Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin - Chapter 3, 1880 (part 9 of 15)

In April, 1863, the ladies of Wedge's Prairie collected fifty barrels of provisions and some cash for the soldiers. They then formed themselves into an Aid Society and continued the work of doing for the soldiers.

In April, 1863, the members of Company A, Thirty-second Regiment, sent home to their families, as the surplus saved from three months' pay, the sum of $4,263.

The first work of the Soldiers' Aid Society of the town of Byron, in 1863, was to collect, for the boys in blue, two loads of food and clothing and $116 in cash. The society afterward did much more in the same direction.

William Frost, of Eden, went to Memphis, where he had one soldier son dead and another fatally ill, in May, 1863, and, a few days later, his family received word that he, too, was dead, having been lost overboard Avhile crossing the Mississippi.

War speakers were occasionally hustled, and some of them injured, in some portions of the county^ At Taycheedahj R. B. Charles was set upon while speaking in favor of the war and the Administration, and quite severely injured. While this was going on, his harness was destroyed and his torn in pieces. At Ripon, there were two or three who made demonstrations of disloyalty ; but after one of the parties had been led to the mill-pond, and had the depth of the water taken before him, with the understanding that water was considered excellent for treasonable utterances and demonstrations, the balance subsided.

A military company was formed in the southeast towns of the county in June, 1863, with the following officers : Captain, Fred Baldwin ; First Lieutenant, Nicholas Gaffney ; Second Lieutenant, E. C. Coon ; First Sergeant, E. A. Whitney ; Second Seargeant, 0. P. Howe ; Third Sergeant, E. C. Airhart; Fourth Sergeant, A. A. Bratt; Fifth Sergeant, G. N. Hatch.

The "Badger State Guards" were raised by C. K. Pier, at Fond du Lac, in the summer of 1863, with the following officers: Captain, C. K. Pier; First Lieutenant, C. T. Carpenter; Second Lieutenant, F. R. St. John ; First Sergeant, D. M. Wilson ; Second Sergeant, John Miller ; Third Sergeant, W. R. Allen ; Fourth Sergeant, John Markle ; Fifth Sergeant, Solon W. Edson. This company went out, after being drilled by Capt. Pier, as Company A, ThiVtyeight Regiment, three years. Pier was made Colonel of Regiment, and Carpenter Captain of Company.

The " Union Guards " were raised at Ripon, with Herman Stempel, Captain ; W. T. Whiting, First Lieutenant; Lyman B. Everdell, Second Lieutenant, and N. Bowerroan, of the Prairie City Record, First Sergeant. The company was organized in September, 1863.

In August, 1863, Dr. Walker took from the tongue of F. H. Farr, of Company K, First Regiment, two double teeth, which had been there imbedded about a year previously by a minie ball.

In October, 1863, four small children, whose mother was dead, gathered in Eden as mourners at the funeral of their last relative, Peter B. Miller, their father, of the Nineteenth Regiment. It was a sad sight.

In January, 1864, all there was left of the Fourteenth Regiment returned home, time of -enlistment having expired. Tlie regiment, which contained only 302 privates and 19 ofBcers, was given big receptions at Chicago, Milwaukee and Fond du Lac. At Milwaukee, eloquent -mention was made of Michael JMangan, of Fond du Lac, for his conduct at the terrible charge at Gettysburg. Every man in the regiment re-enlisted. Speeches were made at Fond du Lac -by Gen. C. S. Hamilton and Col. Lyman N. Ward.

In January, 1864, the Common Council of Fond du Lac voted to pay a bounty of $100 for recruits for the city, and, a week or two later, increased the amount to $200 for each recruit.

Charles H. Benton was promoted, in April, 1864, to be Second Lieutenant of Company G, First Regiment, and Thomas Bryant, First Lieutenant of Company H, Thirty-second Regiment. Soon after, Lieut. Benton was made Quartermaster of the First Regiment.

" Col. Edward Stuyvesant Bragg, of this city, has been promoted to Brigadier General of Tolunteers. Nearly three years ago, he entered the service as Captain of Company E, Sixth

Wisconsin Regiment. He rose, by grades, to be Colonel of the regiment, was in all the fights with the "Iron Brigade," and especially distinguished himself at Antietam and Gettysburg. During the recent battles in Virginia, at Spottsylvania and the Wilderness, he had command of a brigade, and handled his troops like a veteran, winning great favor from his commanders. For his gallant conduct on these occasions he has been commissioned. Gen. Bragg will be heard from whenever there is a fight, as he believes in striking to hurt."

