Dane County, Wisconsin - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 3 of those read), 1880 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter with an unread heading (no. 3 of those read)

County Offioees from 1839 to 1880 - Pioneer Rejiiniscences - Meetings of Dane County Pioneers - Territoeial, State and Congressional Representatives - State Institutions IN Dane County.

1842 - E. M. Williamson, Clerk ; Erastus Quivey, Treasurer ; Ira W. Bird, Register of Deeds; T. M. Wilcox, County Surveyor (resigned, B. M. Williamson appointed); A. A. Bird, Sheriff.

1843 - E. M. Williamson, Clerk ; Erastus Quivey, Treasurer (resigned, Darwin Clark appointed); Ira W. Bird, Register of Deeds; A. A. Bird, Sheriff; Alex L. Collins, District Attorney.

1844 - John Catlin, Clerk; P. W. Matts, Treasurer; E. M. Williamson, Surveyor; I. W. Bird, Register of Deeds; A. A. Bird, Sheriff; A. L. Collins, District Attorney.

1846 - E. Burdick, Clerk (appointed in place of E. M. Williamson, resigned); S. M. Van Bergen, Treasurer; J. G. Knapp, Register of Deeds; E. M. Williamson, Countv Surveyor; G. B. Smith, District Attorney ; P. W. Matts, Sheriff.

Clerks of County Court - The Clerks successively employed in this court have been, Daniel Noble Johnson, Charles Reese, T. J. Widvey, Benton McConnell, Richard Randolph, Gabriel Bjornson, Miss Hattie Bryant, Andrew Daubner, M. B. French, Gabriel Bjornson, Lars J. Grinde and Ada B. Sanborn.

The Territorial government of Wisconsin was organized and took effect on the 4th of July, 1836. The Legislature was convened by proclamation of Gov. Henry Dodge, to meet at Belmont in November of that year. I was at Belmont during the session when the capital was established by law at Madison, then in the wilderness, with only three white men residing in what is now Dane County. f These wereEbenezer Brigham, Eben Peck (residing with Brigham at the East Blue Mound ), and Abel Rasdall, living at the First Lake, while Michael St. Cyr, a halfbreed, had his home at the head of Fourth Lake. The Legislature formed the plan of organizing a Territorial government west of the Mississippi River, and to divide the Territory by that river, which was subsequently accomplished, and the Territorial government of Iowa organized, and this was the main reason for locating the seat of government at Madison, which would be in about the center of the Territory, between the east and the west, if the Territory (now the State of Iowa) should be set off. They had, however, another reason, which was the settlement of the interior, and the opening up of the country at a time when population was greatly to be desired. Provision was made for building a capitol, to be commenced in the spring of 1837, and, by the advice of members of the Legislature, I agreed to locate at Madison, was recommended for and appointed Postmaster, having been previously appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court at its first session, held at Belmont in 1836.

I again visited Madison in March [1837, his third visit] where I found Eben Peck drawing logs to erect a house, which was partially completed in April, and in May he moved into it, which was the first house built in Madison that any one lived in. Mr. Peck kept on adding to it until it was capacious enough to entertain, comfortably, the travelers and first settlers who visited Madison, and it was then a great accommodation. On the 27th day of May, 1837, I established a post office by appointing Luther Peck as Deputy, and the first mails were opened and the office kept in Eben Peck's house, his being the only family in Madison.

In June, 1837, Augustus A. Bird, one of the Commissioners of Public Buildings, arrived from Milwaukee with quite a large number of mechanics, and commenced building a boardinghouse, office, steam-mill, store and hotel, preparatory to the erection of the capitol, and very soon the excavation for the foundation of the building was commenced. James Morrison was

* The KeminigcenceB by John CatliQ and.Ebenezer Ohilds were written several years ago. Both the writers are now deceaBed. - En. f This is a mistake, as the cenaus in July of that year clearly shows. - Ed.

the contractor, and Mr. Bird was the Acting Commissioner and Superintendent, and had the general management. A mail route was established between Milwaukee and Mineral Point, and the mail carried on horseback, which first supplied Madison, but afterward the mail route from Galena, 111., to Fort Winnebago, the mail being carried in a two-horse stage, was changed to go by the way of Madison.

On the 4th of July, 1837, Simeon Mills was sworn in as Deputy Postmaster, and kept the office in a one-story log building on Lot 8 in Block 108 during that year, and the summer of 1838, until he became a mail contractor on the route between Milwaukee and Madison.

The second session of the Legislature was held at Burlington (now in Iowa) in the fall of 1837 and winter ot 1838, where I spent the winter, and was not, therefore, at Madison, but I have been told of the high prices and short supplies that prevailed among the few residents of the town, fc'lour was $20 per barrel, salt $30, but other articles were inore reasonable. Salt and flour had to be hauled from Galena through the timbers and across the prairies, with scarcely any roads for the first forty miles west of Madison. In the spring of 1838, there was some relief to the high prices, but the times were what the men called "hard," as there was no money except "wildcat" and "shin-plasters," which soon ceased to be of value. J. T>. Doty issued his own notes handsomely engraved, which passed current at Madison and in other places and were all redeemed. The wildcat banks of Michigan flooded the new Territory, and, after being put in circulation, soon became of no value, and made the times harder than ever to the new settlers. What gave rise to the "wildcat" and " shin-plasters " was the speculation of 1836-37, caused by the removal of the deposits of the Government from the United States Bank to the State banks, which induced the latter to discount freely and greatly to expand the paper circulation of the country, and in the spring of 1837, President Jackson issued the " specie circular " which arrested the speculation, and a general suspension and failure of the banks was the consequence.

The third session of the Legislature was held in Madison in Noeember, 1838, two hotels, called the " American " and "Madison," having been erected, together with several private houses for the accommodation of the members. J. A. Noonan published the first paper printed at Madison, called the Wigconsin Enquirer, and was the public printer of the Legislature.

The " American Hotel " was kept by Fake & Cotton, and the " Madison " by Charles H. Bird, and the fare was quite passable. There was a number of private houses that boarded members and oflScers of the Legislature. I heard but few complaints of short-commons at that session.

On the Fourth of July, 1837, we had an impromptu celebration at Peck's Miinsion House. There were present James D. Doty, Thomas W. Sutherland, E. P. Deacon, two of the Messrs. Schermerhorns, of New York, John Messersmith, Sr., John D. Ansley, Simeon Mills, myself and many others, nearly all accidentally met on the occasion. We had refreshments with champagne, lemonade, punch, toasts and some conversational speeches. It was quite enjoyable, the more so from the absence of clap-trap and parade, and the noise of gunpowder usual upon such occasions. The day was fine, and the country about the Four Lakes- to me, at least, never looked more beautiful. A more enthusiastic company with " great expectations " could rarely be found.

( n- - ^^^ ^Pi'ii'g of 1839, the county of Dane was organized for judicial purposes, and the ''District Court " opened and established by the appointment of Simeon Mills, Clerk - Judge - David Irvin presiding. There was no business to be done, the Legislature having previously passed a "stay law " which for the time being prevented the collection of debts. There was no criminal business for the courts of the Territory for a long time after its organization, and this lact IS greatly to the credit of the early "pioneers " or first settlers ; nor was there much litigation. Almost the first business for the courts and lawyers, grew out of the passage of the bankrupt act of 1841, which was passed to relieve the unfortunate debtors of the consequences of the speculation of 1836, and the revulsion of 1837. " Hard times " prevailed for many years afterward, and until Benton's " mint drops " came into general circulation. During several years of general prostration of the country, gold flowed into the country from Europe to fill the vacuum caused by the failure of the banks. Opposition to banks and corporations generally, was one of the cardinal principles of the Democratic party in those days, and the great mass of the Western people were in favor of the doctrine. The hard times continued until 1848, when gold was discovered in California ; and soon after the times began to change, and property began to rise in value. The settlement of Madison and the interior of the State was very slow, until the building of the Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad, and that caused a great accession of population and rise in the value of real estate. The State census of 1855 showed the population of the State to be a little over 300,000, and that of 1860 gave 777,000, thus more than doubling the population in five years.

Notwithstanding the " hard times " and the impossibility of making money and "getting -along in the world," there was much real happiness and enjoyment among the early settlers; all were friendly, and good will prevailed. The '" almighty dollar " had not then taken possession of their souls to che exclusion of the milk of human kindness for each other, and the expectation of what Madison and the future State of Wisconsin were to be, and the future wealth thej were sure to acquire, kept them in good spirits and made life endurable. The absence of fashion and pride, and the chilling influence of wealth, made^their wants few, and they were content with Mr. Micawber's philosophy of " waiting for things to turn up."

There was plenty of leisure for hunting and fishing, and both game and fish were plenty. Let me tell a " fish story " right here, which, luckily for the truth of history, is capable of verificacation by a living witness, and many are living who may have heard of it at the time. On the first day of May in 1839, returning from Cottage Grove with La Fayette Kellogg, we discovered ?, large catfish near the shore of the head of Third Lake, and I suggested the idea of stopping to catch him. Mr. Kellogg laughed heartily at the suggestion and said I could not get within two rods of him. I replied that he did not understand the nature of the animal, and that he was sunning, and stupefied by the pleasure. The sun was shining warmly, and the fish was near the top of the water. I waded out quietly, and, putting my hands gently, one under his head, and the other at the tail, lifted him out of the water and landed him safely upon the shore Before he was awake from his stupor. He weighed thirty-five pounds !

