Vinton Township (part 6 of 8)

Jackson Township. - Owing to the rise of the rocks to the west and north, the Vanport, member is absent in all of Jackson Township except on a few high knobs in the southern part of Section 36, where its elevation is nearly 1,030 feet. It is represented only by buhrstone, the thickness of which varies from 3 inches to 2 feet. The member is separated from the Clarion coal by 1 to 5 feet of dark, carbonaceous shale which locally is fossil bearing.

Richland Township. - In Richland Township the only deposits of the Vanport member worthy of consideration are present on the main dividing ridge in sections 1 and 13. They vary in character, however, from a rather pure, gray limestone to buhrstone of the usual type. On the "divide" just north of the Chillicothe-McArthur Road in Section 1, the Vanport member was quarried for road ballast. Where measured the bed is 6 feet 8 inches thick and is separated from the Clarion coal by 6 to 10 feet of gray shale with plant fossils. The material in the lower part of the deposit is of good quality but that in the upper part is decidedly flinty. In the southern part of Section 1, the common material marking the horizon is buhrstone, varying from 1 to 3 feet in thickness. In Section 13 the deposits vary in character from limestone to flint and in thickness from 1 to 6 feet. Locally the limestone lies directly upon the Clarion coal but generally it 1s separated from this stratum by 1 to 10 feet of shale. On the property of John Reynolds, Jr., small quantities of limestone have been burned for agricultural purposes. The elevation of the deposits is from 980 to 990 feet.

Elk Township. - In Elk Township the Vanport member is widely distributed but very unsteady except in the southeastern part where either limestone, flint, or fossiliferous shale is generally present on, the horizon. In the central and northern parts of the township, only isolated patches of similar material are found. In the thicker deposits the stone is normal in character and similar to that in the main field in Jackson, Scioto, and Lawrence counties. Further, the flint closely resembles the cellular variety present on Flint Ridge northwest of Brownsville in Licking County. The associated ore is poorly represented.

Near the residence of H. J. Malone in the north central part of Section 1, about 10 inches of Vanport limestone is present nearly 32 feet above the Clarion coal and 22 feet below the Lower Kittanning member. The deposit is small as it was not observed elsewhere in this vicinity. Ore with some flint marks the horizon in the southeastern part of Section 10. In the northwestern part of the township, the member is absent except for small deposits of iron ore. A few bowlders of limestone were observed near the summit of the ridge in the southern part of Section 19. South of this in Section 30 on the property of Charles Dayton, the member has excellent thickness and has been quarried and burned for agricultural purposes. A sample for testing was taken from the face of the quarry. (For analysis, see page 266.) The section follows:

Pennsylvanian System 259

Along the ridge in Section 32, the member is represented by local | deposits of cellular flint from a few inches to more than 2 feet in thickness. Its position is 5 to 10 feet above the Clarion coal and its elevation nearly 945 feet above tide. This material was formerly gathered from the surface and quarried extensively for buhrstone along the ridges in southwestern Section 28, eastern Section 29, northeastern Section 18, southeastern Section 7, and southwestern Section 8. Small bodies of flint are also present in adjacent areas, but they were little worked. At these old quarries the deposits are not now sufficiently exposed for measurement. The usual thickness, however, appears to be not more than 3 feet. The flint masses are irregular in shape, vary greatly in texture and solidity, and shade from light to red in color. Some are very open and loosely connected whereas the best grade, formerly employed for buhrstone, is somewhat cellular but firmly bonded. The deposits.appear to have been formed through alteration of chert or calcareous flint by weathering agencies. Through solution the calcareous matter and iron oxides were removed and amorphous silica then precipitated to bond the residual fragments of flint. The deposits are all located along the ridges where the covering is thin and where the common, natural forces of modification are effective.

On the property of Jacob Morgan in the northeastern part of Section 22, small, irregular lenses of Vanport limestone are present at the base of a massive sandstone. Its position is only a few feet above the Clarion coal and about 35 feet below the Lower Kittanning coal. In Section 27 the member is more persistent but varies in character from hard limestone to impure flint and to calcareous, fossiliferous shale. The following section, taken near the plant of the McArthur Brick Company, shows the limestone and shale phases and their relation to the underlying Clarion coal:

The limestone,, where present, varies from 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches in thickness and the fossiliferous shale from 4 inches to 4 feet. The shale contains a larger and better preserved marine fauna than the limestone. These deposits afford good collecting. In this locality only thin lenses of flint appear on the horizon but to the east in Section 26, the Vanport member shows a decided increase in thickness, especially of the limestone phase. Measurements taken on the ridge in the northeastern part of the area show the following relationships:

Near by on land of Allen Townsend, 6 feet of limestone was exposed. Locally, however, the bed is absent either through replacement by sandstone or through lack of deposition. The fossiliferous shale is also uncertain in extent and in character. The conditions are similar in Section 35. Near the head of the hollow in the south central part of Section 25, about 7 feet of good, gray limestone was observed at an elevation of 790 feet. This bed extends with little change across the northern part of Section 36, where near Elk Fork, it was formerly quarried rather extensively for flux stone for charcoal furnaces. A sample for testing (for analysis, see page 266.) was taken across the face of the old quarry. The measurements are given below:

At this place the bed is reported to be about 12 feet thick and of good quality except at the top. It is separated from the Clarion coal by nearly 22 feet of gray, siliceous shale. In the southern part of Section 36, the Vanport member is very patchy, being largely replaced by sandstone. The quantity of limestone easily available along Elk Fork from McArthur to Vinton Furnace is sufficient to supply the wants for road building and agricultural purposes. Most of it is of good quality, comparing favorably with that in the main field in Jackson, Scioto, and Lawrence counties.

Madison Township. - The Vanport member is almost entirely absent in the northern part of Madison Township and only locally developed in the southern part, where along Elk Fork in the vicinity of Vinton Furnace it is represented by bowldery masses of good limestone and on Flat Run by irregular lenses of flinty material. Its absence is due more to lack of deposition than to replacement by sandstone. The deposits are suggestive of shore depositions. Where present its position is 15 to 25 feet above the Clarion coal. The following record, taken in the northwestern part of Section 31, shows the limestone with maximum development and its stratigraphic relations to other important

These small lenses of limestone are more or less isolated and usually less than 3 feet thick. Such deposits are found also just south of the old stack of Vinton Furnace in the central part of Section 31. The member was not observed along Elk Fork in sections 25 and 19 but appears on Flat Run in the southern part of Section 13. It lies just above drainage level at an elevation of about 680 feet. The bed is from 5 to 8 feet thick but is somewhat flinty in character. Its position here is nearly 290 feet below the Brush Creek limestone, which is the next marine deposit of this character in the locality.

Knox Township. - tThe only part of Knox Township in which the Vanport member is due above drainage is along Raccoon Creek in the northern part of Section 12. No limestone was observed on the horizon, the interval being taken by shale and sandstone, but the underlying Clarion coal is regularly present.

Clinton Township. - In Clinton Township the Vanport member is confined to that part of the area lying east of the old valley extending from Dundas to Hamden. Bordering this the limestone lies near the summit of the ridges but in the eastern part of the township it is present not far above drainage level. The bed has fair continuity and thickness in the central and southeastern parts but is wanting in the north-

Near Dundas the deposits are thin, flinty, and uncertain. On the ridge in the southeastern part of Section 9 and the southwestern part of Section 10, the member was formerly quarried for furnace flux. It is of good quality and 4 to 6 feet thick. The bed lies about 870 feet above tide. In Section 16 this limestone is generally present with a thickness between 1 and 5 feet and lies 1 to 5 feet above the Clarion coal and 15 to 20 feet below the Lower Kittanning member. Similar deposits were observed in the northern part of Section 15 but this limestone is generally absent in sections 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Along the ridge north of Hamden Furnace in Section 21, are present local lenses of limestone which are much reduced by weathering, and which have an apparent thickness of 2 to 5 feet. Only scattered deposits were observed in sections 23 and 24 where the limestone is largely replaced by massive sandstone. The Vanport member appears with full thickness in sections 29 and 28, and in the west central part of Section 28 the following measurements were secured:

In this locality the bed varies in thickness from 2 to 10 feet and averages nearly 5 feet. It is of good quality, being a hard, dense, gray limestone low in siliceous matter. Formerly this stone was used at Hamden Furnace for fluxing purposes. The Vanport member is equally well developed where it appears near drainage level along the stream in the southeastern part of Section 27, along that in the southwestern part of Section 26, and along that in the southwestern part of Section 25.

Vinton Township. - In Vinton Township the Vanport limestone is present with fair continuity along Pierce Run and its tributaries in sections 34, 33, 27, 26, 21, 20, 25, and 19, and along Raccoon Creek in sections 10, 16, 9, 15, 14, and 13. In small areas its place is taken by sandstone. The usual thickness of the bed is about 5 feet and the maximum nearly 12 feet. The stone is of fair purity, only locally varying toward the flinty phase.

