,352 San Francisco, California...... RATS ay E 233,066

Source changes here: from History of Preble County Ohio: Her People, Industries and Institutions, by R. E. Lowry, published 1915; 8,726 words in this source stream.

Twin Township

Twin township was first organized by the decree of the three associate judges, on the 15th of March, 1808, out of the original township of Hardin, comprising all of the third range of townships, as did Israel and Somers comprise the whole of the first and second ranges, respectively. Thus, in dividing the county into townships, the associate judges decreed that Twin township should be the north fourteen miles of the third range, which extended from the Darke county line to the confluence of Banta's fork and Twin creeks, and remained thus until the commissioners, in 1815, curtailed it by their order that Twin township should be the sixth original surveyed township of the third range.

It takes its name from the principal stream (named by the Indians long before the coming of the white man), which flows through this township from north to south - the Indian's Nile. The valley was a favorite camping and hunting ground for the Pottawattamies, Miamis, Delawares, Shawnees and Mingoes, during the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the territory between the Whitewater and Miami valleys was traversed by well-defined Indian trails, the favorite trail being through this township, and until 1805, when the government purchased a,ll the possession (landed) of Pottawattamies, the most friendly of the tribes, in Ohio. He would, from time to time, return, seeking that renewal of health which as a boy he had enjoyed in the Twin valley and had lost in the malarious regions west, in later years. Twin valley has sustained its reputation as one of nature's health resorts, and the white man joins his copper-colored brother in meeds of praise.

Twin township is bound on the east by Montgomery county: on the north by Harrison; on the west by Washington, and on the south by Lanier townships. It is very productive and one of the richest agricultural townships in the county. Among its earliest (1804) settlers were some of the most prominent farmers of that day - the Van Winkles, Keislings, Millers,

Robertsons, Dickeys, Nisbets, Ozias, Bantas, Rapes, Whitsells and others; and it has maintained its position as an agricultural township from that day to the present. Its chief products have been wheat, barley, corn, oats, and tobacco, and in later years the raising and feeding of hogs and cattle has grown to quite large dimensions, as has, also, the breeding of horses, mules, etc.

The land naturally arranges itself about the streams, Twin, Banta's. and Price's creeks, particularly Twin. This valley is the deepest and broadest in the county, and Twin creek the largest stream in the county, affording the greatest waterpower. Mills of almost every description graced its banks in the earliest days, but only a few remain, the railroads and other shipping facilities of this country having made these smaller mills unprofitable ; but a few have found it possible to exist and those only as custom mills.

The mill so long and favorably known as the Stotler mill, is about the only one of its kind that is in operation today in this township. This mill is located on the Dayton & Eaton pike, just east of West Alexandria, and was built on the site of the old Benedict Stoner distillery, known by our older citizens as the John Glander distillery, which burned with the Twin creek bridge in 1858, the light of the conflagration being seen by the Dayton people eighteen miles away. The present mill was erected in 1859-60 by E.

S. Stotler, John H. Gale and Detrich Glander, who operated it until the death of Mr. Gale, when the surviving partners purchased his interest, conducting the business under the firm name of Stotler & Glander, who furnished great quantities of flour to the National Soldiers Home, near Dayton. This mill is now owned and operated by Charles Shuey, formerly of Germantown.

But, to get back to the physical features of this township and the beautiful Twin valley about which it centers, it can truly be said that its diversity of soil and surface make farming both pleasant and profitable, because the agriculturist can engage in diversified farming, rendering failure practically impossible. While different soils are better adapted to certain crops, yet there are few, if any, farms that will not produce most of the crops raised in Ohio. The more elevated portions are better adapted for the growing of wheat, oats, barley and tobacco, for filler purposes, while the lower area and the valleys of our streams afford a choice field for the production of corn and seed-leaf tobacco. The great Miami valley, which includes the Twin as one of its tributaries, is one of the greatest tobacco-producing belts in the United States, and Twin township has few farms upon which this crop is not raised.

Drainage

The drainage is good in Twin township and is controlled by four principal table lands, one in the northwestern part, in the vicinity of Brunnersville, contiguous to Price's creek, and has a clay ridgy soil with blue clay almost touching the surface. The soil, somewhat rocky, is brown loam and quite productive. Beech grows extensively. In this upland country, the ridges are on a line distinctly marking the junction of Clinton and blue limestone formation. From these naturally appear many springs, chief amongst which is the "Mammoth'* spring, on what is better known as the Royer farm at Brunnersville, originally settled by Jacob Cook, from whom Cook's fork, now known as Price's creek, received its early name This spring furnished sufficient waterpower to run a saw and woolen-mill. The Enoch or Shaw woolen-mill was operated by waterpower from this spring for a period of fifty years or more from its erection, in 1830.

The northern and northeastern part of the township is similar in many respects, but oak timber is most abundant in this portion of the township. Rape's run is the principal stream in the northeastern ; Leslie's run in the eastern, and Banta's fork in the extreme southwestern. These are the principal streams tributary of Twin creek, in their respective localities. The land in the southeast quarter of Twin township and drained by Leslie's run, is not ridgy like the country bordering on the other streams mentioned above, except near its mouth. The land is mostly low, flat, deep soil, rich and fertile.