Judge Frazer, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, appointed from Pennsylvania, was a very able Judge, and remarkable for his ability, memory and knowledge of law. A term of the court was to be held at Madison, in July, 1838, at the old Madison Hotel, which was only partially finished. The Judge came on from Pennsylvania to hold the term, but the other Judges, Dunn and Irvin, did not attend. The Judge insisted on opening the court and holding the term as the law required. I informed him that there was no business and no lawyers in attendance. He said that made no difi"erence. It was necessary to adopt rules, and accordingly the court was opened, the Judge dictated from memory, and I wrote the rules, but they were not adopted by the other Judges. The Judge took his departure, and never held another term. He died at Milwaukee, October 18, 1838. Judge A. G. Miller was soon after appointed in his place. Ori the organization of the State government. Judge Miller received the appointment of District Judge of the United States Court for the District of Wisconsin, which he held until his resignation, January 1, 1873, at the age of 72, having held theofiice of United States Judge in Wisconsin - Territory and State - over thirty-five years.

The rules of practice for the District Courts of the Territory were prepared by Judge Miller, and were adopted by the Judges of the Supreme Court at the term of 1840. These rules were published in primer form, and were the uniform rules of practice in the several District Courts until after the admission of the State into the Union.

The only men I remember living in Dane County in 1837, other than the men who came with A. A. Bird to work on the capital, were Ebenezer Brigham at the Blue Mounds, John Kellogg at the same place, the two Pecks, Abel Rasdall at First Lake, Oliver Emell at Second Lake, Abram Wood at Wood's Point, on Third Lake, and St. Cyr at the City of the Four Lakes. Horace Lawrence, I think, came during the same year, and also John Stoner. Berry Haney

Ab Nichols, who built " The Worser," where the United States Hotel afterward stood, was a noted person in early times, but, on the whole, a very good sort of a man. It was he that named Mineral Point " Shake Rag," from a white cloth that used to be hung out to call the miners to dinner.*

The year 1837 brought with it a large increase to the population in all parts of the Territory. Early in November, the Legislature met at Burlington, and held a session of some ten weeks. All the members had to travel by land on the west side of the Mississippi. There then were but few settlers from Burlington to Dubuque ; we had to camp out on the prairies when the weather was intensely cold. It was the 20th of January, 1838, we adjourned. I was on a committee to investigate the affairs of the old Dubuque Bank. There was then but one public house in Dubuque, and some five hundred inhabitants. I remained there two weeks on this business, and then started alone for Green Bay. At Mineral Point I met a brother of A. A. Bird, of Madison, who had recently come from there ; I waited for him to return, and accompanied him. We started, and went as far as my old Worcester County friend, E. Brigham's, at the Blue Mounds, with whom we stayed all night. The next day we started for Madison, but lost our way and traveled all day and most of the night, when we came to a log shanty, where we tarried the remainder of the night, without, however, anything to eat.

In the morning, we renewed our journey, and went to Madison. We found A. A. Bird there ; his mother was quite ill and attended by the army surgeon from Fort Winnebago. The house or shanty that Bird lived in was a miserable, cold affair. There were then but three other families in Madison. The doctor from Fort Winnebago designed to return the next day, and wished me to wait for him. I concluded to do so, and crossed Fourth Lake to its head, near Pheasant Branch, and spent the night with W. B. Slaughter, who then lived on the west bank of the lake. The next morning, the doctor came over. We started for the fort, between Slaughter's and which, there was not a single house. I had my conveyance, and the doctor had his with a driver. When about half way, I asked the driver how the doctor stood the cold, for it Was a stinging cold day ; the doctor, who was completely covered up with buffalo robes, made no reply, and the driver, of course, could not answer for him. I drove past them, and, on reaching a grove of .timber, I stopped and made a fire. When the other conveyance came up, I went to see the doctor, took the robes off, and found him completely chilled through, and he could not speak. We took him out of the sleigh, he carried him to the fire, and rubbed him a long time before he could spekk. I had a little brandy with me ; he drank some of that, and after awhile he was able to walk, when we again started for the fort. When we arrived at the fort, as we did without further mishap, we found that the thermometer stood 32° below zero. I did not suffer at all with the cold, as I ran most of the way.

The next day, I left alone for Green Bay. There was not then a house between Fort Winnebago and Fond du Lac ; the snow was deep across the prairies. I overtook two Stockbridge Indians, nearly exhausted from fatigue and cold. I carried them in my jumper to the first timber, when we stopped and made a large fire, and left them ; the snow was so deep that my horse could not draw them. They stayed there until the next day, and got home safe. If it had not been for me, they would undoubtedly have perished on the prairie. I arrived at Green Bay safe and sound. There was then but one house between Fond du Lac and Green Bay.

III. - By Feeedom Simons, 1880. My father, James H. Simons, was a soldier in the war of 1812. I was born in the wartime, when my father, with others, was fighting for liberty ; hence they gave me the appropriate name of Freedom. Sardis Dudley, my wife's father, was also a soldier, and both were pioneer settlers of Cayuga County, N. Y. I started from Cayuga County, N. Y., on the 6tb day of September, 1842, with my family, consisting of my wife and three children. I came by way of the Erie Canal and the great lakes. We anchored in the Bay of Milwaukee, a halfmile off shore, on the 17th of September, 1842. There were no docks nor piers there, at that early date, and our only chance of getting ourselves and goods on shore was by a small boat called a lighter. We thought we had paid our fare to Milwaukee, but here was an additional expense. We were pulled over the sand-bar and up the Milwaukee River to Dousman's little one-story warehouse, which, .at that period, accommodated all the freight business of Milwaukee. As there were no public conveyances inland at that early date, the best thing we could do was to charter what was known in those days as a " sucker team," a huge canvas- covered wagon, drawn by five yoke of oxen. After hard, weary traveling over broad marshes, crossing bridges made of tamarack poles, in six days we arrived at Prairie du Sac, the place of our destination.

In the spring of 1843, after experiencing an extremely cold and snowy winter, we moved over the Wisconsin River, into Dane County, and settled in what is now the town of Springfifeld. Ours was the only house between the outskirts of Madison and the Wisconsin River, a distance of twenty-two miles. North, toward Fort Winnebago, the nearest house was fifteen miles, near where the village of Poynette now stands ; while south, toward Mineral Point, we had neighbors within eight miles. In the fall of 1843, a few settlers came in.

In the spring .of 1844, I took part in the election. The voting precinct consisted of all the territory between the Lake Mendota and the Wisconsin River. At this first election, west of Madison, seven votes were polled. I was elected Justice of the Peace, and, through the influence of John Catlin, of Madison, received, the same year, the appointment of Postmaster.

In 1845, John M. Babcock, with a large family, George 0. Babcock and I. R. W aterberry came to the Territory. That year, I moved and settled on Section 32, in the town of Dane. I also took a part in the organization of that town, and was elecced to the oflBce of Assessor in the spring of 1846. The tide of emigration having fairly set in in this direction, what was known as Ohio Settlement, from Ohio, was commenced. This was a valuable acquisition. It is seldom that a community is made up of men and women so well qualified for pioneer life. All the men were of a high moral character, and deeply imbued with a Christian spirit, and possessing a liberal education. They wielded a powerful infiuence in shaping the moral andreligious sentiment of the community. There were six men who came first - Miller Blachly, the old gentleman, Dr. Eben Blachly, Jackson Luce, Bell Blachly, William Dunlap and Samuel Bell. Miller Blachly died October 10, 1850. Miss Sarah Blachly was married to Rev. Mr. Bradly, of Siam, in November, 1848. There were many privations, trials and hardships to be endured by the pioneers, and this settlement was no exception to the rule. As one of the important incidents connected with our isolated condition in 1844, I will relate that Capt. Sumner, from Iowa, with seventy cavalry, suddenly, without any previous notice, came galloping up to the door of our house. A short consultation with the Quartermaster served to explain their sudden appearance and quiet the fears of the ladies of our household. They were from Iowa, sent out by the Government to capture the vagrant Indians that had escaped from Turkey River, Iowa, where they had formerly been located by the Government. Many of the Winnebagoes, disliking their location, had wandered back to their old hunting-grounds. Fortunately for the Captain and his men, and for myself also, I had killed a beef the day before, and the Quartermaster wanted nearly the whole of it, with twenty-two hundred of hay for the seventy horses. The next morning, after paying liberally in silver coin for all their trouble, they sounded the bugle and departed, with many thanks for their hospitable entertainment. They made their way- to Fort Winnebago, the place of their headquarters for nearly two months, while they were gathering up the vagrant Indians. After capturing about two hundred, they returned by the same route, and camped a little north of my house, with the main body of the Indians, while the old chief, Dekorra, his wife and sister, were sent on by team to our dwelling to lodge for the night. These three old people were not prisoners, but went voluntarily, and were well cared for. They were very old, and nearly blind. I shall always remember the stately, gigantic form of the old chief as he came in. We had, what was common in those days, an old-fashioned chimney and a large, open fire-place. It was a cold December night, and as the old chief beheld the comfortable, blazing fire on the hearth, he, seating himself, in Indian style, on the floor before it stretched out his hands and cried out, " Wah ! " It was a real pleasure to see the venerable old man enjoy himself at my fireside. His ancient-looking, historic face seemed lighted up with joyful thanks for the kind care received. The next morning, Capt. Sumner and his troops, with the Indians, came along. Noticing the Indians carrying their own guns, I said to the Captain : " Don't you fear they will make you trouble ? " "Ah ! " he said, " I make them pack the guns, and I pack the locks."

Another startling incident of that year was the appearance of a few straggling black bears. As I was, one day, dragging on my prairie farm, on Section 32, about one mile from home, I saw a large black hear jump over the fence and put off through the openings. I immediately jumped on to a horse and went to the house, and thence rallied the neighbors. Three or four men constituted the whole party, but they captured old bruin and brought him to my house before sundown. Soon after, another made his appearance in sight of the house. Some passing traveler sighted him. My wife called to me, but when I came the bear was not to be seen. Nothing daunted, I took down the old musket and sallied out like a mighty Nimrod, though there was not the least prospect that the old flint-lock gun would go off; but, lucky for me, I did not see bruin. While I was absent, the bear came around the hill to the house, and within three rods of the front door halted. My wife stood in the door and called to the children to come and see the bear. The animal, from fright or some other cause, sprang up a tree a few feet, but soon came down and trotted off, and was not seen again in the vicinity.