Pennsylvanian System 263

In the northwestern part of the township the Vanport member is generally wanting. It appears, however, with excellent thickness on the land of the New York Coal Company near Oreton in Section 33, where it was formerly quarried in a large way for the manufacture of Portland cement at Wellston. Measurements taken at that place are given below:

Along the stream in the southern part of Section 28, on the property of the Chicago-Oreton Company, small lenses of limestone 2 to 5 feet thick appear at the base of a massive sandstone that elsewhere replaces the Vanport member. In sections 26, 27, and 20 only isolated, bowldery masses of limestone remain to mark the horizon. On the Lincoln Furnace land in the western part of Section 25, the bed measures 6 feet 3 inches and is very free from flinty and ferruginous impurities. It is separated from the underlying Clarion coal by 2 feet 2 inches of black, carbonaceous shale, and the deposit les about 710 feet above tide. The member, where exposed in the Campbell Tunnel of the Hocking Valley Railway in the southern part of Section 19, is made up of limestone 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet 6 inches thick, and shaly flint 4 inches to 1 foot 8 inches. At the mine of the Syndicate Coal Company in the north central part of Section we the following record was secured: is uncertain in extent and variable in thickness. In these local deposits the thickness of limestone is from 1 to 6 feet. The quality of stone, however, is generally good. The member shows no improvement along Raccoon Creek in Section 15 and along Elk Fork in Section 16. In the vicinity of Arbaugh in Section 10, the stratum has fair development, being from 4 to 6 feet thick, but it passes below drainage just east of this place.

Wilkesville Township. - The Vanport member in Wilkesville Township appears at the surface only along Raccoon Creek from Section 24 southward to Section 20 and along the lower courses of its larger western tributaries, Rockcamp, Indiancamp, and Karr runs. The bed is moderately persistent, being replaced in only a few localities by.sandstone. It varies in thickness from 1 to 8 feet but averages more than 5 feet. In composition and appearance it is very similar to that in the main field in Jackson and Lawrence counties. The position of the Vanport limestone is either directly or only a few feet at most above the Clarion coal.

On Rockcamp Run the Vanport member is above drainage from the forks of the stream in the western part of Section 30 to its mouth near Hawk in Section 24. The bed has good thickness, from 5 to 7 feet, but is locally very flinty in character. Its stratigraphic relations are shown in the following record taken near the mouth of the stream:

Along Raccoon Creek the Vanport member is locally replaced by sandstone north of Hawk but is very steady from this place southward to Clarion. The usual thickness is between 5 and 7 feet and the quality generally good. It has normal development also on Indiancamp Run in Section 28 and in the eastern part of Section 34. At the mine of the Minerton Coal Company in the central part of Section 27, the following rocks were exposed:

Pennsylvanian System 265

In this locality the Vanport limestone forms the roof of the Clarion coal, as it does in the main field in Jackson, Scioto, and Lawrence counties. It compares favorably also in regularity, thickness, and quality. It disappears below the bed of Raccoon Creek in the central part of Section 20.

The Vanport or Ferriferous is the most important limestone stratum outcropping in Vinton County, far surpassing in value the Maxville, Lower Mercer, Upper Mercer, Putnam Hill, and Brush Creek members. The buhrstone on this horizon led to the early settlement of the region and to the development of the first industry, the making of millstones. This limestone was the chief source of flux for the six charcoal furnaces that formerly operated in the region. The overlying ore was also widely used in iron smelting. In importance the Ferriferous ore ranked next to the Upper Mercer. The Vanport limestone was extensively quarried for several years at Oreton for the manufacture of Portland cement at the Alma plant at Wellston. Aside from these it has been used also for road ballast, concrete stone, and agricultural lime. The material has thus supplied many needs and will probably be of more importance in the future.

The quantity of Vanport limestone available is large in Wilkesville, Vinton, and Clinton townships where the bed has excellent thickness and fair continuity over large areas. The supply is more limited, but is sufficient for all local needs in Elk, Madison, and Richland townships. Limestone from these deposits may be easily supplied to other parts of the county. The member varies from 1 to 12 feet in thickness, but averages, from 75 measurements taken in various parts of the field, 4 feet 7 inches. Where normally developed the bed is usually between 5 and 7 feet thick. The specific gravity of the stone is 2.66 and its weight per cubic foot more than 166 pounds. Where the bed is 6 feet thick and all available, the yield per acre is 21,693 tons. With drift mining and 60 per cent recovery, the quantity produced per acre is 13,016 tons.

The Vanport member is light to dark gray in color, which led to its designation in early reports as the "gray limestone.' The principal coloring pigments are organic matter and ferrous carbonate. It is dense, breaking with a somewhat conchoidal fracture in any direction. Laminations are not especially prominent and bedding planes are generally absent in unweathered material. Through jointing the bed is regularly broken into large, rectangular blocks. The common impurities are clay matter and free silica as fine sand and as amorphous flint. Small crystals of pyrite are not uncommon and those of _ sphalerite and galena are occasionally observed. Cavities in the lime- stone are frequently lined with either calcite or quartz of high purity. The upper part of the stratum is locally stained either pink or red with iron oxides carried down from the ore above by percolating water.

The above analyses are typical of the Vanport limestone elsewhere in Vinton County, especially in Richland, Clinton, Vinton, and Wilkesville townships. | Where not contaminated with flint it is a fairly pure calcium carbonate with small quantities of admixed compounds chief of which are clay matter, ferrous salts, and magnesium carbonate. It is a satisfactory flux for metallurgical purposes and was used by all the charcoal furnaces that formerly operated in the county. Limestone quarried near Vinton Station was also shipped to furnaces in the Hocking Valley region.

The Vanport limestone is well fitted for the manufacture of Portland cement as attested by the fact that such a product was made for a number of years by the Alma Cement Company at Wellston from stone secured at Oreton in Vinton County. The cement was well within the limits both as to composition and as to physical properties. It was somewhat dark in color as shale was used with the limestone | in the process of manufacture. By substituting clay, either Lower Kittanning or Clarion, a product much lighter in color could be made with little additional cost. The chief objection to using Vanport limestone for Portland cement is that large quantities are not available by surface quarry methods. It must be mined by drifting, which is expensive. In some areas of Vinton County, the roof of the limestone is a massive sandstone, safe and strong; elsewhere it is a tender shale, necessitating leaving a part of the limestone for support. Unless conditions are especially favorable, the manufacture of Portland cement from the Vanport limestone is not advised.

For many years this limestone has been successfully used for road metal not only in Vinton County but also in Jackson, Gallia, Scioto, and Lawrence. It is rated as "A" grade by the State Highway Department, thus comparing favorably with the best found elsewhere in Ohio. Tests of representative samples gave the following results: The Vanport limestone at Oreton shows abrasion 4.9 per cent, hardness 15.8, specific gravity 2.65, absorption 1.6 per cent, and toughness 5.5. Another sample from the mine of John Lawler at Minerton gave abrasion 3.6 per cent, hardness 17.3, specific gravity 2.68, absorption .6 per cent, and toughness 6.5. The quality of the limestone is similar throughout the entire area. Large quantities of material are available for road purposes in Richland, Elk, Madison, Vinton, Clinton, and Wilkesville townships, and from these deposits it may be cheaply transported to other parts of the county where such material is needed. In many places, especially in Elk, Richland, Madison, and Clinton townships, the deposits lie near the summits of the ridges and consequently have thin covering or at least for many feet back from the outcrop. Under such conditions the limestone may be stripped at low cost. Where drift mining is resorted to in Wilkesville Township, both limestone and Clarion coal may be taken from the same entry.

Where crushed and properly sized the Vanport limestone is an excellent aggregate for concrete as it is strong and durable. The pieces have sharp corners and edges and a rough, grainy surface to which the cement crystals can firmly attach. The stone is very free from partially decayed material of a friable, porous nature, and from that with a tendency to split along the bedding planes. In Vinton County, however, only small quantities of this limestone have been so used in the construction of building foundations, culverts, bridge piers, and abutments, silos, cellars, and walks.

The Vanport is not classed as a good building stone as it does not cut well. For rough foundation work, however, it can be used to good advantage and has been so employed in the central and the southern part of the county where such material is easily available.

derived from the decay of non-calcareous shales and sandstones of the Logan, Pottsville, and Allegheny formations. It would be much benehted by the regular application of lime, either raw or burned, which aids the growth of many plants and is especially effective with those of the leguminous types. Through this means soil fertility and increased yields are maintained.

The composition of the Vanport limestone is such that it is well fitted for agricultural purposes as the better grades of stone contain on the average about 93 per cent calcium carbonate, 1.5 per cent magnesium carbonate, and .35 per cent calcium phosphate, all of which have a sweetening power. Large quantities of limestone are available at low quarrying cost in many localities. Further, coal is at hand for power generation in crushing the material to a fine powder or for burning it to caustic lime. The cheapest and most effective method where only small quantities are needed is to burn the limestone in open piles using approximately 600 to 700 pounds of coal or about one-half cord of wood per ton of limestone. In well-built kilns the economy in fuel is much greater as one ton of coal will calcine nearly five tons of limestone and one cord of wood above three tons. The local demand for lime for soil sweetening is hardly such as to justify the erection of the permanent type of kiln, although such a product is much needed throughout the entire area. Portable crushers of the disintegrating type with a capacity of one to three tons per hour are very satisfactory for farm or neighborhood use. The product is sufficiently fine to neutralize soil acidity but acts less rapidly than caustic lime. At present the Vanport limestone is not regularly prepared for the trade at any place in Vinton County.