Transversely across the southwestern part of this township is the boulder belt, supposed to have been deposited here by the northern glaciers. While they have, to some extent, interfered with agricultural pursuits, they have proven a valuable asset as foundation building stone and crushed rock for road building.

Settlement

The government owned the land in the early days of its settlement and sold it at two dollars per acre, in parcels of not less than a section. This necessitated the clubbing together of those prospective settlers who were unable to purchase so much land, and the subsequent division of it amongst themselves, by lot or otherwise, to suit its members ; or, as in some instances, these clubs would appoint a purchasing agent and treasurer whose duty it was to purchase tracts of government land and sell it again to settlers.

First Settlers

The first permanent settlement in Twin township was that of Simeon Van Winkle, one of the township trustees after its organization, who entered section 27, on which Judge Nisbet afterward laid out New Lexington. Mr. Van Winkle was a native of Georgia, and with his wife and five children emigrated from Kentucky to Twin township, in the late winter of 1803-4, to whom was born, February 20, 1805, a son (Jesse), the first white male child born in the township. Mrs. Mary Huston Burtner, of West Alexandria, Mrs. A. M. Townsend, of Eaton, and Mrs. Rebecca Holsinger, of that vicinity, besides several descendants of Susanna Van Winkle Robertson, living in Preble county, are descendants.

About a month after the settlement of the Van Winkle family Frederick Miller, a native of Virginia, emigrated to this township from Tennessee, stopping at Lebanon, Ohio, where he left his family while prospecting for a new home in the wilderness of Ohio, locating on the farm now owned by the John C. Mills estate and built his "lean-to" against a coffeebean tree along the present right-of-way of the Cincinnati Northern (formerly the Cincinnati, Jackson & Mackinaw railroad), just north of West Alexandria. He selected the land adjoining his, now owned by Herman Voge and George W. Copp, for Henry Kesling, who, with William Alexander, one of the first township trustees, laid out the town of West Alexandria.

In the year 1805 the Nisbet family emigrated from Kentucky, locating in this township. William settled on the farm known as the John Trick place ; Thomas took over the place known as the John Henry Markey farm, and James I. settled on land where, a year - later, he laid out the town of New Lexington, built the first house therein ; was its first merchant and postmaster, and built the first brick house in the county. When the court of common pleas was established, he was appointed one of the associate judges. Albert Banta, about this time, settled on the creek bearing his name, at the crossing of the Lexington road, where, later, Jacob Peters built a large log house, in which the Tunkers met to worship. At that time the township was sparsely settled and communities could ill afford church buildings for the various denominations; hence, religious services were held at the homes of one or more of its members in a neighborhood. This building gave way to a more pretentious and modern brick building, owned and occupied, until recent years, by Samuel Ryder, father of Dr. J. C. Ryder, of Eaton, Ohio.

The Rapes and Ozias families settled in this township in 1S05, the latter entering about thirteen hundred acres of land on Twin creek, south of the present village of Lewisburg, and a number of descendants own and occupy the greater portion of this land today. Mr. John Rape, Sr. (a native of France), served under the command of General Lafayette in the Revolution for about five years and, at its close, deserted from his command, refusing to return to his country. He married and settled in the valley of the Shenandoah river in Virginia, from whence he emigrated to Ohio, settling on the stream bearing his name in the northeastern part of the township. This farm remained in the family for upwards of a century. These families were followed by the Hewitt, Dickey, Coleman, Whitesell, Utz, Quinn, Vance, Hart, Mickle, Enoch, Baer, Benjamin, Bower and Singer families.

Early Events

Tradition has it that the first male child born in the township was bom to Mr. and Mrs. Simeon Van Winkle. The production of the first wheat was credited to Frederick Miller and the first bearing orchard was cultivated by Henry Keisling ; and we might add that the latter built the first hominy mill in this township. It was a rather crude affair, consisting of a hollowedout stump, into which the corn was poured and then tramped. The finer part of the product was used as meal for johnny-cakes, and the remainder as hominy grits.

Wild animals roamed the forest in those days ; bears, wolves and catamounts abounded in this wilderness, the blood-curdling screams of the latter have made the stoutest heart quail, and this brings to our memory a laterday event :

Late in the seventies Dame Rumor, with the assistance of the press, had much to say concerning a ferocious animal, which for the lack of a better name, they called a "boohaw," having been heard and seen in the vicinity of West Alexandria; and its unearthly shrieks made daylight most welcome to the inhabitants thereof ; not that anyone was afraid, of course; no, just an atmosphere of insecurity. But there was a very noticeable falling off in the attendance at the evening assemblages. The lodge and even the churches suffered, and neighbors could not find time to pay to each other the customary evening call. This continued for some weeks and the "boohaw" changed his spots, becoming an escaped circus panther seeking whom he might devour, causing those who had searched their lexicons in vain for some description of the former beast, to flinch and entertain a cowering feeling. Finally, an extraordinarily large catamount was killed and the weird cry of the "boohaw'' was heard no more in that land.