Our oldest son is said to be the first boy born in Western Dane. In this year, I made my first trip to the Dekorra Mill, which is worthy of record as showing some of the trials of pioneer life. Two families of the Babcocks wene living in the house with us, they having just come to the country from St. Lawrence County, N. Y. I had raised ray first crop of wheat that year, and, one Friday morning in September, started to find Dekorra Mill. I had heard of it, but had never been there. I knew there was an old Indian trail from Fourth Lake to the Wisconsin River, at Dekorra, and ^that this deeply-worn Indian path crossed the old military road somewhere between my place and Ensminger's or Poynette ; that this Indian trail was used as the Dekorra road. So, taking my horse and one of Mr. Babcock's, I started out, and found the Indian trail ; but before night there came up a furious thunder-storm. Just before night, I came to Rowan Creek, and behold, the bridge planks were all burned off" the stringers. Here was a dilemma. The wind was blowing furiously, and the rain was pelting my horses unmercifully. I could not go ahead, neither could I go back, for the night was setting in dark. I fixed up my horses and load as well as possible ; but by this time it was so dark I could see my way to the bridge only by the flashes of lightning, while the rain was pouring down upon me. I crossed over on my hands and knees on one of the stringers, for I had seen a shanty on the other side, but it was not inhabited. I thought I might find the mill if I could keep the well-worn tal, and find shelter. I could also make inquiries if there were some other crossing-place. But I saw no sign or light ; and, after traveling two or three miles, I turned back to the creek, spent the night in the old deserted shanty, glad to see the morning light. 1 started out the second day to find Dekorra Mill ; took my back track to the military road, then by Poynette. The distance was about twelve miles, but I could not get my grist till in the night. So on Sunday morning I must go home, if I did break the Sabbath, for there were three families at home and no flour. When I arrived home, I found they had brought the old coffee-mill into requisifaon and actually ground wheat enough to make griddle-cakes for the large family. George iJabcock declared they had had one good square meal.

. -^^^^ living about eighteen months on our prairie farm, and digging fifty feet for water, without success, I got discouraged and sold out, and, attracted by the cold springs of Spring treek, I bought three "eighties" on Section 4, along the line- of Columbia County, and moved on to them m the spring of 1847 ; but, with no market nearer than Milwaukee, there was little encouragement in raising wheat at that early period. Being attracted by the prospect of a smart little town at Lodi, I accepted Judge Palmer's proposition of a donation of two lots on which I was to build a hotel and put up the back wing, 16x24, with a lean-to 12x24 ; I moved into it in January, 1849.

I was kindly allowed by the Commissioner of Public Works to accompany [in 1837] the expedition to Madison, where I had purchased a farm, and was going to build a house and then return for my wife, whom I had left at Milwaukee.

After we had been on our journey five or six days, wading swamps and drenched with the continued rains, we came in view, about nightfall, of a roofed shanty, and you may he sure the sight was a welcome one to us all. The shanty was occupied by a man and his wife, the latter a rare sight since leaving the Cream City. Here another difficulty presented itself. Baking must be done for the thirty -four hungry men. The shanty was small. Our host informed us that himself and wife would do our baking, but that he could accommodate but half the company, and that it would be necessary for them to lie in as compact form as possible in order to get to the different parts of the room for cooking utensils. So, the question was : " Who shall sleep out in the rain to-night ? " That it ivould rain, was a foregone conclusion. It must be remembered that the laborers were not of the common class of workmen on public works, who could, as now, be ordered about at will. All were young men, just starting in life, with some means, and looking for homes in the Far West - a class of men who, by their perseverance and sterling worth, have since won for themselves high positions of honor and esteem in the callings they have chosen. A. A. Bird, after a short consultation with his brother, Charles H. Bird (now of Sun Prairie), iuformed the men of the situation, aad said: " Boys, I know it's tough to divide you ! All suffer like men together ; but to ask one-half to take shelter, and the other half to lie out in the rain, is more than we can do." (It was our custom to have a camp-fire, but on account of the scarcity of timber here, we had decided to build no fire at this place.) Immediately, Darwin Clark took his blanket, and, stepping forward, volunteered to sleep outside. Others, quickly following, the number was soon made up. During the night the rain poured incessantly (as usual) ; but, tired and worn out with the labors of the day, the men forgot their discomforts in sleep.

A. A. Bird had previously requested me to wake the sleepers at a stated time each morning, in order to get an early start, for all were alike anxious to reach their destination, and for a sight of the famed four lakes.

I accordingly commenced my rounds at an early hour the following morning ;-and, as some of the men were apt to be rather bilious when first awakened, it was advisable to study the character and temper of the different parties. After a little thought, I made my way to Mr. Clark, as that gentleman was known to possess a remarkably large stock of patience, and was seldom, if ever, heard to grumble at the vexations and deprivations attendant upon camp hfe. The previous night, he had selected a mound as a resting-place, against which he now reclined, his head and shoulders elevated, and his feet drawn up sufiiciently to brace his body against the hillock. His pantaloons had been tucked in his boots, which the rain had filled, and was now running over the tops of them, but the sleeper, sweetly oblivious to the disagreeableness of his surroundings, was enjoying his rest as much as any crowned head upon its pillow of eider-down. Oh, how I longed for the power to transfer that scene to canvas ! But time was up, and, though loath to spoil such a scene, I was obliged to awaken him. I called Mr. Clark's attention to hie boots, at which he calmly remarked : "I will have to repair my roof - I see it leaks."

This is but one of the many amusing incidents that occurred on our journey to Madison, and which so often proved an antidote for low spirits and the discouragements of pioneer life, by appealing to our sense of the ludicrous.

We were in the habit of wrestling, running foot-races and shooting with the Indians, who came across the lakes to spend the day, returning at night to their various homes, scattered along the shores of those picturesque sheets of water whichwe found sleeping in their primeval solitude on our arrival at the City of the Lakes, in emhryo.

On one of these occasions, a son of one of the chiefs, while wrestling with Fox, a stagedriver from Mineral Point, was thrown rather violently upon the ground, hurting him considerably. The Indian spirit of revenge was roused in an instant, and, leaping to his feet, he threatened to return at night with his father's braves and_ murder us all. No sooner was the threat uttered than Fox sprang upon him, exclaiming, " By thunder, you will not return at night! " and would have killed him on the spot had we not caught him and held him until the young Indian had jumped into his canoe, and was at a safe distance from shore. That he was terribly scared was quite apparent, as, under the vigorous strokes of his paddle, wielded with a power and skill known only to the red man of the forest, his bark shot through the placid waters like an arrow. When we let Fox up, he declared that he should kill him on sight if ever again he met him in Madison. It was a long time before that Indian again appeared on our streets, and not until he was informed that his enemy was in jail for killing Col. Davenport at Rock Island, for whose murder he was afterward hung at Mineral Point.

A rather amusing, and at the same time exciting, scene occurred soon after my arrival at Madison, in 18-S7. A Frenchman had purchased a young squaw of an Indian chief for a pony and four gallons of whisky. The pony and whisky were paid down. The liquor was dealt out to the Indians, and the drinking commenced where the capitol now stands. But, while the whisky was fast disappearing, and the Frenchman was waiting with growing impatience for his bride, the young lady was not forthcoming. The old chief was anxious to deliver his daughter to the purchaser as agreed ; but it was soon discovered that the olive-hued maiden had rebelled and hid away. She did not seem to appreciate such a brilliant offer of marriage, and refused to say, in the gentle, obedient spirit of the blushing Minnehaha, " I will follow you, my husband." But the father was not to be thus foiled in accomplishing his purpose. The Frenchman roared and tore around the encampment, where the whisky had now disappeared, like a mad bull, charging the old warrior with deception in allowing the liquor to all be consumed before the squaw was delivered. The chief dispatched his runners in search of the recreant daughter. After a long absence, they returned with the girl, who still offered energetic and warlike resistance to her captors. Then followed an exciting scene. The Frenchman immediately seized her, and attempted to drag her away with him ; the enraged chief commenced beating her with the handle of his hatchet, aiding the Frenchman by push and jerk. Now and then the young squaw, still unsubdued, would make a spring quick as thought, and attempt to free herself from the grasp of her future husband; but he was a powerful man, and held her with an iron grip. At this juncture of the intensely interesting drama, the maiden's brother, who had just returned from a long hunt, made his appearance. He stood a ffew moments with folded arms, silently contemplating the scene ; when the sister, seeing him, gave him an imploring look, and addressed a few words to him, which I could not understand. The next iristant, snatching the glittering tomahawk from his belt, he darted upon the Frenchman, and struck at him with all his might. The Frenchman parried the blow, and, in so doing, sent the tomahawk whirling through the air. The son was soon overpowered by his father ; and as the happy man led (or dragged) to the altar her whom he had wooed and won under such romantic circumstances, she bestowed upon him numerous caresses with teeth and nails. But she was soon deposited safely in the canoe, and carried to his wigwam among the Indians, and, after a few days, gracefully accepting her new position, everything went on harmoniously and happily.

i mention no names, as I do not care to create a sensation, for a daughter, now forty-two years old, the result of that union, resides within forty miles of Madison, and is highly respected. ' s J v. - By Simeon Mills, 1880. ihe life of the men and women who go out to plant civilization, becomes a wild, weird existence, studded with bright hopes of the future, and not wholly unmixed with rural pleasures and the keen enjoyment of isolated domestic happiness. It is an experience that admits of no repetition ; the wilderness once broken, there can be no second generation of pioneers.

