Thurston County, Washington - The whole text, 1914 (part 8 of 9)

H. K. Striive, also a member of the Counoil, he was deposed from the Presidency by Struve's vote, whereupon Striive, by his own vote, made himself President of the Council. This procedure caused much excitement in Olympia and an indignation meeting, largely attended, was held, at which Garfield and others scored Struve severely. Struve was for a long time Secretary of the Territory, during which time and when he was a member of the Legislature, he was not a citizen, never having been naturalized, and moreover he was a deserter from the Army, liable to be caught and shot. Some cheek and some nerve that! But it must be admitted, nevertheless, he was a very able and useful man. In 1864 or 65, I obtained from the East the first Early Rose potatoes, paying $2.00 a pound for them, and I also introduced the first asparagus at the same time, both being the first introduced in the Pacific Northwest, and very successfully cultivated in my garden at Main and Fourteenth Streets, where there has recently been erected a large apartment house.

"I took the U. S. Census in 1870 for Thurston and Lewis Counties, and at that time Olympia was the largest town or city in the Territory, having a population of 1,232, and nearly a hundred more than Seattle. In taking the census in Lewis County I came across Marcel Bernier, born in 1820 of French Canadian parents at Fort Colville, being the first white child born in the Commonwealth of Washington. In 1880 I took the U. S. Census in Chehalis County, and where Aberdeen is now, I found only Sam Benn and family, and at Hoquiam only two families - Ed. Campbell and family, and ]\Ir. Karr and family. Some growth at these two places since then !

"Olympia had a prominent character in the person of Mrs. Rebecca Howard, proprietor of the principal hotel - the Pacific House, at the corner of Third and Main Streets. She was a handsome colored woman from Boston, Mass., and a very enterprising, popular and successful business woman. Some addressed her as Aunt Becky, instead of ]\Irs. Howard, but she resented it. On one occasion a somewhat eminent man addressed her as Aunt Becky and she promptly inquired of him whether she was his father's or his mother's sister.

"When the news of President Lincoln's assassination was received in Olympia, the Democratic party was holding its Territorial Convention here. INIajor Haller Avas a delegate and was in my office when the word came. He was overcome with emotion and freely shed manly tears, and went to the convention and proposed an adjournment without making a nomination for Delegate to Congress, Avhieh nearly carried.

"I Avas a witness and participant in several very dramatic events on Puget Sound in the early '60s - notably the capture of the Custom House at Port Townsend in 1862, when the guns of the Revenue Cutter, double-shotted were brought to bear on the Custom House and notice given to surrender or at the end of fifteen minutes the building would be shelled.

"Also the capture of the 'Shubrick' in the middle of the Straits of Fuea, when an attempt was made to run into the rebel service. The details of these and other events have an historic interest which I hope to write out some time. But you must now excuse me, as, although I am about 89 years }oung, yet I am a busy man."

Mr. Moore w^as born in Rahway, New Jersey, and married Miss Phoebe Earle in Newark of the same State. Ten children were born to the couple, of w^hom only three still live : A. Schooley, Janet S. and Lindley D. Of the remaining children, two boys, Edward and Phillip, and a daughter, Ella D., died before the family ventured their fortunes in the West. The eldest daughter, Lida, became the wife of W. P. Winans, a Walla Walla banker and capitalist, and became the mother of three sons, Gilbert P., Phillip ]M. and Allen Lida, all making their home in Walla Walla. Mrs. Winans died in San Francisco many years ago, but her memory is still cherished by the pioneers of an early day of Thurston County. The children who died in Olympia are Waldo G., Gerald and Edna W., the latter having become ]\Irs. Eddings and the mother of one daughter. Edna Earle Eddings. Mrs. Moore died in Olympia on July 17, 1899, after a well spent life, during which time she had liad the satisfaction of seeing her living children all grown to maturity and comfortably settled in life. IMrs. j\Ioore was a charter member of the Woman's Club of Olympia and a leader in every good work for the benefit of mankind and the uplift of society.

Captain Samufl Wing Percival

Captain Samuel Wing Percival of Hanover, Mass., had i'ollowed the sea from a boy until the time of his marriage, and had shown such aptitude and evinced so high a sense of responsibility^ that he was made master, by the owners of the vessel, on his third voyage. These voyages were to ports on the Mediterrean Sea, Barcelona, Marseilles, Constantinople and through the Black Sea to Odessa, also through the Baltic Sea to St. Petersburg, and while these voyages were not lacking in thrilling experiences, he brought his ship safely to port each trip, and letters from the owners are preserved filled with expressions of commendation and gratitude. These letters show a high ideal, and abound with expressions that would doubtless cause great surprise today, counseling the young captain to hold the honorable name of the ship's owners above dollars and cents, and voicing their full confidence in their belief that he would never descend to a dishonorable transaction for mere gain.

Mrs. Lurana Ware Percival made the trip from her home in Plymouth, Mass., around Cape Horn, arriving at San Francisco May 5th, 1850. She embarked from New York on the Clipper Brig ''Reindeer" and the trip was made in 153 sailing days, the record trip to that date. The weather and other conditions were favorable for ia successful and interesting voyage, and she always spoke of the varied experiences of that five months' journey with great pleasure.

She found San Francisco a small Mexican-Spanish town, consisting of a row of adobe houses around the Plaza, a few frame houses and many zinc houses and tents scattered over vacant lots, reaching from Broadway street to Telegraph Hill. She landed from the ship's boat on Montgomery street, the bay extending to the street.

In November, 1850, she went with friends to Portland, Oregon. A number of passengers were anxious to get into the Territory before the time expired to secure 640 acres of land. For this reason the Captain took his ship in to th<^

Umpqiia River, and landed these passengers and they walked to Rosebv.rg. IJmpqua City consisted of two small zinc houses, occupied by a few white men, who had taken claims and were trading with the Indians, and a settlement of Indian houses; these houses were boarded around the sides, the tops covered with Indian mats. In a paper entitled "Personal Feminiscences of Early Days," read before the Woman's Club of Olympia, (from v.^hieh many of the incidents given are gleaned) my mother says: "I had never seen such long and wide boards, they were from three to four feet wide. Upon inquiry I learned that the Indians burned the. tree instead of cutting it down, split the cedar logs into boards by driving ir wedges, then kept them over a slow fire until they were sufficiently charred to be rubbed with smooth stones until they were the required thickness and nicely polished." JMrs. Percival was the first Avhite Avoman to step on shore at the mouth of the IJmpqua River, and was a great curiosity to the natives, who were most attentive to her, coming out to the ship in canoe? the next day, with presents of huckleberries, which grew in great abundance near the village, and when she was on shore, liending down the bushes, w^hich were high,, that she might pick the berries. The bay being land-locked with a dangerous bar, the captain waited ten days for a fair w4nd to enable him to cross in safety; during this time the weather was delightfully warm and those who wished to go were one day rowed up the river about ten miles to a beautiful island, where coffee was made and a picnic lunch served. Picnics and ripe huckleberries late in November were amazing facts to a young woman from the New England states.

The Columbia River bar was reached late in the afternoon and found to be very rough. No pilot responded to the captain's signals, so he steered off coast for more sea room: and it was well he did, for my mother records that they had. 1hat night, the hardest storm she ever experienced at sea. The decks were washed of every thing movable, bulwarks stove in, cargo shifted, so that the vessel lay over on one sid(>: the sailors performed their duties with ropes fastened about their waists; several seas Avashed entirely over the ship, forcing water through the skylight into the cabin, where the passengers sat speechless. The storm abated as morning dawned and the entire day was given to righting the vessel, using the pumns

Again failing to secure a pilot, the Captain determined to run in without one, although it was his first trip to the Columbia River. He crossed the bar safely and was soon anchored at Astoria. I again quote from the paper already mentioned: "When speaking of pioneer life on the Pacific Coast, few^ ever mention the difficult and dangerous pioneer work done bj^ sailing vessels and their crews; nearly every harbor and river on the coast is l)arred except Puget Sound and it was several years before there were steam tugs enough for all these ports. Working a vessel up the river was a long and tedious trip for sailors ; all things favorable, it took from a week to ten days to reach Portland and had to be done by kedging, and towing with row boats."

Portland was a small village, there were no cleared streets and the townsite having been heavily timbered, huge stumps breast high, were left standing, making it necessary to carry a lantern or a candle after dark, and it was the custom for a box of candles to be kept by the door, and the departing evening caller was handed a lighted candle, which he extinguished and deposited in the box at the next house he entered.

There was but one house boasting a brick chimney, the home of Captain Nathaniel Crosby (grandfather of Samuel C. Woodruff and Ada Woodruff Anderson, author of "The Heart of the Red Firs" and "The Strain of White," also Charles A. Burr, Mrs. ]Maude Basse, and June Burr). The brick for the chimney and other materials necessary for a well-built house, had been shipped around Cape Horn, and those who were privileged to enjoy the delightful hospitality of that home were fortunate indeed. While in Portland a trip was made in a rowboat to IMilwaukee, to be present at the launching of the first steamer built in Oregon, the "Lot Whitcomb." (On this occasion Mrs. Percival made the acquaintance of Judge Matthew P. Deady). All were handsomely entertained, at the residence of ^Ir. Lot Whiteomb, the founder of the toAvu, and rowed down the river to Portland in the evening. Another trip was one. made with saddle horses, December 31, 1850, to Oregon City, the largest village on the Willamette. There were no roads and the party followed the rarrow Indian trails, one after the other, in true Indian style, ferrying on scows pulled by ropes stretched across the river; the hotel Avas very comfortable and my mother was happily surprised to meet a young man there, who had come around the Horn on the ship she had passage on. She also made the acquaintance of Captain S. W. Percival, (who commanded the schooner "Crescent City," also loading in Portland) Avhom she afterward married in San Francisco, April, 3rd, 1851. The next day the party returned to Portland, as they had come, and all attended the New Year's ball in the evening. Another outing was a trip to Fort Vancouver. The Willamette was ferried, a forest was traversed (now East Portland). On the banks of the Columbia River men were found with very large row boats to convey passengers to the other shore ; as they returned, after crossing the river and taking the horses, snow began to fall, thick and fast, and the trail was soon obliterated. The party consulted and decided that, as the horses were cold and hungry, they w^ould doubtless take the shortest route home, and ceased to guide them. They emerged from the forest before dark and the party received a warm welcome and hot supper on the Brig ''Reindeer," where some uneasiness had been felt as to their safety.