Capt. W. W. La Grange, of the First Regiment of Cavalry, wounded through the body at Chattanooga, in December, 1863, died at Ripon, after a painful surgical operation to extract the shot, July 1, 1864.

Letters to soldiers who were prisoners within the rebel lines were required to have 10 cents upon them in Confederate stamps. Those who had friends among such prisoners were furnished with Confederate stamps free by John J. Beeson, at Fond du Lac, to whom they were sent by Lieut. Bannister. Lieut. Bannister had confiscated them, of course.

In July, 1864, Maj. George W. Driggs published a neat book, entitled " Opening of the Mississippi; or, Two Years' Campaigning in the Southwest."

Charles F. Sayre, who died at Port Hudson of sickness and wounds, was only sixteen years of age. He was the only support of a father who had been prostrated in the service.

Col. 0. H. La Grange, of the First Wisconsin Cavalry, who was considered by the rebels such a valuable and successful ofiicer that he was put " under fire " at Charleston by them, was exchanged in August, 1864. To put an ofiicer " under fire " is where, when he is held as a prisoner, he is placed so as to be exposed to the fire directed by his own side upon those who hold him.

G. H. Clark, Company K, First Wisconsin, and Ed. McGlachlin, who escaped from the rebel prisons, said that the greater share of the appalling number of Union prisoners who died in confinement was caused by starvation and brutal treatment.

In February, 1865, Edward Colman was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of the Fortyninth Regiment. At this time, Lieut. Crane, of Oakfield, was the only ofBcer left in Company G, Thirty-sixth Regiment.

February 14, 1865, the city of Fond du Lac voted $30,000, to be used in paying bounties to soldiers enlisted to fill the quota of the city. It did so, and with some to spare.

After warm weather began in 1864, the arrival of dead soldiers in Fond du Lac County was of daily occurrence during several months. Some were brought home shot dead ; some after having died of wounds, and many after dying of malarious diseases.

Capt. Milton Bwen, Miles Schoolcraft, Lieut. Col. Charles H. Morgan and others were many months in the prison-pens of the South. They finally escaped. Schoolcraft arrived home in December, 1864, but the others were kept ia prison till the following spring. His story appeared in print at the time, as follows :

" Miles Schoolcraft, of Company H, Thirty-second Regiment, arrived home Wednesday night, direct from Annapolis. He was taken prisoner while out with a foraging party, near Atlanta, last summer. He was first placed in prison at Eastport, Ga. During the march of nine days on the road, the rebels only issued three crackers to each man. From there he went to Andersonville, and remained there three months and thirteen days. During that time, the daily ration consisted of a piece of corn bread three inches long by two wide and two thick, with a piece of bacon about the same size. The men were treated brutally, in every possible way. On the least provocation, and sometimes none at all, the prisoners were knocked down with clubs or shot by the rebel privates and officers who guarded them. From one hundred to one hundred and twenty Union ^prisoners were buried every day, most of them dying from scurvy. Very often, no rations would be issued for two or three days. His hat, shirt and boots were taken, and he went into the prison-pen barefoot. From Andersonville he was taken to Charleston. Here good rations were issued, and the scurvy disappeared. From Charleston he was taken to Florence, S. C, and remained two months. During this time, the rations consisted of one pint of corn-meal per day, with a half-teaspoonful of salt every other day. While at Florence, 690 of the Union prisoners died. Only 3,000 were in the encampment. At Florence he saw Charley Banker, of Oakfield, hale and hearty. No other Fond du Lac man was seen by him. From Florence he went to Charleston, and was paroled with the first lot of 1,000, and arrived safely at Annapolis, where he received two months' pay and commutations for rations during the time he was a prisoner. He was given thirty days' furlough."