Early Elections

In the first election held in Twin township, as organized by decree of the common pleas court (which, by the way, was held at the residence of John Vance, who lived one mile south of Lewisburg, in what is now Harrison township), it is reliably vouched for that, after the offices were filled, there remained but three electors who had not received an office, and, strange as it may seem, no effort was made by those to create offices for themselves. At the first election held in Twin township, after its organization as ordered by the county commissioners in 1815 (and which was held at New Lexington, which has been the voting place ever since), Frederick Miller was elected to the office of justice of the peace and Simeon Van Winkle and Henry Keisling were elected on the board of township trustees. The township is at present officered as follows: Trustees, William Peterman, Will

The first school in the township was held in 1807, in a little deserted log cabin on the farm of Judge Nisbet and stood near the site of the Presbyterian graveyard, and was probably presided over by George Miller, son of Squire Miller, who lived one-half mile south of the school house. The benches were of slab, and the light admitted through small windows covered with oiled paper. David Williams is said to have succeeded George Miller in the New Lexington school, and about five years later another school was opened on Price's creek, near the site of the old Whipple mill, with Thomas Coldscolt as teacher. From these two little cabin school houses of a century ago, have sprung nine comfortable brick buildings representing that number of districts, under the present efficient public school system. Two, only, Nos. 1 and 6, have been built over twenty years, and three, Nos. 2, 5 and 8, have been built in the last four or five years. No. 5, at New Lexington, is a beautiful, commodious, two-story brick edifice, taking the place of the one built in 1873, and would reflect credit upon a much large place than New

Lexington. It was built by Amos Markey & Brother. Nos. 2 and 8 were built by B. C. Crouse & Company and are modern district school buildings, attesting the interest taken by this township in the dissemination of knowledge to those of school age.

The first flouring-mill was built in Twin township by Judge Nisbet in 1805, and here the first wheat was ground. He sold the mill to John Mumma, who razed it and built a new one on its site. The privilege of this mill was bought by Stotler, Gale & Glander, who built a new mill about i860, on the Dayton and Eaton pike, just east of West Alexandria.

John Van Winkle built the first saw-mill in the township, just north of New Lexington. This mill passed through the hands of several, including Mumma, Meckley, Wick & Winkleman, and was in operation until the flood of March 26, 1913.

Henry Price built the first grist and saw-mill on Price's creek, about one and one-half miles north of the intersection of the Eaton and Lewisburg road. This mill was better known as the Clemmer mill.

In 1828 Isaac Enoch built a second grist-mill on Price's creek, and some years later erected the mill known as the Whipple mill. In 1830 he built a woolen-mill on the branch fed by the Mammoth springs at Brunnersville, afterward owned and operated by Joseph B. Shaw.

Notwithstanding difficulties, the early settlers did not neglect spiritual development; and, although many brought to this wilderness their denominational religious beliefs, a religious bigot was a rare sight. It was especially noticeable that a spirit of tolerance and liberality obtained among them, and union meetings were held whenever the services of a passing preacher could be secured. For the most part, these meetings were held in the little school house on the Nisbet farm, but there came a time of the parting of the ways, when differences of opinion arose as to the propriety of permitting a Universalist minister to preach in the school house church, resulting in the establishment of the two most strongly-represented churches, the Baptist and the Presbyterian.

Baptist Church

The Baptists, being the weaker in numbers, naturally enough formed an alliance with those of other creeds, or none, and, after mutual conference, it was decided to build a church, which, though it should be called the regular Baptist church, should be conducted with the utmost liberality denominationally; and it was agreed that those who subscribed should control and have charge of the building. Prominent among the Baptists was Simeon Van Winkle, who donated the half acre on which the church stands in the corner of the R. W. Ozias farm, and Squire Benjamin was the leader of the outsiders. At the first election, Asa W. Malloy, of Eaton, Squire Benjamin and George Ivens were made the trustees. The latter was the only one of the three belonging to the church.

The organization was effected in 1829 by Reverends Day and Poyner and a plain but substantial brick church erected on the grounds donated by Mr. Van Winkle. Rev. William Williams, the pioneer Baptist preacher, Rev. James Eaton, a missionary from New York, Rev. Anderson Adams, a son-in-law of John Van Winkle, Rev. James Sand ford and others passing this way, occasionally preached for their congregation, although, during a great part of the time it was without a regular pastor.

Some years later a Campbellite preacher from Cincinnati, named Burnet, came to New Lexington, and in a short time had won over the Baptists, with the exception of George Ivens, and a petition addressed to the Baptist association asking for its dismissal, was granted, and, though it remained liberal, it was afterward called the Campbellite church. Preaching continued there from time to time, until the close of the Civil War, but finally became deserted, until late in the seventies, when Squire Benjamin, the only surviving trustee, offered it for sale to James M. Van Arnold. The neighbors, however, raised by subscription sufficient money to put the building in repair, and since July, 1879, the United Brethren held services in it for some time. The building was finally condemned and has fallen into decay, with small prospect of it's reparation; but the graveyard adjoining it was, some years since, taken over by the township and the trustees have made of it one of the prettiest cemeteries in the county.

Presbyterian Church

At the time of the separation of the two denominations, the Presbyterians had an organization of about thirty members, and during the winter of 1828-29, under the pastorate of Samuel J. Miller, a revival was held and, as a result, forty were added to the church. The elders were Christian Van Doven, who, later, was one of the founders of the Presbyterian church, Eaton, Ohio, and B. Aten. During the following summer they erected a brick church north of Judge Nisbet's three-story house, and adjoining the graveyard, where lay the remains of Grandfather Nisbet and a number of his descendants. Reverend Miller served his congregation until 1836, when he resigned to accept a call from the Pleasant Ridge church. The membership later becoming scattered, the church fell into decay and the building was tom down several years ago.