After his marriage my father purchased a large store on Washington street, San Francisco, and commenced business, occupying the stor.y above as a dwelling house, and my parents were well settled by the first of May. On June 22, they were burned out by the third great fire, wdiich consumd nearly all the city. House, furniture, nearly all the contents of the store were swept away, but the greater part of the clothing was saved. They moved into an unfinished building on Montgomery street and began business again.

In 1852 they went to Parks Bar, a good-sized mining town, on the Yuba River. While there they buried their eldest child, Lurana Curtis Percival, and at the end of the year, on account of the prevalence of cholera, and the failure of the mines that season, they returned to San Francisco and took passage on the Barque Sarah Warren, Captain A. B. Gove, deciding to begin life again in that part of the Northwest which had so great an attraction for them. They arrived in Olympia, January 1, 1853.

]My mother was the sixth woman to settle in town. She Avi'ites : "I found Llrs. Geo. Barnes, Jlrs. Simpson P. ]\Ioses, wife of Collector of Customs; Mrs. C. H. Hale, I\Irs. Close, wife of first Methodist minister, and JMrs. Fischer, (a widow^. Mrs. Adam Wiley was living on a claim two miles down the bay. At Tumwater were the Simmons, Crosby, Barnes and Kindred families and Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Walker, also several families on the prairies beside the Chambers and Hays. Our principal amusement was horseback riding, so we were quite neighborly v^'ith our prairie friends."

Again, I quote: ''We commenced housekeeping in one large room, ran the stovepipe through the window, one corner was kitchen, one bedroom, one store room, sitting room in center. The trees had been felled from jMain street to the water (on the west) as far as Sixth street, and from Fourth street to the water (on the north). All along the beach were Indian huts, and the whole beach was lined with canoes. The Indian w^omen had all the work to do, and had been treated like beasts so long that, for a time, it w^as thought to be useless to tr.y to teach them anything. Each family would take an Indian boy and most of them were quick to learn. ***** For several years we were our own dress makers and milliners, took care of each other when sick, and in fact, did all kinds of work, even to making the most of our furniture. When a few of the squaws learned to wash and iron it was a great help to us; the well known 'Old Betsy' was one of the first t) learn ; they preferred old clothes to money for their work until they learned t) sew. During the year of 1853 many families came, which gave us plenty of society." Record is made of the delightful horseback parties, clam bakes, boat rides and dances, and Mrs-. Percival says: "The only drawback to our pleasure, was the lenp-iii of time it took to hear from our eastern friends. We had a steamer from San Francisco once each month, bringing our mails; sailing vessels came, often bringing freight, passengers and news from San Francisco." A sewing society was soon formed, and at the lirst fair $500.00 was cleared, which sum was used to finish off the second story of the school house and furnish it with seats, two chairs, a table and lamps, that the clergymen of

In 1855 my mother visited her relatives in [Massachusetts. She made this trip by way of the Isthmus of Panama, and returned by the Niearuaga Route, accompanied by her youngest sister, Emma E. Cleale (now Mrs. H. F. Cornwall, of Oakland, Cal.), and the adopted infant daughter of a sister, who had been called from earth shortly before her arrival at her old home. A diary account (extracts from which are given) of the return trip, plainly shows that more hardships and peril attended this trip than the one "Around the Horn." [Memoranda of voyage from New York to San Francisco, in 1855. (The person alluded to as Gershom was the child's father, who accompanied his sisters-in-law to the Pacific Coast) :

Memoranda of Voyage from New York to San Francisco in 1855 Left the wharf in the good steamship Northern Light, on the evening of September 20th. Emma seasick ; baby worrisome. September 21 - Cloudy, but fine breeze. Baby seasick. Weather getting warm as we come south. September 22. - Weather very warm. JMany passengers seasick. September 23 - Sunday - a very fine day. No preaching. Seasick passengers getting better. September 24 - A large number of passengers on board, over 800, great many on deck now, some watching the water, some the moon, some playing cards, whilst other pass remarks upon them. Babe asleep. September 25 - Very warm ; passed some of the West Indies today. September 26 - Passed the Isle of Cuba this morning and this eve watched the sun sink behind the mountains of Jamaica - -a very beautiful sight. Babe l)egins to pick up a little. September 28 - Commenced weighing baggage. I had to i^ay

.$15.65 for two trunks. September 29 - Left the Northern Light at Greytown; went on board a small steamer, E. L. Hunt, and proceeded up the river. Arrived at Castillo Rapids at three a. m. Got breakfast at the National Hotel. Very poor far(^

From there walked about half a mile and went on board another small steamer and proceeded np the river twelve miles farther, then exchanged for the lake boat, the San Carlos, a new and very comfortable boat. Dropped anchor at Virgin Bay and commenced landing passengers. We went to the National Hotel and got some supper, which our Indians wouldn't eat, and then had to pay $12.50 for one dirty little room, full of spiders and other insects too numerous to mention - tried to clean it out a little - killed about twenty tarantulas and made up some beds on the floor as best we could.

October 1 - Still at the hotel and likely to be here for some time, as the steamer from San Francisco has not got into San Juan yet. We had to pay $1.00 per meal, which takes off the cash quite fast, but today have got tickets from the company for the whole time Ave may be detained here. Very poor fare ; everything filthy so cannot eat and am obliged to go hungry.

October 2 - Babe six months old today and has two teeth. Fare rather better today. The men are amusing themselves outside, getting the natives to run races.

October 3 - Very warm. At noon heard the joyful news the Cortez had arrived at San Juan. Some of the passengers are coming in now. Presume we will start tomorrow. I fear the dear little babe has the whooping cough.

October 4 - A great many of our passengers left this morning to cross over to San Juan, and a great many left behind yet. There are not carriages nor mules enough to take them across. One wagon came back and thirteen women and children got in, but had not got out of sight of the house before we were told we must get out and walk, as the mules were so tired they could scarcely drag the wagon. Most all got out and walked but myself. I walked with the babe over very bad places and down hill, but when I thought there was no danger I would sit in the wagon with the child. It was so much easier for the baby. Sometimes it rained and I had to walk with the baby wrapped in heavy shawls to protect it from the rain, and a heavy umbrella besides. I thought the saying a true one that we don't know how much we can endure until we are tried. We travelled till long after dark and I thought we would have to stay out of doors all night, when one gentleman came back with three mules and Emma and another young lady got on and rode off for the half-w^ay house some two or three miles distant. In about another half an hour Greshom and another man came back to see what had become of us and found us in the middle of the road, the mules determined not to go another step. The question was, what was to be done? One thing was certain, we must have some food for the child and shelter. I got on Gershom's mule and he took the child in his arms and we started off for the half-way house. Sometimes I walked and he rode and carried the carpet bag. "We walked this way until we came to the house at 10 o'clock, covered with mud, and so dark we could scarcely see the road. Were very glad to find shelter. The dear little one never cried once all that long afternoon and hard journey. First thing was to get something warm for her and then for ourselves.

October 5 - Fine morn. All rose in good spirits and had a good breakfast and clean dishes to eat from, a luxury we had not enjoyed for a long time before. Orange, lemon and tamarind trees looked fine in a cultivated state. The wagon just arrived that I left the night before. All that were left w^ere obliged to spend the night in the wagon. They all looked like the last roses of summer. Brought in some fresh mules and we are commencing our journey again. But fresh as our mules might have been we are all obliged to walk over two-thirds of the way into San Juan. We went to the Pacific House. Babe seems quite sick today. Her upper gums are swollen very badly and makes her head very hot. This afternoon I thought she was going into a fit. It frightened me very badly. Called a physician.

October 6 - Babe has the whooping cough sure enough. We all feel about tired out. The cholera is on board the steamer and we do not feel in any hurry to go on board. Four died before we came here and two today, and it is reported many are sick. Things do not look very favorable for us. All we can do is put our trust in God. iMany would stay here until the next steamer, wen? things pleasant, but the place is full of AYalker's fillibustering party and it is hard to get enough to eat. The Cortez is a very small boat and I cannot think where they can stow so many people. All^the beds we have had to sleep on since we left the Northern Light is a narrow cot, without any pillow or clothing except one dirty sheet spread over. Just think, one dollar per night for cot and sheet, and fifty cents for a hammock. One of Walker's men was shot on the beach this morning for stealing cattle.

October 7 - Two more deaths on board last night. We saw a man and his wife come on shore this morning to bury their child. They dug a hole in the beach and laid the child in and covered it over. About tea time a gun was fired from the Cortez as a signal for us to go on board. Found things very black and dirty.