Capt. C. T. Wyman's story is also given. He arrived home in July, 1864. These two accounts, from men well known in Fond du Lac County, will show to coming generations what was endured by thousands of the boys in blue for their country, when, indeed, they did not succumb to disease, starvation or brutality, and start on their last long journey from the festering pens of Libby, Florence and Andersonville. Capt. Wyman's story appeared in the Fond du Lac Meporter of July 2, 1864, as follows :

"C. T. Wyman, of Company F, Twenty-first Wisconsin Regiment, whose escape is already well known, has given us an account of the manner in which he left rebeldom. He was on the way from Danville, Va., to Andersonville, Ga., in company with a large number of prisoners, being transferred beyond the reach of Yankee cavalry. On the 18th of June, when two days' travel from Milledgeville, Ga., Lieut. Custar, of the Twenty-fifth Indiana Regiment, proposed to Wyman to jump from the cars, which was agreed to.

" After working over two hours, they succeeded in getting the caps off the guns of the two guards, and then bolted through the open door of the car, the train running about twenty-two miles per hour. On reaching the ground, they rolled up close to the ends of the ties, and thus escaped the observation of the guard on top of the train. After the train was out of sight, their exultation can scarcely be told.

"Then commenced a long, fatiguing journey, almost entirely by night, through woods, swamps, by-ways, over hills, fields, and everywhere except through villages and regular roads. They depended entirely upon the negroes for assistance, who proved true to them in every particular instance. The greatest delight of the negroes seemed to be to aid them in every possible way.

" On the tenth night, while traveling a by-road, they suddenly came upon three rebel soldiers who were hunting for a runaway slave. There was no chance to run, so they quietly surrendered and were taken to a house close by. While supper was preparing, both managed to escape to the brush, in which pursuit was useless. Two or three nights after, they were cod fronted by a couple of home guards (rebels) who attempted to capture them, but who were so ignorant of the use of fire-arms on such an occasion that they were left stunned and senseless on the ground

" All along the route every plantation had several dogs, and on the slightest alarm from them the men would rush out to see if their horses were not being conscripted by the gentle Jeff, or the rough riders of the Yanks. After twenty-three nights, they reached the Chattahoochee River, having swam three other rivers, and the next day reached the Union lines, where there was some tall cheering. Without arms, or any food except berries, herbs and such as they could pick up on the way, they had traveled nearly three hundred miles through the heart of Georgia."

The stories of escapades like these, or of disease, starvation and death, might be lengthened out indefinitely, in writing the history of those who were taken prisoners, but these will suffice as illustrations.

The Ladies' Aid Society of the city of Fond du Lac, formed early in the war, did an immense amount of work for the soldiers of Fond du Lac County. Many of the ladies who belonged to this Society devoted their entire time and attention to its labors ; and the number of garments made, purchased or collected ; the amount of dried fruits and food of all kinds, as well as books, newspapers and periodicafs, sent to the soldiers was truly astonishing. Regular meetings did not cease to be held until about the close of the war, and the energy of its members never relaxed. The soldiers, both sick and well, sent home many a blessing to the women who were thus laboring, without hope of reward, in their behalf, and those labors will never be forgotten as long as there is a Fond du Lac County soldier left to recount his experiences.

In the public prints, the capture of Jefferson Davis, ex-President of the Southern Confederacy, has always been credited to the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. This is unjust to the soldiers of another State, and a falsehood on the most important leaf of American history.

The First Wisconsin Cavalry, raised in Fond du Lac County, mostly at Ripon, by Col. Edward Daniels, now of Washington, deserves most of the credit for his capture. This regiment had been lying at Mafcon, Ga., after participating in its capture, under the command of Lieut. Col. Henry Hearndon, now of Madison. 0. H. La Grange was the Colonel, but was then in command of the brigade. A detachment consisting of four companies, the First Battalion, or about one hundred men, was ordered to capture Jeff Davis, then supposed to be passing through Georgia with a large party. The detachment, which was commanded by Lieut. Col. Hearndon, struck Davis' trail at 5 o'clock of Sunday, May 7, 1865, near the village of Dublin, Laurens County. All the darkies verified the supposition that Jeff was fleeing through these parts, but the whites declared it was only a few prisoners. Finally, a little girl standing outside of a house where tlie supposed Davis party had stopped, when asked if " Mr. Davis had gone away yet," innocently replied, " Yes, he's gonB that way." The trail was plain, and the detachment hurried on. At Abbeyville, or " Poor Robin Ferry," a detachment of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry came up, under the command of Col. Pritchard. The two Colonels had a friendly talk, each showing the other his orders. Pritchard was to take the ferry and patrol the river. But Col. Hearndon, Avhose honesty gained him the name of the " Puritan Colonel," went further, and disclosed to Pritchard not only his orders, but that his men had struck Jeff's trail ; had followed it several days ; pointed out to him the direction the ex-President of the Conferderacy was taking, and showed scraps of paper found on the trail by W. 0. Hargrave, of Ripon, to prove that there was no doubt Davis was near by. Pritchard knew that the Government had offered $100,000 for the capture of Jefferson Davis, but Col. Hearndon did not. The former thereupon took advantage of the latter's confiding communications, and pushed ahead of the First Wisconsin detachment, striking Davis' trail ahead of them, and coming up with the Davis party late at night of the same day.