Located on section 14, Twin township, was a log building, built in 1835 for a Methodist church, and was named Kelly's Chapel, for Rev. George Kelly, who organized the church and later was pastor of the Wesley chapel, Methodist Episcopal church, Cincinnati, Ohio. The membership of the church, which had never been large, grew less by deaths and removals, and soon went down.

Shiloh

The church at Shiloh was situated in the southeast quarter of section 12, Twin township. It was organized about the year 1840, by Rev. Thomas H. Wentworth, of the German Reformed church, who was. the pastor for a period of ten years. Disintegration did for this church what it had done for others, and it went down.

About this time a division of the new' and old school Lutherans was impending and, a little later, the new school branch of the Lewisburg Evangelical Lutheran church secured Shiloh church for their own place of worship and installed Rev. Abraham Rex as their pastor, w'ho served them for two or three years, and was followed by other pastors from the Evangelical church at Lewisburg. The church is still in a healthy condition, under the pastorate of Reverend Larick, of Lewisburg, Ohio.

At the time of the separation of the old and new school Lutherans, the old school branch organized, under Rev. Jacob Gruber, a church in the northeastern corner of this township on the farm now owned by Joseph James. It was a little farm building and has long since been removed.

In addition to the cemeteries adjoining the churches at New Lexington and Shiloh, there are graveyards near Brennersville, on the old Royer farm, and one on the John Hart farm.* In this latter graveyard a number of the early Tunkers are buried, among whom was Jacob Baer, one of the early settlers, and father of the late Elder Harry Baer.

Until recent years, the John O. Deem quarry, in section 17, was one of the most flourishing in the township. Farther north, on Price's creek, was the Whipple quarry, which did an extensive business in earlier days.

Brennersville was laid out about 1825 by John Brenner, but the plat was never recorded. It is on the south line of section 8, and never boasted of its commercial activities and is probably better known by the name of Scuffletown.

New Lexington

New Lexington is the oldest town in Preble county. It was laid out by Judge James I. Nisbet, November 18, 1805, plat book 1, page 22, of the Preble county plat records, and for some three years was the rival of its sister town, Eaton, in importance.

About three months prior to the founding by William Bruce, of Eaton, James I. Nisbet laid out part of his farm, in section 27, into town lots, and named it New Lexington, in honor of Lexington, from whence he had migrated. He built the first house, a log cabin in the eastern part of the village, on the site of the three-story brick house that he built in 1811, near Twin creek. A number of other houses were built soon after Judge Nisbet's log cabin was built, and the enthusiastic and enterprising founder thought he saw in the little town a city in embryo; and when Preble county was organized, he worked hard to have New Lexington selected for the county seat, Eaton being the only contender, and, while Eaton had the advantage of being more centrally located, New Lexington had the precedence of birth, beside being located on the banks of the principal stream, the broadest and most fertile valley. The matter, finally, was decided by a commission, con- sisting of Messrs. Ichabod Corwin, Aaron Harlan and Ichabod B. Halsey, appointed by the Legislature, which returned its findings to the court of common pleas June 23, 1808. After viewing both places, they found that, as far as the town were concerned, it was "six of one and a half a dozen of the other but, in respect to position, Eaton had the advantage of a central location, wherefore, the permanent seat of justice was "fixed at the town of Eaton, provided that the money, lands, lots, stone and labor subscribed by the inhabitants of the town, shall be duly secured for the use of said county towards erecting public buildings." Since the decision against it, and the death of Judge Xisbet, New Lexington has lacked the spirit and enterprise which are necessary to the growth of a town.

Business

Judge Nisbet was New Lexington's first merchant and postmaster; the mail was carried on horseback between Dayton and Richmond, via New Lexington, over a direct route. The Columbian pike through West Alexandria was built later and the office removed there in 1828, and this village was without a postoffice until February 19, 1889, when one was established under the name of Twin, the mail being carried by the Cincinnati, Jackson & Mackinaw railroad, but on May 14, 1906, the office was discontinued and its patrons served from West Alexandria, through the rural free delivery system established by the United States government some years prior.

Taverns were kept by John Hawkins and Nathaniel Benjamin. The Hawkins house was the first, but there are no public documents showing how long this inn was open to the public. Mr. Benjamin's hostelry was run by him for a number of years, as he served at least twelve years, while so engaged, as a justice of the peace, and went directly from the hotel to the farm on the hill east of Twin creek, in 1831.

There was a hattery in the village at one time, probably in the twenties, but the length of time it was in operation is not known. It was conducted bv Mr. Foreman, father of "Aunt Polly" Bare, late widow of Elder Henrv Bare, pioneer farmer of Twin township.

There is at present in the village one general store, one tobacco warehouse, one box factory, two blacksmith shops, one junk dealer, and one huckster, with a population of one hundred and twenty.