Ferriferous Ore

During the days of the charcoal furnaces in southern Ohio the Ferriferous ore was of great economic importance, leading directly to the establishment of the iron industry in the Hanging Rock district in 1826, and being the main reliance of more than 60 furnaces in this and the Hocking fields. With few exceptions the furnaces that succeeded best were those located along the line of outcrop of the Ferriferous ore. The Ferriferous was superior in yield of iron and in smelting qualities, was more reliable in thickness and in continuity, and made a better grade of foundry iron than the other ores in the region. The mean thickness of the ore was nearly 10:inches and the yield of iron about 40 per cent. The bed was extensively mined in Lawrence, Jackson, and Perry counties and, less widely, in Scioto, Gallia, Vinton, and Hocking; but north of this in central and eastern

Pennsylvanian System 269

Ohio the stratum so fails that it was little used for metallurgical purposes. In the southern counties the member was commonly called the "Limestone" ore on account of its position directly above the Vanport or Ferriferous limestone. In the Hocking Valley region it was designated the ''Baird'"' ore as the deposits were especially important near Baird Furnace in Hocking County. The Ferriferous ore not only laid the foundation for the iron industry of southern Ohio, but was one of the chief factors in the development of the region.

In Vinton County the Ferriferous ore, although very widely distributed, occurs more in the form of irregular, isolated patches than as a sheet deposit. The member is locally present in Brown, Swan, Jackson, Richland, Elk, Madison, Vinton, Clinton, and Wilkesville townships. The deposits that were mined the most extensively were those in Elk and Clinton townships. The member varies in thickness from one inch to three feet or more but averages not more than ten inches. The mean of about twenty measurements made by the writer is five inches; but this is less than the true average as the thicker ore was stripped to deep cover and is now obscured by slumping and farming. Under deep cover the Ferriferous ore is a siderite of a blocky structure, of a gray or bluish-gray color, of a grainy texture, and with free silica as: the chief impurity. The content of sulphur is low but that of phosphorus is sufficient to classify the ore as foundry grade. Along the outcrop the siderite has been altered by weathering agencies to a limonite of a yellowish or brownish color. It still retains the blocky structure due to a shell of firmly cemented ore inside of which are concentric layers of similar material and a core of soft, mellow ore. In this form it is known as kidney or block ore.

The Ferriferous ore was mined most largely by stripping along the outcrop as the unaltered carbonate under deep cover gave, in roasting, a ferrous silicate which was difficult to reduce in the short stacks of the charcoal furnaces. Where directly overlain by sandstone instead of shale, the siderite is altered to limonite under much deeper cover, as the circulation of ground waters is along the base of the sandstone stratum. Under such conditions and with a good thickness of ore, the bed was then mined by drifting. In Vinton County such a method was employed in only a few small areas. The common practice in stripping was that a foot of dirt could be profitably removed for an inch of ore. In general the depth of overburden removed was from 1 to 15 feet.

The Ferriferous ore is separated ordinarily from the underlying limestone by a thin stratum of shale. Locally, however, the two beds are firmly cemented, the ore gradating somewhat into the limestone. In places the upper part of the limestone stratum is so enriched by iron oxides that it has a pink or brown appearance. Under thin cover and with advanced decay the cavities in the upper surface of the limestone and the wide spaces along the joint planes are filled with a soft clay-like ore formerly employed in a small way for pigment. It was too fine and dusty to be used in making charcoal iron.

Brown Township. - In Brown Township both the Ferriferous ore and the Vanport limestone are largely wanting, but on this general horizon small local deposits of ore are present in the shale overlying the Scrubgrass coal. The stratigraphic position of the bed is shown in the following record, taken along the road in the east central part of Section 19:

In this locality the ore varies from 2 to 6 inches in thickness but is unsteady in extent. The quality is poor as it is siliceous in character. It was not mined even for the charcoal furnaces.

In the shales between the Clarion and Scrubgrass coals irregular lenses and nodules of ore were observed at a few places. Such a deposit was well exposed in the cut of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad in the southwestern part of Section 8. The ore varies from 1 inch to 1 foot 2 inches in thickness and lies about 4 feet above the Clarion coal and 59 feet below the Lower Kittanning member. At this place the Scrubgrass coal is replaced by sandstone. The ore varies in kind from a siderite to a limonite and is siliceous in character. No fossils were observed either in the ore or in the associated shale. Directly above the Clarion coal a body of blackband ore about 2 feet 6 inches thick appears on the Timothy Clifford property near Hope Station, but the deposit is local.

Swan Township. - Only small patches of Ferriferous ore are present in Swan Township and these are confined most largely to the southeastern part. The ore was mined in a small way along the ridge in Section 10, on that east of Creola in the central part of Section 34, and on the knobs in the east central part of Section 31. At the latter place the deposits are small but the bed is reported to be about 1 foot thick. Some flint is also present along with the ore. In Swan Township the Upper Mercer or Big Red Block ore was of far more importance and was extensively mined over a wide area.

Jackson Township. - Small deposits of Ferriferous ore and buhrstone are present on a few of the high knobs in Section 36, Jackson Township. The ore was little mined.

Richland Township. - The Ferriferous and Vanport members in Richland Township outcrop only along the summits of the high ridges in the eastern part. The deposits are small, being confined largely to sections 1, 13, and 24. The ore is'frequently absent even where the limestone is present. It is also low grade and thin.

Elk Township. - In Elk Township the Ferriferous ore is widely, but on account of wants, erratically distributed over much of the area. The deposits most largely worked are those in sections 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 22, 27, 30, 35, and 36. Locally the ore not only has good thickness but is above the average in purity.

In sections 9 and 10 the ore bodies are small and were mined to only shallow covering. The thickness reported is from 4 to 6 inches. The stratigraphic position of the member is shown in the following record made in the eastern part of Section 15:!

The Ferriferous ore was mined rather extensively by stripping along the ridges in Section 16. Here it rests on the buhrstone of the Vanport and in places is more or less mixed with this material. The deposits in Section 22 are described as follows:?

"The Ferriferous limestone is found with a fine development of limonite ore over it and a bed of coal reported 3 feet 4 inches thick a little below. The ore is quite irregular, but at one place attains a very unusual thickness. It is reported to range from.a few inches to 9 feet, the reported average being 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet. This is one of the most celebrated developments of ore in all southern Ohio. It has been mined by drifts, and the quantity taken from less than two acres is reported to be 10,880 tons. At one place the limestone and ore are both wanting. The strata in this locality follow:"

Small quantities of ore were also mined at various places along the ridges in the southwestern part of the township in sections 28, 29, 30, 32, and 33. The association is ore and buhrstone, the latter replacing the Vanport limestone. |The mining was all done by stripping. The best deposits are reported to be about 1 foot thick. In the eastern part of Section 26, the Ferriferous ore locally attained excellent thickness and was mined extensively. A section of the rocks follows:!

Samples of the Ferriferous ore were taken for testing. (For analyses, see page 274.) Small deposits of good ore were also worked in sections 27, 34, 35, and 36, but the thickness was at few places more than 1 foot and the average measurement much less.

Madison Township - Both the Ferriferous ore and Vanport limestone are wanting in the northern part of Madison Township except for stray lenses of ore and flint, neither of which are of economic value. They improve in continuity and development in the southern part of the township along Elk Fork and Flat Run. The best ore is in the vicinity of Vinton Furnace where it was mined in many places. The following record, taken in the northwestern part of Section 31, shows the stratigraphic features very well:

Locally the ore thickens to 15 inches. In most places it lies directly above the Vanport limestone. Along Flat Run in Section 13 these members are present just above drainage level, but are uncertain in character and thickness. The ore was little mined.

Vinton Township. - In the main, deposits of Ferriferous ore in Vinton Township are confined to the valley of Pierce Run from Oreton to Radcliff and to that of Raccoon Creek from Arbaugh to Hawk. It is unsteady, in many places being replaced by sandstone. 'The ore is below normal in thickness but is of standard quality. The position of the member is as usual directly above the Vanport limestone but the ore is frequently wanting even where the limestone is present. The member was mined by stripping most largely in sections 10, 15, 16,

Clinton Township. - The supply of ore for Hamden Furnace was drawn largely from the Ferriferous member in Clinton Township where the bed is found with fair regularity over the entire area east of the old valley that extends from Dundas to Hamden. It was mined most extensively in sections 3,9, 13, 16, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29. The deposits are variable in thickness, character, and association. The ore may be absent or may expand to as much as 3 feet. Through weathering it changes from a hard, gray siderite to a soft, brown limonite. It may be associated with limestone, with buhrstone, or in their absence with shale and sandstone.

The Ferriferous ore was mined in a number of places in the vicinity of Dundas in sections 3, 9, and 10. The thickness reported is about 1 foot with a maximum measurement in local swells of nearly 4 feet. The best developed deposits are those in the southern part of Section 9 where it was stripped to deep cover. In sections 1, 2, 11, and 12 the ore is very unsteady, in many places being replaced by sandstone. Likewise, for the same reason, the Vanport limestone and Clarion coal are absent from the section. Along the high ridge and its spurs in sections 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, this ore is moderately persistent, has average thickness, 2 inches to 1 foot 4 inches, is underlain by Vanport limestone, and was mined at many places for the smelting of iron in Hamden Furnace. In the southern part of the township in sections 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, the conditions are similar. The stratigraphic features are normal throughout the entire area.

Wilkesville Township. - The only areas in which the Ferriferous ore appears at the surface in Wilkesville Township are along Raccoon Creek from Hawk to Section 20, along Rockcamp Run in Section 30, along Indiancamp Run in Section 28, and along Karr Run in Section 27. In general the ore is poorly represented but the underlying limestone is well developed. The bed was little mined along Raccoon Creek and only locally along its western tributaries.