October 8 - Proceeded to sea at 2 p. m. Very much crowded, very poor fare and a slow boat. Got our baggage today and arranged our room quite comfortabh'.

October 9 - Very warm. One of the butchers was kicked overboard by an ox. Stopped steamer and got him safely again. This evening one of the boats got loose and had io stop again to pick it up. Emma seasick. Baby trttublesome and sick. If I had time would be about sick myself.

October 10 - Baby growing very sick and the weather exceedingly hot. Don't make much headway. Crossing the Gulf of Tehauntepec, which makes it very rough and most all seasick.

October 11. - Warmest weather we have had. One little baby died this morning and I saw it thrown overboar».l without any ceremony at all. It makes me feel very bad. for I am afraid mine will soon have to follow. She seems very low. The doctor says the only chance for her is a good breast of milk. I find one lady on board kind enough to do it - Mrs. Irvine. She has nursed her twice this evening. Poor little thing, she seems so hungry for it.

October 12 - A little more air today. Babe seems much brighter and has excellent appetite. At 2 p. m. went into Acapulco for provisions and water. It is a very pretty looking place. Would like to go ashore if I could. Babe does

October 13 - Babe very low. I don't think she can possibly live through the day. We have, done everything mortals can do for her. The doctor comes to see her every half hour and all the officers are exceedingly kind. The engineer has offered me the use of his room on the upper deck where we can have better air and be more by ourselves. At five o'clock babe seemed to see the spirit of her angel mother awaiting to receive her. She sweetly smiled, the most Heavenly smile that mortal ever put on, and then her Spirit fled to Him that gave it. She has gone to her own dear mother and her Maker. IMay the Lord's will be done is my prayer. I\Irs. Irvine dressed our little pet for the burial and a sweeter corpse never was seen. The dear little hand, so beautiful in life, is beautiful still, and that sweet smile lingers about the lovely face. At 7 o'clock she was taken on deck and Mr. Smith, the Purser, read the funeral service. The Captain, himself, held the lifeless form and consigned it to the deep. It is the first ceremony that has been said over anyone on board this ship and I feel truly thankful for the respect shown our feelings. I know no difference in my feelings than if I had given life to the child.

October 14. - Very warm. The fourth Sunday since we left New York, One man buried this morning. I am very lonely and cannot tell what to do with myself.

October 18 - Spoke a whale ship today and laid by three hours to get some water and provisions as we were very short. One man died in the steerage. The poor wife is nearly crazy. She has lost two children and her husband on this trip.

When my mother arrived in San Francisco in October, 1S55, she found letters from her hnsband, requesting her to remain there until the Indian war was over. In 1856 the domestic and social life of the pioneer settlement was resumed and she worked with unflagging zeal for state and school and church, wherever Avoman's aid was needed, that the cominggeneration might find a foundation worthy of the superstructure which she firmly believed they v>^ould erect. Her faith, pride and interest in the State of Washington, and all that pertained to its welfare and advancement, remained with her to the closing moments of life.

My father took charge of the Kendall Company's afiPairs, Avhich were so extensive and varied, that he was able to employ many who arrived with their fortunes sadly depleted, and, for a span of years, this western part of the state was largely peopled by settlers Avho to the present day take pleasure in reminding members of the family that "Your father gave me my first work." Mr. Percival afterAvards bought the property on the corner of Main and Second streets from the Kendall Companj^, where he carried on business until 1876, when the partnership of T. N. Ford & Company was formed. Prior to entering the mercantile business he built and operated a saAv mill, which was located at the mouth of Percival Creek. He also built the dock for the accommodation of the first steamers running to Olympia.

In the early years of business life, I am confident that he never failed to extend a helping hand to his less fortunate fellow man. A man of quiet tastes, loyal to his state, town, church and lodge, ever foremost in any movement for the development and advancement of the state, the future of which he saw with the eyes of faith, desiring no political preferment, he filled positions of trust, was custodian of moneys and valuables, and in the large warehouse, corner of Second and Columbia streets, built July, 1857, now owned by ]\[r. W. J. Foster and IMr. S. M. Percival, (and I will state in passing that vessels lay alongside and discharged directly into the Columbia street doors of this warehouse) he housed property of the Territory as Vv'ell as of individuals ; he shirked no duty, evaded no re- spansibility, was free from prejudice and lived and died true to the religious and political convictions he had espoused in youth. Notably among the many services rendered to the Territory by him in those early days was a trip to California to get supplies to carry on the Indian war of 1855 and 56. Many sections of the country' were impoverished at that time, and our military operations were liable to failure for want of supplies. Conditions became so grave that Governor Isaac I. Stevens called Captain Percival to his assistance and commissioned him to go to San Francisco and arrange with the merchants there to furnish the Territory with the needed supplies and for this purpose Captain Percival was authorized to charter vessels to bring the supplies to Puget Sound, which was done.

Soon after the Indian v^ar, while on Squaxon Island overseeing a crew of men, who were cutting piles for the building of the sea-wall of San Francisco, my father was struck by the top of a tree, which was broken off by the descent of the tree that had just been felled ; he was bruised and scratched and his leg was broken. Late in the afternoon of the next day m}^ mother was startled by a roll of blankets being hurled into the middle of the room, and saw an Indian standing in the open doorway. Recognizing the blankets, she asked, "Where is the Captain?" The Indian drew up his leg and passed his finger across it ; my mother rushed to the door in time to receive Mr. J. R. and John Wood carrying my father on a blanket ; these neighbors were engaged in shingling the roof of the brewery which for many years stood on the corner of Fifth and Columbia streets, and from that height they could look down into the canoe as it was drawn up on the beach and discover the form of a man lying in it. He had been brought home by two Indians who had paddled the entire waj^ without taking rest.

This was the best that could have been done, for the only way of getting from place to place was by canoe or rowboat. My father's foot was turned around, and the limb and foot so badly swollen that the toes were not visible, five indentations marking the place where they should be. My mother and the friends used their best judgment in setting the limb, and some one, (I regret that the name has escaped me), went on horseback to the military post at Steilaeoom, to ask aid of the surgeon. Army regulations prevented him from leaving the post although he could, and did, attend anyone who could come to him; he gave the messenger such advice and directions as it was possible for him to do. The Rev. Mr. Close had brought from his eastern home a quart bottle of homemade hartshorn liniment, which he hastened to bring to my mother, this and embrocations of salt and -water, were used to reduce the swelling and my father made a quick recovery - he was about on crutches in three weeks' time. His limb was perfectly united, he could leap, run and dance as well as ever and his rapid Avalk and active movements were not altered in the least. My father's fine constitution, good habits of life, heroic courage, the wholesome living in the open air contributed to his restoration.

This story is not given as an isolated case, but as an example of what splendid heights the pioneer woman rose to, when occasion demanded it. I could cite instances where small women far removed from aid dragged and lifted heavy men, who had received injuries, to a place of safety, and cared for their wounds alone. To the woman of today, surrounded by antiseptics, and the wonderful appliances of modern surgery, relieved from the suspense of watching for "proud flesh" to appear in the wound, with physicians and trained nurses ready to respond to a call, this experience, which my mother passed through, will appeal (it has seemed to me) more than any other I can give.

In March my mother, with my brothers S. M. and J. C. and myself, visited the relatives in Massachusetts. We went and returned by way of the Isthmus of Panama from San Francisco, having reached that city by sailing vessel, and the memory of that trip is a joy to me still. The steamers were ])alatial, for the times, (we were in« advance of the railroad) the service above criticism ; twice a week concerts were given on deck by the dining saloon waiters (who were colored men) imports and entertaining features were arranged by the ship's officers, for no one retired until midnight, on account of the heat. I was in my twelfth year, but a pioneer child was much older in the capacity of receiving impressions and appreciating opportunities, than a child of the same age today, and the matchless beauty of the phc-phoreseent ocean, the Southern constellations, the gracefulness of the natives on the Isthmus, the water sports and diving of the natives for coins at Manzanillo, where we made a stop, have been a vivid life-time pleasure and were as thoroughly enjoyed and appreciated as they could be today. My father joined us in the Summer (leaving his large business in the hands of his confidential young bookkeeper, Mr. A, A. Phillips), and we all returned in November, accompanied by three sisters, the Misses Cushman. "We children were made happy by the gift of a fine piano, which father had purchased in Boston, and which had to be shipped "around the Horn."

Xo piano ever contributed more to the pleasure of the family and the neighborly children than that one. The first brass band, Mr. S. C. Woodruff, leader, organized and practiced three times a M^eek in the kitchen of our home, after the Chinese servant had finished his after-dinner work and joined his brethren at the "Wash House," which was the Chinatown of that day. The boys had received instructions on their various "horns" from Dr. Eggers, a German scholar and musician, a member of the House of Hanover, who lived alone in a small house, and cultivated the entire block on which the Y. M. C. A. building now stands. He had a beautiful orchard and raised small fruits.

My youngest brother, Horace, born September, 1870. would be put to bed, in an adjoining room and sleep calmly Through the evening's practice.