West Alexandria

Located on the west bank of Twin creek, in the midst of the richest agricultural territory in Preble county, West Alexandria contains about eleven hundred inhabitants. Half of the town lies on the south side of the old Columbia (Dayton and Eaton) pike, in Lanier township, and half on the north side of the pike which forms the boundary line in Twin township. The town is said to be the wealthiest in the state, in proportion to its population. It has four substantial churches, one newspaper, two flourishing banks, steam and electric railroads, and the finest school building, with auditorium, in the county, and many handsome residences. The town presents a neat, attractive and thrifty appearance, and evidences of prosperity are to be seen upon every hand. Whether viewed from , an interurban or a steam car, one is impressed with the evident care and attention its people pay to the upkeep of property, public and private. The streets are wide and lined with magnificent shade trees, which partially conceal the houses, and are well kept. Its people, intelligent, moral and hospitable, take pride in their home and town, which is attested by the tastily-built residences and wellkept lawns.

West Alexandria was laid out in August, 1818. Forty lots comprised the original town plat, twenty on the Lanier side being laid out by William Alexander, for whom the town was named, and twenty on the Twin side by Henry Keisling, one of Twin township's earliest settlers, who never became extensively identified with the town, but Mr. Alexander, who did, has always been regarded as its founder and will be the subject of a brief sketch here.

He was born in Virginia in 1791, and in the spring of 1817, with his wife and one child, migrated to Ohio. Leaving his wife and one child with his brother at Hamilton, he came to the Twin valley, where Jacob Sorber, his brother-in-law, had moved a year previous, and purchased of Jacob Hill eighty acres, a part of which now constitutes the south side of town. The next spring he brought his little family from Hamilton. They found here, where West Alexandria now stands, a little clearing and four rude buildings of logs; a school house, the LTnion church, and two log cabins. One, the Coble cabin, stood on the northeast corner of Main and Dayton streets, known as the Davis corner, and the other stood on the present site of the Twin Valley Bank and was occupied by John Clapp as a dwelling and blacksmith shop. These two families, squatters, soon after moved away, and

Alexander moved into the Clapp cabin and, soon after, William Sherman took possession of the Coble domicile. The following autumn Alexander erected an addition twenty feet square, and in the spring following (1819) Valentine Mikesell moved from Nisbet's mill into the original Clapp cabin. From this humble beginning has grown the present beautiful husding town of West Alexandria. Mr. Alexander, its founder, died April, 1837, but his widow continued to live here for many years afterwards, in all a period of nearly seventy years. Only two of the eight or nine children bom to them survived her, Mrs. John Winter, of Springfield, Ohio, who died on February 24th, 1915, and Perry Alexander, of Eaton.

Incorporation

The village, in 1897, installed one of the first waterworks systems in the state, at a cost of about seventeen thousand dollars; the supply being obtained from artesian wells in the southern part of the city, and pumped through the town to a stand-pipe located in the northern part, opposite the public school buildings. The wells are drilled to a depth of one hundred and thirty feet, affording not only an abundant supply, but an excellent quality, of water for culinary and drinking purposes, as it flows out from the wells, instead of being drawn from the stand-pipe. A substantial brick pump-house provided with two forty-five horsepower boilers and two pumps with a capacity of seven hundred and twenty-five thousand gallons each and a sixteen by forty foot standpipe, with bottom elevation of about eighty-five feet above the village proper, giving a domestic static pressure of fortyseven pounds, and a fire pressure of one hundred and twenty-five pounds.

A Gala Day

When the Cincinnati, Jackson & Mackinaw railroad was built to this town, in 1886, the people of Twin valley decided upon "Mackinaw Day," a day of celebration in honor of the event. A great cedar arch spanned the track at the Dayton street crossing, cannons awoke the denizens of the valley to the fact that the day of their deliverance was at hand, that the "iron horse" would bear their burdens, that a new era was about to begin, that no longer were they compelled to wagon to Dayton for their salt and to Cincinnati to deliver their produce, but that it would bring a market, and make possible the exchange of commodities at their very doors. All roads led to West Alexandria that memorable 9th of October, 1886, and a hearty welcome was extended to all that came. The crowd was conservatively estimated at five thousand. Banners, bearing the word 'Welcome" and others bearing the picture of a locomotive, with the inscription "Progress," were visible everywhere. The public school campus was handsomely decorated, a huge plat from for speakers, brass bands and drum corps had been erected ; over six hundred feet of table groaned with the good things the ladies of the old Twin valley know so well how to cook, roast or bake, awaited the maw of a hungry public, and it was certainly satisfied.

Electric Railroad

One June day in 1898 excitement, but of a more subdued nature, prevailed among the citizens, when cars, with no visible power, went skimming through the town and across the country, returning by the aid of the same agency. Thus was ushered in the "interurban" in West Alexandria, the "Dayton Western railway," and, today the town boasts of both steam and electric lines, the former a north and south and the latter an east and west road. Under its franchise it had to maintain its power plant here, so it purchased four and one-half acres of land of S. V. and J. E. Motter, in the eastern part of town, and erected a large brick power house and two large brick car barns. Since the line is operated by the Ohio Electric Railway Company, the high tension system has been substituted and the power house is used as a sub-station. The barns and shops are in full operation, and most of the operating force live here.