From 1830 to 1870, the period of greatest activity of the charcoal furnaces, the Ferriferous ore was the most important bed in southern Ohio, far outweighing in value any of the coals, clays, or limestones. Conditions have so changed that now (1925) it is not utilized at any place in the entire area. In Vinton County mining of the Ferriferous ore in a large way began with the erection of Eagle, Cincinnati, Vinton, Hamden, Hope, and Zaleski furnaces, between 1852 and 1858, and lasted during their periods of activity. It is of foundry grade, making a soft iron well suited for a wide variety of castings. In yield of iron and in economy of smelting this ore compares favorably to the more siliceous ores from the Great Lakes region. The general quality of the Ferriferous ore in Vinton County is shown by the following analyses made during the time the bed was being actively mined:

Pennsylvanian System 275

The Ferriferous ore in southern Ohio fluctuates, like other coal formation rocks, through rather wide limits in composition and character. The average of many samples of ore used for metallurgical purposes and gathered over a wide area gave the following data:

The contents of lime and magnesia are usually higher in the siderite ore than in the limonite, for through weathering these components have been partially removed by the action of carbon dioxide in the circulating waters. In general this is also true of the silica as some desilication has taken place in the breaking down of the complex silicates. The quantity of sulphur is erratic in both the siderite and the limonite ores. In the siderite it is generally in the form of a sulphide, largely iron sulphide or pyrite, and in the limonite it is usually in that of a sulphate, such as gypsum or calcium sulphate. In the alteration the pyrite is first converted into ferrous sulphate and free sulphuric acid which readily combines with any bases present. Through solution and substitution a part of these sulphates may finally be precipitated as gypsum. Such material is locally abundant in ores lying ~ near the surface, especially those that have been penetrated by plant roots. The range in phosphorus is generally much larger in the oxide ore than in the carbonate. Through solution and chemical changes a part of the bed may be impoverished in this component and another part enriched. 'The entire ore body may also be affected at the expense of associated strata. Such enrichment is thus more or less local either within the ore deposit or within a small area.

Before use in the charcoal furnaces the Ferriferous ore was calcined in order to remove hydroscopic and combined water, to convert the carbonates to oxides, to increase the porosity of the material, to increase the yield of the stack, and to save coke in the smelting operation. The treated ore was easily reduced by carbon monoxide in the upper part of the furnace, whereas the gray ore was more difficult to smelt. The fuel most used for calcination was wood, charcoal brands, and fine charcoal, as little deleterious materials such as sulphur and ash were thus added to the product. Coal was also used but with less favorable results. The ore was roasted in several ways, the most com-

The Ferriferous deposits in Vinton County are too thin to be worked at present for the ore alone as the "Lake" ores are far more economical. If mined as a secondary product in stripping the underlying limestone, the material has sufficient value to pay at least for its removal. Where the bed is 10 inches thick, the yield per acre is approximately 3,970 tons for the siderite and 3,290 tons for the limonite. In some localities Ferriferous ore, Vanport limestone, Clarion coal, and Clarion clay may be conveniently mined in this way. The overlying shale and Lower Kittanning clay are also of value for the manufacture of ceramic products. The combined section from the base of the Clarion clay to the top of the Lower Kittanning coal thus yields a variety of materials all useful for some purpose. The Ferriferous ore is not mined at present (1925) at any place in Vinton County and probably will never become important again for metallurgical use as the quantity is too small. The foundry iron made from it was of superior quality.

Lower Kittanning Clay

The Lower Kittanning clay underlying the Lower Kittanning or No. 5 coal is without question the most valuable and persistent clay stratum in Ohio as proved by its continued use for more than one hundred years in a wide variety of ceramic products. It occurs as a sheet deposit, with only slight interruptions, and outcrops in a southwesterly direction across the State from Columbiana and Mahoning counties on the north to Lawrence and Scioto counties on the south. Within this field the Lower Kittanning clay is utilized in a large or small way in nearly every county in which it appears at the surface. This great bed is an asset of value also far beyond the confines of Ohio, for extensive deposits are present to the eastward in western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, and northern West Virginia, and to the southward in eastern Kentucky. The member maintains an average thickness of about 8 feet throughout the entire field, at few places contracting to less than 4 feet or expanding to more than 15 feet. Further, for constancy in composition it is certainly the most reliable of all the clay members in the coal formations, which quality means much to the various ceramic industries using this material. In general the member yields only plastic clay but in local areas it also bears flint clay of good, heat-resisting quality. It is used in the manufacture of many kinds of ware but is especially well fitted for the production of sewer pipe, face brick, stoneware, yellow ware, fire proofing, and refractory ware.

The Lower Kittanning clay is a well recognized stratum over much of eastern Vinton County as it appears at the surface in large areas in Brown, Madison, Vinton, Clinton, and Wilkesville townships and in small areas in Swan, Elk, and Knox. The member is persistent except in a few localities where, by replacement, it gives way to sandstone. At other places it is much below the average in thickness. This 1mpoverishment is either through loss of the upper portion of the bed by current action preceding the formation of the sandstone, or, more commonly, through lack of deposition of argillaceous sediments during the swamp period that closed eventually with the preservation of the vegetable matter as coal. In Vinton County, as elsewhere in Ohio, the thick deposits on this horizon in many places show a double structure, that is, they consist of two clay beds, each of which has its associated coal. The upper coal and clay, which are by far the most persistent, comprise the true Lower Kittanning, whereas the lower beds comprise the Lawrence.!. Locally these clays coalesce, leaving little except a dark soot streak to mark the line of demarcation. In Vinton County the Lawrence coal as a definite bed is present in only a few places and the associated clay is very local in extent. On this account and their proximity to the Lower Kittanning, the two clays will be treated as a unit.

In Vinton County the position of the Lower Kittanning clay proper is directly below the Lower Kittanning coal which member is on the average 30 feet above the top of the Vanport limestone and 38 feet below the base of the Middle Kittanning coal. In this area, as elsewhere in Ohio, these intervals change considerably from place to place. The mean thickness of the clay stratum, from many measurements taken throughout the field, is 7 feet and the usual variation is between 4 and 10 feet. In the few places found the Lawrence coal with its associated clay is present about midway in the interval between the Vanport limestone and the Lower Kittanning coal. The thickness of this clay stratum is 2 to 5 feet and that of the coal 1 inch to 1 foot.

The clay on the Lower Kittanning horizon in Vinton County is nearly entirely plastic in kind, moderately uniform in grade, and nearly average in quality. It changes in character somewhat in different localities and in different parts of the bed. In general the lower portion of the stratum is decidedly siliceous, in many places gradating into a clay bonded sandstone. In this mica is also a common component. The upper portion of the bed is a rather pure, plastic clay of the coal formation type. The texture in both the siliceous and the aluminous grades is fine and uniform and the prevailing color, light gray. Just beneath the coal, however, a few inches of clay may be stained dark with carbonaceous pigments. Through weathering or grinding the

Lower Kittanning clay develops a high bonding power thus fitting it for many useful purposes. In Vinton County it has been utilized only near Hamden at the Puritan plant of the McArthur Brick Company. The Lower Kittanning horizon, however, bears much good clay that will lead eventually to more ceramic development. Further, it also contains some coal of value.

Brown Township. - The Lower Kittanning clay is present above drainage along all the larger streams in Brown Township except on the headwaters of Sandy Run in the northeastern part. The dip of the bed to the southeast is nearly 30 feet to the mile or the descent above tide is from 920 feet near New Plymouth to 740 feet at Moonville. The stratum is a persistent sheet deposit which varies little in character. The usual measurement of the clay is between 5 and 8 feet and that of the overlying coal between 1 foot 3 inches and 2 feet 2 inches.

Along the road in the northwestern part of Section 18, the Lower Kittanning clay measures 9 feet 6 inches. The lower part of the bed is very siliceous but the upper part is about standard in quality. This clay lies 26 feet below the Middle Kittanning coal and 52 feet above the Clarion. Along the ridges elsewhere in the northwestern part of the township, the deposits are usually not so thick but are equally good, if not better in quality. The conditions are not far different on the main ridge and its spurs east of Raccoon Creek in the southwestern part. Some local thickening is evident simply by the addition of more of the siliceous clay to the basal portion of the stratum. The elevation of the member is 880 feet near the mouth of Twomile Run and 860 feet in the central part of Section 31. The quantity of clay is large and much of it is available by stripping. The overlying coal is not only thin, from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches, but is poor in quality. On Sandy Run the Lower Kittanning clay is above drainage from the mouth of the stream to the central part of Section 11. The following section, taken along the abandoned road about one-third mile east of Hope Furnace, shows the usual condition of the clay and its stratigraphic relations to other members:

Pennsylvanian System 279

The maximum thickness of the Lower Kittanning clay on Sandy Run and its tributaries is about 10 feet and the average measurement nearly 6 feet. Aside from silica it is otherwise of fair purity, being very free from concretionary matter and pyrite crystals. It is well fitted for many kinds of ceramic products. In most of this area the bed lies at convenient height on the hills for ease in working and has good conditions for drift mining. The quantity available is large. Along Raccoon Creek near Hope Station the bed is uniform in thickness and character. On the hill south of the school house the following measurements were secured:

The Lower Kittanning clay shows similar development and quality along the stream in the south central part of Section 19 and along that in the southwestern part of Section 13. _ Locally lenses of very siliceous material appear in the main body of the deposit. The strata on this general horizon are well exposed at the mouth of the tunnel of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad at Moonville. The section follows:

At this place the clay deposit has a double structure through the intervention of the argillaceous sandstone which averages about 5 feet in thickness. The lower bed of clay (7 feet) really belongs to the Lawrence coal, here absent, and not to the Lower Kittanning, and is of better quality but not as persistent as the upper stratum. In the southern part of Section 7 this bed gives way to sandstone, thus showing its pockety character; whereas the clay directly below the Lower Kittanning coal is regularly present and from 3 to 5 feet thick.

