Washington Township (part 7 of 21)

Brooklyn, where, in 1850, he published the "Freeman. " For some years succeeding this he was engaged as carpenter and builder. During the Civil war, Whitman acted as a volunteer nurse in the hospitals at Washington and vicinity and from the close of hostilities until 1873 he was employed in various clerkships in the government offices in the nation's capital. In the latter year he was stricken with paralysis as a result of his labors in the hospital, it is said, and being partially disabled lived for many years at Camden, New Jersey.

The first edition of the work which was to bring him fame, "Leaves of Grass," was published in 1855 and was but a small volume of about ninety-four pages. Seven or eight editions of "Leaves of Grass" have been issued, each enlarged and enriched with new poems. "Drum Taps," at first a separate publication, has been incorporated with the others. This volume and one prose writing entitled "Specimen Days and Collect," constituted his whole work.

HENRY DUPONT, who became celebrated as America's greatest manufacturer of gunpowder, was a native of Delaware, born August 8, 1812. He received his education in its higher branches at the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated and entered the army as second lieutenant of artillery in 1833. In 1834 he resigned and became proprietor of the extensive gunpowder manufacturing plant that bears his name, near Wilmington, Delaware. His large business interests interfered with his taking any active participation in political life, although for many years he served as adjutant-general of his native state ;i '

1889. His son, Henry A. Dupont, also was I a native of Delaware, and was born July 30, 1838. After graduating from West Point in 1861, he entered the army as second lieutenant of engineers. Shortly after he was transferred to the Fifth Artillery as first lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1864, serving in camp and garrison most of the time. He was in command of a battery in the campaign of 1863-4. As chief of artillery of the army of West Virginia, he figured until the close of the war, being in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, besides many minor engagements. He afterward acted as instructor in the artillery school at Fortress Monroe, and on special duty at West Point. He resigned from the army March 1, 1875.

WILLIAM DEERING, one of the famous manufacturers of America, and also a philanthropist and patron of education, was born in Maine in 1826. His ancestors were English, having settled in New England in 1634. Early in life it was William's intention to become a physician, and after completing his common-school education, when about eighteen years of age, he began an apprenticeship with a physician. A short time later, however, at the request of his father, he took charge of his father's business interests, which included a woolen mill, retail store and grist mill, after which he became agent for a dry goods commission house in Portland, where he was married. Later he became partner in the firm, and removed to New York. The business prospered, and after a number of years, on account of failing health, Mr. Deering sold his interest to his partner, a Mr. Milner. The business has since made Mr. Milner a millionaire many times over. A few years later Mr. Deering located in Chicago. His beginning in the manufacture of reapers, which has since made his name famous, was somewhat of an accident. He had loaned money to a man in that business, and in 1878 was compelled to buy out the business to protect his interests. The business developed rapidly and grew to immense proportions. The factories now cover sixtytwo acres of ground and employ many thousands of men.

cJ American general, was born in Chautauqua county, New York, September 29, 1831. He graduated at West Point in 1853, and was for five years assistant professor of natural philosophy in that institution. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as major of the First Missouri Volunteers, and was appointed chief of staff by General Lyon, under whom he fought at the battle of Wilson's Creek. In November, 1 86 1 , he was appointed brigadier- general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Missouri militia until November, 1862, and of the army of the frontier from that time until 1863. In 1862 he was made major-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1864 of the Department of the Ohio. During the campaign through Georgia General Schofield was in command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and was engaged in most of the fighting of that famous campaign. November 30, 1864, he defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tennessee, and then joined General Thomas at Nashville. He took part in the battle of Nashville, where Hood's army was destroyed. In January, 1865, he led his corps into North Carolina, captured

Wilmington, fought the battle of Kingston, and joined General Sherman at Goldsboro March 22, 1865. He executed the detailsof the capitulation of General Johnston to Sherman, which practically closed the war.

In June, 1868, General Schofield succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war, but was the next year appointed majorgeneral of the United States army, and ordered to the Department of the Missouri. From 1870 to 1876 he was in command of the Department of the Pacific;- from 1876 to 1881 superintendent of the West Point Military Academy; in 1883 he was in charge of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1886 of the division of the Atlantic. In 1888 he became general-in-chief of the United States army, and in February, 1895, was appointed lieutenant-general by President Cleveland, that rank having been revived by congress. In September, 1895, he was retired from active service.

LEWIS WALLACE, an American general and famous author, was born in Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827. He served in the Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of Indiana Volunteers. After his return from Mexico he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Covington and Crawfordsville, Indiana, until 1 8(5 r . At the opening of the war he was appointed adjutant-general of Indiana, and soon after became colonel of the Eleventh Indiana Volunteers. He defeated a force of Confederates at Romney, West Virginia, and was made brigadier-general in September, 1861. At the capture of Fort Donelson in 1862 he commanded a division, and was engaged in the second day's fight at Shiloh. In 1863 his defenses about Cincinnati saved that city from capture by Kirby Smith. At Monocacv in July, 1864, he was defeated, but

General Wallace was a member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and also of that before whom Captain Henry Wirtz, who had charge of the Andersonville prison, was tried. In 1 8 8 1 General Wallace was sent as minister to Turkey. When not in official service he devoted much of his time to literature. Among his better known works are his "Fair God," "Ben Hur," "Prince of India," and a " Life of Benjamin Harrison."

THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, an American statesman and diplomat, was born at Wilmington, Delaware, October 29, 1828. He obtained his education at an Episcopal academy at Flushing, Long Island, and after a short service in a mercantile house in New York, he returned to Wilmington and entered his father's law office to prepare himself for the practice of that profession. He was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was appointed to the office of United States district attorney for the state of Delaware, serving one year. In 1 869 he was elected to the United States senate, and continuously represented his state in that body until 1885, and in 1881, when Chester A. Arthur entered the presidential chair, Mr. Bayard was chosen president pro tempore of the senate. He had also served on the famous electoral commission that decided the Hayes-Tilden contest in 1876-7. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed Mr. Bayard secretary of state. At the beginning of Cleveland's second term, in 1893, Mr. Bayard was selected for the post of ambassador at the court of St. James, London, and was the first to hold that rank in American diplomacy, serving until the beginning of the McKinley administration. The questions far adjustment at that time between the two governments were the Behring Sea controversy and the Venezuelan boundary question. He was very popular in England because of his tariff views, and because of his criticism of the protective policy of the United States in his public speeches delivered in London, Edinburgh and other places, he received, in March, 1896, a vote of censure in the lower house of congress.

I OHN WORK GARRETT, for so many kJ years at the head of the great Baltimore & Ohio railroad system, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 31, 1820. His father, Robert Garrett, an enterprising merchant, had amassed a large fortune from a small beginning. The son entered Lafayette College in 1834, but left the following year and entered his father's counting room, and in 1839 became a partner. John W. Garrett took a great interest in the development of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He was elected one of the directors in 1857, and was its president from 1858 until his death. When he took charge of the road it was in an embarrassed condition, but within a year, for the first time in its existence, it paid a dividend, the increase in its net gains being $725,385. After the war, during which the road suffered much damage from the Confederates, numerous branches and connecting roads were built or acquired, until it reached colossal proportions. Mr. Garrett was also active in securing a regular line of steamers between Baltimore and Bremen, and between the same port and Liverpool. He was one of the most active trustees of Johns Hopkins University, and a liberal contributor to the Young Men's Christian Association of Baltimore. He died September 26, 1884.

Robert Garrett, the son of John W. Garrett, was born in Baltimore April 9, 1847, and graduated from Princeton in 1867. He received a business education in the banking house of his father, and in 1871 became president of the Valley Railroad of Virginia. He was made third vice-president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1879, and first vice-president in 1881. He succeeded his father as president in 1884. Robert Garrett died July 29, 1896.

CARLSCHURZ, a noted German-American statesman, was born in Liblar, Prussia, March 2, 1829. He studied at the University of Bonn, and in 1849 was engaged in an attempt to excite an insurrection at that place. After the surrender of Rastadt by the revolutionists, in the defense of which Schurz took part, he decided to emigrate to America. Pie resided in Philadelphia three years, and then settled in Watertown, Wisconsin, and in 1859 removed to Milwaukee, where he practiced law. On the organization of the Republican party he became a leader of the German element and entered the campaign for Lincoln in i860. Pie was appointed minister to Spain in 1861, but resigned in December of that year to enter the army. He was appointed brigadiergeneral in 1862, and participated in the second battle of Bull Run, and also at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg he had temporary command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and also took part in the battle of Chattanooga.