Being weary, their course lying through the " barrens," where the clay-eaters, or " white trash," barely eke out a miserable existence, the First Wisconsin boys followed on less rapidly.

At dusk, various plans were talked over, Sergt. Maj. Hargrave being desirous of pushing on and making the capture that night, as the Davis party were tired too, having been longer on the inarch than themselves. But Col. Hearndon's horse was weakening for want of food, as were the other horses, and he called a halt at 9 o'clock, giving orders to start at 3 o'clock next morning, and make the capture before daylight. On the morning of the 10th of May, therefore, -camp was broken at 3 o'clock, and forty-five minutes later, a small party, led by a scout named Hussey, advanced toward Davis' camp. In a few minutes they were fired upon, and retreated. The balance of Col. Hearndon's command then pushed forward, thinking the rebels had fired, determined to make a desperate fight. They drove the party that fired the first volley some distance, and, finally taking a prisoner or two, discovered that they belonged to the Fourth Michigan. Firing then stopped, but two of the Fourth Michigan boys had been shot dead, and several wounded on both sides. Pritchard had put a large detachment of his best men across the trail between Davis and Col. Hearndon, knowing that Hearndon was advancing from that direction upon it to make the capture, giving them strict orders to " let no one come up on that trail." He then, with another detachment, made the capture while the fight - which had been " murderously precipitated," as the Wisconsin boys have always since declared - was going on between the two squads of Union ssoldiers, composed of his own men and those of the First Wis- When the First Wisconsin soldiers learned that Pritchard had given such an order, knowing they were advancing on the very road he had blockaded. Col. Hearndon was astounded, and his boys were, some of them, " raving mad, and swore they would then and there take by force the Fourth Michigan and Jefi' Davis too ;" but they were persuaded to do nothing rash.

The capture was made just in the gray of morning. May 10, 1865, at Irwinville, Irwin -County, in the " white trash" country, on the Alapaha River, a branch of the Suwanee River. Jeff thought his time had come, expecting to be shot or hung ; but his wife, Mrs. Davis, was defiant and saucy, telling the boys they must not call her husband such opprobrious names as " Old ,Jeff," or they would get hurt. When taken, Jeff had on a hood and a waterproof, with a water ^bucket in hand, attempting to palm himself off as an old woman. With him were Postmaster General Reagan, now a member of Congress from Texas, President Davis' private Secretary, Cols. Johnson, Lubbick, Mbrris, and several others. Jeff at first drew a bowie-knife, but soon sheathed it, seeing resistance would prove useless.

When a report was made to the War Department of the fight and the capture, Col. La Grange indorsed on it the real facts, severely censuring the Colonel of the Fourth Michigan. No attention was paid to this, as Secretary Stanton disliked La Grange for recommendations made by him in regard to the exchange of prisoners. But, although the Committee on Claims in Congress was about to give the $100,000 to the Fourth Michigan, Col. Hearndon sent in such evidence as knocked that plan in the head, and the First Wisconsin boys shared equally with the Walter 0. Hargrave, of Ripon, who was a Sergeant Major, received about |400 as his share.

Col. Hearndon is in the United States Revenue Service at Madison ; Col. La Grange is in Europe, and Pritchard, whom the boys always declared should have been court-martialed, is "knocking over the country," spending his money.