In the spring of 1828 the postoffice at New Lexington was removed to West Alexandria and Judge Xisbet, the postmaster, placed it in charge of a clerk. Mails were received but once a week, and the duties of the postmaster could hardly be classed as strenuous. The office has since been served by the following postmasters: Elias Hardman, Squire Taylor, John H.

Gale, John Bowers, Julia Holland, John Roselius, A. G. Albaugh, E. J. Henry, H. C. Glander, and the present incumbent, O. V. Fritz. From one mail in a week to six mails per diem, is the growth of the village postoffice in number of mails: but the number of pieces or pounds of mail matter transmitted through the office is proportionately much greater; there are four rural free delivery carriers wrestling with the tons of mail matter each month received at their office, and many departments have been added since its establishment.

On April 15, 1886, Gale & Wilson made their bow to the public as publishers of a newspaper, which they christened the Twin Valley Times. After the death of Mr. Wilson this property passed into the hands of D. E. Stubbs, who was succeeded by the following owners and publishers: E. H. Graham, O. H. Smith, C. M. Hane, E. A. McKee, Lewis & Drury, Griswold & Drury, Todd & Bundy and H. A. Smith.

The Twin V alley Echo , a second local newspaper, was started on .March 33* 1898, by Snyder & Griswold, as proprietors, Mr. Snyder retiring in October, 1900. Mr. Griswold continued to conduct the paper until about June 1, 1902, when he sold to F. E. Vance, who published the sheet until March, 1906, when it again passed to a new owner, D. W. Calahan, who, in the spring of 1909, leased the same to Joe Murphy, but revoked the grant the following September. About a year later, C. W. McIntosh, the present publisher, bought the plant.

The l Vest Alexandria Record , a newspaper owned and printed by Earl H. Irvin, publisher of the Eaton Democrat , was launched in January, I9°S» under the management of Harry Eby, who, a year later, was succeeded by W. W. Crouse, who edited the same until its extinction, for political reasons, in June, 1910.

In the present age and, to some extent, in the past, banking institutions have constituted a most vital part in the business of the commercial world. Their influence and fortune are the financial barometers of the business world, even governments have, in a measure, been dependent upon them. Of this branch of business, Twin Valley Bank (S. S. Black & Company) has been a part since 1888, when this institution was organized by upwards of a dozen of the most prominent citizens of the town and vicinity, and today it ranks third in respect to resources, in the county.

A second bank, the Farmers & Citizens, was organized early in 1905, and, despite pessimism, has flourished, and has, today, fully as great resources as Twin Valley Bank had in J905, which proves that healthy competition is the life of any business.

In the spring of 1819 Valentine Mikesell built a small frame tavern on the northwest corner of Main and Dayton streets, where Henry Lang in 1887-8 built the present building, and, shortly afterward, Mr. Alexander erected a larger one on the site of his dwelling, which passed into the hands of Dennis Kelly and burned on July 26, 1863, as the result of a public jollification over the capture of Morgan, the rebel raider. This was the most disastrous fire in the history of the town, the Huston block, adjoining, having been consumed.

The Mikesell tavern was successively owned by Michael Klinger, Samuel Fisher, Miller, Isaac Johnson, Fred Shafer, Henry Lang, Joseph Endress and Henry Fadler. It has since passed into other hands and is used for other purposes.

The Twin Valley House was established by Jacob Winters in a frame dwelling, previously occupied by George Loy, and afterward conducted by Jacob Feary, Jacob Good, Hiram Burk, John Wysong, John Early, Johnson Brothers, E. P. Galbraith, Wolf Brothers, Feager Hefflinger, Wolf & Johnson, Wolf & Company, David Wolf, John Weaver, W. H. Weaver, Segelke Bohlman and Herman Cordes.

bought in August, 1905, since which time it was for a while occupied by the Ohio Electric Railway Company for freight and ticket offices, but for the past few years it has again been used as a hotel by Charles Houk and Elmer Koeller, under the euphonious name of the "Astor House."

Pioneer Merchants

George Gilbert kept a store in a one-story building owned by Jacob Sorber, located on the site of the residence of the late Dr. O. E. Tillson, and some say he was preceded at the same place by Mr. Wearshoff. Mr. Gilbert subsequently moved to Dayton and was succeeded by George Taylor.

Henry Hathaway soon afterward erected a building on the northeast corner of Main and Dayton streets. He did a flourishing business and was also engaged in pork packing, but failed.

In 1838 Josiah Davis entered into the grocery business on this corner. Some fifteen years earlier Frederick Zitzer, father of the late John Zitzer, opened a cabinet shop here and was succeeded by his son and he by his son.

Nathaniel L. Derby was one of the pioneer merchants of this town and was succeeded by John G. Gale, in 1847, who was succeeded in turn by Baker, Smith & Company, Smith & Swank, Smith & Unger, Unger & Derby, Unger & Gale, Unger & Glander, Glander & Herlman, and Glander.

Public Schools

In the absence of records we are compelled to depend on recollection and impressions, but all seem to agree that the first term of school was taught by William Sherman, the second by David Williamson, and the third by the founder of the town, William Alexander, in a log cabin built by Jacob Parker, the first settler of Lanier township, at, or near, the northwest corner of the old graveyard, west of Salem Evangelical Lutheran church, on East Dayton street. This building was supplanted by a small frame building erected by Mr. Alexander, about the year 1818. He purchased a part of the materials at Cincinnati. Later, Henry Kissling, who laid out the north part of the town, donated a lot on East Second street for school purposes, upon which a small brick house was built, which was later displaced by the tworoom brick building, which has been converted into a dwelling, owned and occupied by Scott F. Wilson.