The quantity of Lower Kittanning clay in Brown Township is large and the quality sufficiently good for such products as face brick, fire proofing, flue lining, and related products. In most of the area conditions for mining this material are favorable as the bed lies at convenient height above drainage, is persistent, has ample thickness for entries, and has a fairly strong roof of gray shale. The Lower Kittanning clay along with the Clarion clay, which has exceptionally good properties, and with shales of various grades offers ceramic possibilities for a wide variety of useful products. Further, the region is well supplied with Middle Kittanning coal for manufacturing such wares, and has transportation facilities.

Swan Township. - In Swan Township the deposits of Lower Kittanning clay are confined to small areas along the main ridge east of the Hocking Valley Railway. Locally the deposits are well developed, but generally they are not above the average either in thickness or in purity. In places small bodies may be mined chiefly by stripping. The following record, taken on the knob in the east central part of Section 23, shows the main stratigraphic features:

Pennsylvanian System 281

The member has fair thickness, averaging about 6 feet along the ridges east of Raccoon Creek in the southeastern part of the township. Its position is 900 to 920 feet above tide. The overlying coal is everywhere thin and impure.

Elk Township. - Owing to the general rise of the rocks to the west, the deposits of Lower Kittanning clay in Elk Township are confined entirely to the high ridges and knobs in the eastern half. The elevation of the bed is about 920 feet in Section 2, 900 feet in Section 15, and 840 feet in Section 35. In many of the deposits the clay has good thickness and properties, making it an asset worthy of consideration. It has not been utilized, however, for ceramic purposes at any place within the area.

On the ridges in Section 1, from 5 to 8 feet of Lower Kittanning clay of average quality was observed at an elevation of approximately 925 feet. The deposits are not far different in sections 2, 11, and 12. The stratigraphic relation of the bed to other well known Allegheny members is shown in the following record taken along the road in the north central part of Section 14:

At this place the Lower Kittanning clay is above normal in thickness but the lower portion is decidedly siliceous. As a whole, however, the deposit is useful for the more common kinds of clay products. Locally in Section 15 the stratum is divided about midway by lenses of sandstone which vary from 1 to 5 feet in thickness. Such partings are decidedly objectionable in mining as only the clay above the sandstone could be removed with economy. Such modifications were also observed at a few places in sections 22, 23, and 26. Much good clay is present on this horizon in the southeastern part of the township east of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad and south of Elk Fork. The deposits expand from 5 to 10 feet or more and average at least 7 feet. In most of them the clay is highly plastic and very pure. Other conditions are also favorable for development.

Madison Township. - In Madison Township the Lower Kittanning clay is above drainage along Raccoon Creek in the northwestern part, along Wheelabout Creek well towards the headwaters of its tributaries in the central part, and along Elk Fork and Flat Run in the southern part. In general the deposits are not especially attractive as they are somewhat below the average in both thickness and quality. The overlying coal is also thin, adding little inducement for conjoint mining. Both clay and coal appear to be best developed in the vicinity of Zaleski, where the following record was measured along the abandoned road in the southwestern part of Section 30:

Ft. In. Coal blossom, Middle Kittanning.......0.c00cccucstavccs 1 Oe Clay, light<plastic. cerca ear ie rae a ee eee 1 0 Shale, gray; silicebués,part coveréd.,..4 3.646. eeroe eee 16 0 Clay, light, with ore nodules at base, Oak Hill............. 3 ) Shale, gray, siliceatss> 16) kik eee a eee 16 0 Coal, weathered, Lower Kittanning... ..ccveceuevssesinnee 2 0 Clay, light, plastic, lower part siliceous...............-- an vg @) Sandstone; massive: ss. ae tee hdl carewtanuies 34 @)

Pennsylvanian System 283

Most of the exposures on Wheelabout Creek show from 5 to § feet of siliceous clay overlain with 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches of bony coal. The elevation of the member is 773 feet in the central part of Section 23, 765 feet in the southwestern part of Section 16, and 780 feet about one mile east of Prattsville. In the valleys of Elk Fork and Flat Run both clay and coal are unsteady as they are locally, partially or completely replaced by sandstone. These members lie about 790 feet above tide at Vinton Furnace in Section 31 and 720 feet on Flat Run in the central part of Section 13.

Knox Township. - The dip of the rocks is such that the Lower Kittanning clay is entirely covered in Knox Township except along Raccoon Creek in sections 12, 6, and 5 in the northwestern part and along Tedroe Run in sections 10 and 4 in the west central part. In the few exposures observed the member is not above the average either in thickness or in quality. The overlying Lower and Middle Kittanning coals are also lacking in normal development, both being thin and uncertain,

Vinton Township. - Deposits representing Lower Kittanning time are present above drainage along all the larger streams in Vinton Township except along Raccoon Creek and its tributaries in the vicinity of Vales Mills in the northeastern part. In general the clay directly associated with the Lower Kittanning coal is thin and siliceous and that belonging to the Lawrence coal is absent, its place being taken by sandstone. Locally the overlying beds are also replaced by the same material. On this account the deposits are not attractive for ceramic work. Those of most value are found in the vicinity of Oreton.

On land of the New York Coal Company at Oreton, a sample was taken for testing. (For analysis see page 289.) The various strata measured at this place are shown in the record given below:

In this locality the Lower Kittanning clay is moderately persistent but is subject to some diminution in thickness through replacement of the basal portion by sandstone. Where normally developed the bed has a mean thickness of about 7 feet. 'In kind it is siliceous, plastic clay much resembling that on the same horizon in Jackson and Lawrence counties. Its ceramic properties, both physical and chemical, are good. Further, in this locality the fuel for factory purposes is at hand as both the Lower Kittanning and the Clarion coals are present with minable thickness.

Near Radcliff the Lower Kittanning clay is largely replaced by a massive sandstone. The few lenses observed are thin and siliceous, far below the standard required for ceramic operations. The member is usually present but poorly developed along Raccoon Creek and Elk Fork. The elevation of the bed is about 680 feet on Alman Run in the northern part of Section 22; 670 feet at Arbaugh in Section 10; and 650 feet on Zinns Run in the central part of Section 7. The overlying coal is also thin and bony, only locally expanding to more than 1 foot. The Lower Kittanning clay in Vinton Township, except near Oreton, offers little to the ceramic worker.

Clinton Township. - In its extension westward from Vinton into Clinton Township the Lower Kittanning clay gains somewhat in persistence and uniformity but little in thickness and quality. The deposits are confined to the main ridges east of the old valley that extends from Dundas to Hamden. 'The elevation of the bed is 920 feet in the northern part of Section 16; 910 feet in the eastern part of Section 29; 795 feet in the central part of Section 1; and 785 in the northern part of Section 25. It is a plastic clay moderately high in silica and fluxing components. The main stratum, or that lying just below the Lower Kittanning coal, is ordinarily between 5 and 8 feet thick. The Lawrence clay, which is present at a few places only, lies several feet below the true Lower Kittanning, thus preventing mining the two beds conjunctively. The intervening material is shale and sandstone. 'These clays were formerly worked to some extent either alone or with shale for the manufacture of building brick by the Puritan Brick Company at the plant near old Hamden Furnace. The overlying Lower Kittanning coal is in places normally developed, being 3 feet or more thick, whereas the Clarion coal, found below the Vanport limestone, maintains an average of nearly 3 feet 6 inches of clean fuel. A few sections will suffice to show the stratigraphic relations. Along the road in the central part of Section 16, the following measurements were obtained:

Along this ridge the bed extends eastward, with no wants other than those due to erosion, through sections 15 and 14 to Section 13. Many of the exposures indicate clay of value. Locally the associated coal is 3 feet or more in thickness. Along the road in the east central part of Section 29, the following beds were exposed: clay proper is 6 feet thick but is not of high purity, as it is decidedly siliceous and somewhat ferruginous. The overlying coal is thin, the usual measurement being about 1 foot 6 inches. The Lawrence clay and coal are generally absent except for stray lenses interbedded in the shale above the Vanport limestone. Conditions are not far different along the main ridge and its spurs east of this in sections 27, 26, and 25.

_ The survey of Clinton Township thus shows that in the eastern half large quantities of medium grade, plastic clay are present on the Lower Kittanning horizon. Along some of the ridges, conditions are favorable for strip mining as the covering is thin and mostly shale. Where the overburden is thick, the usual method of drifting may be practiced and both clay and coal obtained from the same entry. The associated shales also have good properties for some grades of ware. The Hocking Valley and the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroads offer shipping facilities to distant markets. The deposits are easily reached by short switches.

Wilkesville Township. - In Wilkesville Township the Lower Kittanning clay is present along the valley of Raccoon Creek from Section 24 southward to Section 14 and along the lower courses of its larger tributaries. The member is unsteady, locally giving way to sandstone. In a few localities the Lawrence clay and coal appear a few feet above the Vanport limestone and not far below the true Lower Kittanning stratum. In general the deposits of most value are confined to the southwestern part of the township. They have not been utilized for ceramic products.