Elihu Colman, of Fond du Lac, of the First Wisconsin Cavalry, never has blasphemed since he left the army. Once, at dusk, he was riding past some bushes, when he heard a call for help. " My leg is shot off," said a voice, "and I wish to see a surgeon." "All right, -climb on behind," returned Elihu. Mr. Colman drove several miles, through a heavy fire, to a surgeon's door. On the road, a solid shot carried away, unbeknown to Elihu, his wounded companion's head. Arriving at the tent, he called out, " Surgeon Lily, this man has had his leg shot off and wants help.'-' "Leg off!" exclaimed Dr. Lily, "his head is shot off!" "The liar," exclaimed Elihu, driving the rowels into his horse's flank, "the durned liar said he only had his leg shot off! " And Colman wheeled away in disgust at being lied to so outrageously.

If the unwritten history of the civil war in America were to be spread upon the printed page, it would fill' more volumes than were destroyed with the Alexandrian Library, and would amaze posterity as much as it would astound the present generation. That vast human mechanism of a million units that, under the influence of organization and discipline, seemed to move as one man, would appear in its true light, as a seething caldron of human emotions and human passions, boiling and bubbling with a fearful energy, not easily suppressed nor readily controlled. A thousand motives lie beneath the gloss of patriotism, and the best is not always uppermost. To turn all these into the channel of success for a great cause and victory for the right was the hard task of a noble few, and among those, none in their sphere of duty had more to contend with and more to overcome than Maj. Bovay, of Wiscbnsin, as Provost Marshal of Norfolk. Theestiinate I formed of his character that led me, while Military Governor of Norfolk, to appoint him to the position of Provost Marshal, was confirmed by all my subsequent intercourse with him. Surrounded on all sides by greedy harpies, who would trade upon their country's woes, and on the other by open foes, he was oiled upon to deal with knaves and traitors as with brave and honest men, meting out exact justice with kindness, and counteracting the evils of dishonesty with keen judgment and a wise discretion. Hated by the bad, whom he thwarted in their schemes, and unthanked by the needy, whom he relieved in their distress, he bore himself in the midst of the most trying circumstances in a way that could only have been maintained by a strict integrity, an unwavering conscientiousness and a clear and courageous sense of right and duty.

In the fall of 1862, Col. Edward S. Bragg was run as a war candidate for Congress, against Charles A. Eldredge. He was nominated while in the field. On being notified of his nomination, he wrote to J. H. Brinkerhoff, Secretary of the Convention : " I can take no part in the coming campaign. My duties are elsewhere, and I shall endeavor to discharge them to my own credit and to the honor of the State whose commission I bear. * * * jj; has been a matter of solicitude among my friends, as I am advised by letters to-day, to know what my views are upon the great issues of the day. I recognize but one issue - For and Against the Government. This swallows up all others, and the motto that ' He who is not forme is against me ' never had more truthful significance than it has to-day. I am for the Government - the iron gauntlet and not the silk glove for the enemy."

In January, 1863, President Lincoln nominated Brig. Gen. Charles S. Hamilton, of Fond; du Lac, for promotion to Major General. His name had become familiar to the whole country, a few months before, through his gallant conduct at Corinth and Inka. The New York Tribune's description of the latter battle contained this paragraph :

'' Amid the incessant roar of musketry and the thunder of artillery and the clash of arms, Gen. Hamilton moved, with his staff, wherever the battle raged the hottest, and gave his orders with the same quiet firmness, promptness and clearness which are his greatest characteristics in all things. His presence everywhere just when needed excited the admiration of the soldiers. His horse was killed under him, and the hilt of his sword shattered as he was moving amid the showers of balls, which fell on all sides. Yet there was no excitement or fear exhibited by him. He was soon re-mounted, on a fresh horse, and, as calmly as ever, directed the movements of the battle to the close as he had from the beginning. * * * Gen. Hamilton is a thorough soldier. He fought through the Mexican war, and, at the breaking-out of this rebellion, brought the Third Wisconsin Regiment into the field. He is a man of few words, but always to the point. He is undemonstrative, and seems to possess but little of the art of courting favor. His only care is to do his duty well. The incessant cheers by which he was greeted on the day . after the battle by each regiment, as he rode past on the march in pursuit of Price, show that his modest bravery, unflinching courage and sure skill as a soldier are fully appreciated by them, and that they are ready to follow wherever he chooses to lead. He fully appreciates the intelligence, invincible courage and high character of the men under his command, and is ready to stand or fall with them in the noble contest in which we are all engaged. With such leaders and such men to fight our battles, success is certain. ,- For the able, skillful and decisive manner in which Gen. Hamilton fought and won this battle (for he directed all the movements in thefield), all, from the highest to the lowest, think and believe that he has jyon deserved promotion."