Had we then known, could we have realized at the start that we were composing the opening chapter in the history of Dane County, we might have treasured up and preserved a multitude of incidents, some of amusement' and some of thrilling interest, to enliven the pages of the future historian, that are now shrouded in darkness, and forever buried with the dead past - incidents that would have given a fresher view of the motives and doings, the quiet repose and startling alarms, the hopes and fears, and the ups and downs, that chequer the daily life of those who break the virgin soil, and mark the paths between isolated dwellings.

It is not so at this time, and with the present generation. Now the quick eye and the ready pen of the news-gatherer catches every passing event, and the little waifs are embalmed in printers' ink, and preserved to the world in the daily issue of morning and evening papers.

As a rule, all writers of pioneer life that have fallen under my observation, take the rosy view, and paint in glowing colors the noble character and goodness of heart of the first settlers, and the quiet and friendly feelings which so universally prevail in early society, so soon to be succeeded by bickering, quarrels and jealous hates of older and riper communities, as if none but good men and women emigrated to a new country. I apprehend that the men and women "who go before '" do not possess any greater love of their fellow-men, or otherwise differ in character from the great mass of the people amongst whom they were born and bred, except, perhaps, they have inherited a trifle more energy and a little more of the pluck or dare-devil spirit, which is a prominent characteristic of those who elbow back the dusky savage and mate possible the introduction of a more advanced civilization.

Circumstances make and unmake men, and so Mr. A. and Mr. B., finding themselves nearest neighbors and living no more than thirty miles apart, naturally, when they meet, take more interest in each other's affairs, and more pleasure in ministering to each other's wants and necessities, than they ever did in older States, where farmhouses are often separated by only the width of a highway, or standing but a stone's throw apart.

AVhen Mrs. Brown makes her morning call upon her nearest neighbor, having walked, perhaps, a distance of ten miles, think you that she would be received with the same frigid formality which characterizes the " first families " in the older States ? People finding themselves thus situated soon become fast friends, and finally learn to welcome and treat as brothers all strangers coming to their new-made homes. The noble-hearted liberality, the prodigal generosity, so often characterizing the frontier, are qualities born of circumstances that are too often outgrown and too soon forgotten as circumstances change and neighbors' faces become more common and excite less interest.

It was my fortune to first set foot on the soil of Wisconsin at Green Bay, in the spring of 1835, on my way around the Upper Lakes to Chicago.

In the summer of 1836, in company with John M. Wilson, now one of the Judges ot Chicago, I went to the southwestern part of the Territory of Wisconsin, crossing the Pecatonica on our way, at Baker's Ferry, now Freeport, and entering the territory in what is now Green County, traveling west and southwest to Galena and Dubuque, and thence back to Mineral Point, spending a greater portion of the summer and fall, and a portion of the winter at that place.

On the 20th of December, 1836, in company with a young man by the name of Van Horn, I started from Mineral Point to go across the country to Milwaukee and thence to Chicago.

We were provided with a good pony and a small French train (in Yankee parlance, a jumper), and the snow being about six inches deep, made the traveling comparatively easy. Our outfit was a hatchet, buffalo robe, blankets, a few cooking utensils, some provisions, and a small quantity of oats for our pony, which so loaded our train that we traveled on foot, except on descending ground and down hill. The weather was extremely cold, the thermometer marbng thirty -two degrees below zero the morning we left the Point. The route we had to travel was about 150 miles, and for a long distance each side of Rock River there was no house, and on the west side no road east of the western part of Green County. But one incident occurred on the route worth remembering, and that I will relate, to show how easily difficulties are overcome when necessity begets invention.

Somewhere about the western boundary of Eock County, as near as I can judge from the map we came to a stream that seemed to be fed with springs, and was not frozen over. It was one of those prairie streams which we used to describe in those days as " built edgewise," being about five feet wide and eight feet deep. It had very little current, and we could find no place where we could ford or jump the horse over it.

Now, it so happened that a few days before there had been a thaw with a heavy rain, that had caused the stream to overflow its banks, and while in that condition the weather had become cold and frozen it over ; the water subsequently falling back into its channel, had left many acres of loose, dry ice on the low lands along its sides, from two to three inches thick. A bridge must be built, or we could not cross, and the suggestion that the loose ice could be broken up and filled into the channel, making a solid dam that we could cross upon before the water would rise so as to run over it, was no sooner made than adopted and acted upon, and in less than a half-day, by hard work, backing in large cakes of ice, we had filled the deep channel, and the main structure of our temporary bridge was completed. We had no difiiculty in pushing our train over it ; but the loose ice made unstable footing for our pony, and we overcame that difficulty by cutting willow brush to cover the ice, and, having spread our blankets and buifalo robe over the brush, led our horse over " dry shod," and camped for the night. Within a halfhour after we had safely crossed, the water began to run over our dam, and we saw our bridge, not burned, but washed away behind us.

We were eight days getting to Milwaukee, camping out four nights ; and six days thereafter we arrived in Chicago. I continued my journey east to Austinburg, Ohio, and remained there until the opening of navigation the next spring, when I again returned to Chicago by water, landing the 1st of June.*

The days of the pioneers are rapidly passing away, never to return. That there should be a strong bond of friendship, binding together those who, when the country was new, when settlements " were few and far between," suffered alike the hardships and toils incident to pioneer times, is not surprising. It is not a matter of wonder that they should desire occasionally to hold social gatherings, to talk over old times, to fight again the battles of the early days, when brave hearts and stout arms were required to change the wilderness to fruitful fields, and make it blossom as the rose. A few such meetings have been held in Dane County. On the 24th of July, 1875, in the village of Oregon, a goodly number of pioneers of the county was assembled, when speeches were made and all were happy. Among the many who joined in the festivities of the occasion were the following : recollectui^rfrnm *° Madison whnre he arrived June 10* 1837. Ho has ever since been a resident of the place, "."iiociions trom Ins pen will be found in a subsequent chapter. - Ed.

A gathering of the pioneers of the city of Madison, under the auspices of Mr. and Mrs. D. K. Tenney, held on the 24th day of June, 1879, at McBride's Point (now Maple Bluff), was the forerunner of a more extended organization - one that should include the old settlers of Dane County. A notice was therefore published in the Madison papers in the spring of 1880, to "all pioneers and their families who settled in Dane County prior to the 29th of May, 1848 (the date' of the admission of Wisconsin into the Union), or who had made their arrangements to settle in the county or State, and are now residents of Dane County," requesting them to meet, 26tli of June, 1880, at the Schuetzen Park, near the City of Madison - the first of the pioneer meetings to be held annually thereafter. Upon that occasion the following persons were present : Simeon Mills, William Welch, R. W. Lansing, William Bird, Philo Dunning, N. B. Van Slyke, Abel Dunning, M. Dunning, Samuel Klauber, E. M. Williamson, David Atwood, H. A. Tenney, Ernest Sommers, H. H. Lockwood, A. Morton, H. J. Hill, B. F. Larkin, Daniel Larkin, D. G. Sheldon, A. B. Braley, Samuel Curtis, David Lemmon, J. B. Colton, A. Viall, C. W. Stevens, S. U. Pinney, W. W. Swain, H. D. Groodenow, David H. Wright, J. N. Ames, Darning Fitch, Ira W. Bird, Dr. L. Allman, Halle Steensland, L. D. Brooks, H. L. Foster, E. W. Dwight, Frank A. Ogden, Orvin Brown, Richard L. Chase, G. T. Long, W. J. Ellsworth, George H. Slaughter, C. G. Mayers, M. B. French, M. D. Miller, L. J. Heneka, Charles T. Wakeley, C. W. Butler, William Rasdall, John A. Byrne, D. D. Bryant, John Lewis, Casper Mayer, George M. Nichols, Q. H. Barron, Andrew Bishop, H. M. Lewis, George Bevitt, James W. Sumner, Estes Wilson, William N. Seymour, John George Ott, Conrad Ott, Mr. Dwight, Seth M. Van Bergan, Richard Davis, R. B. Bird and others.

On the 14th of July, 1880, the second annual meeting of the Wisconsin Pioneer Association was held in Madison, when the following pioneers from Dane County greeted their fellowpioneers from other parts of the State :

The year 1837 was the beginning of the real immigration to the county - the year when men came with their families to settle here, to make it their future home, to engage in farming and other employments for a livelihood, they looking upon Dane County as their permanent them) only eight are now (November, 1880,) residents of the county ; the others have moved place of abode. Of those who came during that year (and there are none living here who preceded beyond its limits, or have passed to that " undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns." The names of those who are still living in the county are Darwin Clark, Simeon Mills, Charles H. Bird, William D. Bird, William A. Wheeler, G. H. Slaughter, George Stoner and Louis Montandon.

Territorial, State And Congressional Representation

(i). Constitutional Conventions. - The following were members, for Dane County, of the first Constitutional Convention, which assembled at Madison October 5, 1846, and adjourned in December of the same year : -John Y. Smith, Abel Dunning, Benjamin Fuller, George B. Smith, Nathaniel F. Hyer, John Babcock.

On the 15th of December, 1847, a second Convention met. The following gentlemen were members for Dane: Charles M. Nichols, William A. Wheeler, William H. Fox.

The act of Congress, approved April 20, 1836, organizing the Territory of Wisconsin, conferred upon the people the right to be represented in the National Congress by one delegate, to be chosen by the votes of the qualified electors of the Territory. Under this authority, the Territory was represented by the following delegates : George W- Jones, elected October 10, 1836 ; James Duane Doty, September 10, 1838 ; James Duane Doty, August 5, 1840 (Doty afterward resigned, he having been appointed Governor of the Territory by President Tyler September 13, 1841) ; Henry Dodge, September 27, 1841 ; Henry Dodge, September 25, 1843; Morgan L. Martin, September 22, 1845, and John H. Tweedy, September 6, 1847.