After the war he located at St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected United States senator from Missouri. He supported Horace for the presidency in 1872, and in the campaign of 1876, having removed to New York, he supported Hayes and the Republican ticket, and was appointed secretary of the interior in 1877. In 1881 he became editor of the "New York Evening Post," and in 1884 was prominent in his opposition to James G. Blaine, and became a leader of the "Mugwumps," thus assisting in the election of Cleveland. In the presidential campaign of 1896 his forcible speeches in the interest of sound money wielded an immense influence. Mr. Schurz wrote a "Life of Plenry Clay," said to be the best biography ever published of that eminent statesman.

GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, an American statesman of national reputation, was born in Richmond, Vermont, February 1, 1828. His education was obtained in the public schools and from the instructions of a private tutor. He was admitted to the bar, practiced law, and served in the state legislature from 1854 to 1859, during three years of that time being speaker of the lower house. Pie was elected to the state senate and acted as president pro tempore of that body in 1861 and 1862. He became prominent for his activity in the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, and was appointed to the United States senate to fill out the unexpired term of Solomon Foot, entering that body in 1866. He was re-elected to the senate four times, a.nd served on the electoral commission in 1877. He became president pro tempore of the senate after the death of President Garfield, and was the author of the bill which put an end to the practice of polygamy in the territory of Utah. In November, 1891, owing to impaired health, he retired from the senate and again resumed the practice of law.

tember 17, 1825. He graduated from Emory College in 1845, studied law at Macon under Hon. A. H. Chappell, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. He moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849, and was elected to a professorship in the State University. He resigned the next year and returned to Covington, Georgia, and resumed the practice of law. In 1853 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, and in 1 854 he removed to his plantation in Lafayette county, Mississippi, and was elected to represent his district in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses. He resigned in i860, and was sent as a delegate to the secession convention of the state. He entered the Confederate service in 1861 as lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, and was soon after made colonel. In 1863 President Davis appointed him to an important diplomatic mission to Russia. In 1866 he was elected professor of political economy and social science in the State University, and was soon afterward transferred to the professorship of the law department. He represented his district in the forty-third and forty-fourth congresses, and was elected United States senator from Mississippi in 1877, and re-elected in 1882. In 1885, before the expiration of his term, he was appointed by President Cleveland as secretary of the interior, which position he held until his appointment as associate justice of the United States supreme court, in 1888, in which capacity he served until his death, January 23, 1894.

ENJAM1N PENHALLOW SHILLABER won fame in the world of humorists under the name of "Mrs. Partington." He was born in 1841 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and started out in life as a printer. Mr. Shillaber went to Dover, where he secured employment in a printing office, and from there he went to Demerara, Guiana, where he was employed as a compositor in 1835-37. In 1840 he became connected with the "Boston Post," and acquired quite a reputation as a humorist by his "Sayings of Mrs. Partington." He remained as editor of the paper until 1850, when he printed and edited a paper of his own called the "Pathfinder," which he continued until 1852. Mr. Shillaber became editor and proprietor of the "Carpet Bag," which he conducted during 1850-52, and then returned to the "Boston Post," with which he was connected until 1856. During the same time he was one of the editors of the "Saturday Evening Gazette," and continued in this line after he severed his connection with the "Post," for ten years. After 1866 Mr. Shillaber wrote for various newspapers and periodicals, and during his life published the following books: ' 'Rhymes with Reason and Without, " "Poems," "Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington," "Knitting Work," and others. His death occurred at Chelsea, Massachusetts, November 25, 1890.

painters of American country life. He was born in Lovell, Maine, in 1824, and began his work in drawing at the age of eighteen years. His first works were portraits, and, as he took up his residence in Washington, the most famous men of the nation were his subjects. In 1 846 he went to Boston, and there made crayon portraits of Longfellow, Emerson, Sumner, Hawthorne and other noted men. In 1849 he went to Europe. He studied at Dusseldorf, Germany; spent a year at the Royal Academy, and thence to The Hague, where he spent four years, producing there his first pictures.

of consequence, "The Card-Players " and "The Savoyard." He then went to Paris, but was called home, after an absence from America of six years. He lived some time in Washington, and then spent two years among the Indians of Lake Superior. In 1858 he produced his famous picture, "The Old Kentucky Home." He took up his permanent residence at New York at that time. His " Sunday Morning in Virginia " is a work of equal merit. He was especially successful in coloring, a master of drawing, and the expression conveys with precision the thought of the artist. His portrayal of family life and child life is unequalled. Among his other great works are "The Confab," "Crossing a Stream,' "Chimney Sweep," "Old StageCoach," ' ' The New Bonnet, " ' ' The Drummer Boy," "Childhood of Lincoln," and a great variety of equally familiar subjects.

PIERCE GUSTAVE TOUTANT BEAUREGARD, one of the most distinguished generals in the Confederate army, was born near New Orleans, Louisiana, May 28, 1818. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1838, and was made second lieutenant of engineers. He was with General Scott in Mexico, and distinguished himself at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and the battles near the City of Mexico, for which he was twice brevetted. After the Mexican war closed he was placed in charge of defenses about New Orleans, and in i860 was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He held this position but a few months, when he resigned February 20, 1861, and accepted a commission of brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He directed the attack on Fort Sumter, the in command of the Confederates at the first battle of Bull Run, and for this victory was made general. In 1862 he was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi, and planned the attack upon General Grant at Shiloh, and upon the death of General Johnston he took command of the army and was only defeated by the timely arrival of General Buell with reinforcements. He commanded at Charleston and successfully defended that city against the combined attack by land and sea in 1863. In 1864 he was in command in Virginia, defeating General Butler, and resisting Grant's attack upon Petersburg until reinforced from Richmond. During the long siege which followed he was sent to check General Sherman's march to the sea, and was with General Joseph E. Johnston when that general surrendered in 1865. After the close of the war he was largely interested in railroad management. In 1866 he was offered chief command of the Army of Roumania, and in 1869, that of the Army of Egypt. He declined these offers. His death occurred. February 20, 1893.

HENRY GEORGE, one of America's most celebrated political economists, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September2, 1839. He received a commonschool education and entered the high school in 1853, and then went into a mercantile office. He made several voyages on the sea, and settled in California in 1858. He then worked at the printer's trade for a number of years, which he left to follow the editorial profession. He edited in succession several daily newspapers, and attracted attention by a number of strong essays and speeches on political and social questions. In 1871 he edited a pamphlet, entitled "Our Land and Policy," in which he outlined a theory, which has since made him so widely known. This was developed in " Progress and Poverty," a book which soon attained a large circulation on both sides of the Atlantic, which has been extensively translated. In 1880 Mr. George located in New York, where he made his home, though he frequently addressed audiences in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and throughout the United States. In 1 886 he was nominated bv the labor organizations for mayor of New York, and made a campaign notable for its development of unexpected power. In 1887 he was candidate of the Union Labor party for secretary of state of New York. These campaigns served to formulate the idea of a single tax and popularize the Australian ballot system. Mr. George became a free trader in 1888, and in 1892 supported the election of Grover Cleveland. Plis political and economic ideas, known as the "single tax," have a large and growing support, but are not confined to this country alone. He wrote numerous miscellaneous articles in support of his principles, and also published: "The Land Question," " Social Problems," "Protection or Free Trade," "The Condition of Labor, an Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII.," and " Perplexed Philosopher."

HOMAS ALEXANDER SCOTT. - This name is indissolubly connected with the history and development of the railway rsystems of the United States. Mr. Scott ^vas born December 28, 1823, at London, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He was first employed by Major James Patton, the collector of tolls on the state road between Philadelphia and Columbia, Pennsylvania. He entered into the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1850, and went through all the different branches work until he had mastered all the details of the office work, and in 1858 he was appointed general superintendent. Mr. Scott was the next year chosen vice-president of the road. This position at once brought him before the public, and the enterprise and ability displayed by him in its management marked him as a leader among the railroad men of the country. At the outbreak of the rebellion in 1861, Mr. Scott was selected by Governor Curtin as a member of his staff, and placed in charge of the equipment and forwarding of the state troops to the seat of war. On April 27, 1861, the secretary of war desired to establish a new line of road between the national capital and Philadelphia, for the more expeditious transportation of troops. He called upon Mr. Scott to direct this work, and the road by the way of Annapolis and Perryville was completed in a marvelously short space of time. On May 3, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of volunteers, and on the 23d of the same month the government railroads and telegraph lines were placed in his charge. Mr. Scott was the first assistant secretary of war ever appointed, and he took charge of this new post August 1, 1861. In January, 1862, he was directed to organize transportation in the northwest, and- in March he performed the same service on the western rivers. He resigned June 1, 1862, and resumed his direction of affairs on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Colonel Scott directed the policy that secured to his road the control of the western roads, and became the president of the new company to operate these lines in 1871. For one jmar, from March, 1871, he was president of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1874 he succeeded to the presidency of the Pennsylvania Company. He projected the Texas Pacific Railroad and was for many years its president. Colonel Scott's health failed the University of Georgia, and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, and then took a law course at the University of Virginia. In 1830, before he had attained his majority, he was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature, and rose. rapidly in his profession, attracting the attention of the leading statesmen and judges of that time. He raised a volunteer company for the Creek war, and served as captain to the close. He was elected to the state legislature in 1837, re-elected in 1842, and in 1 844 was elected to congress. He had been brought up as a Jeffersonian Democrat, but voted for Harrison in 1840 and for Clay in 1844. He made his first speech in congress on the Oregon question, and immediately took rank with the greatest debaters .of that body. In 1853 he was elected to the United States senate, and again in 1859, but when his native state seceded he resigned his seat in the senate and was elected to the Confederate congress. It is stated on the best authority that had it not been for a misunderstanding which could not be explained till too late he would have been elected president of the Confederacy. He was appointed secretary of state by President Davis, but resigned after a few months and was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He won distinction at the second battle of Bull Run and at Sharpsburg, but resigned his commission soon after and returned to Georgia. He organized the militia of Georgia to resist Sherman, and was made brigadier-general of the state troops. He left the country at the close of the war and did not return until 1867. He died December 15, 1885.