Near the head of Rockcamp Run in Section 36, the Lower Kittanning clay, present approximately 720 feet above tide, is 3 to 8 feet thick. In places the lower portion of the stratum is more a claybonded sandstone than a true clay; and near Hawk all but about 3 feet of the member is replaced by argillaceous sandstone. This condition holds true also in the vicinity of Clarion and along Indiancamp Run, but near Minerton the member improves both in thickness and in quality. Further, the Lawrence beds are usually present in the interval between the Vanport limestone and the Lower Kittanning clay. These features are shown in the following record made along the road in the southwestern part of Section 27:

Pennsylvanian System 287

The Lower Kittanning clay where observed along Karr Run west of Minerton has normal development, good ceramic properties, and a thickness of 5 to 8 feet. In this locality the Lawrence clay is also present and lies close to the Vanport limestone, as shown in the following measurements taken at the mouth of an old coal mine in the central part of Section 27:

Along Raccoon Creek in Section 20, these beds are so modified by sandstone that they are thin and uncertain. The Lower Kittanning member is present at an elevation of 730 feet on Buffer Run, a tributary of Little Raccoon Creek, in the southwestern part of Section 33. Both clay and coal are well represented. On Greasy Run in the northwestern part of Section 6, the following beds were exposed:

In conclusion it may be stated that the deposits of Lower Kittanning clay of most importance in Wilkesville Township are those in the southwestern part. These may be reached at no great cost by the Hocking Valley Railway on Raccoon Creek or by the branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad on Little Raccoon Creek. Sufficient fuel for factory purposes is yet available in the Lower Kittanning and Clarion members.

thickness in large areas, has a broad range of usefulness, and lies within the fields of minable coals. In addition to others it provides a wealth of material that should lead to a decided increase in the output of clay products in the region. Up to the present time (1925), however, the best clay on the horizon has not been utilized although such deposits are conveniently located for ease in mining and economy in plant operation. It is used with success both in Jackson, Scioto, and Lawrence counties to the south and in Hocking, Athens, and Perry counties to the north, where the quality of the clay is not greatly different.

In the Vinton County field the Lower Kittanning clay is entirely plastic in kind except for only occasional thin lenses in the upper part of the stratum tending toward the semi-flint variety. On weathering or working with water, it is reduced readily to a plastic mass that flows freely through the dies of the machine and has good body strength in the green state. Aside from clay matter the most abundant component in the Lower Kittanning is free silica which is present throughout the entire bed, although more concentrated in the lower portion, but which for many kinds of ware is advantageous instead of detrimental. Free silica tends to correct shrinkage, lamination, and warpage and in is rather prominent in the siliceous clay on the Lower Kittanning horizon and is not uncommon in the more aluminous material. Pyrite is another ordinary component found in most deposits. These crystals of bisulphide of iron are usually small in size and highly diffused throughout the mass, thus causing no serious trouble other than in color. The deposits of Lower Kittanning clay in Vinton County are moderately free from concretionary matter of siderite, limonite, and calcite, the size of which is sufficiently large to be objectionable in the manufacturing processes. Locally, however, this clay contains such impurities in the form of fine oolites which, at the maturity of the body through firing, produce the iron-mottled effect much desired in some classes of ware. Along the outcrop of this member, as well as of other coal formation beds of like nature, the weathered clay is in many places contaminated with crystals of gypsum occurring singly or in clusters. They are secondary in origin and most liable to be found where the cover is so thin that the clay stratum has been penetrated by plant roots. Clay with much gypsum should be excluded as the calcium sulphate is an active fluxing and scumming agent. The Lower Kittanning clay always contains some carbonaceous matter in a highly diffused form and most concentrated in the few inches of clay lying directly below the associated coal. The quantity of such organic matter is so small that with fair practice in burning no damaging effects are evident in the finished product. In general the impurities in the Lower Kittanning clay in the Vinton County field are not often of such nature or in such quantity that they condemn the material for wares ranging from high-grade face brick to sewer pipe. The quality of the better grades of this clay is shown by the following tests of a sample taken on the property of the New York Coal Company at

The composition of the above sample, which is representative for that in many deposits within the area, is close to the standard for sewer pipe of the best grade. The clay matter, free silica, and basic compounds are well balanced. 'This clay is suitable also for face brick, fire proofing, and common fire brick. The working properties of the Lower Kittanning clay are always good. It grinds easily, screens well, and tempers readily. The plastic mass flows smoothly through the dies with little lamination or cracking. The green ware dries safely in any of the common types of driers and has sufficient strength to withstand factory handling. The burning behavior of this clay is also satisfactory as to range, shrinkage, and body structure. On the whole the Lower Kittanning clay ranks high for a large class of heavy duty clay products.

From more than thirty measurements the average thickness of clay on the Lower Kittanning horizon in large areas of Vinton County is nearly 7 feet. Counting 60 per cent available in drift mining, the yield per acre for such a bed is nearly 14,000 tons or enough to make approximately 4,000,000 building brick. Under the same conditions of mining the combined yield of the overlying Lower Kittanning coal with a mean thickness of 1 foot 10 inches and of the underlying Clarion member with a thickness of 3 feet 7 inches is approximately 5,850 tons, which is ample fuel for manufacturing the 7 feet of clay into ware. The same area thus provides coal and clay. If additional fuel is needed the Middle Kittanning, Winters, and Brookville members may be drawn upon to supply the deficiency.

In most of the field conditions for mining conjointly by drifting clay and fuel from the Lower Kittanning beds are very satisfactory, as the roof of the coal is shale of moderate strength or sandstone with massive structure. In local areas, however, the Oak Hill clay is present directly above the Lower Kittanning coal, in which case the roof is poor, necessitating leaving the coal for support or removing the clay also. For some kinds of ware the Oak Hill clay may be utilized as a mixture with the Lower Kittanning. The usual method practiced 1s first to mine the clay by shooting "'off the solid,' then to loosen the coal with a small charge of powder. Where beds outcrop near the ridge summits, as in parts of Clinton, Elk, and Swan townships, much clay may be secured by stripping by steam shovels or dray scrapers. The overlying shale in some localities may be utilized for common, vitrified

Pennsylvanian System 291

The Lower Kittanning clay in parts of Vinton County has much merit for buff and iron-mottled face brick, building and radial block, fire proofing, sewer pipe, and moderate heat duty refractory ware.

Lower Kittanning Coal

The Lower Kittanning coal was first described in 1858 by H. D. Rogers of the First Pennsylvania Survey as the Kittanning coal from exposures near Kittanning in Armstrong County. It is one of the best known members of the Allegheny formation. The stratum is steady and widely distributed. It is present in large areas in western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, northern West Virginia, eastern and southern Ohio, and eastern Kentucky. It enters this State from Pennsylvania in Columbiana and Mahoning counties and passes into Kentucky in Lawrence and Scioto counties on the Ohio River. Also the bed is found at the surface to some extent in Jefferson, Stark, Carroll, Tuscarawas, Wayne, Holmes, Coshocton, Guernsey, Muskingum, Licking, Perry, Hocking, Athens, Vinton, Gallia, and Jackson counties. As a source of fuel the member is most valuable in Columbiana, Tuscarawas, Jackson, and Lawrence counties where the thickness of the bed is sufficient for drift mining in a large way and the quality of the coal near the standard for this State. This coal is mined in a small way for local needs throughout most of the remainder of the field. In importance the Lower Kittanning coal ranks below the Pittsburgh, Middle Kittanning, and Upper Freeport but above the Clarion, Brookville, Sharon, Quakertown, and Meigs Creek members. When, however, both coal and clay are considered, the economic value of the strata on this horizon far surpasses any other in the coal formations of Ohio.

In Vinton County the outcrop of the Lower Kittanning or No. 5 coal is confined to the central and eastern parts. It is present above drainage in Brown, eastern Swan, eastern Elk, Madison, northwestern Knox, Vinton, eastern Clinton, and western Wilkesville townships. In general the stratum is thin and of poor quality, being more comparable with that found to the north in Hocking, Athens, and Perry counties than with that to the south in Jackson and Lawrence counties. Further, in some localities the member is partially or completely replaced by sandstone. From more than seventy measurements taken throughout the field, the average thickness of the bed is 1 foot 10 inches and the maximum variation from 2 inches to 5 feet 1 inch. The most valuable deposits are confined largely to small areas in Clinton and Wilkesville townships. The normal position of the Lower Kittanning coalin Vinton County, considered from base to base of member, is 35 feet above the Vanport limestone, 45 feet above the Clarion coal, 10 feet below the Oak Hill clay, and 38 feet below the Middle Kittanning coal, which measurements are not far different from what they are elsewhere in southern Ohio. These intervals are maintained with fair regularity except where massive sandstones intervene, in which case the contractions and expansions are locally abnormal.

In character the coal on this horizon in Vinton County is everywhere of the common bituminous type, in many places tending towards the shaly varieties and occasionally towards the bony cannels, and in general most of it is low grade. In the better developed deposits, those measuring 2 feet 6 inches or more, the member is divided by a thin layer of impure clay, into two coal benches, the lower stratum usually from 2 to 6 inches in thickness, the parting from 1 to 4 inches, and the upper stratum from 1 foot 5 inches to 3 feet 6 inches. In a few localities lenses of shaly coal and coaly shale appear just above the regular stratum. This material is correlative in character and position with the "nigger head," of the Jackson and Lawrence County

Brown Township. - The Lower Kittanning coal is present above drainage in nearly all of Brown Township, lying close to the valley floors in the eastern part and near the ridge summits in the western part. In general the member is fairly persistent but poorly developed both as to thickness and as to quality. The deposit has provided little fuel even for local use.