By the Constitution, adopted when the Territory became a State, in 1848, two representatives in Congress were provided for by dividing the State into two Congressional Districts, the First District being composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock and Green ; the Second District, of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pqinte. Under this authority, an election was held May 8, 1848, and William Pitt Lynde was elected member of Congress from the First District ; Mason C. Darling, of Fond du Lac, for the Second District. The people, therefore, then residing within the limits of Dane County, were represented in the Thirtieth Congress by Dr. Mason C. Darling.

At the first session of the State Legislature, which continued from June 5 to August 21, 1848, the State was divided into three Congressional Districts, Dane County falling into the Second District, composed of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chippewa, La Pointe and St. Croix. This apportionment continued unchanged until 1861. The Second District was represented during that period as follows: Thirty-first Congress, 1849-51, Orsamus Cole; Thirty-second Congress, 1851-53, Benjamin C. Eastman ; Thirty-third Congress, 1853-55, Benjamin C. Eastman ; Thirty-fourth Congress, 1855-57, Cadwallader C. Washburn ; Thirty-fifth Congress, 1857-59, Cadwallader C. Washburn ; Thirty-sixth Congress, 1859-61, Cadwallader C. Washburn ; Thirtyseventh Congress, 1861-63, Luther Hanchett, who died November 24, 1862, and Wa;lter D. Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy, December 30, 1862.

At the fourteenth session of the Legislature of Wisconsin, continuing from January 9 to May 27, 1861, the State was divided into six Congressional Districts, Dane County falling into the Second District, composed of the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane and Columbia. For the next ten years, the Second District was represented in Congress as follows : Thirty-eighth Congress, 1863-65, Ithamar C. Sloan ; Thirty-ninth Congress, 1865-67, Ithamar C Sloan ; Fortieth Congress, 1867-69, Benjamin F. Hopkins ; Forty-first Congress, 1869-71, Benjamin

F. Hopkins, who died January 1, 1870, and was succeeded, February 15 of same year, by David Atwood; Forty-second Congress, 1871-73, Gerry W. Hazleton.

The present Congressional apportionment was made at the twenty-fifth session of the Legislature of Wisconsin, continuing from January 10 to March 27, 1872, when the State was divided into eight districts, Dane County again falling into the Second District, composed of the counties of Jefferson, Dane, Sauk and Columbia. In the Forty-third Congress, 1873-75, the district was represented by Gerry W. Hazleton ; in the Forty-fourth, 1875-77, by Lucien B. Caswell ; in the Forty-fifth, 1877-79, by Lucien B. Caswell ; in the Forty-sixth, 1879-81, by Lucien B. Caswell.

This institution located in Madison, was founded upon a grant of seventy-two sections of land made by Congress to the Territory of Wisconsin. The law required the Secretary of the Treasury to set apart and reserve from sale, out of any public lands within the Territory of Wisconsin, " a quantity of land, not exceeding two entire townships, for the support of a university within the sa'.d Territory, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever ; to be located in tracts of land not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the legal divisions into which the public lands are authorized to be surveyed."

The Territorial Legislature, at its session in 1838, passed a law incorporating the " University of the Territory of Wisconsin," locating the same at or near Madison. At the same session, a board of visitors was appointed, consisting of the following persons: The Governor and Secretary of the Territory, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the President of the University, ex-ofiBcio, and B. B. Gary, Marshal M. Strong, Byron Kilbourn, William A. Gardner, Charles R. Brush, C. C. Arndt, John Catlin, George H. Slaughter, David Brigham, John F. Schermerhorn, William W. Coryell, George Beatty, Henry L. Dodge and Augustus A. Bird. Nothing, however, was done by this board, although they legally remained in ofiBce until the organization of the State Government. In 1841, Nathaniel F. Hyde was appointed Commissioner to select the lands donated to the State for the maintenance of the university, who performed the duty assigned to him in a taost acceptable manner.

Section 6 of Article X of the State Constitution provides that " provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University at or near the seat of government. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State, for the support of a university, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, to be called the ' University Fund,' the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University."

Immediately upon the organiza-tion of the State government, an act was passed repealing the law establishing the " University of the Territory of Wisconsin," and incorporating the State University. A board of regents was appointed, who organized the institution by the election of John H. Lathrop, LL. D., as Chancellor, and John W. Sterling, A. M., as Professor. The first Board of Regents, consisted of the following gentlemen : A. L. Collins, E. V. Whiton, J. H. Rountree, J. T. Clark, Eleazer Root, A. H. Smith, Simeon Mills, ^Henry Bryan, Rufus King, Thomas W. Sutherland, Cyrus Woodman, Hiram Barber and John Bannister.

The university was formally opened by the public inauguration of Chancellor Lathrop, January 16, 1850. A preparatory department was previously opened under the charge of J. W. Sterling, Professor of Mathematics.

In 1849, the regents purchased 157J acres for the university site. It was the northwest quarter of Section 23, in Township 7 north, of Range 9 east, in Dane County, excepting therefrom a small portion which had been laid off as a part of the city of Madison.

In 1851, the north dormitory was completed and the first college classes formed. In 1854, the south dormitory was erected. These buildings were built from the income of the university tund, without any appropriation on the part of the State, and in dirfect violation' of the act of

Owing to the fact that the lands comprising the original grant had produced a fund wholly inadequate to the support of the university, in 1854 a further grant of seventy-two sections of land was made by Congress to the State for that purpose. In these two grants there were 92,160 acres of land, of which there had been sold, prior to September 30, 1876, 74,178, acres for the net sum of $264,570.13. Of this sum there were taken $104,339.43 to pay for the buildings, the State having previously allowed the university to anticipate its income to that amount. This unwarranted reduction of its productive fund so crippled the university that its future usefulness was seriously impaired, if its very existence was not endangered. In 1859, the central edifice, known as the University Hall, was finished at a cost, including the necessary work for its surroundings, of over $60,000. The Secretary of State, in his annual report for 1866, sets forth the condition of the institution at that time in the following forcible language :

" Although the fact may seem startling and contrary to general impression, yet it is no less true that the State of Wisconsin has never made an appropriation of one dollar toward the support of its own university. But it has nevertheless charged the university fund income with the expenses of taking care of its lands and keeping an account of its funds. By reference to the disbursements of this fund, which may be found in the several reports of the Secretary of State for years past, it will l)e seen that a sum amounting to over $10,000 has thus been withdrawn from a fund too small to meet the necessary expense of sustaining the institution as the credit and good name of the State demand that it should be sustained. But, in addition to this, under the provisions of Chapter 268, Laws of 1862, one-half of the university fund itself, upon the interest of which the support of the university depended, was sunk into oblivion, thus reducing the income from $18,897.70 in 1861, to $13,005.56 in 1862, and to $11,540.90 in 1863, which has since been about the average. The amount of university fund income on hand September 30, 1866, was $5,501.47. This, with $144.93 belonging to the income of the Agricultural College Fund, constitutes the whole amount at the disposal of the Regents for defraying the current expenses of the university for the year commencing October 1, 1866, and ending June 30, 1867."

In 1866, the university was completely re-organized, so as to meet the requirements of a law of Congress passed in 1862, providing for the endowment of agricultural colleges. That . act granted to the several States a quantity of land equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress, by the apportionment under the census of 1860.

The lands received by Wisconsin under this act of Congress, and conferred upon the State University for the support of an agricultural college, amounted to 240,000 acres, making a total of 332,160 acres of laiid, donated to this State by the General Government for the endowment and support of this institution. Had this magnificent grant been properly managed, it would have yielded a productive fund of at least $1,000,000. But, instead of. holding these lands as a sacred trust, to be disposed of only in the interests of the university, the Legislature sacrificed to the cupidity and avarice of lobbyists and speculators this rich inheritance of the children of Wisconsin. " For the purpose of encouraging immigration," the 92,160 acres, comprising the first two grants, were appraised so low as to come in competition with Government lands, and large tracts were bought up on speculation for $3 an acre, which would to-day brmg $25. Nearly one-half the sum derived from this ruinous sale was then, in violation of the terms of the original grant, applied to the erection of buildings, which the State was under every obhgation to furnish. The same policy, on the part of the Legislature, characterized the management of the grant for an agricultural college. These lands were located, and put upon the market, at $1.25 per acre, and the most valuable of them promptly purchased on speculation; while the lands located within this State, under the samp grant by the Trustees of the New York Agricultural College, have been held at their market value, and have been sold at from $8 to $25 an acre. This serves to illustrate the manner in which the State managed the munificent funds intrusted to its guardianship for the support of its University.

Up to the time of its re-organization, the university had not received one dollar from the State» or from anv municipal corporation. In pursuance of a law passed in 1866, Dane County issued bonds to the amount of $40,000, for the purchase of about 200 acres of land contiguous to the university grounds, for an experimental farm, and for the erection of suitable buildings thereon. The next winter the Legislature rendered the university partial justice, by passing a law which appropriated annually, for ten years, to the income of the university fund, $7,303.76, that being the interest upon the sum illegally taken from the fund by the law of 1862, to pay for the erection of buildings.

This appropriation dates the inauguration of a more liberal policy toward the university, which was enabled to increase its instructional force, and adapt its course more nearly to the educational wants of a progressive people. In 1870. the Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the erection of a female college. The entire cost of the structure was less than $47,000. In order to comply with the law granting lands for the support of agricultural colleges, the university was compelled to make large outlays in fitting up laboratories, and purchasing the apparatus necessary for instruction and practical advancement in the arts immediately connected with . the industrial interests of the State, a burden which the Legislature very generously shared, by making a further annual appropriation, in 1872, of $10,000, to the income of the university fund. Under these more favorable auspices, the institution rapidly grew in public favor. Its course of study met the popular demand for higher culture, and its successful management inspired confidence and gave promise of greater usefulness. In its report for 1874, the board of visitors, made up of intelligent and practical men from all parts of the State, said : ' A hall of natural sciences is just now the one desideratum of the university.' 'It can never do the work it ought to do, the work the State expects it to do, without some speedily increased facilities.' The Legislature promptly re.'sponded to this demand, and at its next session appropriated $80,000 for the erection of a building for scientific purposes. It was completed in 1877, at a cost, exclusive of steam and water, of a little less than the amount appropriated for its construction.