AUSTIN CORBIN, one of the greatest railway magnates of the United States, was born July it, 1827, at Newport, New Hampshire. He studied law with Chief Justice Cushing and Governor Ralph Metcalf, and later took a course in the Harvard Law School, where he graduated in 1849. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law, with Governor Metcalf as his partner, until October 12, 1851. Mr. Corbin then removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he remained until 1865. In 1854 he was a partner in the banking firm of Mackiot & Corbin, and later he organized the First National bank of Davenport, Iowa, which commenced business June 29, 1863, and which was the first national bank op n for business in the United States. Mr. Corbin sold out his business in the Davenport bank, and removed to New York in 1865 and commenced business with partners under the style of Corbin Banking Company. Soon after his removal to New York he became interested in railroads, and became one of the leading railroad men of the country. The development of the west half of Coney Island as a summer resort first brought him into general prominence. He built a railroad from New York to the island, and built great hotels on its ocean front. Fie next turned his attention to Long Island, and secured all the railroads and consolidated them under one management, became president of the system, and under his control Long Island became the great ocean suburb of New York. His latest public achievement was the rehabilitation of the Reading Railroad, of Pennsylvania, and during the same time he and his friends purchased the controlling interest of the New Jersey Central Railroad. He took it out of the hands of the receiver, and in three years had it on a dividend-paying basis. Mr. Corbin's death occurred June 4, 1896.

TAMES GORDON BENNETT, Sr., kJ was one of the greatest journalists of America in his day. He was born September 1, 1795, at New Mill, near Keith, Scotland. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Aberdeen to study for the priesthood, but, convinced that he was mistaken in his vocation, he determined to emigrate. He landed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1819, where he attempted to earn a living by teaching bookkeeping. Failing in this he went to Boston and found employment as a proof reader. Mr. Bennett went to New York about 1822 and wrote for the newspapers. Later on he became assistant editor in the office of the "Charleston Courier, ''but returned to New York in 1824 and endeavored to start a commercial school, but was unsuccessful in this, and again returned to newspaper work. He continued in newspaper work with varying success until, at his suggestion, the "Enquirer'' was consolidated with another paper, and became the "Courier and Enquirer," with James Watson Webb as editor and Mr. Bennett for assistant. At this time this was the leading American newspaper. He, however, severed his connection with this newspaper and tried, without success, other ventures in the line of journalism until May 6, 1835, when he issued the first number of the "New York Herald." Mr. Bennett wrote the entire paper, and made up for lack of news by his own imagination. The paper became popular, and in 1838 he engaged European journalists as regular correspondents. In 1841 the income derived from his paper was at least one hundred thousand dollars. During the Civil war the " Herald " had on its staff sixty-three war correspondents and the circulation was doubled. Mr. Bennett was interested with John W. Mackay in that great enterprise which is now known as the Mackay-Bennett Cable. He had collected for use in his paper over fifty thousand biographies, sketches and all manner of information regarding every well-known man, which are still kept in the archives of the "Herald" office. He died in the city of New York in 1872, and left to his son, James Gordon, Jr., one of the greatest and most profitable journals in the United States, or even in the world.

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, a noted American, won distinction in the field of literature, in which he attained a world-wide reputation. He was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. He received a collegiate education and graduated from Harvard in 1829, at the age of twenty, and took up the study of law and later studied medicine. Dr. Holmes attended several years in the hospitals of Europe and received his degree in 1836. He became professor of anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth in 1838, and remained there until 1847, when he was called to the Massachusetts Medical School at Boston to occupy the same chair, which position he resigned in 1882. The first collected edition of his poems appeared in 1836, and his "Phi Beta Kappa Poems," "Poetry," in 1836; "Terpsichore," in 1843; "Urania," in 1846, and "Astraea," won for him many fresh laurels. His series of papers in the "Atlantic Monthl}'," were:

"Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, " "Professor at the Breakfast Table, " "Poet at the Breakfast Table," and are a series of masterly wit, humor and pathos. Among his medical papers and addresses, are: "Currents and Counter-currents in the Medical Science," and "Borderland in Some Provinces of Medical Science." Mr. Holmes edited quite a number of works, of which we quote the following: "Else Venner, "

"Songs in Many Keys," "Soundings from the Atlantic," "Humorous Poems," "The Guardian Angel," "Mechanism in Thoughts and Morals," "Songs of Many Seasons," "John L. Motley" - a memoir, "The Iron Gate and Other Poems," "Ralph Waldo Emerson," "A Moral Antipathy." Dr. Holmes visited England for the second time, and while there the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh. His death occurred October 7, 1894.

RUFUS CHOATE, one of the most eminent of America's great lawyers, was born October 1, 1799, at Essex, Massachusetts. He entered Dartmouth in 1815, and after taking his degree he remained as a teacher in the college for one year. He took up the study of law in Cambridge, and subsequently studied under the distinguished lawyer, Mr. Wirt, who was then United States attorney-general at Washington. Mr. Choatebegan the practice of law in Danvers, Massachusetts, and from there he went to Salem, and afterwards to Boston, Massachusetts. While living at Salem he was elected to congress in 1832, and later, in 1841, lie was chosen United States senator to succeed Daniel Webster, Mr. Webster having been appointed secretary of state under William Henry Harrison.

was the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts bar, and was looked upon by the younger members of the profession with an affection that almost amounted to a reverence. Mr. Choate's powers as an orator were of the rarest order, and his genius made it possible for him to enchant and interest his listeners, even while discussing the most ordinary theme. He was not merely eloquent on the subjects that were calculated to touch the feelings and stir the passions of his audience in themselves, but could at all times command their attention. He retired from active life in 1858, and was on his way to Europe, his physician having ordered a sea voyage for his health, but had only reached Halifax, Nova Scotia, when he died, July 1 3, 1858.

DWIGHT L. MOODY, one of the most noted and effective pulpit orators and evangelists America has produced, was born in Northfield, Franklin county, Massachusetts, February 5, 1837. He received but a meager education and worked on a farm until seventeen years of age, when he became clerk in a boot and shoe store in Boston. Soon after this he joined the Congregational church and went to Chicago, where he zealously engaged in missionary work among the poor classes. He met with great success, and in less than a year he built up a Sunday-school which numbered over one thousand children. When the war broke out he became connected with what was known as the "Christian Commission," and later became city missionary of the Young Men's Christian Association at Chicago. A church was built there for his converts and he became its unordained pastor. In the Chicago fire of 1871 the church and Mr. Moody's house and furniture, which had been given him, were destroyed. The church edifice was afterward replaced by a new church erected on the site of the old one. In 1873, accompanied by Ira D. Sankey, Mr. Moody went to Europe and excited great religious awakenings throughout England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1875 they returned to America and held large meetings in various cities. They afterward made another visit to Great Britain for the same purpose, meeting with great success, returning to the United States in i 884. Mr. Moody afterward continued his evangelistic work, meeting everywhere with a warm reception and success. Mr. Moody produced a number of works, some of which had a wide circulation.

jOHN PIERPONT MORGAN, a financier cJ of world-wide reputation, and famous as the head of one of the largest banking houses in the world, was born April 17, 1837, at Hartford, Connecticut. He received his earl}' education in the English high school, in Boston, and later supplemented this with a course in the University of Gottingen, Germany. He returned to the United States, in 1857, and entered the banking firm of Duncan, Sherman & Co., of New York, and, in i860, he became agent and attorney, in the United States, for George Peabody & Co., of London. He became the junior partner in the banking firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., in 1864, and that of Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1871. This house was among the chief negotiators of railroad bonds, and was active in the reorganization of the West Shore Railroad, and its absorption by the New York Central Railroad. It was conspicuous in the reorganization of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, in 1887, which a syndicate of capitalists, formed by Mr. Morgan, placed on a sound financial basis. After that time many other lines of railroad and gigantic financial enterprises were brought under Mr. Morgan's control, and in some respects it may be said he became the foremost financier of the century.

the most eminent of American statesmen, was born October 18, 1839, at Port- j land, Maine, where he received his early education in the common schools of the city, and prepared himself for college. Mr. Reed graduated from Bowdoin College in i860, and won one of the highest honors of the college, the prize for excellence in English composition. The following four years were spent by him in teaching and in the study of law. Before his admission to the bar, however, he was acting assistant paymaster in the United States navy, and served on the "tin-clad" Sybil, which patrolled the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi rivers. After his discharge in 1865, he returned to Portland, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession. He entered into political life, and in 1868 was elected to the legislature of Maine as a Republican, and in 1869 he was re-elected to the house, and in 1870 was made state senator, from which he passed to attorney-general of the state.

He retired from this office in 1873, and until 1877 he was solicitor for the city of Portland. In 1876 he was elected to the forty-fifth congress, which assembled in 1877. Mr. Reed sprung into prominence in that body by one of the first speeches which he delivered, and his long service in congress, coupled with his ability, gave him a national reputation. His influence each year became more strongly marked, and the leadership of his party was finally conceded to him, and in the forty-ninth and fiftieth congresses the complimentary nomination for the speakership was tendered him by the Republicans. That party having obtained the ascendency in the fifty-first congress he was elected speaker on the first ballot, and he was again chosen speaker of the fiftyfourth and fifth-fifth congresses. As a writer, Mr. Reed contributed largely to the magazines and periodicals, and his book upon parliamentary rules is generally recognized as authority on that subject.

LARA BARTON is a celebrated character among what might be termed as the highest grade of philanthropists America has produced. She was born on a farm at Oxford, Massachusetts, a daughter of Captain Stephen Barton, and was educated at Clinton, New York. She engaged in teaching early in life, and founded a free school at Bordentown, the first in New Jersey. She opened with six pupils, but the attendance had grown to six hundred up to 1854, when she went to Washington. She was appointed clerk in the patent department, and remained there until the outbreak of the Civil war, when she resigned her position and devoted herself to the alleviation of the sufferings of the soldiers, serving, not in the hospitals, but on the battle field. She was present at a number of battles, and after the war closed she originated, and for some time carried on at her own expense, the search for missing soldiers. She then for several years devoted her time to lecturing on "Incidents of the War." About 1868 she went to Europe for her health, and settled in Switzerland, but on the outbreak of the Franco-German war she accepted the invitation of the grand duchess of Baden to aid in the establishment of her hospitals, and Miss Barton afterward followed the German army She was decorated with the golden cross by the grand duke of Baden, and with the iron cross by the emperor of Germany. She also served for many years as president of the famous Red Cross Society and attained a worldwide reputation.

CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, one of the most eminent Catholic clergymen in America, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 23, 1834. He was given a thorough education, graduated at St. Charles College, Maryland, in 1857, and studied theology in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1861 he became pastor of St. Bridget's church in Baltimore, and in 1868 was consecrated vicar apostolic of North Carolina. In 1872 our subject became bishop of Richmond, Virginia, and five years later was made archbishop of Baltimore. On the 30th of June, 1886, he was admitted to the full degree of cardinal and primate of the American Catholic church. He was a fluent writer, and his book, "Faith of Our Fathers," had a wide circulation.

CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW. - This name is, without doubt, one of the most widely known in the United States. Mr. Depew was born April 23, 1834, at Peekskill, New York, the home of the Depew family for two hundred years. He attended the common schools of his native place, where he prepared himself to enter college. He began his collegiate course at Yale at the age of eighteen and graduated in 1856. He early took an active interest in politics and joined the Republican party at its formation. He then took up the study of law and went into the office of the Hon. William Nelson, of Peekskill, for that purpose, and in 1858 he was admitted to the bar.

He was sent as a delegate by the new party to the Republican state convention of that year. He began the practice of his profession in 1859, but though he was a good worker, his attention was detracted by the campaign of i860, in which he took an active part. During this campaign he gained his first laurels as a public speaker. Mr. Depew was elected assemblyman in 1862 from a Democratic district. In 1863 he secured the nomination for secretary of state, and gained that post by a majority of thirty thousand. In 1866 he left the field of politics and entered into the active practice of his law business as attorney for the New York & Harlem Railroad Company, and in 1869 when this road was consolidated with the New York Central, and called the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, he was appointed the attorney for the new road. His rise in the railroad business was rapid, and ten years after his entrance into the Vanderbilt system as attorney for a single line, he was the general counsel for one of the largest railroad systems in the world. He was also a director in the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Chicago & Northwestern, St. Paul & Omaha, West Shore, and Nickel Plate railroad companies. In 1874 Mr. Depew was made regent of the State University, and a member of the commission appointed to superintend the erection of the capitol at Albany. In 1882, .on the resignation of W. H. Vanderbilt from the presidency of the New York Central and the accession to that office by James H. Rutter, Mr. Depew was made second vice-president, and held that position until the death of Mr. Rutter in 1885. In this year Mr. Depew became the executive head of this great corporation. Mr. Depew's greatest fame grew from his ability and eloquence as an orator and " after-dinner speaker, " and it has been said by eminent critics that this country has never produced his equal in wit, fluency and eloquence.

PHILIP KEARNEY. - Among the most dashing and brilliant commanders in the United States service, few have outshone the talented officer whose name heads this sketch. He was born in New York City, June 2, 1815, and was of Irish ancestry and imbued with all the dash and bravery of the Celtic race. He graduated from Columbia College and studied law, but in 1837 ac_ cepted a commission as lieutenant in the First United States Dragoons, of which his uncle, Stephen W. Kearney, was then colonel. He was sent by the government, soon after, to Europe to examine and report upon the tactics of the French cavalry. There he attended the Polytechnic School, at Samur, and subsequently served as a volunteer in Algiers, winning the cross of the Legion of Honor. He returned to the United States in 1840, and on the staff of General Scott, in the Mexican war, served with great gallantry. He was made a captain of dragoons in 1846 and made major for services at Contreras and Cherubusco. In the final assault on the City of Mexico at the San Antonio Gate, Kearney lost an arm. He subsequently served in California and the Pacific coast. In 1851 he resigned his commission and went to Europe, where he resumed his military studies. In the Italian war, in 1859, he served as a volunteer on the staff of General Maurier, of the French army, and took part in the battles of Solferino and Magenta, and for bravery was, for the second time, decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. On the opening of the Civil war he hastened home, and, offering his services to the general gov- ernment, was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of a brigade of New Jersey troops. In the campaign under McClellan he commanded a division, and at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks his services were valuable and brilliant, as well as in subsequent engagements. At Harrison's Landing he was made major-general of volunteers. In the second battle of Bull Run he was conspicuous, and at the battle of Chantilly, September i, 1862, while leading in advance of his troops, General Kearney was shot and killed.

RUSSELL SAGE, one of the financial giants of the present century and for more than an average generation one of the most conspicuous and celebrated of Americans, was born in a frontier hamlet in central New York in August, 1816. While Russell was still a boy an elder brother, Henry Risley Sage, established a small grocery store at Troy, New York, and here Russell found his first employment, as errand boy. He served a five-years apprenticeship, and then joined another brother, Elisha M. Sage, in a new venture in the same line, which proved profitable, at least for Russell, who soon became its sole owner. Next he formed the partnership of Sage & Bates, and greatly extended his field of operations. At twenty-five he had, by his own exertions, amassed what was, in those days, a considerable fortune, being worth about seventyfive thousand dollars. He had acquired an influence in local politics, and four years later his party, the Whigs, elected him to the aldermanic board of Troy and to the treasuryship of Rensselaer county. In 1848 he was a prominent member of the New York delegation to the Whig convention at Philadelphia, casting his first votes for Henry Clay, but joining the "stampede" which nominated Zachary Taylor. In 1850 the Whigs of Troy nominated him for congress, but he was not elected - a failure which he retrieved two years later, and in 1854 he was re-elected by a sweeping majority. At Washington he ranked high in influence and ability. Fame as a speaker and as a political leader was within his grasp, when he gave up public life, declined a renomination to congress, and went back to Troy to devote himself to his private business. Six years later, in 1863, he removed to New York and plunged into the arena of Wall street. A man of boundless energy and tireless pertinacity, with wonderful judgment of men and things, he soon took his place as a king in finance, and, it is said, during the latter part of his life he controlled more ready money than any other single individual on this continent.

ROGER QUARLES MILLS, a noted United States senator and famous as the father of the "Mills tariff bill, ''was born in Todd county, Kentucky, March 30, 1832. Pie received a liberal education in the common schools, and removed to Palestine, Texas, in 1849. He took up the study of law, and supported himself by serving as an assistant in the post-office, and in the offices of the court clerks. In 1850 he was elected engrossing clerk of the Texas house of representatives, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legislature. He then settled at Corsicana, Texas, and began the active practice of his profession. He was elected to the state legislature in 1859, and in 1872 he was elected to congress from the state at large, as a Democrat. After his first election he was continuously returned to congress until he resigned to accept the position of United States senator, to which he was elected March 23, 1892, to succeed Hon. Horace Chilton. He took his seat in the senate March 30, 1892; was afterward re-elected and ranked among the most useful and prominent members of that body. In 1876 he opposed the creation of the electoral commission, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas against the adoption of a prohibition amendment to its constitution, which was defeated. He introduced into the house of representatives the bill that was known as the "Mills Bill," reducing duties on imports, and extending the free list. The bill passed the house on July 21, 1888, and made the name of "Mills" famous throughout the entire country.

HAZEN S. PINGREE, the celebrated Michigan political leader, was born in Maine in 1842. Up to fourteen years of age he worked hard on the stony ground of his father's small farm. Attending school in the winter, he gained a fair education, and when not laboring on the farm, he found employment in the cotton mills in the vicinity. He resolved to find more steady work, and accordingly went to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where he entered a shoe factory, but on the outbreak of the war he enlisted at once and was enrolled in the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He participated in the battle of Bull Run, which was his initial fight, and served creditably his early term of service, at the expiration of which he re-enlisted. He fought in the battles of Fredricksburg, Harris Farm, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In 1864 he was captured by Mosby, and spent five months at Andersonville, Georgia, as a prisoner, but escaped at the end of that time. He re-entered the service and participated in the battles of Fort Fisher, Boyden, and Sailor's Creek. He was honorably mustered out of service, and in 1866 went to Detroit, Michigan, where he made use of his former experience in a shoe factory, and found work. Later he formed a partnership with another workman and started a small factory, which has since become a large establishment. Mr. Pingree made his entrance into politics in 1889, in which year he was elected by a surprisingly large majority as a Republican to the mayoralty of Detroit, in which office he was the incumbent during four consecutive terms. In November, 1896, he was elected governor of the state of Michigan. While mayor of Detroit, Mr. Pingree originated and put into execution the idea of allowing the poor people of the city the use of vacant city lands and lots for the purpose of raising potatoes. The idea was enthusiastically adopted by thousands of poor families, attracted wide attention, and gave its author a national reputation as "Potato-patch Pingree." eminent American statesman and a Democratic politician of national fame, was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, September 7, 1819. In 1822 he removed, with his father, to Shelby county, Indiana. He graduated from the South Hanover College in 1841, and two years later was admitted to the bar. In 1851 he was chosen a member of the state constitutional convention, and took a leading part in the deliberations of that body. He was elected to congress in 1851, and after serving two terms was appointed commissioner of the United States general land-office. In 1863 he was elected to the United States senate, where his distinguished services commanded the respect of all parties. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1872, serving four years, and in

1876 w&s nominated by the Democrats as candidate for the vice-presidency with Tilden. The returns in a number of states were contested, and resulted in the appointment of the famous electoral commission, which decided in favor of the Republican candidates. In 1884 Mr. Hendricks was again nominated as candidate for the vicepresidency, by the Democratic party, on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, was elected, and served about six months. He died at Indianapolis, November 25, 1885. Hewas regarded as one of the brainiest men in the party, and his integrity was never questioned, even by his political opponents.

many able men who have held the high office of vice-president of the United States, was born June 3, 1844, in Monmouth county, New jersey, and in i860 entered the sophomore class at Rutgers College, from which he graduated in 1863 at the age of nineteen. He then taught school until he entered the law office of Socrates Tuttle, of Paterson, New Jersey, with whom he studied law, and in 1869 was admitted to the bar. He immediately began the active practice of his profession i 1 the office of the above named gentleman. He became interested in political life, and es oused t e cause of the Republican party, -and in 1865 held his first office, serving as clerk for the grand jury. He was also city counsel of Paterson in 1871, and in May, 1872, was elected counsel for the board of chosen freeholders. He entered the state legislature in 1873, and was re-elected to the assembly in 1874. Mr. Hobart was made speaker of the assembly in 1876', and and in 1879 was elected to the state senate. After serving three years in the same, he was elected president of that body in 1881, and the following year was re-elected to that office. He was a delegate-at large to the Republican national convention hi 1876 and 1880, and was elected a member of the national committee in 1884, which pos'tion he occupied continuously until 1896. He was then nominated for vice-president by the Republican national convention, and was elected to that office in the fall of 1896 on the ticket with William McKinley.

WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART, noted as a political leader and senator, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, August 9, 1827, and removed with his parents while still a small child to Mesopotamia township, Trumbull county, Ohio. He attended the Lyons Union school and Farmington Academy, where he obtained his education. Later he taught mathematics in the former school, while yet a pupil, and with the little money thus earned and the assistance of James C. Smith, one of the judges of the supreme court of New York, he entered Yale College. Pie remained there until the winter of 1849-50, when, attracted by the gold discoveries in California he wended his way thither. He arrived at San Francisco in May, 1850, and later engaged in mining with pick and shovel in Nevada county. In this way he accumulated some money, and in the spring of 1852 he took up the study of law under John R. McConnell. The following December he was appointed district attorney, to which office he was chosen at the general election of the next year. In 1854 he was appointed attorney-general of California, and in i860 he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he largely engaged in early mining litigation. Mr. Stewart was also interested in the development of the "Cornstock lode," and in 1861 was chosen a member of the territorial council. He was elected a member of the constitutional convention in 1863, and was elected United States senator in 1864, and re-elected in 1 869. At the expiration of his term in 1875, he resumed the practice of law in Nevada, California, and the Pacific coast generally. He was thus engaged when he was elected again to the United States senate as a Republican in 1887 to succeed the late James G. Fair, a Democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1887. On the expiration of his term he was again re-elected and became one of the leaders of his party in congress. His ability as an orator, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions, gained him a national reputation.

graduated from Center College in 1868, and from the law department of the Transylvania University of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1853. In the same year he removed to Missouri and began the practice of his profession. In 1 860 he was an elector on the Democratic ticket, and was a member of the lower house of the Missouri legislature in 1860-61. He was elected to the Confederate congress, serving two years in the lower house and one in the senate. He then resumed the practice of law, and in 1 879 was elected to the senate of the United States to succeed James Shields. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 1891 and 1897. His many years of service in the National congress, coupled with his ability as a speaker and the active part he took in the discussion of public questions, gave him a wide reputation.

HANNIBAL HAMLIN, a noted American statesman, whose name is indissolubly connected with the history of this country, was born in Paris, Maine, August 27, 1809. He learned the printer's trade and followed that calling for several years. He then studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1833. He was elected to the legislature of the state of Maine, where he was several times chosen speaker of the lower house. He was elected to congress by the Democrats in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. In 1848 he was chosen to the United States senate and served in that body until 1861. He was elected governor of Maine in 1857 on the Republican ticket, but resigned when re-elected to the United States senate the same year. He was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Lincoln in i860, and inaugurated in March, 1861. I11 1865 he was appointed collector of the port of Boston. Beginning with 1869 he served two six-year terms in the United States senate, and was then appointed by President Garfield as minister to Spain in 1881. His death occurred July 4, 1891.

| SHAM G. HARRIS, famous as Confed- I erate war governor of Tennessee, and distinguished by his twenty years of service in the senate of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Tennessee, and educated at the Academy of Winchester. He then took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Paris, Tennessee, in 1841. He was elected to the state legislature in 1847, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1848, and the next year was elected to congress from his district, and re-elected in 1851. In 1853 he was renominated by the Democrats of h:s district, but declined, and removed to Memphis, where he took up the practice of law. He was a presidential elector-at-large from Tennessee in 1856, and was elected governor of the state the next year, and again in 1859, and in 1 86 1 . He was driven from Nashville by the advance of the Union armies, and for the last three years of the war acted as aid upon the staff of the commanding general of the Confederate army of Tennessee. After the war he went to Liverpool, England, where he became a merchant, but returned to Memphis in 1867, and resumed the practice of law. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate, to which position he was successively reelected until his death in 1897.

NELSON DINGLEY, Jr., for nearly a quarter of a century one of the leaders in congress and framer of the famous " Dingley tariff bill," was born in Durham, Maine, in 1832. His father as well as all his ancestors, were farmers, merchants and mechanics and of English descent. Young Dingley was given the advantages first of the common schools and in vacations helped his father in the store and on the farm. When twelve years of age he attended high school and at seventeen was teaching in a country school district and preparing himself for college. The following year he entered Waterville Academy and in 1851 entered Colby University. After a year and a half in this institution he entered Dartmouth College and was graduated in 1855 with high rank as a scholar, debater and writer. He next studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. But instead of practicing his profession he purchased the " Lewistown (Me.) Journal," which became famous throughout the New England states as a leader in the advocacy of Republican principles. About the same time Mr. Dingley began his political career, although ever after continuing at the head of the newspaper. He was soon elected to the state legislature and afterward to the lower house of congress, where he became a prominent national character. He also served two terms as governor of Maine.

OLIVER PERRY MORTON, a distinguished American statesman, was born in Wayne county, Indiana, August 4, 1823. His early education was by private teaching and a course at the Wayne County Seminary. At the age of twenty years he entered the Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and at the end of two years quit the college, began the study of law in the office of John Newman, of Centerville, Indiana, and was admitted to the bar in 1847.

Mr. Morton was elected judge on the Democratic ticket, in 1852, but on th;. passage of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " he severed his connection with that party, and soon became a prominent leader of the Republicans. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1 86 1 , and as war governor became well known throughout the country. He received a paralytic stroke in 1865, which partially deprived him of the use of his limbs. He was chosen to the United States senate from Indiana, in 1867, and wielded great influence in that body until the time of his death, November 1, 1877.

JOHN B. GORDON, a brilliant Confederateofflcer and noted senatorof theUnited States, was born in Upson county, Georgia, February 6, 1832. He graduated from the State University, studied law, and took up the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the war he entered the Confederate service as captain of infantry, and rapidly rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, commanding one wing of the Confederate army at the close of the war. In 1868 he was Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia, and it is said was elected by a large majority, but his opponent was given the office. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conventions in 1868 and 1872, and a presidential elector both years. In 1873 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1886 he was elected governor of Georgia, and re-elected in 1888. He was again elected to the United States senate in 1890, serving until 1897, when he was succeeded by A. S. Clay. He was regarded as a leader of the southern Democracy, and noted for his fiery eloquence.

STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD, an illustrious associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, was born at Haddam, Connecticut, November 4, 1816, being one of the noted sons of Rev. D. D. Field. He graduated from Williams College in 1837. took up the study of law with his brother, David Dudley Field, becoming his partner upon admission to the bar. He went to California in 1849, and at once began to take an active interest in the political affairs of that state. He was elected alcalde of Marysville, in 1850, and in the autumn of the same year was elected to the state legislature. In 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the state, and two years afterwards became its chief justice. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln as associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. During his incumbency, in 1873, he was appointed by the governor of California one of a commission to examine the codes of the state and for the preparation of amendments to the same for submission to the legislature.

In 1877 he was one of the famous electoral commission of fifteen members, and voted as one of the seven favoring the election of Tilden to the presidency. In 1880 a large portion of the Democratic party favored his nomination as candidate for. the presidency. He retired in the fall of 1897, having served a greater number of years on the supreme bench than any of his associates or predecessors, Chief justice Marshall coming next in length of service.

JOHN T. MORGAN, whose services in the United States senate brought him into national prominence, was born in Athens, Tennessee, June 20, 1824. At the age of nine years he emigrated to Alabama, where he made his permanent home, and where he received an academic education. He then took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He took a leading part in local politics, was a presidential elector in i860, casting his ballot for Breckenridge and Lane, and in 1861 was a delegate to the state convention which passed the ordinance of secession. In May, of the same year, he joined the Confederate army as a private in Company I, Cahawba Rifles, and was soon after made major and then lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Regiment. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel, and soon after made brigadier-general and assigned to the command of a brigade in Virginia. He resigned to join his old regiment whose colonel had been killed. Pie was soon afterward again made brigadier-general and given command of the brigade that included his regiment.

After the war he returned to the practice of law, and continued it up to the time of his election to the United States senate, in 1877. He was a presidential elector in 1876, and cast his vote for Tilden and Plendricks.

and again in 1889., and 1895. His speeches and the measures he introduced, marked as they were by an intense Americanism, {brought him into national prominence.

WILLIAM McKINLEY, the twenty-fifth president of the United States, was born at Niles, Trumbull county, Ohio, January 29, 1844. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and received his early education in a Methodist academy in the small village of Poland, Ohio. At the outbreak of the war Mr. McKinley was teaching school, earning twenty-five dollars per month. As soon as Fort Sumter was fired upon he enlisted in a company that was formed in Poland, which was inspected and mustered in by General John C. Fremont, who at first objected to Mr. McKinley, as being too young, but upon examination he was finally accepted. Mr. McKinley was seventeen when the war broke out but did not look his age. He served in the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry throughout the war, was promoted from sergeant to captain, for good conduct on the field, and at the close of the war, for meritorious services, he was brevetted major. After leaving the army Major Mc- Kinley took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, and in 1869 he took his initiation into politics, being elected prosecuting attorney of his county as a Republican, although the district was usually Democratic. In 1 876 he was elected to congress, and in a call upon the President-elect, Mr. Hayes, to whom he went for advice upon the way he should shape his career, he was told that to achieve fame and success he must take one special line and stick to it. Mr. McKinley chose tariff legislation and he became an authority in regard to import duties. He was a member of congress for and means committee, and later he advocated the famous tariff bill that bore his name, which was passed in 1890. In the next election the Republican party was overwhelmingly defeated through the country, and the Democrats secured more than a two thirds majority in the lower house, and also had control of the senate, Mr. McKinley being defeated in his own district by a small majority. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1891 by a plurality of twenty-one thousand, five hundred and eleven, and two years later he was re-elected by the still greater plurality of eighty thousand, nine hundred and ninety-five. He was a delegate-at-large to the Minneapolis Republican convention in 1892, and was instructed to support the nomination of Mr. Harrison. He was chairman of the convention, and was the only man from Ohio to vote for Mr. Harrison upon the roll call. In November, 1892, a number of prominent politicians gathered in New York to discuss the political situation, and decided that the result of the election had put an end to Mc- Kinley and McKinleyism. But in less than four years from that date Mr. McKinley was nominated for the presidency against the combined opposition of half a dozen rival candidates. Much of the credit for his success was due to Mark A. Hanna, of Cleveland, afterward chairman of the Republican national committee. At the election which occurred in November, 1896, Mr. McKinley was elected president of the United States by an enormous majority, on a gold standard and protective tariff platform. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1897, and called a special session of congress, to which was submitted a bill for tariff reform, which was passed in the latter part of July of that vear.

A known in the literary world as Joaquin Miller, "the poet of the Sierras," was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1841. When only about thirteen years of age he ran away from home and went to the mining regions in California and along the Pacific coast. Some time afterward he was taken prisoner by the Modoc Indians and lived with them for five years. He learned their language and gained great influence with them, fighting in their wars, and in all modes of living became as one of them. In 1858 he left the Indians and went to San Francisco, where he studied law, and in i860 was admitted to the bar in Oregon. In 1866 he was elected a county judge in Oregon and served four years. Early in the seventies he began devoting a good deal of time to literary pursuits, and about 1874 he settled in Washington, D. C. He wrote many poems and dramas that attracted considerable attention and won him an extended reputation. Among his productions may be mentioned " Pacific Poems," " Songs of the Sierras," "Songs of the Sun Lands," ' ' Ships in the Desert, " ' ' Adrianne, a Dream of Italy," "Danites," "Unwritten History," " First Families of the Sierras " (a novel), " One Fair Woman " (a novel), " Songs of Italy," " Shadows of Shasta," "The Gold- Seekers of the Sierras," and a number of others.

noted music publisher and composer, was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on August 30, 1820. While working on his father's farm he found time to learn, unaided, several musical instruments, and in his eighteenth year he went to Boston, where he soon found employment as a teacher of music. From 1839 until 1844 he gave instructions in music in the public schools of that city, and was also director of music in two churches. Mr. Root then went to New York and taught music in the various educational institutions of the city. He went to Paris in 1850 and spent one year there in study, and on his return he published his first song, "Hazel Dell." It appeared as the work of " Wurzel, " which was the German equivalent of his name. He was the originator of the normal musical institutions, and when the first one was started in New York he was one of the faculty. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, in i860, and established the firm of Root & Cady, and engaged in the publication of music. He received, in 1872, the degree of "Doctor of Music" from the University of Chicago. After the war the firm became George F. Root & Co., of Cincinnati and Chicago. Mr. Root did much to elevate the standard of music in this country by his compositions and work as a teacher. Besides his numerous songs he wrote a great deal of sacred music and published many collections of vocal and instrumental music. For many years he was the most popular song writer in America, and was one of the greatest song writers of the war. He is also well-known as an author, and his work in that line comprises: ' ' Methods for the Piano and Organ," "Handbook on Harmony Teaching, " and innumerable articles for the musical press. Among his many and most popular songs of the wartime are: " Rosalie, the Prairie-flower," " Battle Cry of Freedom," " Just Before the Battle," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching," ' ' The Old Folks are Gone, " "A Hundred Years Ago," "Old Potomac Shore, "and " There's Music in the Air." Mr. Root's cantatas include ' ' The Flower Queen" and "The Haymakers." He died in 1896.

John P. Charles

HE paternal ancestry of John P. Charles were of English and Welsh* descent, representatives coming to America in the early colonial days and settling at Nantucket, whence they .emigrated to Maryland, where the principles of religious toleration had been, for the first time, formally proclaimed; and later on they settled in North Carolina, where the father of John P. Charles, Smith Charles, was born in Guilford county, in 1781, within the sound of General Greenes guns in the Revolution. The Charles family, of the Quaker persuasion, left Massachusetts on account of Puritan intolerance for that faith. Smith Charles came from North Carolina in 1806, and stopped temporarily in Warren county, near Springboro. He entered land on 'Four Mile creek in Dixon township, Preble county, on which he settled in 1808, there being, as the saying goes, "not a stick amiss." The land remains in the possession of the family still. Before making his settlement Mr. Charles had married Nancy Kercheval.

On the maternal side, J. P. Charles' ancestors were of French and English blood, having come to this land in the time of the persecution of the French Huguenots. The French branch were originally called Coeur de Cheval, meaning "the heart of a horse," which gradually changed until it became Kercheval. They claimed relationship to the French nobility, and one of them yet holds a magnificent chateau in France. They came to America early in the seventeenth century and settled in Virginia. The earliest record shows them living near the city of Winchester in the Shenandoah valley. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch, James Kercheval, emigrated first to Kentucky, settling near Bardstown. Thence he removed to Ohio, stopping first in Butler county and from there came to Preble county, settling on Four Mile creek in Dixon township and building the first mill and establishing the first still-house in that section of the country, at the place subsequently known as Niccum's Mill. The maiden name of the wife of James Kercheval was Mary Pottinger, a sister of the Pottinger men who were early settlers near Camden. Mrs. Kercheval was buried near Fair Haven and soon after that event James Kercheval returned to Kentucky, where he died in the early Dos, and his remains were interred not far distant from Newport, Kentucky. The mother of the subject of this sketch was born in Virginia and died on the Charles farm in Dixon township in 1823, being buried beside her mother in the old Caldwell burying-ground near Fair Haven, where a considerable number were buried in early times. The spot of interment has no mark and the plow has passed over the graves, a fate that has come to the graves of many of the first deceased of this county, who were buried on private grounds. Smith Charles died in 1868, at the ripe age of eight-seven years, and was laid to rest in the Fair Haven cemetery.

John P. Charles was the fourth son of Smith Charles and Nancy, his wife, who had seven children, all of whom have passed away except him. He was born in Dixon township, Preble county, on the 20th of June, 1815, and was reared on his native heath, working on the farm as was usual in those days, and attending school when there was no work to do in the winter time. By dint of application he obtained in his 'teens a pretty fair elementary education in the "three R's" and also a smattering of geography and grammar. When about seventeen years of age he took offense at the exercise of parental authority and foolishly ran away from a good home and kind parents. He went to Michigan, and, the Black Hawk war breaking out, he joined a company and served until honorably discharged. For that service he now receives a pension. After the close of his service he gladly returned to his home, where he was welcomed by his good father and the family.

Growing tired of farming, he conceived the idea of becoming a lawyer, and in 1836 began the study of law in Eaton, with J. M. U. McNutt, then the leading attorney of the county and one of the first lawyers of the state. Not long after commencing to read law, his esteemed preceptor died. 'Mr. Charles then left for Tennessee to visit relatives living there, and through the influence of his uncle, he entered the office of

Hon. A. V. Brown, who was subsequently the governor of the state and then postmaster general of the United States, with whom he finished his course and was licensed to practice law. Going to Memphis, Tennessee, he entered the office of Brown & Topp for a time, but in 1840 returned to his native county for a rest and did not return to the south as he had intended doing. In 1841 he obtained a law license in Indiana and began his profession at Winchester, Indiana, but not finding the profession congenial to his taste he gave it up, bidding adieu to Bacon,. Lyttleton, Coke and Blackstone forever.

Then as a means of support he engaged in teaching school, and while in pedagogy he contracted an itching for journalistic life. In the years 1845-6-7 he was the editorial writer of the Eaton Register, and in. 1848 purchased the Hamilton Intelligencer, which, after conducting it for some time, he sold. He then went to Minnesota with. Charles K. Smith, the newly appointed secretary of that territory, as his clerk, in which capacity he wrote up the first records of that state in 1849. It was his privilege to make the roll call of the popular branch of its first law-making assembly. The next year he received an appointment at Washington to a clerkship in the pension bureau, from which position lie was removed by President Pierce, being an ' "offensive partisan," and no protective civil service existed in those days, to the victors being given the spoils ; and his bureau chief said to him, "Mr. Charles, there is no objection to you, but our friends are clamorous for place and somebody must be removed." In those days they recognized the fact that parties failing to take care of friends were likely soon to need friends to take care of them.

Genealogical And Biographical Record

1853, he was married to Mrs. Sarah E. Jackson, a most charming and gifted lady, whose maiden name was Copp, a daughter of Joshua Copp, and her mother's maiden name was Pillsbury. His wife was born in New Hampshire, in November, 1822. They lived happily together until July, 1899, when Mrs. Charles died, at Eaton. He moved to Iowa and engaged in a land agency for a time and subsequently was connected for some twelve years with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as a traveling agent. At the close of that service he removed to Salem, Illinois, and went into the culture of fruits, which was not a success with him, and he returned to his native state, Ohio, settling for a time in New Paris. During the most of his time he kept in touch with and continued his journalistic work, being a correspondent of several papers. Again, in 1880, he renewed his editorial connection with the Eaton Register, which he now retains. He, however, has spent some part of the last score of years in Washington in the interior department as both a pension and census clerk. Though he has tried many lines of business, not holding very firmly to anything, he has for more than half a century kept up his love for journalistic life and retained a kind of connection with newspapers in all his varied itineracy. It may with truth be said that during all his life he has been something of a newspaper man. It has been truthfully said of him that he excels as a political writer, and being well informed and endowed by nature with a forcible and clear style of writing, is entitled to no mean place among American journalists. He has always been loyal to the Whig and Republican principles and today loves the "G. O. P." principles with almost an idolatrous devotion. - To this venerable resident of the county, now past eighty-five years of age, there were born two children, a son and daughter. The former sleeps beside his mother in Eaton's beautiful cemetery, and the daughter, Miss Bessie Charles, lives to bless the declining days of her aged father and is a popular and wellknown teacher in the Eaton public schools.

Richard E. Morrow

Richard E. Morrow, ex-repesentative of Preble county, Ohio, and one of the prominent farmers of the county, was born at the place where he now lives, December 6, 1847. He is a son of Richard and Sarah (Barr) Morrow and one of a family of nine children, five of whom are living at this writing, namely: Sarah J., a practicing physician and surgeon, of Richmond, Indiana ; Delorma B., a practicing physician and surgeon of St. Louis, Missouri; James M., who lives with his brother, Richard E., the subject of this sketch; and Horace C., a physician and surgeon of Austin, Texas. Richard Morrow, the father, was born in Waynesville, Warren county, Ohio, January 29, 1807, and was brought by his parents to Preble county March 29th of the same year. His father, Andrew Morrow, was a native of Orange county, North Carolina, born December 29, 1767, a son of William and Rachel (Reed) Morrow, both of whom were natives of Edinburg, Scotland, and came to America with his two brothers, Hugh and George, about the year 1750. After a short time spent in Pennsylvania fine three brothers went to North Carolina, and in that state William Morrow, the greatgrandfather of our subject, acquired an extensive landed estate. He was a Quaker, and was killed by a roving band of Tories during the Revolutionary war, while trying to recover a valuable horse and some other property that had 'been stolen. After his death his estate, according to the colonial laws, reverted to his eldest son's child, the son being dead. The grandfather of our subject then bought a portion of the old home place and resided there until the fall of 1806, when he sold out and came to Ohio, spending the winter at Waynesville. The following March he came to the location where the subject of this sketch now lives. Here, in the midst of the forest, he built a temporary shelter and later a substantial log house. His original claim was six hundred and forty acres, but he subsequently sold one hundred acres of it to a younger brother; and on this farm he passed the remainder of his life and died, his death occurring in 1847. Like his father he was of Quaker faith and took no part in politics. His wife, whose maiden name was Rebecca Laughlin, was born in Orange county, North Carolina, November 30, 1760, and her death occurred in 1856.

Richard Morrow, the father of our subject, was reared in Jackson township, where he was married in 1832. While his early educational advantages were limited, he was a great reader and a close observer, and thus acquired a broad knowledge of men and affairs. When a young man he was an Abolitionist, and later was a radical Republican, though he never sought or held public office. He was a man of unswerving integrity and exerted an influence for good in the district where he lived. In business he was successful, accumulating a comfortable competency. He was a member of the Masonic order, in which he advanced to the Royal Arch degree, and in his life he exemplified the teachings of that ancient and honored organization. At the ripe old age of eighty-six years, he passed away May 16, 1893. His worthy companion, nee Sarah Barr, was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, November 22, 1810. She was the daughter of Alexander and Mary (McElheny) Barr. Grandfather Barr, a native of Scotland, came to America early in the nineteenth century, and settled in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, whence in 1815 he emigrated to Ohio, settling in Jefferson township, Preble county. He was a Presbyterian, a man of broad learning, and for many years was a teacher in the public schools, for a number of years being the only teacher in his district. He also carried on farming operations. Grandmother Barr was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania.

Richard E. Morrow spent his youth on his father's farm, receiving his early education in the common schools and later entering the National Normal University, at Lebanon, Ohio, where he graduated in 1872. For six years following his graduation he devoted his time to teaching, being successively principal of the schools at Patriot, Indiana, at Clay City, Urbana, and Clinton, Illinois. He then turned his attention to the study of law, in the office of Adams & Michener, of Shelbyville, Indiana, where he spent six months. Before completing his studies, however, he decided to devote his life to agricultural pursuits, and in the year 1879 returned to the home farm, where he and his brother have since carried on operations in partnership, their farm comprising two hundred and twenty acres.

Mr. Morrow has ever shown a public spirit and taken an active interest in everything intended to promote the welfare of his country, and especially of the locality in which he lives. In many public capacities he has rendered valued service. He was president of the board of education four years. An ardent Republican, he is the acknowledged leader of his party in Jackson township, and is as popular as he is well known throughout the county. He has been a delegate to state and county conventions almost continuously since 1889, except two years. He served nine years as justice of the peace. In 1897 he was elected to the state legislature, serving one term, and was one of the seventy-three who voted for Mark Hanna. In 1899 Mr. Morrow was renominated by his party for another term in the legislature, but met- defeat in the Republican Waterloo of that season.

Mr. Morrow was united in marriage in 1880 to Miss Mattie J. Adams, a native of Shelbyville, Indiana, and a daughter of Thomas B. Adams, the well-known attorney of that place. They are the parents of five children, namely : Delorma A., now at the age of nineteen, is a teacher in the district schools of the township and is preparing for a college course; Edwina is a graduate of the township high school and now a teacher in New Paris, Ohio; and Richard B., Mary and Ruth complete the family.

John H. Gibbins

One of the most prominent educators connected with the public schools of western Ohio is Professor John H. Gibbins, who is now superintendent of the Eaton schools. His marked ability has gained him prestige, for his scholarly attainments are supplemented by superior ability in imparting clearly and concisely to others the knowledge he has acquired. With a just appreciation of the importance of his work, he has given to it the most earnest thought, study and investigation, and his methods are therefore progressive and intensely practical, serving as an excellent preparation for the duties of life.

Professor Gibbins is a native of Maryland, his birth having occurred in Frederick county, on the 15th of May, 1847. His father, Miles Gibbins, was born in county Mayo, Ireland, and came to America about 1840, taking up his abode in Frederick county, Maryland, whe're he worked on a farm for a time. Later he engaged in shoemaking. In 1858 he removed to Preble county, Ohio, settling in Gratis, and at the present time lie is living in Dayton, at the age of eighty-seven years. He married Miss Mahala Hessong, a daughter of John Hessong, of Pennsylvania, and she is still living, at the age of seventy-six years. In their family are six children, namely : John H., George T. and Charles Ed, who are residents of Dayton; Mary C., wife of Charles Hull, of Dayton; Jacob E., who is living in the same city; and Emerson B., a resident of Columbus, Ohio.

Professor Gibbins, of this review, supplemented his common-school education by study in the high schools of Eaton and Lebanon, Ohio. His educational course was not continuous, for at intervals he taught school and thus earned the money with which to pay his expenses. During the civil war he loyally responded to the call of the country, enlisting in August, 1862, in the Ninetythird Ohio Infantry. He joined the army at Camden and was at the front for about eight months, after which he was taken ill and received an honorable discharge.

years. His connection with the district schools in the capacity of teacher covered a period of nineteen years, and he was never employed in any district where he could not have again secured the position had he wished to do so. His services have always been acceptable, and his marked ability has gained him a high place in this portion of Ohio. For a time he was employed as a teacher in Camden and later engaged in the grain business in that town. Subsequently he accepted the position of teacher in the high school in Israel township, and was afterward township superintendent. In 1891 he was elected county treasurer on the Republican ticket and so acceptably discharged the duties of the office that he was re-elected in 1893. When his four-years term was ended he resumed teaching in West Elkton, Preble county, and in 1897 he was appointed superintendent of the Eaton schools. There are two school buildings under his care, in which are eighteen teachers and six hundred pupils. His work has been most successful and under his guidance the schools of Eaton are making pronounced and rapid progress. He is continually on the alert to improve the methods and to advance the standards, and all his work is characterized by a thoroughness the result of which is certainly excellent. Advancement is his watchword and the proficiency of the work clone in the Eaton schools well qualifies the student for the practical duties which may devolve upon them in the active affairs of life. The habits of thoroughness and strong mental concentration which are there formed prove important elements in their careers after leaving the schoolroom, and it is because Professor Gibbins regards education as a preparation for life that his school work has been so successful. While serving as

In 1873 was celebrated the marriage of Professor Gibbins and Miss Sarah J. Yost, a daughter of Anthony Yost, of Preble county, who was a representative of one of the old families of Virginia. Their union was blessed with three children : Mary C.,

Melissa and Ada. Socially the subject of this review is connected with the Odd Fellows society, the Knights of Pythias fraternity and has also been commander of the Grand Army Post at Camden and in Eaton. After the war, when he was only seventeen years of age, he was elected second lieutenant of the Ohio state militia. Professor Gibbins has justly won the proud American title of the self-made man, as all his advancement has been the result of his own efforts. In early life, as in later years, he has devoted what is usually termed leisure hours to study and improvement and thus has he gained an eminent position in the ranks of the Ohio educators. Professor Gibbins is a man of high intellectuality, broad human sympathies and tolerance, and imbued with fine sensibilities and clearly defined principles. Honor and integrity are synonymous with his name, and he enjoys the respect, confidence and high regard of the community.

Richard E. Brandenburg

Richard E. Brandenburg was born in German township, Montgomery county, on the 5th of September, 1851, one of the nine children of Samuel and Malinda (Feaster) Brandenburg. His father was a native of Maryland, born in Frederick county, in 1814. In early life he learned the shoemaker's trade, which he followed continuously until his thirtieth year, after which he gave his attention both to shoemaking and farming. Some time later he abandoned bis first vocation, his time being devoted entirely to agricultural pursuits. About 1835 he came to Ohio, locating in German township, where he resided up to the time of his death. He was successful in business, acquiring some three hundred acres of land, and gave to all his children a good start in life. He also instilled into their minds lessons of industry, economy and straightforward dealing, and these have proved of great benefit to them. Mr. Brandenburg died in 1871, in the faith of the Reformed church, of which he was a valued member. An upright, honorable man, he commanded the respect and confidence of all with whom he was associated, and to his family he left the priceless heritage of an untarnished name. Seven of his nine children still survive, as follows : Josiah E., of Winchester, Ohio; Aaron P., an engineer in Germantown, Ohio; Samuel T., a farmer of Whitley county, Indiana ; Anna R., wife of Henry Green, a farmer of Montgomery county, Ohio; Layanuc, wife of Charles Gilbert, a farmer of German township, Montgomery county; Richard E., the subject of this review; and John W., a farmer of Gratis township, Preble county. The deceased were Elizabeth, who married Frank Rodeffer, cf Montgomery county, and Sarah, who married George R. Feerer, of Warren county, Ohio.

Richard E. Brandenburg was reared to manhood upon the home farm, acquiring his education in the common schools and at the National Normal School, at Lebanon, Ohio. At the age of nineteen he began teaching in the -district schools of Warren county, and after being there employed for one year returned to Montgomery county, where he followed teaching for four years. He was a capable educator, maintaining discipline and readily imparting to others the knowledge he had acquired. On the 13th of January, 1876, he was united in marriage to Miss Emily A. Cooper, a native of German township, Montgomery county, and a daughter of Jacob and Harriet (Patton) Cooper. Her father was born in German township, his parents being among the pioneer settlers of Montgomery county. About 1877 he removed to Campbellstown, Ohio, where both he and his wife spent their remaining days.