^ly brother, John, gave me instruction on an alto horn, and we formed an "orchestra" with S. C. AVoodruff Eb cornet, J. C. Percival Bb cornet, myself Bb alto, S. JM. Pericval, tuba and Stella Galliher, my girl friend, who possessed extraordinary musical talent, at the piano. We worked indefatigably, were very ambitious, and rendered selections from "Faust" and from operas to an appreciative audience made up of mother and baby, and Avhatever girls and boys happened to come in, among this number ]\Ir. Samual L. Crawford of Seattle was usually to l)e found. The concerts began at an early hour and the masterpieces Avere reserved until the "audience" had put the bal)y to ])ed. No valuable time was lost, however, for it was the invai-iable custom to <')n])li)y tli(> iiitci-missiou in refreshing' ourselves from the pantry. On other evenings we had "candy puUings, " making molasses candy or white taffy, the boys gave minstrel performances, and we frequently arranged tableaux and charades, one of the favorite tableaux being the "Presentation of the Jewels from Rebecca to Rowena," and always concluding v/ith some girl impersonating the ' ' Goddess of Liberty. ' ' In this tableaux Ada Woodruff, a clever actress, was especially fine. I think we would have considered ourselves disloyal if we had omitted that one. Either Miss Galliher or my brother, John, furnished appropriate music on all occasions. Whatever had been used was put away when Ave finished. There was no confusion or "upset house" the next morning. Something of this sort was carried on in any home where there were children, perhaps oftener in our own on account of the piano, although ours was not the first one in town.

Our mothers, in addition to making all of our clothes, (ready-made clothing was not dreamed of then, and boys wore daintily made clothes as well as girls; my brother's "best" shirts were made with rows of hand-made fagoting between each tuck) lent a willing hand in the fashioning of costumes, boating suits, etc., but we were expected to carrA out our plans for amusement ourselves, and we were a happy, contented group, working with painstaking diligence, out of school hours, and when the "chores" were attended to^ perfecting our plans, for the standard was high, and no slipshod work was recognized.

Almost every family employed a Chinaman, three inviting substantial meals were well served daily, the cake and cookie boxes, the doughnut jar, were never allowed to bcome empty, that these staples might always be at hand to "pass around" in the evening, or to assist a neighbor in case of need. We did not lack for delicacies, or "frilly" things upon occasion, for all the Avomen of that day were able to achieve wonderful results in cookery that would grace the most elaborate function today. This, I think, explains the leisure the women of that day enjoyed, they did not allow themselves to "get behind.'"' entirely free from piles or obstrnetion, spanned by the bridge from Fonrtli Street to West Olympia, with a pebbly beaeh wherever one might ehoose to land ; and it was an enrapturing sight on a summer's evening, dotted with boats from the landing to the falls at Tumwater, with sailboats in the distance with one of our gorgeous sunsets easting a glow over the water, and the sound of music greeting the ear. The boat house and float was located at the west end of First Street and owned by my uncle, Mr. J. H. Cleale. There were boats of all sizes from ver.y large sailboats with a seating capacity of about twenty-five, to two of the daintiest racing shells, thirty feet in length I have ever seen. The boats were the Whitehall pattern, built by my uncle, and most beautifully kept. He equipped a small scow with music racks, lighted it with torches, for the use of the band. Two boats were reserved, one for a girls boat club (Annie Stevens, Jessie Lowe, Belle Evans, Fanny Steele, Lizzie Ferry), and one for boys (James Ferry, S. M. Percival, S. C. Woodruff, Frank Treen. J. C. Percival). Immediately after dinner young and old strolled down to the landing and embarked. Many families owned a boat and it was the custom for the entire family to go out for a ''row on the bay"; the rowing was often drifting, the boats keeping near each other, while Ave sang, or some one recited, as the spirit moved us, for we sang whenever we got together, on the water, aronnd a camp fire, or in a home. There was no "younger set", we enjoyed our elders and they enjoyed us. We felt no restraint in their presence and were all happy together. So united were we that it was cpiite the usual custom for a youth of eighteen or twenty years to follow men like Governor Ferry or Elwood Evans in contributing to the pleasure of the evening, and he did it (if called upon) without diffidence or hesitation, merely a conscientious desire to "do his part." Illustrative of the capability of the young "to carry the thing through," for some reason, one year there were no preparations made for the celebration of the Fourth of July. The Band boys set to work, raised the money, almost $1000, and the result was a day's program, commencing at 9 a. m. which "went off" without a hitch or any delay, and which entertained and amused the citizens (iF tlu' town and all tlic surrounding country. In the "C^ilaMinnii)ian Pai'adc," .Mr.

Woodruff as the "Goddess of Liberty" on a pretentious float, was resplendent in a blonde wig made from large hawser rope; the other details of his costume were as original as the wig. (No one was improvident, costumes and trappings were always carefully "put away for the next time.")

Charles B. Hopkins, grandson of the late Col. E. D. Baker, was (if I mistake not) Marshall of the Day. The usual exercises took place on the Public Square, the Rev. Mr. Utter, Chaplain. Every other position throughout the day was filled by boys, the eldest of whom could not have been over eighteen years of age. S. C. Percival read the "Declaration" and was coached in his rendition by the Hon. Elwood Evans. S. C. AVoodrutf, a humorist of no mean order, was Orator of the Day. He advanced to the Speaker's stand, with an armful of shingles, upon which his "oration" Avas written. As he Avarmed to his subject he Avould absent-mindedly (?) bring a shingle down npon the table, Avith such emphasis, that it Avas splintered and Avhen he concluded, he stood ankle-deep in kindling Avood ; the expression of astonishment and dismay Avhich overspread his face Avhenever this happened was worthy of the "Inimitable Woodruff", as he was called in after years. Lest some captious person might imagine that he had been disrespectful to the great and glorious day, AA'hen the laughter and applause had died aAvay, ]\Ir. Woodruff drcAv a neat manuscript from his pocket, and, AAath great dignity, deli\"ered a short but Avell Avritten address. (In late years Mr. Woodruff has found a field for his talent as leader and organizer and has succeeded in training and developing the poor deficient little ones, Avhom he has in his care, as no one else has been able to do. For several years programs have been received of the Christmas Aveek Cantatas and plays - usually three days - in AA'hich the children at the School for Defective Youth, of AA^hich Mr. Woodruff is Superintendent, have taken part). A ''Glee Club" of boys assisted, the water sports and boat races Avere A^ery interesting, performed as they AA'ere by boys AAdio had spent a large portion of their lives in and on Budd's Inlet. I do not Avish to give the impression that our elders had no festivities except those they shared Avith the young. The "Merry Bachelors" Club was in existence tor several years, and their Avinter club dances Avere \ery cnjoyaljle. ehnmiing evening parties were given in private homes, delightful evening receptions were given by Colonel and Mrs. Koss, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and at New Year's and other appropriate days it was the custom to give H large ball.

S. M. Pereival (also his brother. John), having attended the California Military Academy, in Oakland, Cal., and knov\-- ing the salutary effect of military training, organized July IS. 1884, the Washington Cadets, a company of boys who were not old enough to join the Territorial Militia, and the upper floor of the old warehouse, previously mentioned, was used as an Armory and drill room. A press notice says, "To be a successful leader and instructor of boys is a natural talent v,-hich is given to very few, and recognizing this fact, and the importance of the service done the boys of the city by Captain Pereival. certain of his friends conceived the idea of presenting him some testimonial of their appreciation of his efforts." On the afternoon of September 24, 1885: "The Capitol Guard, Capt. J. C. Ten Eyck, escorted the Washington Cadets to the Public Scjuare, where the Olympia Cornet Band and a large audience were in waiting. Gov. Watson C. Squire, who had made a special trip from Seattle to be present, attended by Hon. T. ]M. Reed and Major J. R. Hayden, approached the line, and with fitting remarks presented Captain Pereival, on behalf of the friends of the Company, with a beautiful sword and belt."

The proficiency of the Cadets was such that the Governor said that he thought the Washington Cadets to be the l)est drilled company in the Territory. The same press notice says further "on all occasions when a public escort has been re- (juired, the Washington Cadets have been ready and willing to turn out, and have added very much to the public parades Avhich have taken place this summer. Especially did the Cadets show to advantage on the occasion of the Territorial IMuster in this city, when they spent two days in Camp with the ^lilitia, and by their courteous demeanor and soldierly bearing, they won the respect of the whole Camp."

On another occasion a Cadets Ball was given and the newspaper of that date records, "At this time the Cadets under command of Capt. S. iM. Pereival, First Lieut. Fred Smith,

Second Lieut. Bates Cavanaug-'.i, marched into the hall with that precision of movement which s;) marks their .drill. Hereupon Miss Janet Moore appeared upon the stage, and with an appropriate address presented to the Cadets a banner, which the ladies of Olympia had purchased for them. The banner is four by six, a solid piece of blue silk. On each side there is painted in artistic style, the Coat of Arras of the Territory with its legend 'Al-ki' - after a little while. There is also painted upon each side the words 'Washington Cadets'. It is a beautiful banner, the finest of its kind in the Territory. The roster of the Company is as follows: Harry Cowles, Geo. Libby, Horace Percival, W. J. Fo.ster, Harry Crosby, Wood Doane, Nathan Wolf, Charles Leighton, James Hayden, Eltney Van Epps, Bate-, Cavanaugh, R3bt. Blankenship, Fred Smith, Frank Carroll, Willie Young, David Baker, Geo. Doane, Winlock Miller, Arlie Van Epps, Van Woodard, Walter Smith, Dave Williams, Pendleton ]\Iiller, Henry Kuykendall, Willie Page, Oscar Craig, Geo. Buchanan, Frank IMurphy."

xVs I have stated, in the early settlement of the Territory, the only way of traveling was by canoe or rowboat on the water, and on horseback follovving the "blazed" trail on land. Later the trail was widened to a road, but even then a winter trip from Puget Sound to the Columbia Eiver was often a thrilling experience. In the summer and as many of the winter months as possible, the conveyance was the picturesque stage coach of story and theater renown - but usually for a longer or shorter period in the winter the road became so nearly impassable that the vehicle known to early settlers as a "dead axe" wagon was used. For small parties, or when the booking over-ran the seating capacity of the regular stage, an "extra" was put on. This was a miniature stage coach which accommodated but six inside passengers and one outside with the driver - and a small "boot" not sufficient for large trunks, which either followed or preceded the "extra." An important feature of the luggage of those days was the large, well filled lunch baskets, for there was a delightful sense of uncertainty aljout reaching the regular stations. As no gTiest or member of a family ever set out upon a journey without partaking of a hot substantial breakfast, served not later than 3:30 o'clock ;i. m., housekeepers will appreciate what the matrons of that day dill, in a social way, in "speeding the parting guest." The expenses of the trip were from $20 to $25 - $15 for the stage ride with meals and steamer ticket extra.