In order to permanently provide for deficiencies in the university fund income, and to establish the institution upon a firm and enduring foundation, the Legislature of 1876 enacted:

" That there shall be levied and collected, for the year 1876, and annually thereafter, a State tax of one-tenth of one mill for each dollar of the assessed valuation of the taxable property of this State, and the amount so levied and collected is hereby appropriated to the university fund income, to be used as a part thereof."

This was in lieu of all other appropriations for the benefit of this fund, and all tuition fees: for students in the regular classes were abolished by this act.

College of Letters. - This college embraces the departments of Ancient Classics, of Modern Classics, and of Law. In the department of ancient classics, the course embraces the ancient classics, mathematics,; natural science, English literature and philosophy. In the department of modern classics, German and French take the place of Greek. The studies ar& arranged to give students a good knowledge of those languages and their literature, and to fit them to engage in the duties of instruction, or to prosecute to advantage professional studies.

The department of law was organized in 1868, and at once went into successful operation". The city of Madison furnishes superior advantages for a law school. The Circuit and District Courts of the United States, and the Circuit Court for Dane County, and Supreme Court of thebtate are held at Madison The law library of the State is at all times accessible to the stuf t n °' <'°"'''^ are held each week throughout the course, under the personal supervision ot the Dean of the Faculty. The special work assigned students in the drafting of instruments is examined and criticised before the class. The method of instruction is by lectures^ and examinations upon portions of text-books assigned as lessons. Doubtful questions of lav ^e given as special topics to be carefully worked up by the student and presented to the class, large number of the students is connected with some one of the various law oflBces in the city wnere they receive personal instruction and aid.

College of Arts. - This college is organized under the law of 1866. It is designed to provide not only a general scientific education,^ but also for such a range of studies in the application of science, as to meet the wants of those who desire to fit themselves for agricultural mechanical, commercial, or strictly scientific pursuits. The courses of study are such as to insure a sound education in the elements of science, and at the same time to give freedom in the selection of studies according to the choice of the individual student. As higher demands are made, they will be met by adding to the list of elective studies, and by the enlargement of the faculty of arts, so as to form distinct colleges, as provided for in the act of re-organization.

This college embraces the departments of general science, agriculture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, mining and metallurgy and military science. The department of general science embraces what is usually included in the scientific course of other colleges.

It is the design of the university to give in the department of agriculture a thorough and extensive course of scientific instruction, in which the leading studies shall be those that relate to agriculture. The instruction in this course will be given with constant reference to its practical applications, and the wants of the farmer.

The university farm is used to aid this department in conducting experiments in agriculture and horticulture. Students can enter the department of agriculture, as all other departments of the university, at any time, upon examination ; can pursue such studies as they choose, and receive a certificate of attendance. The analytical laboratories are connected with this department,

The object of the department of civil engineering is to give students such instruction in the theory and practice of engineering as to fit them, after a moderate amount of work in the field, to fill the most responsible positions in the profession of the civil engineer.

The instruction in the department of mechanical engineering is comprised under three heads : First, lectures and recitations in the lecture-room ; second, exercises in the drawing-room ; third, work- shop practice. A machine-shop is open for the admission of students.

In the department of mining and metallurgy, the object is to furnish instruction in those branches of science, a thorough knowledge of which is essential to the intelligent mining engineer or metallurgist. It is designed to give the student the option of making either mining, engineering or metallurgy the most important part of his course, and to this end parallel courses have been laid out.

Post-Grraduate Course. - The object of this course is to secure a higher grade of scholarship in literature and science than it seems possible to attain within the limits necessarily prescribed to a four-years course. Bachelors of Art, Science and Philosophy, are admitted as candidates for appropriate degrees. They must devote two years' study under the direction of the President and Faculty, and pass a satisfactory examination. The studies are optional, but they must be selected from at least two sections, and the studies in some one section must be continued during the whole course.

Astronomical Observatory. - The fourth section of the act of 1876, to permanently provide for deficiencies in the university fund income, is as follows :

"From and out of the receipts from said tax, the sum of $3,000 annually shall be set apart for astronomical work and for instruction in astronomy, to be expended under the direction of the Regents of the University of Wisconsin, so soon as a complete apd well-equipped observatory shall be given the University, on its own grounds, without cost to the State : Provided, that such observatory shall be completed within three years from the passage of this act."

The astronomical observatory, the construction of which was provided for by this act, has been erected by the wise liberality of C. C. Washburn. It is a beautiful stone building. It is finely situated and well fitted for its work. Its length is eighty feet, its breadth forty-two feet and its height forty-eight feet. A spacious ante-room opens on the right into a computing-room, on the left into a transit-room, and in front into the base of the tower. Over the door to the rotunda is a marble tablet, bearing this inscription :

"Erected and furnished A. D. 1878. by the munificence of Cadwallader C. Washburn, and by him presented to the University of Wisconsin - a tribute to General Science. In recognition of this gift, this tablet is inserted by the Regents of the University."

Stairs ascend from the^nte-room below to the ante-room above, which opens into the dome. This contains the great telescope. Especial pains have been taken with the pier which supports the instrument and with the machinery by which the dome is revolved.

The telescope has a sixteen-inch object-glass. This size is a most desirable one for the great mass of astronomical work. It was constructed by the Clarks, at Cambridge. Prof. James C. Watson is in charge of the Observatory. ^

On Observatory Hill, extensive improvements are in progress. Upon the east end of the Washburn Observatory an addition is being built, as large as the original building, and of a similar stvle of architecture. In this new structure will be Professor Watson's library and his computing instruments, while a reception-room and computing-room will be the special features. An addition of the same size and style will be projected from the west end of the observatory next year, so that by another twelve months the institution will be just three times the size originally planned. The western addition will be devoted to an extension of the transit instruments. A small observatory, purely for class instruction, has been erected by Professor Watson across the carriage drive, to the northeast of the main structure. The Professor desires the observatory proper, with its magnificent appointments, now on hand and being manufactured in Cambridge, Mass., for exclusive use in his planetary investigations ; hence the erection of a class observatory wholly unconnected with the principal building.

At the foot of the first hill slope, in front of the entrance to Washburn Observatory, the Professor is erecting, at his own expense, the Watson Solar Observatory, a novelty in astronomical investigation. It is generally known that from the bottom of a deep well the stars can'be very plainly seen at bright noonday. Upon this principle. Professor Watson is conducting his experiment. A cellar, twenty feet in depth, has been sunk below the surface of the ground, at the bottom of the slope ; over this a fine stone building is being erected. At the top of the hill, which is about sixty feet above the bottom of the cellar, powerful reflectors are to be placed, to throw rays of light down a large tube which ends in the cellar, where the observer will be stationed. This method of mirror reflection is an invention of the Professor's, pure and simple, and is the result of extended individual experiment. It is thought that by this means, which is in effect the same as gazing at the heavens through a telescope located in the bottom of a well, observations of the sun and its vicinity can be taken better than ever heretofore obtained. This experiment of Professor Watson's is entered into because of his strong desire to learn more about the inter-Mercurial planet, Vulcan, the existence of which he has no doubt of; being particularly confirmed in his opinion by an observation made two years ago, during the total eclipse of the sun. If at all successful in his experiment, the Professor will no doubt discover other planets in the neighborhood of the sun, wholly unknown to present astronomy. This experimental solar observatory is, as before stated, being built at Professor Watson's individual expense ; the work on the building is being done by the day, under his own supervision. It will cost, exclusive of any ihstruments or internal fittings, nearly $3,000.

The Magnetic Observatory. - In the year 1875, the Regents received an application from the Coast Survey Department of the United States for the erection of a magnetic observatory upon the university grounds. The proposal was accepted and the building erected.

Ihe specific object sought to be accomplished by this magnetic observatory is a continuous and reliable record of the variations in the direction and intensity of the earth's magnetic force, by means of photographic self-registration. The instruments provided by the Government are similar to those used in Greenwich, Paris and other European localities for a like purpose. The buildmg is adapted to the object by being located apart from all other structures, entirely under ground, and built without iron. The floor of the instrument-room is 16xl8J feet in superficial area, and this room is protected from exterior influences by an arched ceiling six feet or more beneath the surface of the ground, and by an air-chamber, inclosed at the sides by heavy stone walls and at the top by brick-work. Both inner and exterior walls are firmly laid in hydraulic cement, and are thus rendered impervious to moisture and exempt from changes in atmospheric temperature Ventilation is secured by means of pipes leading from the floor to the surface above, and a flue connecting with the surrounding air space. Water for photographic operations and sewerage is also provided for by pipe connections, simple and efficient in arrangement, and the interior is perpetually lighted by the burners provided for photographic registration. While the results anticipated from the series of observations undertaken by the Government in this line of investigation are likely to prove of the highest scientific and practical importance, the aid given by the university has been merely nominal.

The contract for building the assembly hall and library building was let to John Bently & Son, contractors, of Milwaukee, early in September, 1878. The plan and specifications were drawn by D. R. Jones, architect, of Madison, Wis. The assembly hall is one story high, with a gallery ; it is built in modern Gothic style, of Madison stone, trimmed with Lake Superior brown sandstone, and presents an imposing appearance. Its tower contains a clock and bell. The size of this building is, in its extreme length each way, about seventy-two feet. It has a seating capacity of 600 in the audience-room and 200 in the gallery. The library department is one story, also, with a gallery, and is built of the same material as the assembly hall, with which it is connected. It has also the same general style, and is no wise inferior in its architectural appearance to that department. The size is 50x75 feet. It has a capacity of 60,000 volumes, and is arranged with alcoves and well lighted.