In the year 1871 a three-story brick mansard roof building, occupying the site of the present building, was begun and Hon. Oscar Sheppard was the first principal to occupy the new building, costing thirteen thousand dollars, serving until 1878. Algebra, geometry, physiology, natural philosophy, history and English literature were among the branches taught. In 1879 M. D. Tyrell succeeded to the principalship and was followed by J. W. Halley, E. P. Vaughan, C. O. Howell, Joseph Brouse, W. T. Heilman, B. A. Landis, Lon Disher, F. E. Rinehart, Douglas Brouse, C. H. Carey and C. A. Matheny, the present superintendent. A. J. Surface was the last teacher in the building on Second street. He was immediately preceded by Billy Barnhiser and C. C. Featherling. Hon. John M. A. McNutt and John Graham, author of the Graham arithmetic, were early teachers of West Alexandria public schools. A northwest wing was added to the school building and, in 1904, the east wing was built; but the growth of the schools necessitated the building of the present house, which has few, if any, equals in towns of like size in the state and is by far the finest and most commodious school building in the county.

King Hiram Lodge No. 88, Free and Accepted Masons, was chartered March 19, 1842, with the following members: N. Benjamin, H. M. Eidson, Jacob Stotler, Josiah Davis, Dr. N. Donnqllan, Dennis Kelly, Henry Garber, Jacob W. Swerry, Thomas Hill, William McChesney and James B. Dix. The officers were: N. Benjamin, worshipful master; H. M. Eidson, senior warden; D. N. Donnellan, junior warden; J. W. Sweeney, secretary; Josiah Davis, treasurer; Jacob Stotler, senior deacon; Henry A. Garber, junior deacon; Thomas Hill, tyler; James B. Dix, steward. The lodge room was in the Huston block, until its destruction by fire, in 1863, and after the erection of the Stotler-Glander block, in 1866, they took up quarters there; but, in 1905, it moved into its own temple, the third floor of the J. H. Jordan building. Its present officers are: Raymond Hprnbeck, worshipful master; Earl Cloyd, senior warden ; Andrew Rupp, junior warden ; J. B. McLean, secretary; J. E. Davis, treasurer; Eli McGregor, senior deacon; H. M. Brewer, junior deacon; James Coffman, tyler.

Independent Order Of Odd Fellows

Lanier Lodge No. 521, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was instituted July 11, 1872, with Peter Smith, David Yolie, Dr. O. E. Tillson, Rev. H. M. Herman, Samuel Mowery, L. V. Motter, Luther C. Black, Jos. M. Kinsell, John Swisher, David Wood, George T. Sauer, David Wolf, Nahlon Karn, Josiah Rape and H. C. Burns, as charter members. The following officers were elected: Peter Smith, noble grand; Doctor Tillson, vice-grand;

Elijah Fonta, recording secretary; David Wolf, treasurer; L. C. Black, financial secretary; D. G. Naeff, conductor; David Yohe. warden; M. Kara, right supporter noble grand; L. V. Motter, left supporter noble grand; J. M. Krissel, right senior supporter; J. E. Motter, left senior supporter; David Wood, inner guard ; Samuel Mowery, outer guard ; Josiah Rape, right supporter vice-grand; George T. Sauer, left supporter vice-grand; H. M. Herman, chaplain. The present officers are: T. H. Rule, noble grand; J. L. Emlet, vice-grand ; J. M. Saylor, recording secretary ; George M. Fritz, financial secretary; J. E. Motter. Jr., treasurer: John Block, right supporter noble grand; L. A. Deardorff, left supporter noble grand; S. P. Geeting, warden. Its lodge room was and is in the old Stotler-Glander building.

present officers are : Anna M. Klinger, noble grand ; Eva Smith, vice-grand ; Minnie Campbell, recording secretary; E. Saylor, financial secretary; Nettie Fritz, treasurer; Clara Libecap, conductress; Jane Riley, warden; Grace Marke, right supporter noble grand; Idella Deardorff, left supporter noble grand; Julia Holland, inner guard; S. P. Geeting, outer guard; Jennie Fouts, chaplain; Elizabeth Hoffman, right supporter vice-grand; Emma Kelley, senior supporter vice-grand.