In February, 1871, a party composed of Lizzie P. Ferry (Mrs. John Leary), Belle T. Evans (Mrs. Samuel Wilkeson). Fanny 0. Steele' (Mrs. E. G. O'Brien), Stella Galliher and myself, escorted by my father, left Olympia in an ''extra" at 4 o'clock - the regular hour for the departure of the stage. ]My father was enroute to San Francisco, and the girls, traveling in his care, were on their way to enter the Easter term at St. Helen's Hall, which had been founded in 1869 at Portland, Ore. The parents of these girls had welcomed the opportunity of giving such superior educational advantages to their daughters, and I wish it were in my power to properly express what the establishment of St. Helen's Hall at that early day, meant to the girls of the entire Northw^est. That I could pay a proper tribute to the character of Mary B. Rodney, for twenty years principal of the school. A woman descended from a titled family in England, and from Caesar Rodney, signer of the "Declaration of Independence," of rare scholastic attainments, of cultured mind and lofty purpose, she left an ineffaceable stamp upon a generation of women.

On the first day of our journey the breakfast and dinner stations Avere reached without mishap ; at the noon stopping place we found Mr. R. G. O'Brien, who w^as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. He was making the trip on horseback and joined our party. About the middle of the afternoon, in going over a piece of "corduroy" and "chuck holes" we suddenly came to an abrupt standstill with a broken axle. By the time a small fir tree had been felled and lashed in place, the daylight was fast waning, and we were unable to reach IMcDonald's, where we had intended to pass the night. We vrere hospitably cared for by a Frenchman named Bernier. The family spoke English very imperfectly, and doubtless were severely taxed to provide accommodation for a party of eight on short notice. !Mr. O'Brien, ]\Ir. Percival and the driver were disposed of in the attic. The Bernier family occupied the floor of the living room, and the "best room" where the "Lares and Penates" of the household were carefully kept, was given to tlic girls. The second day on arriving at

Pumphreys' (Olequa) Ave found Colonel Pardee, Chief Clerk to Colonel Ross. He also joined the party and we embarked shortly after noon in a small canoe. (I regret that I can not give the dimensions, but I have a distinct recollection that we were packed in.) Eight persons with a corresponding number of umbrellas and band-bags, as the receptacle then used was called, five lunch baskets, besides the Indian who sat at the rear end and guided the canoe, made up the cargo and passenger list on the voyage. All sat ''tailor fashion" and thus vro. "shot the rapids" on the Cowlitz Fiver, arriving about dusk at Freeport, where we made the acquaintance of Dr. N. Ostrander and bis family. We were lifted out of the canoe so wet and bedraggled, that we must have presented a forlorn ^ippearance. (It was never possible to raise an umbrella, as it was necessary for the Indian to keep his gaze constantly fixed on the bow of the canoe.) Never shall I forget the hearty welcome given us, the kindly attention lavished on us by Dr. Ostrander 's daughters, never will the remembrance fade of the sense of peace and satisfaction produced by the cheer and comfort of that well ordered home.

After a refreshing night's sleep we left Freeport about noon on the "Wenat", which was the smallest and dirtiest sternwheel steamer I have ever seen. At IMonticello we transferred to the sternwheel steamer ''Fanny Troupe" reaching our destination, St. Helen's Hall, at 9 o'clock on the evening of the third day from home, where we were greeted by our townswoman, ]\Iiss Lydia II. Blackler, who was a teacher of literature, languages, and higher mathematics in the school. The return trip in the latter part of June was quite a different matter, and was made in two days and one night. The condition of the road at that season of the year permitted staging '"over the mountains" as far as ''Huntingtons" (IMonticello), and the big stage coach made the entire trip. The choice seats were those outside and above the driver's seat and were always the first to be booked. The effect of the light and shade in the "forest primeval" produced by the lengthening twilight and rising moon on those rides of a summer evening, Avhich were extended to midnight, if the distance to the next balf-Wfiy house demanded it, made a panorama that could

In January, 1872, I was stricken with illness and my mother deemed it best to come to my bedside. She gave my oldest brother a vacation from school, and entrusted my baby l)rother to his care. A neighbor kindly came each morning to bathe and dress the baby, and the care of the child during the day devolved upon "Sam", who was perfectly competent to put him to bed. For three and one-half weeks, he was faithful to his trust, and my mother's confidence was not misplaced. He taught the baby to walk by the original method of lying flat on his back with my father's cane extended at full length to the end of which my brother Horace clung, going round and round in a circle. His boy friends, with the helpfulness which characterized pioneer life, played in the street in front of the sitting-room windows, that he might not be entirely left out of their sports. On her return he proudly delivered his charge to my mother without a "bump" or a scratch to report.

Cold had set in, and roads were nothing but frozen "hummocks" and deep mud holes coated with ice. However, the stage set out with several passengers. Mr. George Coggan, the U. S. mail contractor, rode a horse belonging to his wife. The horse was a beautiful glossy black creature, but hard even when the road was favorable. At the breakfast station the stage had to be abandoned and the passengers were obliged to mount the horses. I\Iy mother was first placed on one of the stage horses enveloped in a blanket which was securely pinned to protect her from the bitter cold. After a time the jarring caused by the heavy horse breaking the thin ice and ])lunging violently into the deep holes, became so fatiguing that she was changed to Mrs. Coggan 's horse, which she rode the rest of the way. The going was so slow and laborious that it was exceedingly trying to the nerves of one who was consumed with anxiety. When a stretch of road was reached which appeared to be a little smoother, mother, being in the lead, attempted to go a little faster. This effort came to naught, however, for Mr. Coggan soon espied her and shouted

The night was spent at ^McDonald's. Pumphrey's was reached the next day and from there she took a canoe to Monticello. From Monticello a steamer was taken to Portland, and in this way my mother accomplished what any anxious mother would do today in six hours. My mother decided to bring me back home for a time to recruit ray strength. "We left Portland on the California, making monthly or semi-monthly trips to the Sound b}'- way of Victoria, and we were detained for five days "bar bound" at Astoria; the Captain each day running down to the Columbia River bar but owing to a storm raging outside, would be unable to cross out and would be compelled to return to Astoria. During these five days my life-long friend, Helen F. Parker, (Mrs. Herbert ^IcMicken), ministered to me devotedly. (Captain Parker, with his family, w^as returning to Olympia after a few years' residence in Portland). One of the kindly duties she imposed upon herself was to bring me fresh water to drink from a spring she had found on shore. Not content with describing the beauty of the spring to me, she one day came bearing a short, broad board with a replica of the spring made with earth, twigs and ferns, the spring represented by a tiny tin cup she had bought for the purpose. Then, as now, she could find "Sermons in stones; lessons in running brooks, and good in everything."

These incidents are not cited because they were exceptional ones, but they are what might reasonably be expected to occur on any winter trip to reach the Columbia River. Now and then, alas I some traveller did not reach his journey's end - an over-turned canoe - a plunge over a precipice - but - these accidents were rare.

The wonderful skill and dexterity exercised by the Indians who guided and controlled the canoes in that whirling, eddying river, was almost marvelous in its way; something we shall not see again. The almost human intelligence of the stage horses - the thrill and quick response to the command of the driver, in a moment of danger - aroused a feeling in the human heart akin to respect for such noble animals.

"^Modern civilization and its attendant comfort and luxuries which came with the railroad, are fully appreciated, and none of us, perhaps, wish to return to the old days."

But we "old settlers" are fortunate in the possession of experiences and memories which we would not surrender, and which cannot be wrested from us. A positive knowledge of that era of brotherly love and universal inclination to help each other; and we experience a shock and sense of loss when we hear of the passing of those friends of former days.

The Settlement Of Hawk'S Prairie

"The first family to settle on what is noAV eonnnonly knoAvn as Hawk's Prairie, although erroneously so, was Freeman W. Tyrrell, who, in 1851, came with his wife and six step children to take up a donation claim of G-IO acres oji llic southeastern portion of this prairie. The names of the step children were Levi, Jonathan Davis, Mary, Rebecca Jane and William T. Prince. Two bo^'s were born to them a few years later - Judson and Squire. The family remained on this place until late in the '60s, wlicn it vemnvcd to the Lincoln Creek settlement. AH the family are now dead except ^Irs. Layton and William.

"The next settlers upon Txrell's (Hawk's) Prairie Avere as follows: Elijah Tyrrell, in the edge of the timber at the exti-eme northern end of the prairie; 'Mr. Klady and his son William, on a i)lace west of the Freeman W. TyiTell ])la<'e.

bordering tlie eastern shore of Long Lake, a little way south of the present Union Mills; David Phillips, the grandfather of Mrs. 11. B. IIcElroy. of Olympia, northeast of the Klady claim ; Henry Fowler, in the extreme western edge of the prairie, which would be just north of Union Mills - all taking their claims late in 1851 or in the fall of 1852. In the latter part of October, 1853, my father, Tyrus Himes, bought the improvements of Fowler for fifty dollars, settled upon that place November 9th following, and spent the last twenty-five years of his life there, and thus became the second permanent settler upon that prairie. The original claim was 320 acres, and the larger portion of it is now owned by David Fleetwood.

"Early in November, 1853, C. B. Baker bought the im- .provements on the David Phillips claim, and with his family of a wife and three children - James E., John W., and Leander M. - Stayed there until the spring of 1854, when he and his family removed to Grand i\Iound Prairie and secured a claim on Scatter Creek, a short distance west of Kochester. The surviving members of the Baker family - John W. and Leander H. - are now residents of Portland, Oregon, the latter a successful teacher in the public schools.

"The third family to settle on Tyrell (Hawk's) Prairie was that of John AV. Hawk. He came from Indiana to Oregon across the plains in 1852, first settling in Portland. His w^ife died in December of that year, leaving six children, all boys, as folloAvs : Albert, Wilson, William, Frank, Samuel and IMelvin. These children were provided with homes among other pioneer families until the summer of 1855, when Mr. Hawk was married to Mrs. Sarah Stephens Hawks, whose husband was drowned near Astoria, February 24, 1854. Soon after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Haw^ks removed to Olympia, and in August, 1855, moved to Tyrrell Prairie, locating on the next claim east of the Himes (now Fleetwood) place, and gathered his children together.

"Tyrus Himes was born at Troy, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, April 14, 1818, and while living in what w^as then the frontier, and lacking educational advantages was a man of marked intelligence and ability and was well known among his associates as an exceedingly well posted man regarding current events, particularly respecting all phases of farm life. He became a warm friend of Owen Bush who told me in later years that whatever lie had accomplished in an agricultural line - and he has Avon several gold medals for his exhibits - he owed in a great measure to father's advise and instructions.

"On ^lay 1, 1843, Mr. Himes was married to Emiline Holcombe. She was also a native of Bradford County, Pennslyvania, born December 28, 1821, her parents removing thither in 1796 from Connecticut. Her earliest ancestors came to Massachusetts from Devonshire, England, in 1630.

"In the spring of 1853 Mr. and Mrs. Himes with their family of four children, George H, Helen Z.j Judson W. and Lestina Z., and four other persons, Joel Risdon and his son, Henry, a youth of tw^elve years, Charles R. Fitch and Frederick Burnett, and the additional family of John Dodge, wife and five children, Robert Bruce, Francis Marion, Daniel, Samuel Ives and Desdemona, started across the plains to Oregon. The two families separated at the immigrant camp ground on the Umatilla River, the Dodge family going to Marion County, Willamette Valley, and the Himes family and the four persons mentioned went to Puget Sound, via Xatche?. Pass, 25 miles north of ]\It. Rainier, in company with a number of other families and single men, the total number being 170 - the first direct immigration to the Puget Sound basin. Late in 1853 Robert Bruce Dodge left the Willamette Valley and settled on Mima Prairie ; his parents and the remainder of the family soon followed him and settled in the same locality.

"In October. 1854, Mr. Himes, associated with Joseph Benson Roberts, a well-to-do logger, established the first boot and shoe shop in Olympia - the first in the State of Washington. During the winter of 1854-55, William Wright, a saddle and harness-maker, established himself in Olympia - the first in that line in Washington. Mr. Himes followed boot and shoe-making until 1866, when he retired to his farm for the remainder of his life, his death occuri'ing on April 22, 1879. In 1884 the widow sold the farm to the ])resent owner and removed to Elma, Chehalis County, aiul sj)ent the remainder of her life, her death occurring on October 29, 1898.

"George H. Himes was born in Pennsylvania, ]\Iay 18, 1844. Prior to crossing the plains IVoiii Illinois to Puget Sound in 1853, he went to school fifteen months. In Thurston Count}^ he went to school three months a year from 1854 to 1859.

On June 10, 1861, he began typesetting on the Washington Standard, Olympia, for Mr. John ^liller IMurphy, and worked in his office most of the time until ^larch 10, 186-1, when he went to Portland, the trip at that time requiring three days. On March 13th, he began setting type on the Oregonian, and remained in that office until June 3, 1865. A few weeks later he began working in a job printing office, and on October 5, 1868, went into business for himself, and carried on the job printing business until January 3, 1899, when he was asked by the Board of Directors of the Oregon Historical Society, organized on December 37, 1898, to become the assistant, or Field Secretary. In June, 1886, ]\lr. Himes Avas elected Secretary of the Oregon Pioneer Association, and has held that position without interruption up to the present time. The acquaintance thus gained has given him a great opportunity' to gather an unusually large fund of information about the early pioneers of the Pacific Northwest, and this he has sought to improve to the best of his ability. He was married in Salem, Oregon, December 24, 1866, to Miss Anna F. Kiggs. and eleven children were born t;) the union - nine daughters and two sons - and five daughters and one son are now living in Portland and vicinity, the others having passed away.

"The second, third and fourth children of ]Mr. and ]\Irs. Himes, are as^ follows : ^Mrs. Helen Z. Ruddell. born in Stark County. Illinois, February 6, 18-18, widow of the late William II. Euddell, a pioneer of Thurston County in 1852, and ,since 1879 she has lived near Elma. Chehalis County; Judson W. Himes, born in Stark County, Illinois, ^larch 9, 1850, learned the baking business in Olympia, afterwards took a business course in Portland, later on was a cruiser of timber lands for the Northern Pacific Eailway for a number of years, making his home in Elma, later on engaged in the real estate and insurance business, has been an Odd Fellow for many years, has served as Town and School Clerk of Elma for several terms and holds that position at the present time; Mrs. Lestina Z. Eaton, born in Lafayette. Stark County, Illinois, November 26, 1852. was married to Nathan Eaton in 1872. He came across the plains in 1843, was a volunteer soldier in the Cayuse Indian war of 1847-48; mined gold in 1849 in California, settled iu Thurston County, tAvelve miles southeast of Olympia, built a sawmill there in 1853 - the first mill in Western Washing- ton away from the Sound - cleared up a large farm out of a said to be the best in the county in its day. renreudered efficient service to the Territory in the Yakima Indian war of 1855-56, introduced the first mowing machines in the count}- in 1856, established a photograph gallery at his place in 1862, sold his place to ]\Ir. Collins in 1882 and removed to Elma the same year and died in 1883. He was the father of four children. j\Irs. Eaton died at Potlatch at the home of her daughter, Mrs. George Simpson, in December, 1906."

Priest Point Park

There is not a spot of greater romantic interest in all Thurston County than beautiful Priests' Point Park, wath its \ovely, W'inding paths and drivew^ay, its noble trees, the babbling spring of deliciously cold water, and never ending ebb and flow of the sapphire waters of dear Puget Sound, coming and going over the sands of the bathing beach. Chechaeos often, in admiring this playground of Olympia, enquire how the park became possessed of such a picturesque name, so it was considered that a brief history of Priests' Point Park might well be included in this volume of Pioneer History.

In Jul}^ of the year 1847, before the American settler had arrived on Puget Sound, or, at least, on the section of the Sound now known as Thurston County, Eev. Pascal Ricard, with a party of nine Oblat missionaries, established St. Joseph's IMission, on the east side of Budd's Inlet, about a mile and a half north of Edmund Sylvester's claim. At that time the Squaxon Indians were living in numbers along the shores of the Sound below the ]\Iission and, indeed, the point of laud embraced in the Mission holdings w^as a general gathering place for the Western Washington Indians. The woods were full of big game, unfrightened by the sound of the hunters' firearms, wild berries grew in profusion in the more sparsely forested spots, clams there were for the mere turning over of the sands of the beach at low tide, and along- the shining length and breadth of Puget Sound there was no more prolific fishing waters than those that washed the shores in front of the IMission.

Here the good Fathers found a waiting field of labor. Schools and classes were organized among the natives, who took readily to the teachings of the priests. Land was cleared for vegetable and flower beds, fruit trees were planted, a building for a school room and for holding services was built and before long there were a considerable number of young Indian boys enrolled as students in the classes.

It is a matter of history that the savage mind most readily grasps that religion that is presented them by symbols and pageantry. The black-robed Fathers, with their kindly words, ready sympathy and helpfulness won the confidence and respect of the Indians to such an extent that even in later times, when the white settlers were trembling and afraid for their lives from the Indian attacks, the priests of St. Josephs' ]Mission lived in security and friendliness Avith the natives.

So intimate were the relations betw^een the priests and the Indians that the former were frequently enabled to give warning to the settlers of danger from contemplated raids of the Indians in time for them to flee to the safety of the stockade at Olympia. Several of the pioneers of the early 50 's can recall Father Blanchard, who was at that time at the head, of the Mission, having taken Rev. Ricard's place when that Father moved on to establish other Catholic ]\Iissions. Father Blanchard and his associates had a school of about forty young Indians, who were taught the white man's ways, and to become good Catholics. The classes were held in the main building, which stood for many years after the mission was abandoned, on the ground now occupied for a private garden. Dark and gloomy were the rooms, with windows high up in the walls, so high that the light came through but dimly. The attention of the j^oung students were not distracted by gazing out, and in the event of enmity arising between the priests and the Indians there was no opportunity for a bullet to find its mark by aiming through the window. The benches on which the students were seated were the work of their own hands,

Leopold Schmidt Pioneer Reminiscences 361

One pioneer woman, who as a young girl, lived on a homestead in the neighborhood, recalls visiting the ]\Iission while school was in session and seeing the dusky young students poring over their lessons. This lady also tells about the natives' love for singing. The priests taught them the chants of their services to their great delight. Sometimes, she said, an Indian would be picking berries back in the underbrush. He would begin to sing or chant, another voice would take up the refrain in another part of the woods and then another and another until the strain would reach the fishermen out on the waters, and the clam diggers along the beach, who would join their voices in swelling the volume of sound until the woods and shore would ring with the wild melody.

As a means of raising funds, the Fathers had a number of their most promising Indian lads organized into a band with a drum and a fife as the principal instruments. Summer evenings this band would be marched up to the settlement and paraded along the streets, discoursing their music on the corners. The cap would then be passed and contributions were freely given the youngsters. The ladies of Olympia, in order to encourage the lads, made them caps of bright red cloth. These caps were the delight of the members of the band and were always worn when the boys came up to town.

On one occasion the Father, who had special training of a class of Indian boys, marched them up to the public school for the purpose of giving an exhibition of their attainments. There were perhaps a dozen boys in the class, ranging from fifteen years down to a little fellow of only about three years of age. The boys had been carefully instructed to answer certain questions which the priest put to them. For instance : "Who is President of the United States?" was asked the first lad. Parrotlike came the answer, "Abraham Lincoln," and so on down the line, each boy answering the question he had been taught. When the priest reached the little fellow at the foot of the class, he said: "Where were you born, Rain-in-the- Face?" Without an instant's pause, the mite chirped: "I

After the Indian war and the various tribes had been sent to the reservations, the Squaxons were put on the island down the Sound that now bears the name of that tribe, and the Fathers found their field of usefulness destroyed at the St. Joseph's Mission and it Avas abandoned, the land passing into possession of private holders.

When the year 1893 arrived, the acres of this former mission, w^hich is now comprised in Priest Point Park, had been allowed to become delinquent or subject to county sale for the payment of unpaid taxes, and became public property through foreclosure.

Theodore Brown, always loyal to his native city, conceived the idea of Olympia acquiring it for a park. He started the sentiment and agitation for city possession by writing an article which was published in the Olympia papers, which urged that steps for possession of the land be taken before private parties could get hold of it.

By his writings and talking among his friends Mr. Brown worked up such a strong sentiment in favor of his pet project that a number of citizens went before the Board of County Commissioners to urge that board to defer selling the land until the city was in a position to buy it for a public park.

Among these men were Theodore Brown, T. J. Kegley, Elias Payne and others. They presented the ease through Attorney P. M. Troy, whom they secured as spokesman. Opposition developed to the project, partly through political reasons and partly because a syndicate of speculators had organized and cast covetous eyes upon this beautiful tract.

The Board of County Commissioners turned a deaf ear to the plea of the citizens and advertised the tract for sale, but before the sale could be consummated an election occurred and a new set of officials were elected. Among these officials was ]\Ir. P. I\I. Troy, city attorney. Steps were immediately taken to block the advertised sale by instituting an action in the Federal Court to restrain the sale by representing that the city wished to acquire the land for a public park. Mr. Troy's efforts were successful and in May, of 1906, the city became possessors of the property. But the people of Olympia should remember that Theodore L. Browu was the first man who conceived the idea of obtaining the park and agitated the same until the city finally secured it. It may be truly said that Theodore L. Brown was the father of beautiful Priest Point Park.

The man who has done more than any one other man for the park by his generous gifts has been the late Leopold Schmidt. It was through his munificence that the Swiss chalet which crowns the highest point in the park was placed there. This picturesque building was originally erected for the display of the Olympia Brewery products at the LcAvis and Clark Exposition in Portland, Oregon. At the closing of the exposition ]Mr. Schmidt presented the chalet to the city of Olympia and at his own expense had it brought from Portland and set up where it has since remained one of the most attractive and convenient features of the park.

When Mr. Schmidt's will was read a few days after his death it was found that he had added a bequest of $1,000 for the benefit of Priest Point Park.

Leopold Schmidt was a native of Germany, coming to the United States when about twenty years of age. In America he led a varied and generally successful life, engaging in shipping on the Great Lakes for a couple of years. Later he learned the carpenters' trade and assisted in building the first Turnverin hall of the Turner Athletic Society in the United States. This was in Washington, JNIissouri, where the young man learned his trade.

A few years later IMr. Schinidt went to ^lontana where he followed his trade in Butte and Deer Lodge for several years. In Butte he entered into a partnership with Daniel Gamer and helped form the partnership of Schmidt & Gamer, of the Centennial Brewery Company. He then went to Germany for the purpose of entering a l)reAvers' school and while there met the lady who was ti) be liis future wife, the marriage taking ])lace before his return to America. LTpon his return ]\Ir. Schmidt was County Commissioner of Silver Bow County, ^Montana, and was final arbitrator in settling the conflict over the townsite of Butte, which was contested by several mining claims. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of Montana, as delegate from Silver Bow County. He was also in the first State Legislatures from that county as a member of the House. Mr. Schmidt was a member of the Capitol Commission of ^Montana and came to Olympia in 1894 to inspect the Capitol foundation. At this visit he became interested in the possibilities of Tumwater water-power and decided to remove to this State.

In the spring of 1896 j\Ir. Schmidt started work on the brewery at Tumwater and by October of that year was turning out the finished product. Since then he has established the Bellingham Brewery at that city and the Acme Brewery at San Francisco, and bought and remodeled the old brewery at Salem, Oregon, which later consolidated with the Albany Brewery Company.

Mr. Schmidt, being of an intensely patriotic nature, liberally assisted any plan or movement for the public good, as was testified by his liberal bequest to Priests' Point Park.

A chapter devoted to the men who have figured in the legal history of Thurston County should be included in an authentic compilation of pioneer reminiscences, accordingly, the following list of Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, M^ho received their appointments in territorial days, are given :

Later on came the Constitutional Convention, the names of the lawyer member of which it may not be inappropriate to mention in this connection :

Of the brilliant g-allaxy of legal men who served the territor^' in the early days it is now impossil)le to give a sketch of every one, only individual reference can be given to a few of the earlier ones. Each was an indispensible unit of the foundation being laid in his day of this great commonwealth.

One of the most prominent of the earlier jurists was Judge 0. B. McFadden. A former friend of Judge ]\IcFadden's pays the folloAving tribute to his memory. "Not every judge is an able practitioner and vice versa as was Judge ^IcFadden. No doubt his reputation for strictest integrity was an important feature of his success with judges and jurors. Judge Mc- Fadden's speech Avas distinguished by fluency and his denouncements of witnesses Avhom he suspected of perjury were scathing and effective. While he spent much of his time on bis farm in Lewis County, Judge McFadden had a comfortable home in Olympia, wdiere he spent most of the winter months."

Hon. C. C. Hewett was appointed third territorial chief justice by President Lincoln, who was a warm personal friend, and was distinguished l)y a high sense of justice, a plain, unassuming manner and a Lincoln-like simplicity, which won for him the friendship and esteem of all who knew him.

The Chinook jargon was so much in use in early days that many of the most expressive phrases had become so common that they were frequently employed in every day speech.

On this particular occasion, two attorneys clashed in animated dispute over one of the important points of the trial,, and in the heat of the moment, voiced some expressions in Chinook, not complimentary to each other. Judge Hewett. thinking to rebuke the wranglers for their disregard of decorum, laid down the following rule: "Gentlemen of the l^ai-, you will hereafter confine yourself to the English language. I don't purpose to permit any more of this cultus Avawa in court." The judge himself joined in the laugh which followed.

El wood J] vans was known throughout the territory as a man of high literary attainments, he having been a historian of note as well as one of the foremost jurists of his day. Judge Evans was one of the first attorneys to locate in Olympia, where he resided for many years with his family. When Ta-

Among the eonspieiions fignres of the Pacific Coast was Seluc-us GarfiekU'. In physique, he was noticeable wherever he v/as seen, and his ability as a law\ver and statesman placed him among the prominent men of the Territory. Probably the two campaigns when Garfielde was a candidate for the office of Delegate in Congress were the most exciting of any campaign of Territorial days, and after his election, while speaking on the floor of the House, his silvery tongned eloquence was remarked and admired by his colleagues to such an extent that Garfielde became known as '"The Elotiuent jMeraber from the Pacific." While in Congress, Garfielde drlivered an address before the Y. M. C. A. on the "Resources and Climate of the Northwest," which attracted so much attention that Jay Cook, then financial agent for the Northern Pacific Company, published it in several of the foreign languages for distribution in Europe.

Judge Mason Irwin

The first Judge of the Superior Court of Thui'stou County was Mason Irwin, who was elected to that honor at the time the Territory of Washington was admitted as a State in 1889. At that time there were four counties in the district - Thurston. Chehalis, Lewis and Mason. Judge Irwin held court in all four of these counties, until the Legislature took Thurston out of the district and gave that county a separate Judge, J. W. Robinson, now of Seattle, being appointed by Lieutenant-Governor Lawton, who was acting Governor at the time. Governor E. P. Perry was out of the State for some months on account of his health.

to the Capitol City to attend court. The first wife died in 1891 and several years later Judge Irwin remarried and his family now consists of his wife and six children. In referring to his early Olympia experiences, Judge Irwin said :

''There is little to be said about my experiences on the bench in that county ; they were the usual experiences of a judge on the bench. They had an agreeable Bar there at that time, and I had many acquaintances in the city and made many acquaintances throughout the county, through the jurors coming in to attend court."

Merritt J. Gordon

]\I. J. Gordon was the third Judge of Thurston Count> after Washington was admitted to statehood. Upon the resignation of Mr. Joe Kobinson in the summer of 1892, Gov ernor E. P. Ferry appointed ]\Ir. Gordon to fill the vacancy thus occasioned.

At the general election in November, 1892, Judge Gordoi. was elected by the vote of the people for a four year term serving on the bench until January, 1895, when he resigneo to go on the Supreme Bench of the State. This position ht held for the succeeding three years when he was made cor poration counsel for the Northern Pacific Company and re signed to move to Spokane where he made his home for several .^ears.

He was born in Sherbrooke in the Province of Quel)ee ]\Iarch 17, 1859 ; began the practice of law in Dakota Territor;s in 1880, residing at Aberdeen ; was district attorney of that district and city attorney of the city; president of the Bai Association of the Fifth Judicial District, and member of the first State Legislature of South Dakota ; came to 01\in])ia Washington, in the spring of 1890.

Thomas Milburne Reed, Jr

about the year 1856, coming to Olynipia with his parents at' an early age. When but 14 years of age, he had graduated from the University of California and from there spent five years taking the normal eonrse at Princeton College. After graduation at the latter institution, ]Mr. Reed returned for a year to take a post-graduate course in the law department.

He was a junior member of the law firm of Brown, Ten Eyke & Reed, in the early '80 's. this firm having offices in a l)uilding near the site of the old Episcopal Church, where now stands the Mitchell Hotel.

Later Reed moved to Seattle, where he was engaged in a successful law practice until the fire of 1889 destroyed his library and office furniture.

He was appointed Judge of the Superior Court of Thurston County by the late Governor John McGraw upon the resignation of J. W. Robinson from that position.

At the expiration of his term of office Judge Reed and his family went to Nome, Alaska, to make their home. He is still practicing his profession of law in that place, enjoying an extensive practice. Judge Reed was appointed United States Commissioner for Alaska and has been City Attorney (/f Nome for several years.

Charles Henry Aver

Charles Henry Ayer was born in Saybrook, Connecticut, April 25, 1862. He studied in the public and private schools of the towm, and completed the law course in Yale University. In 1884 he came to Olympia, Washington, and entered the law (ffice of J. C. McFadden. He later went in business for himself and also formed several different partnerships, being associated for several years with the late T. N. Allen. He served one term as county attorney of Thurston County, and one term as mayor of Olympia. In 1896 he w^as elected superior judge of Thurston County, and filled that office at the time of

Judge Batod Millett was born in 1849. He came to Wisconsin when a child, with his parents and was educated at Racine College. He w^as admitted to the practice of law in 1872. and located at Columbus, Nebraska. He was elected mayor of that thriving little city in 1876. In 1883 he moved to Colorado, and practiced law at Denver until 1889, then moved to Washington. Located at 01ymi)ia in the spring of 1890. where he has since resided. In th-e early part of 1898 he was appointed Superior Judge of Thurston County by Governor John R. Rogers, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Chas. H. Ayer, Since locating at Olympia, he has served as a member of the City Council of that city, also as Assistant State Law Librarian and as a member of the State Board of Law Examiners.

Oliver V. Linn

The able attorney, who for six years occupied the position of judge of the districts comprised by Thurston and ]\Iason Counties - Oliver V. Linn, came to Washington from his boyhood home in Pennsylvania in the A'ear 1889. After spending a short time on Grays Harbor, he removed to Olympia, where he made his home continuously until the time of his death in 1908.

O. V. Linn received his education at Wilmington, and was admitted to the bar shortly before coming to the West. Upon his settling in Olympia he formed a law partnership with Joe M. Robinson, contiuing the successful practise of his profession luitil the year 1900, when he was elected Judge of the Superior Court on the Republican ticket. In 1906 he M-as re-elected, and in 1908 was an active candidate for nomination to the Supreme bench under the direct primary law. His death, however, occurred in the fall of the same year, valvular heart trouble being the cause of his death. His wife, Margaret, and one son, Donald, comprist'd his iinnuMliate family.

John R. Mitchell

John R. ]\Iitchell was born in Halifax County, Virginia January 31, 1861. From six to seventeen years of age he attended private school. From 1878 to 1888 engaged in farming and mercantile pursuits (mostly hunting) at his old home the last three years of which he read law under a practicing lawyer. Mr. Mitchell came to Olympia, Washington Territory April 28, 1888, and formed a partnership with ]\L A. Root at that time Probate Judge. He was admitted to the bar bj the Superior Court (Mason Irwin, Judge) of Thurston County, on November 23, 1889. In 1890 the young man studied law at the L^niversity of Virginia. He dissolved partnership with M A. Root in January, 1893, upon his cpialifying as Prosecuting Attorney.

Mr. JMitchell was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court, May 24, 1894. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney in 1896 and served 1897-9, and in January, 1901, formed a law partnership with Thos. M. Vance, Esq., which continued until Mitchell was chosen to the bench. Elected Judge of the Superior Court for Thurston and ]Mason Counties in 1908 for four years and re-elected without opposition, in 1912 - the position which he now occupies. In politics he is a democrat.

J. R. Mitchell was married to Hallie Price, of Clarksville, Tenn., on April 22, 1891, while she Avas on a visit with relatives in Olympia ; to which union one child, Richard S., was born May 15, 1894; the son is now a student at the State University.

Charles E. Claypool

Charles Ethelbert Claypool, at present Judge of Depart ment 2 of the Superior Court for Thurston County, was borr; in Indiana in 1861. He came to Puget Sound in the late territorial days, and was one of the prominent younger men in the days of early statehood. He was for many years with the Xa tional Guard, and served on the personal staffs of the last Territorial and first State Governors, was State Senator from Pierce County in the second and third legislatures, Deput;s Prosecuting Attorney, and Assistant U. S. Attorney. For a long time he was the head of the law firm of Claypool, Gush man & Cushman. at Tacoma. He went to Alaska in 1900, resigning his government post for that . purpose, returning to make his home at Olympia several years ago. Judge Claypool served tAvo years and a half as City Attorney of Olyrajoia, re signing that office to accept an appointment to the bench h\ Governor Lister in 1913. Pie was opposed by three other as pirants at the late primary and did not receive the nomina tion. He married an Olympia girl, Miss Annie B. Cowles twenty-four years ago, and they have two children, a son and a daughter. The family live in their own home at 1617 Sj'l vester Street.

Pioneer Reminiscences 373 Chronological Table

November 13 - A call for a meeting of citizens of Northern Oregon was made, to discuss advisability of memorializing Congress for Territorial division.

November 13 - Brig G. W. Kendall sailed for San Francisco with 6,700 feet sawed timber; 5,000 feet hewed timber; 10,000 shingles; 100 l)arrcls oil.

November 20 - Colum])ian announces removal of its office to building near ]\Iain and First Streets, in building with postoffice and custom house, where they "are entirely above high tide and have no use for canoe to navigate ai'ound our sanctum."

January 1 - Also that Oregon Territorial Legislature has been in session three weeks, but no authentic information has been received at Olympia '^.f its proceedings.

January 8 - Bark Sarah Warren arrived at Olympia with -i^lS.OOO worth of merchandise. She was twenty-three days on way from San Francisco and brought two passengers, Capt. S. W. Percival and wife.

jNIarch 19 - Olympia enjoys first theatrical performance. General Jack Rag, celebrated actor and vocalist, gave a grand entertainment at Olympia House. Tickets 25 cents; children and "niggers" free. Tickets sold at the bar.

April 23 - One hundred guns fired by Olympia light artillery in honor of the new Territory, Washington, first established by act of Congress.

May 28 - General merchandise firm of Wright, Coulter & Co., dissolved, and establishment continued under name Parker, Coulter & Co., John G. Parker being new member.

June 4 - John Edgar, Whitfield Kirtley, E. J. Allen and Geo. Shazer leave for east of the mountains to confer relative to a road to AValla Walla.

at the ]\IetluHlist Chureh toasts were proposed and responded to by prominent citizens. Lieut. Kautz, U. S. A., responded to "Army and Navy," and offered "The citizens of Olympia - may they always have high tides, so that, like elams, they may be ever happy."

September 10 - List of 164 letters i)ul)lished, remaining uncalled in i)ostof¥ice. If not called for within three months will be sent to Washington, D. C.

October 8 - Chief Justice Lander, Secretary ^lason and IT. S. Attorney' Clendenin arrive in Olympia. Reported that Governor Stevens had arrived in White River valley en route to Olympia.

December 24 - Capt. IMcClellan, Lieut. Donalson, Lieut. Duncan, Messrs. Winter, Moffitt, Bixby, Giddings, and Suckley, all attached to Gov. Stevens' exploration party, arrive in Ohnipia.

January 21 - Governor Stevens contracts for several buildings to be built on Main Street, Olympia, for j)ublic offices and headquarters for Northern Railway exploring party.

February 25 - Seal of the Territory designed by a member of the Northern Railway exploring, offered for adoption. (This design was afterward adopted. It represented a sheet of water being traversed by a steamer and sailing vessel, with a Goddess of Hope, with an anchor, pointing to the Chinook word ''AIM").

May 13 - Bernard Cornelius, graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, establishes a classical, mathematical, commercial and training school in Olympia.