The following persons have served as President of the Board of Regents : Eleazer Root, pro tem., elected October 7, 1848 ; John H. Lathrop, ex oificio, assumed the duties of his office November 21, 1849 ; Henry Barnard, ex officio, met with the board, for the first time, February 8, 1859 ; Louis P. Harvey, pro tem., elected January 16, 1861 ; James T. Lewis, pro tem., elected January 15, 1862 ; Josiah L. Pickard, pro tem., elected June 24, 1862 ; John G. Mc- Mynn, pro tem., elected January 18, 1865; Edward Salomon, elected June 27, 1866; Charles S. Hamilton, February 10, 1869 ; George H. Paul, March 11, 1875 ; James M. Bingham, November 20, 1877, and Cadwallader C. Washburn, June 17, 1879, and is still in office.

Julius T. Clark was elected Secretary October 7, 1848 ; James D. Ruggles, September 25, 1856; David H. Tullis, June 26, 1861 ; Thomas S. Allen, ex officio, entered upon the duties oi

John H. Rountree was elected Treasurer October 7, 1848 ; Thomas W. Sutherland, January 16, 1849 ; Simeon Mills, November 21. 1849 ; William N. Seymour, January 31, 1856 ; Nathaniel W. Dean, January 20, 1858 ; Timothy Brown, September 30, 1861. The Treasurer of State ex officio, began the discharge of the duties of Treasurer of the Board of Regents June 27, 1861, since which time the position has been filled by State incumbents.

Faculty. - John H. Lathrop, LL. D., Professor of Ethics, Civil Polity and Political Economy, from 1849 to 1850; John W. Sterling, LL. D., Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, from 1848 to 1867 ; of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, from 1867 to 1874 ; of Mathematics from 1874 to present time. 0. M. Conover, A. M., Ancient Languages and Literature, from 1852 to 1858 ; S. P. Lathrop, M. D., Chemistry and Natural History, 1854; Daniel Read, LL. D , Mental Philosophy, Logic, Rhetoric and English Literature, from 1855 to 1867 ; Ezra S. Carr, M. D., Chemistry and Natural History, from 1855 to 1868 ; John P. Fuchs, M. D.. from 1855 to 1856 ; Auguste Kursteiner, J. U. C, Modern Languages, from 1857 to 1859 ; James D. Butler, LL. D., Ancient Languages and Literature, from 1858 to 1867 ; David Boswell Reid, M. D., F. R. S., E., Physiology and Hygiene, from 1859 to 1861 ; Joseph C. Pickard, A. M., Modern Languages and Literature, from 1859 to 1861 ; Normal Instruction, from 1863 to 1865; Paul A. Chadbourne, M. D., D. D., LL. D., Mental and Moral Philosophy, from 1867 to 1870 ; William F. Allen, A. M., Ancient Languages and History, from 1867 to 1870 ; Latin and History, from 1870 to present time ; T. N. Haskell, A. M., Rhetoric and English Literature, from 1867 to 1868 ; John B. Parkinson, A. M., Mathematics, from 1867 to 1872 ; Civil Polity and International Law, from 1873 to 1874 ; Civil Polity and Pditical Economy, from 1876 to the present time ; Stephen H. Carpenter, LL. D., Logic, Rhetoric and English Literature, from 1868 to 1874 ; Logic and English Literature, from 1874 to December 8, 1878, when he died ; John B. Feuling, Ph. D., Modern Languages and Comparative Philology, from 1868 to March 10, 1868, the day of his death ; Col. W. R. Pease, Military Science and Civil Engineering from 1868 to 1869; W. W. Daniels, M. S., Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, from 1868 to 1874 ; Agriculture and Chemistry, from 1874 to the present time ; John E. Davies, A. M., M. D., Natural History and Chemistry, from 1868 to 1874 ; Astronomy and Physics, from 1874 to 1879; Physics, from 1879 to the present time ; Addison E. Verrill, A. M. Oomparative Anatomy and Entomology, from 1868 to 1870; Col. Walter S. Franklin, S. B., Military Science and Civil Engineering, from 1869 to 1870 ; Roland D. Irving, A. M., E. M., Geology, Mining and Metallurgy, from 1870 to the present time ; Col. William J. L. Nicodemus, A. M., C. E., Military Science and Civil and Military Engineering, from 1870 to his death, January 6, 1879; Alexander Kerr, A. M., Greek Language and Literature, from 1871 to the present time ; John H. Twombly, D. D., President, Mental and Moral Philosophy, from 1871 to 1874 ; John Bascom, D. D., LL. D., President, Mental and Moral Philosophy, from 1874 to the present time ; R. B. Anderson, A. M., Scandinavian Languages, from 1875 to the present time ; David B. Frankenburger, Rhetoric and Oratory, from 1878 to the present time ; James C. Watson, Director of Washburn Observatory and Professor of Astronomy, from 1879 to date ; Edward A. Birge, Zoology, elected in 1879 and still in office ; John C. Freeman, English Language and Literature, elected in 1879 and still occupies that chair; Allan D. Conover, Civil and Mechanical Engineering, elected in 1879 and remains in that office ; William H. Rosen- *'^°g^'i Crerman Language and Literature, elected in 1879 and continues in the same chair ; and Edward T. Owen, French Language and Literature, elected in 1879 and remains in that

The following gentlemen have been Professors of the Law Faculty in the University : Orsamus Cole, Byron Paine, J. H. Carpenter,* William F. Vilas,* H. S. Orton, P. L. Spooner,* Clark g'**''^" ^' ^*®^°'^*y'* ®- ^- Pinney,* W. P. Lyon, J. C. Hopkins, Romanzo Bunn,*

John H. Lathrop was Chancellor of the University from 1848 to 1858 ; Henry Barnard from 1859 to 1861. Paul A. Chadbourne was President from 1867 to 1870 ; John H. Twomblyl from 1871 to 1874, during which year he was succeeded by John Bascom, the present President.

1860 ; David H. Tullis, Instructor in Book-keeping and'fCommercial Calculations, from 1858 to 1862 ; John D. Parkinson, A. M., Tutor, from 1861 to 1863 ; Miss Anna W. Moody, Preceptress in Normal Department, from 1863 to 1864 ; 0. V. Tousley, A. M., Principal of Preparatory School, from 1864 to 1865 ; Miss M. S. Merrill, Preceptress in Normal Department, from 1854 to 1866 ; Miss Clarissa L. Ware, Assistant Teacher in Normal Department, from 1864 to 1867 - Associate Preceptress from 1867 to 1869 - Preceptress of Female College from 1869 to 1870; R. E. Harmon, A. B., Tutor, from 1867 to 1868; Amos H. Thompson, A. B., Tutor, from 1867 to 1869 ; Miss Frances Brown, Teacher of Music, from 1867 to 1870 ; Miss Louisa Webster, Teacher of Drawing and Painting, from 1767 to 1871 ; Miss Elizabeth Earle, Preceptress in Normal Department, from 1867 to 1869 ; Isaac Stephen Leavitt, A. M., Instructor in English, from 1868 to 1869 ; Albert H. Southworth, Ph. B., Instructor in Languages, from 1869 to 1870; R. B. Anderson, A. M., Instructor in Languages, from 1869 to 1875; David

B. Frankenberger, Ph. B., Instructor in Preparatory Department, from 1869 to 1871 ; Miss Clara D. Bewick, Ph. B., Teacher in Latin and History, from 1869 to 1870 ; Lizzie S. Spencer, Ph. B., Instructor, from 1869 to 1875 ; Alfred Carroll Parkinson, A. M., Instructor, from 1870 to 1871 ; Robert M. Bashford, A. M., Instructor, from 1870 to 1872 ; Stephen Leahy, Ph. B., Instructor, from 1870 to 1872; Thomas D. Christie, A. M., Instructor, from 1871 to 1872; Mrs. D. E. Carson, Preceptress, from 1871 to the present time ; Miss Josephine Magoon, Assistant Preceptress, from 1871 to 1874 ; Miss Ella F. Sage, Teacher of Instrumental Music, from 1871 to 1873 ; Miss Augusta Buttner, Teacher of French and German, from 1872 to 1874; Miss Annie Cushman, Teacher of Drawing and Oil Painting, from 1872 to 1873 ; Miss Mary