Along the stream in the northwestern part of Section 18, the bed is present at an elevation of 820 feet and measures about 2 feet. The roof is either sandstone or Oak Hill clay. In Section 30 the deposits lie approximately 920 feet above tide and show no improvement in thickness. On the property of G. P. Drayer in the southwestern part of Section 23, the Lower Kittanning coal so expands locally that it was formerly mined for domestic use. From reports and drill records the bed is 5 feet or more thick and the fuel of good quality. At this place the altitude of this coal is 880 feet and its position 40 feet below the Middle Kittanning coal. On the headwaters of Sandy Run the member passes below cover in the central part of Section 11. In King Hollow in the south central part of Section 3, the following measurements are representative:

At this place the interval to the overlying Middle Kittanning coal is nearly 35 feet. In the vicinity of Hope Furnace the usual thickness of the Lower Kittanning coal is nearly 1 foot 6 inches and in places it is of fair quality. The conditions are similar on the western tributaries of Sandy Run and also on Little Sandy Run. Along the ridge in the western part of Section 31, the Lower Kittanning coal, about 1 foot thick, is present at an elevation of 880 feet. It is separated from the Middle Kittanning coal by 21 feet of clay, shale, and sandstone, and from the Clarion member by 47 feet of similar material. The member shows no decided improvement in the vicinity of Hope Station.

The Lower Kittanning coal where well exposed in the railroad tunnel at Moonville in Section 7, is 1 foot 5 inches thick and of fair quality. In this locality the member is separated from the Middle Kittanning coal by an interval of 43 feet and from the Clarion bed by 44 feet. No improvement was apparent near Inghams in sections 2 and 1 where the stratum was observed at a few places.

Swan Township. - In Swan Township the deposits of Lower Kittanning coal are confined to the ridge summits and knobs east of the Hocking Valley Railway; and they are of small importance as they are generally thin and impure.

On the knobs in the eastern part of Section 12, the Lower Kittanning coal outcrops at an elevation of 980 feet. In Section 23 the horizon is marked by a thin bed of coal overlain by Oak Hill clay. The elevation of the Lower Kittanning coal is 968 feet and its position 43 feet above the Clarion coal and 33 below the Middle Kittanning. The only locality in Swan Township in which the Lower Kittanning coal has sufficient thickness for drift mining is along the ridge in the southeastern part of Section 27. The bed where worked on the Carney Johnson property has the following thickness:

The structure shown here is similar to that in Clinton Township, Vinton County; Milton Township, Jackson County; and Elizabeth Township, Lawrence County. It consists of two regular coal benches separated by impure clay and overlain by. bony coal, usually called "nigger head."' This coal bed lies about 40 feet above the Clarion coal. The member is present in an impoverished form east of Raccoon Creek in Section 36. Where observed the thickness is not more than 1 foot 3 inches.

Elk Township. - As a fuel asset the Lower Kittanning coal in Elk Township is of trifling importance for it is either thin or impure. The areas of outcrop are confined to the ridges lying east of the Hocking Valley Railway. The deposits have been worked at few places even in a small way.

The elevation of the member is 910 feet in Section 1 and nearly the same in Section 11. On the property of Jacob Morgan in the northeastern part of Section 22, this coal has been mined in a small way. The thickness and structure of the bed are about normal but the quality is poor, as it is hard, bony, and bituminous, and tends towards an impure cannel. The measurements taken are given below:

Pennsylvanian System 295

In the southeastern part of the township the Lower Kittanning coal at few places expands to more than 2 feet and averages not more than 1 foot 4 inches. In a few localities it is completely replaced by sandstone. The intervals to other well known beds are about normal for the county. No mines were observed.

Madison 'Township. - The stratigraphic and economic features of the Lower Kittanning coal in Madison Township are much the same as they are elsewhere in the northeastern part of Vinton County. The bed is moderately persistent but only locally expands so that it is mined in a small way. It is above drainage along the larger streams in the entire area.

West of Zaleski in sections 35 and 36 the bed is thin and in places it gives way to sandstone. East of Raccoon Creek the coal has been mined by drifting in the hollow south of the abandoned road in the central part of Section 30. It is reported to be nearly 3 feet thick and lies 38 feet below the Middle Kittanning coal and 69 feet above the Clarion coal. The stratum is 860 feet above tide. On the ridges south of Raccoon Creek in the vicinity of the high hill known as "'the Pinnacle," the horizon bears little coal of value. Near the road forks in the central part of Section 23, the stratum was exposed in the stream bed. 'The record secured is given below:

The Lower Kittanning coal, 1 foot 6 inches thick, where exposed in the southwestern part of Section 17, is separated from the Middle Kittanning member by 48 feet of shale and sandstone, and lies 770 feet above tide. The quality of the fuel is fair. The bed shows no improvement in sections 16 and 17. Along the valley one and onehalf miles northeast of Prattsville, the Lower Kittanning coal was being mined by stripping on the property of John Love and the Middle

In this locality the Lower Kittanning member is reported to thicken to 1 foot 8 inches. On the property of the Vinton Iron Company at the head of Flat Run, about one and one-half miles southeast of Prattsville, the bed is mined by stripping for small supplies of household fuel. Where exposed the stratum is 1 foot 9 inches thick and very free from partings of shale and clay. It is overlain by black, carbonaceous shale. On Flat Run in Section 13 and along Elk Fork in sections 31, 25, and 19, the Lower Kittanning coal is in many places replaced by massive sandstone.

Knox Township. - In Knox Township the Lower Kittanning coal is below drainage except along Raccoon Creek in sections 12, 6, and 5, and along Tedroe Run in sections 10 and 4. In the few places observed the bed is thin but the fuel is of fair quality. The stratigraphic features are shown in the following record taken on the property of Miles Townsend in the southeastern part of Section 10:

Along Tedroe Run the Lower Kittanning coal is so modified by the overlying sandstone that it is occasionally reduced to a mere soot streak. The deposits are also of little value on Raccoon Creek, the maximum thickness observed being 1 foot 4 inches.

Vinton Township. - Although widely distributed in Vinton Township, the Lower Kittanning coal adds little to the fuel resources of the area as the bed is generally thin and impure. The outcrops are confined to the valleys of the main streams and to those of their larger tributaries. This coal has been mined in only a few places in the township for local use.

Pennsylvanian System 297

it appears in force at Oreton at which place it has been mined to a small extent. Where measured the lower bench of coal is 4 inches thick, the clay shale parting 9 inches, and the upper bench of coal 2 feet 4 inches. The coal is separated from the underlying Vanport limestone by 27 feet of clay and shale. South of this the bed again becomes thin and uncertain, at few places measuring more than | foot 8 inches. In the vicinity of Radcliff it locally gives way to sandstone. On the property of V. E. Cotterill on Zinns Run in the west central part of Section 7, the stratum outcrops along the bank of the stream at an elevation of 650 feet, and measures | foot 3 inches.. In the southern part of Section 8 from 4 to 8 inches of coal was observed on the horizon. Little improvement was evident along Raccoon Creek in sections 14, 15, 9, 10, and 16. The bed thickens somewhat on Alman Run as shown by the following record taken in the northern part of Section 22 on the property of the Chicago-Oreton Company:

The position of the bed is nearly 35 feet above the Clarion coal. The Lower Kittanning coal is poorly represented on Elk Fork in sections 24, 23, and 17.

Clinton Township. - In Vinton County the Lower Kittanning coal reaches its maximum development in the eastern half of Clinton Township where in local areas the deposits much resemble those in the main fields in Jackson and Lawrence counties. The bed has been mined in a small way for many years for local fuel, but the supply is far from exhaustion, as the larger bodies of coal are yet untouched. The associated clays are also of value. The Lower Kittanning coal is confined to that part of the township lying east of the old valley extending from Dundas to Hamden.

In sections 1, 2, and 3 the member is unsteady and generally thin. The elevation of the bed is 795 feet in the central part of Section 1 and 890 feet in that of Section 3. Where stripped for household use along the road in the northeastern part of Section 12, the stratum measures | foot 2 inches and lies 780 feet above tide. Along the Hocking Valley Railway in the northern part of Section 11, the Lower Kittanning coal was formerly mined for shipment, but the openings were so closed that no good measurements were obtained. The thickness reported is 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches of clean coal broken about midway by a clay parting varying from 6 inches to 2 feet. Surface exposures indicate that the member has fair development in parts of sections 10 and 9. Where observed in Section 16 the bed varies from 1 foot 2 inches to 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. Near the road in the northeastern part of Section 15, the following record was obtained in a small wagon mine located on property of the Doney heirs:

The bed shows local contraction and expansion due to erosion preceding the deposition of the overlying sandstone. The coal is very free from bone partings and pyrite nodules. Its position is about 25 feet above the Vanport limestone and 30 feet above the Clarion coal. Along the road in the east central part of Section 14, the bed outcropping at an elevation of 860 feet is also mined in a small way by drifting. Where measured the lower bench of coal is 63 inches thick, the clay parting one-half inch, and the upper bench of coal 2 feet 7 inches. This is overlain by 5 inches of coaly shale and this in turn by about 30 feet of massive sandstone. The interval is approximately 39 feet to the Middle Kittanning coal, 22 feet to the Clarion, and 38 feet to the Winters. In Section 13 the Lower Kittanning coal is unsteady due to replacement of a part or all of the bed by sandstone. In the hollow in the south central part of Section 24, this coal has been mined both by stripping and by drifting. The record secured follows:

In sections 23 and 22 the bed is persistent but not everywhere well developed. Formerly it was mined along the ridge in the northern part of Section 21 at which place its elevation is about 900 feet and its position nearly 25 feet above the Vanport limestone. In Section 29 the deposits are confined to a few knobs in the east central part and in Section 28 to the main ridges in the southern and eastern parts.