Knights Of Pythias

Royal Lodge No. 320, Knights of Pythias, was chartered May 21, 1889. The following were charter members : Rev. H. L. Hart, D. E. Stubbs, A. H. Campbell, J. M. Saylor, W. L. Burtner, H. O. Kirkpatrick, L. M. Wolfe, M. A. Burke, S. M. Myers, F. J. Swartsel, W. I. Aydelotte, E. M. Sauer, O. E. Paullens, E. S. Saylor, J. Strader, H. H. Dirfenbaugh, A. G. Albaugh, Henry Huette, J. P. Stock, Corwin Smith. Lewis Wachtel, James Carroll, Sebastian Deem, J. N. Lanier, Lon Ozias, G. M. Shower, McClellan Saylor and F. E. Hoffman. The officers were: J. M. Saylor, chancellor commander; W. J. Aydelotte, vice-chancellor; H. L. Hart, prelate; F. S. Saylor, master at arms; Corwin Smith, master of finance; Ferd J. Swartsel, master of exchequer; D. E. Stubbs, keeper of records and seal; Sebastian Deem, inner guard; Henry Huette, outer guard; E. M. Sauer, L. M. Myers and Lewis Wachtel, trustees. A. H. Campbell, past commander and representative. The present officers are: Charles Blose, chancellor commander; Delmer Crouse, vice-chancellor; John Bower, prelate; Harry Windle, master at arms; Roy Jellison, master of work; George Huber, keeper of records and seal; N. L. Paxson, master of finance; F. J. Plander, master of exchequer; F. E. Rinehart, Walter Co pp and J. S. Emlett, trustees.

Pythian Sisters

A charter was granted, March 10, 1899, to Sincerity Temple No. 132, Rathbone Sisters. Since its organization, the name has been changed to that of Pythian Sisters. The members meet in the temple of Roy Lodge No, 320,

Junior Order United American Mechanics

The Junior Order United American Mechanics, was organized, November 23, 1910, with the following charter members: W. A. Davis, J. S. Long, H. Newport, Harrison Long, J. Tipton, John Wilt, W. A. Robbins, C. H. Price, J. L. Emlet, J. W. Gilmer, V. S. Singer, Clarence Wade, V. B. Furrey, Carl Furrey, Willard Swartz, George Mikesell, Samuel Wiley, William Greggs, J. E. Greggs, Elmer Emrick, Charles Mars, George G. Long, Ola Albaugh, Frank Roberts, and Dr. H. Cloyd. Meetings are held on Friday nights, in the Mills building.

Patrons Of Husbandry

West Alexandria Grange No. 363, Patrons of Husbandry, was organized, January 12, 1874, and among its charter members were David and Julia A. Lowman, Catherine Gale, Jacob, San and Catherine Eby, James and Caroline Campbell, Samuel and Sarepta Crouse, James M., J. E. and Emma Van Ausdal, Joseph, Miriam and Emma Copp, N. S. Hart, R. J. W. Ozias, J. E. Emrick, Ezra Sigler and H. Campbell. Its first master was Squire Campbell, but the records up to 1878 are missing, when the following officers were elected: Jacob Eby, master; Darnel Eby, overseer; James M. Van

Ausdal, lecturer; J. W. Wampler, steward; J. Black, chaplain; Joseph Copp, treasurer; N. S. Hart, secretary; J. E. Van Ausdal, gate-keeper; Julia A. Lowman, ceres; Emma Copp, pomona; Emma Van Ausdal, flora; Sarepta A. Crouse, lady assistant steward. This organization disbanded in the early eighties.

Maccabees

At a preliminary meeting called at the Commercial Club rooms for the purpose of organizing a tent, thirty-two applications for membership were received, as follows: James Mountcastle, Frank Pitman, John Cordell, Oliver Keimkle, Floyd Layman, Oliver Oswalt, George Reid, H. H. Carter, C. E. Parker, Mark Boor, S. S. Hawley, Forest Myers, Raymond Shank, Omer Slifer, Ellis Shiflett, Jacob Kabler, Charles Mountcastle, F. M. Roach, Charles Elliott, Harry Windle, George Faddler, Clifford Craig, Orlando Jackson, Irvin Clark, Janies Bineger, Walter Copp, Ed. Longmecer, Harry Gephart, Scott Shiflett, James Frinley, Alvin Cunningham and J. S. Emlet. The organization was effected under the name "Twin Valley Tent*' of the Knights of the Maccabees No. 338, through deputy C. O. Fife, and the following officers were elected : J. L. Emlet, commander ; S. S. Hawley, lieutenant- commander; Oliver Oswalt, chaplain; Walter Copp, record keeper; James Mountcastle, master at arms ; F. M. Roach, sergeant ; Charles Elliott, master commander; Earl Hutte, record keeper; Francis M. Roach, master at arms; Ervin Burnett, sergeant; J. L. Emlet, chaplain; Oliver Oswalt, first master of guard, and William Kenworthy, second master of guard. Their tent is in the Mills building on North Main street.

Lady Maccabees

The First Brethren church of West Alexandria was organized soon after the division in 1883, probably in 1884-5. Meetings were held at the homes of members and at the Baptist church north of New Lexington, continuing until February 26, 1888, when a new frame church, built the preceding year on the site of the present church, was dedicated by Rev. Ed. Mason. J. M. Tombaugh of the Bear creek charge, preached for this congregation afterward, succeeded by the following ministers : S. H. Bashor, A. A. Cober, M. Richards, Martin Shiveley, George Copp, Josiah Keim, J. M. Mackey, C. J. Shock, and J. A. Garber, during whose ministry an addition was built to the church and the house rededicated in October, 1908, by Dean J. A. Miller of Ashland College, Ohio. He was succeeded by George Ronk, Harley Wolford, C. E. Kobb, and, in 1911, Rev. Garber was recalled by this congregation and has served it since. The state conference of Brethren churches was held in this church during the last week in March, 1915.