C. Woodworth, Teacher of Vocal Music, from 1872 to 1874; James Whitford Bashford, A. B., Instructor in Greek and Latin, from 1873 to 1874 ; Robert Henry Brown, Ph. B., M. S., Instructor in English, from 1873 to 1874 - Instructor in Natural History, from 1874 to 1875; Miss Sue R. Earnest, Teacher of Instrumental Music, from 1873 to 1874; Miss Ellen L. Chynoweth. Ph. B., Instructor in German, from 1874 to 1875 ; Miss Hattie E. Hunter, Teacher of Vocal Music, from 1874 to 1875 ; J. R. Stuart, Instructor in Drawing, from 1874 to 1875 ; Jerome Henry Salisbury, A. B., Instructor in Greek and Latin, from 1874 to 1876; John M. Olin, A. B., Instructor in Rhetoric and Oratory, from 1874 to 1876; Joseph Clinton Fuller, A. B., Instructor in English, from 1874 to 1875; Miss S. A. Carver, Instructor in French and German, from 1874 to 1879 ; Milton R. French, Instructor in Vocal and Instrumental Music, from 1875 to 1877 ; Allan Darst Conover, C. E., Assistant in Civil Engineering from 1875 to to 1877 - Instructor in Mathematics from 1878 to 1879 ; Frederick Sargent Huntington, Ph. B., Instructor in English, from 1875 to 1876 ; Edward A. Birge, A. B., Instructor in Natural History, from 1875 to 1879 ; Miss M. Murdock, Instructor in English and Elocution, from 1876 to 1877; Seymour Talbot, Assistant in Civil Engine^ering, from 1877 to 1878; Cha^rles I. King, in charge of the machine shop, and Instructor in Practical Mechanics, from 187 ( to the present time ; Samuel W. Trousdale, Instructor in English and Elocution, from 1877 to 1878 ; C. P. Etten, Instructor in Vocal and Instrumental Music, from 1877 to 1878 ; Miss Alice Craig, Instructor in Elocution, from 1878 to the present time ; Edward T. Owen, Instructor in Modern Languages, from 1878 to 1879 ; E. J. Nichols, Assistant in Civil Engineering, from 1878 to 187 9 ; Gottlob Muhlhauser, Instructor in Latin and Modern Languages, from 1878 to 1879; Henry J. Taylor, Instructor in Latin and Mathematics, from 1878 to 1879; F. A. Parker, Instructor in Vocal and Instrumental Music, from 1878 to the present time; Miss Ellen Chynoweth, Instructor in German, from 1879 to the present time ; Miss E. S. Spen- cer. Instructor in Mathematics, from 1879 to 1880 ; Lucius Heritage, Instructor in Latin, from 1879 to the present time; William H. Williams, Instructor in Greek, from 1879 to the present time; J. 0. Arthur, Instructorin Botany, from 1879 to 1880; Storm Bull, Instructor in Engineering, from 1879 to the present time ; Miss Alice F. Frisby, Instructor in Mathematics, from 1879 to 1880 ; Charles R. Vanhise. Assistant in Mineralogy, etc., from 1879 to the present time ; G. H. Balg, Instructor in German, from 1879 to the present time ; Magnus Swenson, Instructorin Chemistry, 1880; Capt. Charles King, Instructor in Military Tactics, 1880.

G-raduates. - 1854 - Levi M. Booth and Charles T. Wakeley. 1856 - Samuel S. Benedict, James M. Flower, Sidney Foote and Burgess C. Slaughter. 1857 - Sinclair W. Botkin, Thomas D. Coryell, Charles Fairchild, William G. Jenckes and John F. Smith. 1858 - Richard W. Hubbell, John W. Slaughter and William F. Vilas. 1859 - Alexander C. Botkin, Leonard S. Clark, Samuel Fallows, Edward B. Guild, Elbert 0. Hand, Edwin Marsh, in the classical course ; Hill C. Bradford and Phillip C. Slaughter in the scientific course. 1860 - George W. Bird, Leander M. Comins, Thomas J. Hale, John B. Parkinson, William P. Powers, Fred. T. Starkweather and John E. Sutton in the classical course ; and Milan W. Serl in the scientific course. 1861 - James B. Britton, William W. Church, S. A. Hall, John D. Parkinson, William E. Spencer and Henry Vilas, in the classical course ; and Farlin Q. Ball, Almerin Gillett and Michael Leahey, in the scientific course. 1862 - Michael Leahey in the classical course, and Isaac N. Stewart in the scientific course. 1868 - Milton S. Griswold and Levi M. Vilas, in the classical course; Pitt Cravath and Frank Waterman, in the scientific course. 1864 - in the classical course, James L. High and W. I. Wallace ; in the scientific course, E. M. Congar, A. H. Salisbury and John C. Spooner. 1865 - in the classical course, James Byrne and Philip Stein ; in the scientific course, J. M. Jones, George H. Pradt, Joseph Dwight Tredway and Charles H. Vilas. There were also six graduates in the normal course : Mary A. Allen, Clara J. Chamberlain, Annie E. Chamberlain, Hettie M. Rusk, Lydia Sharp and Annie E. Taylor. These were the first lady graduates of the University of Wisconsin.

1866 - There were graduated in the classical course, James A. Blake, Arthur Peck ; in the scientific, Frederick Scheiber, William H. Spencer, John A.\Spencer. In the normal course, Ellen Byrne, Abbie Gilbert, Anna J. Pickard, May B. Read, Agnes J. Sawyer and Maggie J. Spears received diplomas from the regents. 1867 - Classical course, Jotham Scudder ; scientific course, George Cross, Karl Ruf, Albert H. Southworth and William A. Truesdell. There were, likewise, thirteen graduates in the normal course : Mary L. Craig, Isabel Durrie, Annie M. Gorum, Delia M. Isham, Ella Larkin, Mary S. Lyman, Anna McArthur, Carrie Nelson, Emma R. Phillips, Lizzie Robson, Charity Rusk, JEmma W. Sharp, Addie 0. Wadsworth.

1868 - Herbert W. Chynoweth and Frederick S. Stein, in the classical course; George W. Holland, Isaac S. Leavitt, Morgan J. Smith, John G. Taylor, James Turner and Charles E. Vroman, in the scientific course.

1869 - E. L. Cassels, W. C. Damon, F. J. Knight, I. S. LeaVitt and John G. Taylor, in the c assical course, as Bachelors of Art ; and Clara D. Bewick, Hiram M. Corbett, David B. J^rankenburger, Annie Hayden, Jane E. Nagle, Helen V. Noble, George Sylvester, Lizzie S.

Spencer and Ella U. Turner, in the scientific course, as Bachelors of Philosophy. There were graduated from the law department Thomas Bohan, John T. Bradley, James M. Bull, J. P, Cheever, Francis Downs, Lorin Edwards, Gr. A. Forest, F. T. Knapper, M. N. Lando, William Murray, P. H. O'Rourke and Henry Vilas, on each of whom was conferred the degree of Bachelor of Laws.

1870 - From the college of arts, Willis F. Cobb, Ch.arles H. Hall, Henry A. Harriman, Stephen Leahey, Daniel E. Maloney, L. J. Rusk, L. B. Sale and R. H. Schmidt, each of whom received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. There was also graduated from the female college, with the same degree, Ellen L. Chynoweth. The graduates from the college of letters, each with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, were R. M. Bashford, Jacob Bickler, Gottlieb Engel, G. W. Field, S. S. Gregory, William E. Huntington, Burr W. Jones, A. C. Parkinson, A. m! Rice and C. A. Smith. From the law department, as Bachelors of Law, there were graduated Charles H. Gardner, A. E. Gepson, W. H. Hurley, J. H. Humphrey, Patrick O'Meara, A. H, Southworth, George Sylvester, Isaac N. Tichnor and S. H. Vaughan.

1871 - From the college of arts, Carolyn E. Adams, T. L. Cole, D. W. Grady, Sarah J. Hardenburg, Robert Orr, Adele M. Overton, M. W. Pepper, G. W. Raymer, Henry Reid, Ada M. Robson, John Stewart, Q. 0. Sutherland, 0. J. Taylor, Volney Underbill, Albert Watkins and Joho W. Whelan ; from the college of letters, John W. Bashford, H. S. Bassett, L. W. Colby, John A. Gaynor, John F. Glover and C. N. Gregory ; and, from the law department,! R. M. Bashford, E. B. M. Browne, Robert Catlin, Henry Coe, D. B. Frankenburger, C. E. Freeman, S. S. Gregory, T. C. Hardy, H. H. Helms, Justin Jacobs, Jr., B. W. Jones, D. L. Jones, John T. Jones, F. J. Knight, Peter McGovern, Nils Michelet, 0. H. Orton, A. C. Parkinson, C. A. Smith and C. H. Van Wermer.

1873 - There were graduated from the college of arts, W. H. Bailey, F. L. Boyce, F. W. Coon, M. S. Frawley, W. H. Gooding, H. W. Hewitt, W. E. Howe, C. A. Hoyt, B. W. Hulse, W. C. Ladd, G. S. Maxon, G. J. Patton, Duncan Reid, A. F. Warden, James Moroney, William Munroe and James Quirk - of these the three last received each the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering ; from the college of letters, James W. Bashford, J. C. Hutchins, W. A. Lyman, G. H. Noyes and W. D. Turvill; from the law department, G. W. Adams, Albert Allen, H. Blackmer, M. E. Clapp, Abel Davis, B. W. James, William Johnson, E. S. Knight, Stephen Leahey, C. E. Laverty, C. C. McNish, G. F. Merrill, F. H. Merrill, S. S. Miller, D. C. Millett, C. S. Montgomery, D. T. Newton, R. C. Orr, M. C. Ring, F. H. Tabor, George C. Trucks, J. K. Wetherby, David S. Wegg, H. M. Wells and John E. Wright.

1874 - From the college of arts, Charles N. Akers, Florence E. Taylor, John Brindley, George E. Brown, W. E. Brown, C. W. Bunn, E. R. Carr, Mary I. Carrier, Henrietta L. Crane, R. G. Deming, Marion V. Dodge, Mary S. Dwight, L. M. Fay, Jennie Field, Henry Frawley, Delia E. Gilman, Thenetta Jones, Annie M. Martin, Mary McCoy, Kate G. McGonegal, F. R. Moss, Eliza Nagle, E. D. Orr, Lillian De France Park, Florence I. Pennock, B. H. Ryan, William Street, J. J. Swift, A. W. Utter, M. Van Wagenen, Robert R. Williams, B. D. Wood, A. D. Conover and John R. Fisher - the last two with the degree of Bachelor of Civil

Enffineering; from the college of letters, A. H. Bright, B. F. Dunwiddie, J. C. Fuller, Jennie Muzzy, 0. E. Ostenson, J. H. Salisbury and C. A. Wilkin ; from the law department, John W Bashford, F. L. Boyce, W. W. Downs, 0. B. Givens, E. C. Graves, L. J. Grinds, Willis Hand, W. E. Howe, 0. A. Hoyt, W. C. Ladd, G. W. Latta, E. W. Mann, G. Maxon, C. W. Monroe, G. H. Noyes, J. M. Pereles, H. S. Robins, Hans Spilde, G. G. Sutherland, W. D. Turvil and 0. T. Williams.