Pennsylvanian System 299

In the latter area the bed has been mined by drifting at many places, supplying fuel for household use and for brick manufacture at the Puritan plant of the McArthur Brick Company. At the drift mine of Webb Carr in the southwestern part of Section 28, the following beds were exposed:

In this locality the position of the Lower Kittanning coal varies from 15 to 30 feet above the Vanport limestone. The outcrop exposures along the high ridge in the eastern part of Section 28 indicate that here the bed is generally thin, from 1 foot 4 inches to 2 feet 6 inches. In the hollow in the southeastern part of Section 27, both the Lower Kittanning and Clarion members were formerly worked for shipment. The structure and stratigraphic relations of the beds are shown in the record given below:

Along the valley in the southeastern part of Section 26 and the southwestern part of Section 25, both coal members have been mined in alarge way. The Lower Kittanning stratum at an elevation of about 810 feet is very regular in structure and thickness in this locality. It is regularly divided in two coal benches of 3 inches and 2 feet 5 inches respectively separated by a clay parting of 2 to 4 inches. The coal is of good quality, being bright and clean. Its position is 39 feet below the Middle Kittanning coal and 25 feet above the Vanport limestone.

Wilkesville Township. - The Lower Kittanning coal is present above drainage along the larger streams in the western half of Wilkesville Township. Its altitude is 720 feet on Rockcamp Run in the northern part of Section 36, 680 feet along Raccoon Creek in the northern part of Section. 24, 710 feet on Greasy Run in the northwestern part of Section 6, and 630 feet on Raccoon Creek in the southwestern part of Section 20. In general the bed is not well developed, averaging less than 2 feet in thickness and at few places expanding above 3 feet. In restricted areas the coal gives way to sandstone. These deposits have been mined only in a small way for household fuel.

Along Raccoon Creek in the vicinity of Hawk, the Lower Kittanning coal is thin and shaly. A small area of good coal is present on Indiancamp Run east of Clarion where it has been mined both by drifting and by stripping. On a tributary of this stream in the southern . part of Section 29, the following measurements were secured on the property of C. K. Davis:

At this place the position of the Lower Kittanning coal is 138 feet below the Upper Freeport coal, 178 feet below the Mason coal in the Conemaugh formation, and 223 feet below the Brush Creek limestone. On Indiancamp Run in the north central part of Section 34, the member was well exposed in the small mine on the property of Hiram Dorton. The measurements follow:

Pennsylvanian System 301

In this vicinity the bed is reported to expand to as much as 3 feet 10 inches in thickness which is comparable to that on Rich Run in Milton Township, Jackson County, where it has been extensively mined for shipment. Near Clarion in sections 28 and 22 the bed is of little value, usually being less than 1 foot 8 inches thick. It improves somewhat near Minerton in Section 27. Where exposed along the road east of the village the lower bench of coal measures 5} inches, the parting 1 inch, and the upper bench of coal 1 foot 83 inches. The quality of the fuel is fair. The altitude of the bed is 676 feet and its position 30 feet above the Vanport limestone. On Karr Run in the southwestern part of Section 33, the upper bench of coal, 1 foot 11 inches thick, was exposed in the stream bed at an altitude of 710 feet. The member is above drainage on Greasy Run, a tributary of Little Raccoon Creek, in the southwestern part of Section 32 and the northwestern part of Section 6. Where measured it has the following thickness and structure:

Along Raccoon Creek in Section 20, the Lower Kittanning coal is much impoverished through lack of deposition and through loss by erosion preceding the deposition of the overlying sandstone. In places the horizon is marked only by "finger" coal in the sandstone or by thin lenses appearing along the line of disconformity. This condition is well shown in the cut of the Hocking Valley Railway in the southwestern part of Section 20. The Lower Kittanning coal is reported to appear in the bed of Raccoon Creek in the extreme northern part of the oxbow in the central part of Section 14 where small quantities were obtained by stripping. As given, the thickness of the bed is from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet. Little is known regarding this member under deep cover in Wilkesville Township but from conditions along Raccoon Creek the prospects for large bodies of thick coal are not encouraging.

form of isolated patches, which border on the north the main fields in Jackson and Lawrence counties. On this account the bed is not important for a stable mining industry. Its value lies chiefly in that it is capable of furnishing for many years small supplies of fuel for household consumption and factory purposes, and in that it is associated with a large and persistent group of clays and shales, useful for the manufacture of a wide variety of ceramic products.

In this region the Lower Kittanning coal varies considerably in quality from place to place throughout the field. It changes from a soft, bituminous coal, fairly free from deleterious matter, to a hard, cannel-like fuel, decidedly shaly in character. In general the purity of the coal in the thicker deposits is greater than it is in the thinner ones. The Lower Kittanning is a high volatile, free-burning fuel, moderately low in sulphur and ash. On the average it contains about 8 per cent moisture, 36 per cent volatile matter, 48 per cent fixed carbon, and 8 per cent ash. The content of sulphur, present mainly in the coal in the form of pyrite, is approximately 2.7 per cent. The ash clinkers only at high temperatures as it is clay-like in character. The heating value of this fuel is from 6,600 to 6,800 calories or 11,880 to 12,2400 B: t.u.

The Lower Kittanning coal is well liked for domestic purposes as it ignites readily, burns freely, produces little soot, and leaves a light powdery ash. Next to the Quakertown it is the best coal for household purposes in Vinton County. It is very satisfactory also for burning ceramic products as the long flame produced gives a good finish to the surface of the ware and carries the heat down to the bottom of the kilns. Further, although its heating value is only moderate, this fuel burns so freely that high temperatures may be maintained with little difficulty. For steam generation the Lower Kittanning coal is well recommended by those using the common kinds of grates and also by those employing the mechanical types of stokers. The clay-like nature of the ash is such that only small clinkers are formed even at high temperatures. On the whole the Lower Kittanning is a very efficient general purpose fuel.

The stratum has fair mining conditions for in most of the field the roof is gray shale, above the average in strength, or a massive sandstone. In a few localities, however, the Oak Hill clay hes on or close above the coal, in which case drift mining is dangerous and costly. As the floor of the coal is everywhere a plastic clay, some trouble is occasioned in wet mines by the sinking of posts and tracks and by "squeezes" on the pillows from the weight of the overburden. In general the yield of fuel should exceed 70 per cent.

Pennsylvanian System 303 Hamden Member

The Hamden is one of the unsteady and variable members in the coal formations of Ohio. It may be represented by a regularly bedded limestone, by nodular limestone, by calcareous shale, by iron ore, or by some combination of these. It occurs more in the form of lenses of small or medium size than in that of a sheet of wide extent. The areal range of the member as now known is from Beaver County, Pennsylvania, southwestward to Jackson County, Ohio. Future work may extend this both to the east and to the south. In this State the material in some form on the Hamden horizon appears in local areas in Columbiana, Mahoning, Stark, Carroll, Tuscarawas, Coshocton, Muskingum, Perry, Hocking, Athens, and Vinton counties.

The limestone and calcareous shale are of marine origin as they bear an abundant fauna of that character, but the method of formation of the iron ore is not so clearly indicated. Most of it appears to have been laid down in shallow arms of the sea as a ferruginous limestone which, during the long period since the Alleghenian rocks were elevated into a land mass, has been so altered by ground waters, especially near the outcrop, that the rock has lost most of its calcium carbonate and gained in iron oxide. Such ore and in many cases the associated shale are sparingly fossiliferous with either salt or brackish water types. In the southern extension of the field in Vinton and Jackson counties, the few isolated bodies of Hamden ore appear to be of true bog or swamp origin. In the unaltered ore the iron is mainly in the form of ferrous carbonate or siderite and in the weathered material along the outcrop and under shallow cover it occurs largely as ferric hydroxide or limonite. The phosphorus is held both as calcium phosphate and ferric phosphate, but largely as the latter.

The Hamden member lies either directly on or only a few feet above the Lower Kittanning coal and just below or in many places within the body of the Oak Hill clay. Where it forms the roof of the coal, the material is usually shale with more or less nodular limestone, both highly fossiliferous. In a few localities such deposits consist of bowldery limestone in irregular, lenticular layers, separated by shale partings. Where bedded within the clay, the horizon is less definitely marked, the most common representative being concretions and illshaped bodies of ferruginous limestone and impure iron ore.

In Vinton County the Hamden member is poorly developed except in a small area near Hamden Furnace in Clinton Township where it occurs as an iron ore, rather lean in iron but rich in phosphorus. In the old charcoal furnace at this place the ore was tried but soon con- demned as the iron made from it was hard and brittle. Later a few thousand tons were shipped to Columbus and Buffalo to mix with lake ores in order to increase the phosphorus content of foundry iron, The ore bodies are present in the form of irregular lenses of small extent, but with excellent thickness. The following record, taken at a mine on land of the Puritan Brick Company in Section 16, shows the main stratigraphic features: