Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge, Spanning former channel of south fork of Box Elder Creek, Mantua

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER UTAH,2-MANT.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge represents a very early example of reinforced concrete bridge construction and, perhaps, the only remaining example of a closed spandrel deck arch bridge in Utah. The bridge was built by local labor under the supervision of Peter N. Pierce, Box Elder County Road Commissioner. Pierce also supervised the construction of the first concrete road in Utah between Tremonton and Garland in

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER UTAH,2-MANT.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Michael R. Polk Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants Ogden, Utah March t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 2) n. HISTORY A.

Need for Bridge

The W&satch Mountains, a major mountain range coursing north-south through the northern and central parts of Utah, are high and rugged, especially along the eastern side of the Salt Lake Valley. In this area, known as the "W&satch Front", there are few adequate transportation corridors providing access through the mountains to the east. The Provo River, Ogden River and Weber River Canyons are the most im- portant corridors along most of the Wasatch Front. However, Box Elder Canyon is the only available access route for 50 miles north of Ogden.

As a result, this cor- ridor to the Cache Valley and points beyond was a passage well-traveled by native Americans, fur trappers and explorers long before the settlement of the area by Mormon pioneers in the late The first documented European-American use of the route was by fur trapper and explorer Jedediah 1Smith in in conjunction with a fur trappers' "Rendezvous" at nearby Bear Lake. Though not specifically documented, the activities of other fur trappers in this area during the 30s and 40s strongly suggest that Box Elder Canyon was used as a route of travel by others as well. In August of a small party of Mormon men from the newly settled Salt Lake Valley area traveled through Box Elder Canyon during a scouting mission of the Cache Valley.

The men entered Cache Valley by way of the Bear2River, but returned to Salt Lake in the fall through Sardine and Box Elder Canyons. Over the next few decades the Box Elder Canyon passage became more frequently traveled. Howard Stansbury, a U.S. government surveyor, traversed 3 the canyon in and provided the first detailed observations of the passage. Stansbury indicat- ed that Box Elder Canyon was not suitable for wagon traffic at that time. However, the route became much improved after the settlement of Box Elder Village (later to become Brigham City). The settlers' need to graze their stock prompted them to establish a herd ground in Little Valley4(site of the town of Mantua), which is located four miles east of Box Elder Village.

The frequent use of Box Elder Canyon as an access route to Little Valley necessitated regular canyon road im- provements and upkeep. The vital importance of this transportation artery was reinforced with the initial setdement of nearby Cache Valley to the northeast. In there was an attempt by Mormon settlers to establish a piece of property known as Elkhorn Ranch in the southern end of Cache Valley. A group of men moved cattle through the Box Elder Canyon passage in the early summer of that year and then were forced to move the herd back through the canyon that fall when heavy snow fell at the ranch.5 The year marked the first permanent settlement of the Cache Valley when the6 Peter Maughan party used the canyon route in their migration from Salt Lake City.

That same year Cache County was created, resulting in the first organized efforts to upgrade the Box Elder-Sardine Canyon passage. The first government-sponsored road building program in the canyon occurred during the early when the Utah Territorial Legislature provided funds for t building a wagon road through Box Elder Canyon to Wellsville in the Cache Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 3) Valley.7 This wagon road took on considerable importance for the people of Cache County as evidenced by their construction of a "traveler's station" about five miles north of Mantua near Dry Lake. This station was used by travelers as an overnight8 stop during their journeys from Brigham City through the mountains to Wellsville.

The Utah Territorial government lost interest in the construction and maintenance of wagon roads after By this time the transcontinental railroad was in place and local railroad operations provided access to many of the larger towns and cities of the territory. From the late until after Utah achieved statehood in the construction and maintenance of wagon roads was considered a local responsibility of the counties and cities.9 Though this decision had profound effects upon the condition of many roads in the territory, it did not adversely affect the Box Elder Canyon route as there continued to be a great deal of local interest in its upkeep.

Much of this upkeep came as the result of strong ties which were maintained bet- ween Brigham City and Mantua, a small town located at the head of Box Elder Canyon. Mantua was settled by 17 Danish families by way of Brigham City in J0 Through traffic to Cache Valley continued to be important on this route as well. Such interest was evidenced by Cache County's funding of a survey of the route for upgrading in 1882.u When Utah was granted statehood in some attention was again given to roads. However, only minor appropriations were made until the problems posed by a lack of statewide coordination of road construction and maintenance could be solved.

These problems were not properly addressed until the legislature created the State Road Commission in It was however, before any real headway in appropriations and significant movement on construction projects took place. In that year a very small network of state roads was designated linking key cities of Utah.13 The road from Brigham City to Logan through Box Elder Canyon and on to Idaho was part of this initial system. This designation made state funding for upgrading and maintenance of these roads easier since they were officially recognized by the state as part of the core road system. As part of the road building program in Utah, there was often an accompanying need to construct bridges where the roads crossed creeks and rivers.

In Box Elder Canyon this need was especially great because the narrow passage restricted poten- tial road grade locations and forced road builders to cross Box Elder Creek many times within a few miles. Each of these crossings required an adequate structure to span the watercourse. Prior to the turn-of-the-century, structures built to cross waterways were generally made of wood, though steel was used where heavier loads were carried or long spans were necessary. Wood was usually preferred because it was cheaper, more readily available, and easier to use than steel. Also, lumber mills were common throughout much of the western United States, including Utah, and there were many locally available craftsmen familiar with construction of wooden structures.

Despite these advantages, wood had a number of drawbacks as bridge building material. It was more fragile, and was subject to more rapid deterioration than steel. Wooden bridges were also unable to carry the heavy loads possible with steel bridges, and they did not withstand tloodwaters as well. ft Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 4) Like steel, concrete reinforced with steel was also superior to wood in many ways, but it was not an option14for bridge building until the when it was perfected as a construction material.

Bridge construction in Box Elder County was no exception to the pattern followed elsewhere in Utah, Until all bridges in the canyon were constructed of wood and were replaced as necessary, usually about every seven years.15 In late January, however, a combination of heavy rains and melting snow created exceptional- ly high waters on Box Elder Creek destroying all bridges and much of the road.16 This same destruction occurred in other areas of the county. The severity of the flooding was not realized until early February when State Road Commissioner Pierce reported to the Box Elder County Commissioner that 26 crossings 17 on creeks and rivers in the county were impassable due to the recent floods.

The estimated bridge loss in the county was between and prompting the Box Elder County Commissioners to seriously consider construction of concrete bridges, particularly in Box Elder Canyon.19 The permanence, strength and loading capacity of concrete bridges were probably the major considerations in this decision. However, the recent opening of an Ogden Portland Cement Company facility near Brigham City in must also have encouraged the choice.20 Prior to that time the nearest commercial manufacturer of cement was at Devil's Slide near Morgan, Utah, a distance of 45 miles from Brigham City.

The prospect of receiving state contributions for the repair and reconstruction of state designated roads may have also encouraged the commissioners to consider more permanent bridge alternatives along the Box Elder-Sardine Canyon Road. Limited state appropriations were avail- able for construction work following the creation of the State Road Commission in B.

Bridge Construction History

The loss of a large number of bridges in Box Elder County during the floods of January prompted the county commissioners to begin restoration of the coun- transportation network. This effort, initiated with solicitation for concrete bridge plans in March appears to have continued until late211912 when the last of the flood-destroyed bridges in Box Elder Canyon was rebuilt. At least four concrete arch bridges were constructed in the canyon during this time, although the precise locations and construction histories of several of these bridges, including the one of concern in this study, are not certain. However, the probable builder and date of construction for the Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge have been determined from available historical data.

In order to raise the money necessary to reconstruct roads and bridges ravaged by floods the county commissioners held a bond election in The election for a bond for "good roads" was held on April 23, but was turned down by bond buyers on a technicality.22 This severely restricted construction efforts during though the county apparently felt it was necessary to proceed with the construction of at least one concrete bridge. They instructed the commissioners' clerk on April 4, to advertise for bids for a 20-foot steel and a 20-foot concrete bridge across Box Elder Creek in Box Elder Canyon and a 700-foot concrete retain- ing wall in the canyon to protect the power plant.23 In early May a contract % Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No.

UT-65 (page 5) was awarded to the Wheelwright Construction Company of Ogden for construction of a concrete bridge at the mouth of Box Elder Canyon for the sum of Whether money was found during the remainder of to construct other bridges in the canyon is not clear. However, reference to proposed construction of two other concrete bridges in Box Elder Canyon in was found in newspaper ac- counts.25 The plans to construct these bridges may have come from one of several contractors who approached the county commissioners in February and March with offers to draw up plans for both steel and concrete bridges. The concrete bridge6 plans accepted included those of William Fowler, Lars Hansen and Chapin A.

Day/ An inexpensive pool of construction labor was found by the county in when in June the State Road Commission authorized commencement of road work in Box Elder County using convict labor from the state prison.27 The work they were to carry out included road construction of the highway between Brigham City and Hot Springs, 28as well as a concrete retaining wall and two concrete bridges in Box Elder Canyon.

This construction was to be the first in Utah to be carried out under new state legislation authorizing the use of convict labor for the construction and im- provement of state roads.2 Though a newspaper article in July indicated that the prisoners, who were quartered in a camp near Willard, would soon be undertaking work on the two bridges, this construction was apparently never carried out.30 The prisoners were returned to31the penitentiary in early November before the Box Elder Canyon work was begun. Nevertheless, some of the Box Elder Canyon work was completed that fall. After the prisoners left, Road Commissioner P. N. Pierce apparently hired a "strong corps of [local] men" to complete work on the concrete retaining wall in the canyon. No mention was made of bridge work at that time.

On April 9, the road bond election which failed in was held again to secure a bond for continued bridge and road work in the county?3 This bond included for construction of "two cement arches in Box Elder Canyon".34 The bond issue passed and the bonds were sold,35 but it was several months before the money was available to fund the two concrete bridges in the canyon. Work on the bridges was expected to begin in mid to late August,36 but probably did not start until a month or two later. Road Commissioner Pierce appar- ently obtained construction labor from local farms, but did not hire the labor until after crop harvesting was complete.37 Construction of the bridges was complete by mid November when Pierce took Mr.

Ulrich, a member of the State Road Commis- sion, on a tour of recently completed construction projects in the canyon and else- where.38 % Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 6) HI. THE BRIDGE A.

Description

This small, eighty-year-old arch bridge structure, oriented generally east to west, spans the course of a former channel of the South Fork of Box Elder Creek.39 The bridge was built as a simple, reinforced concrete closed spandrel single arch bridge with a deck measuring 21 feet 2 inches long and 17 feet 4 inches wide. In plan the bridge is shaped like a parallelogram with four flared retaining walls (abutments) holding back the earthen embankment and road from slipping into the creek. Three of the four retaining walls flare out from the bridge at widely obtuse angles. An exception is the southwest wall which turns away from the road at a 90 degree angle.

Looking at either side of the bridge, the present ruined structure gives the ap- pearance of a large culvert connected by a concrete archway running parallel to the river. This is because both of the concrete railing walls have been destroyed. The north side of the bridge is no longer flanked by a bank, so there is no retaining wall there. Instead, the only visible bridge elements are the arch of poured concrete and the exposed vertical reinforcing bars. The arch appears to have been construct- ed in two separate pours. The first, lower pour is about 6 3/4 inches thick. The second, or upper pour, is about 8 inches thick. Because there is much concrete debris and silting under the arch, the north side of the bridge is only 2 feet 6 inches high.

The south side is 4 feet 9 inches high, which is probably close to the original height from streambed to the bottom of the arch opening. The south side of the bridge has parts of the original sidewall and abutments still intact. A long 17-foot 4-inch concrete retaining wall extends at a 104 degree angle upstream from the arch bridge along the bank of the former creek channel. At the upper end of this wall there is a mortared rock retaining wall extension to the origi- nal concrete retaining wall. The extension measures 10 feet long. The southwest flaring concrete abutment is 20 feet 1 inch long. There are few significant architectural details visible on the bridge itself. There are no bridge numbers or other indicators of the date of construction or builder.

However, a few items were noted. The form marks on the underside of the arch indicates that 4 inch wide boards were used to contain the concrete during the first pour. Also, several exposed reinforcing rods which were used to strengthen the concrete were observed at the base of the old railings. These rods are 3/8 inch thick and smooth rather than ribbed. In a few locations on the railing base smooth,two- strand twisted wire fragments were found protruding from the concrete. Presumably these were also used as reinforcing elements in the concrete. Using a photograph of the bridge, it was possible to also describe the railings or parapets. They were made of concrete and appear to have been formed from two or more separate pours, as part of the retaining walls and the arch.

They were of t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 7) quite simple construction with smooth sides accented by incised lines formed into large rectangular designs on the interior railing walls. The parapets were topped by a simple rounded protective concrete cap feature. The bridge was built in making it one of the earliest representatives of rein- forced concrete bridge construction in Utah. Perhaps due to the fact that it was designed during the infancy of reinforced concrete construction, it is quite simple and plain in design. Nevertheless, it was well-built and, despite its ruined railings, still appears in quite sound condition. B.

Ownership and Future

From the limited information available about construction and ownership of the bridge, it appears that the major portion of the cost of the bridge was borne by Box Elder County through the bond election passed in The State Road Commis- sion also helped, at least through the services of Road Commissioner P. N. Pierce who apparently supervised the construction work. It is likely that the bridge became the property of the state of Utah after construction because the Box Elder-Sardine Canyon road was part of the core network of state roads designated in It appears that the arch bridge was abandoned in the late to be replaced by an adjacent structure. The channel of the South Fork of Box Elder Creek was altered to flow under the new structure and the road rerouted over it.

In this structure too was abandoned and yet another channel change was made and a new road align- ment and culvert were built further south. This alignment is still used today. The arch bridge structure has been largely unaffected through all of these changes, though some vandalism has occurred to the structure as evidenced by the broken parapets. Ownership of the structure, however, appears to have changed at some point in the past. Currently, the structure and some of the surrounding land is owned by M&satch-Cache National Forest. When the Forest Service acquired the land is not known, though it may have occurred when the road alignment significant- ly changed in The arch bridge is now scheduled to be removed to allow realignment of the high- way through the area.

The Utah Department of Transportation is currently negotiat- ing the purchase of the property from the U.S. Forest Service to complete the work. The Federal Highway Administration's "Determination of Eligibility and Finding of Effect" for Brigham to Wellsville Highway Project established that the bridge would be adversely affected by the construction alternative currently pro- posed for the project.40 Preservation of the Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge through HAER documentation was jointly agreed to by the Federal Highway Administration, Utah State Historic Preservation Office and the Advisory Council of Historic Pres- ervation in an executed Memorandum of Agreement. t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 8) IV. BRIDGE BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL A.

Engineering and Design

No design sheets or other descriptions of the bridge are known to exist, though it is known to be the one remaining bridge of several almost identical structures built in the canyon in and It is possible that many small bridges constructed in Box Elder County during this era were built using standard plans, a common prac- tice at the time. Box Elder County purchased bridge plans from the James J. Burke Company of Salt Lake City in late August These plans may have been used in construction of the arch bridges in Box Elder Canyon, although there is no direct evidence of such use.42 B.

Bridge Builder

From the fragmentary evidence available concerning the construction of the Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge, it appears that County Road Commissioner Peter Nelson Pierce was in charge of construction and that he used locally available labor to complete the work.43 Pierce worked under the authority of the Box Elder County Commissioners. Pierce was a prominent individual in Box Elder County history. He was born April 7, in Sweden and was brought to the United States in by his parents. His father died enroute to Utah. As a youth and young adult Pierce held jobs in railroad- t ing, farming, cattle raising and dry farming. Pierce was the first fire chief of Brigham City and was chief of police in Brigham City for several years.

In the early part of this century he was Box Elder County Road Commissioner. In this position he supervised construction of the first concrete road in the county which was also the first concrete road built in the state of Utah.45 This road project between Garland and Tremonton was authorized by the State Road Commission in May prompted by an Ogden Portland Cement Company offer to provide concrete for the project at no charge.46 Pierce's experience with con- crete on this road probably prompted the County Commissioners to charge him with supervision of the concrete bridge construction in Box Elder Canyon. t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 9) T. 9N. R. 1W. ^ SCALE o i MILE i ' i . ..

,y 0 FEET 0 1 KILOMETER CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET DASHED LINES REPRESENT 20-FOOT CONTOURS Location of Arch Bridge. Taken from: USGS Mount Pisgah t and Mantua and Utah Quadrangles. Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 10) On the following page is a historic photograph of the Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge in upper Box Elder Canyon. View is to the northeast. Photographed by A.W. Compton for the Ogden Portland Cement Company, Photograph: Compton from Compton Archives, Special Collections, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 11) J > M 'fe i \> ' v.. it >v iV -'is* -'< 'v. (** ,^4 Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 12) V. ENDNOTES 1. Dale L.

Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, p. 2. Milton R. Hunter, Beneath Ben Lomond's Peak: A History of Weber County Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, p. 49. 3. Howard Stansbury, Explanation and Survey of the Wley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, Including a Reconnaissance of a New Route through the Rocky Mountains, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Company, p. 96. 4. Archie Sims, Early History of Mantua, Undergraduate seminar paper, Department of History, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, p. 1. Manuscript on file, Utah State University Library, Special Collections. 5. Joel E. Ricks, The Beginnings of Settlement in Cache Mdley, Annual Faculty Research Lecture, The Faculty Association, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, p.

8; Rex J. Haddock, A History of Cache Wley, Utah, from the Fur Period to the Year Master's Thesis, Department of History, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, p. 18. 6. Kate B. Carter, Journal of Mary Ann Vieston Maughan, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Lesson for February, p. t 7. Ezra C. Knowlton, History of Highway Development in Utah, Salt Lake City: Utah State Road Commission, pp. 8. Cache County Deed Book A, County Recorder's Office, Cache County, Logan, Utah, pp. 81, 83. 9. Ezra C. Knowlton, History of Highway Development in Utah, pp. 78, 84. 10. Lydia Walker Forsgren, History of Box Elder County, Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, p. 11. Dr.

William Peterson, History of Roads and Freighting in Cache Wley, Lecture given to Cache Valley Chapter, Utah State Historical Society, Logan, p. 4. Manuscript on file at Utah State University Special Collections. 12. Ezra C. Knowlton, History of Highway Development in Utah, pp. 13. Ibid., pp. 14. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bridge Inspector's Manual 70, Washington, Federal Highway Administration, pp. 15. The Box Elder Journal, "Vote the Bonds Next Tuesday, April 9", 4 April p. 1, col. 1. t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAERNo. UT-65 (page 13) 16. Ibid., "Box Elder Creek on the Rampage", 2 February p. 1, cols. 1 and 2; The Box Elder News, "The Washout", 2 February p. 1, col. 1. 17. Box Elder County Commissioners, Minutes for the Year 6 February. 18.

The Box Elder Journal, "Vote the Bonds Next TXiesday April 9", 4 April p. 1, col. 5. 19. Ibid., "Commissioners Meet", 23 March p. 8, col. 4. 20. Lydia Walker Forsgren, History ofBox Elder County, p. 21. The Box Elder Journal, "Work Progressing on Roads in the County", 21 Novem- ber p. l, col. 3. 22. Ibid., "Vote the Bonds Next Tuesday April 9", 4 April p. 1, col. 5. 23. Ibid., 4 April. 24. The Box Elder Journal, "Commissioners Busy", 4 May p. 1, col. 3. 25. The Box Elder Journal, "Commissioners Meet", 23 March p. 8, col. 4; The Box Elder Journal, 5 November p. 1, col. 2; The Box Elder Journal, "County Commissioners Notes", 5 October p. 1, col. 2. 0 26. Box Elder County Commissioners, Minutes for the year 6 March and 20 March. 27. State Road Commission Minutes, 6 June p. 30. 28.

The Box Elder News, "Convicts to Labor in Box Elder", 15 June p. 1, col. 4; The Box Elder Journal, "Convict Labor for Box Elder County Roads", 15 June p. 1, col. 6. 29. State Road Commission, Second Biennial Report 30. The Box Elder News, "Convicts Soon to Get Busy", 13 July p. 1, col. 3. 31. The Box Elder Journal, "Convicts Taken Back to Penitentiary", 16 November p. 1. 32. Ibid., "State Road is Progressing", 23 November p. 1, col. 7. 33. Ibid., "Vote the Bonds Next Tuesday April 9", 4 April p. 1, col. 5. 34. Ibid., "Notice of County Bond Election", April 4, p. 4, col. 6. 35. Ibid., "County Road Bonds are Sold at Par", May 16, p. 1, cols. 1 and 2. t 36. Ibid., "Extensive Road Improvements Underway", 8 August p. 1, col. 1. Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 14) 37. Ibid. 38.

Ibid., "WorkProgressing on Roads in the County", 21 November p. 1, col. 3. 39. Portions of this description come from the original recordation effort on this bridge in Michael R. Polk and Allen Roberts, A Cultural Resources Survey ofBox Elder Canyon and Portions of Mantua, Box Elder County, Utah, Ogden, Utah: Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants, Archaeological Report No. 40. Federal Highway Administration, Utah Division, Determination of Eligibility and Finding of Effect for Project No. Brigham to Wllsville, 41. Photographs of three separate concrete arch bridges taken in by photographer A. W. Compton for the Ogden Portland Cement Company were found at the Special Collections Library at Utah State University in Logan. One of the photo- graphs was of the bridge under consideration here.

Another was presumably of the other bridge built under the supervision of P. N. Pierce. The last is said to be the bridge at the mouth of the canyon which is known to have been built by the Wheelwright Construction Company in 42. The Box Elder Journal, "County Commissioners Contract for Bridges", 29 August p. 1, col. 3. 43. Ibid., "Extensive Road Improvements Underway", 8 August p. 1, col. 1. 44. The Salt Lake Tribune, "Pioneer Fire Chief Dies at Brigham City", 3 August p. 9, col. 7. 45. Ibid.; Lydia Walker Forsgren, History of Box Elder County, p. 46. State Road Commission Minutes, 2 December 4 May vol. 2, 18 May p. 4 and 5. t Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 15) VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS AND PUBLISHED

Sources

Forsgren, Lydia W&lker. History of Box Elder County. Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Hunter, Milton R. Beneath Ben Lomond's Peak: A History ofVkber County Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, Knowlton, Ezra C. History of Highway Development in Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah State Road Commission, Morgan, Dale L. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the Lincoln: Universi- ty of Nebraska Press, Stansbury, Howard. Explanation and Survey of the Milley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, Including a Reconnaissance of a New Route through the Rocky Mountains. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Company, U.S. Department of Transportation. Bridge Inspector's Manual 70. Washington, Federal Highway Administration, B. NEWSPAPERS The Box Elder News. 2 February p. 1, col. 1. . 15 June p. 1, col. 4. .

13 July p. 1, col. 3. The Box Elder Journal 2 February p. 1, cols. 1 and 2. . 23 March p. 8, col. 4. . 4 May, p. 1, col. 3. . 15 June p. 1, col. 6. . 5 October col. 2. . 5 November p. 1, col. 2. . 16 November p. 1. . 23 November p. 1, col. 7. t . 4 April p. 1 cols. 1 and 5; p. 4, col. 6. Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 16) .. 16 May p. 1, cols. 1 and 2. _. 8 August p. l,col. 1. _. 29 August p. 1, col. 3. _. 21 November p. 1, col. 3. The Salt Lake Tribune. 4 August p. 9, col. 7. C. DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS Box Elder County Commissioners, Minutes for the Year February 6. . 6 March . 20 March . 4 April Cache County Deed Book A. County Recorder's Office, Cache County, Logan, Utah. Carter, Kate B. Journal of Mary Ann Vfeston Maughan.

Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Lesson for February, Federal Highway Administration. Determination of Eligibility and Finding of Effect for Project No. Brigham to misville. Haddock, Rex J. A History of Cache Wley Utah, from the Fur Period to the Year Master's Thesis, Department of History, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Kendrick, Gregory D. Letter from Gregory D. Kendrick, National Park Service to Donald P, Steinke, Federal Highway Administration, detailing the documentation necessary to satisfy HAER standards for mitigation of effects to the Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge, October 22, Peterson, Dr. William. History of Roads and Freighting in Cache Valley.

Lecture given to Cache Valley Chapter, Utah State Historical Society, Logan, Manuscript on file at Utah State University Special Collections. Polk, Michael R. and Allen Roberts. A Cultural Resources Survey of Box Elder Canyon and Portions of Mantua, Box Elder County, Utah. Ogden, Utah: Sage- brush Archaeological Consultants, Archaeological Report No. Ricks, Joel E. The Beginnings of Settlement in the Cache Mdley. Annual Faculty Research Lecture, The Faculty Association, Utah State Agricultural Col- I lege, Logan, Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge HAER No. UT-65 (page 17) Sims, Archie. Early History of Mantua. Undergraduate seminar paper, Depart- ment of History, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Manuscript on file, Utah State University Library, Special Collections.

Utah State Road Commission. Second Biennial Report Utah State Road Commission Minute Book. 6 June . 2 December . 4 May vol. 2. . 18 May p. 4 and 5. D. HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS A. W. Compton, Photographer. View of Box Elder Creek Arch Bridge in upper Box Elder Canyon; view to the northeast. Located in Compton Archives, Special Collections, Utah State University, Logan. Photograph: Compton A. W. Compton, Photographer. Photographs of three separate concrete arch bridges taken in for the Ogden Portland Cement Company. Located in Special Collections Library at Utah State University in Logan. I