2, 1861 ; Cliickam3.uga, September 19, 1863 ; Dug Gap, September 12, 1863 ; Chaplin Hills, October 8, 1862; Dallas,' May 28, 1864; Kenesaw Mountain, June 22, 1864; Jonesboro, September 21, 1864; Gainesville, August 28, 1862, which was considered the most stubbornly contested battle of the war ; South Mountain, September 14, 1862 ; Laurel Hill, May 10, 1864 ; Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864 ; Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 ; Bull Run, July 21, 1861 ; Antietam, September 17, 1862 ; Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862 ; Hatcher's Run, October 27, 1864, at which Col. J. A. Watrous was captured ; Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 1861 ; Spottsylvania Court House, May 10, 1864, at which Grant lost 65,000 men, but still, continued the fight, and at night, when the fighting ceased, breastworks were thrown up by both sides, and when morning dawned the two lines were so close that they fought each other with the butts of their muskets ; Chancellorsville, May 1, 1863, at which several Wisconsin regiments, with other Western troops, massed themselves, irrespective of commanders, and held the enemy after everything appeared to be lost before the rebel charge ; Fairfax Station, December 24, 1863 ; Winchester, May 25, 1862 ; Bolivar Heights, October 16, 1861 ; PeachTree Creek, July 20, 1864 ; Burnby Ford, June 9, 1863 ; Averysboro, March 16, 1865 ; Bentonville, March 16, 1865 ; Buckton Station, May 22, 1862 ; Argyle Island, December 16, 1864 ; Lost Mountain, June 11, 1864 ; Rappahannock, November 7, 1863 ; Petersburg, June 14, 181)4,, to April 2, 1865, at which Gen. Bragg commanded the Iron Brigade ; Moore's Heights, May

The only ofiScer from Fond du Lac County on the retired list, is Michael Mangan, of Fond du Lac. He enlisted as a private in Cpmpany E, Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, and left for the front in June, 1861. He served three years in that Company, and was mustered out as First Lieutenant in April, 1864. He then entered the Veteran Reserve Corps, serving in New York City until the close of the war, when he went to Florida in connection with the Freedmen's Bureau. In September, 1866, he was mustered out and returned to Fond du Lac, where, in December of that year, he joined the regular army as Second Lieutenant of company A, Forty-fifth Regiment. In this company he served until April, 1871, when he was retired as a Second Lieutenant on three-fourths pay. During the session of Congress of 1866 and 1877, Lieut. Mangan was door-keeper of the United States Senate. There are no other officers of his rank retired in Wisconsin ; but there are four of other grades in the State on the retired list.

Fond du Lac County, to-day rejoicing in the pride of its strength, teeming with wealth and glittering in the sunlight of a prosperity that startles the visitor into a smile of gladness, was, in 1835, a wilderness almost as unbroken as when John Nicolet, in 1634, visited Green Bay.

The historian takes up the threads of life since then, as tangled by events, slowly. What prompted the pioneers to their advent into this land ? Was it that spirit of adventure which impelled the cavaliers of the olden time to pursue with eagerness the phantom of a hope into the Bast ? Was it a sense of duty which first found expression in the New World, in 1620, on Plymouth Rock ? Perhaps, after all, it was only that they might better their condition - might here find cheap lands and soon obtain comfortable homes.

But many of them are dead, and the inquirer, who has seen so many of his idols turned to clay, and his ideals perish, comes naturally, by-and-by, to the time when he analyzes - such and such things have happened - why ? Such and such men have passed away - how ? Such and such events have lighted up the sky of advancing civilization as a meteor might the physical. Whence do they proceed ? The men who came to the front and laid the foundations for this continuous and lovely landscape of nature, glimmering like a gem in its emerald setting, belonged to a regime that is fast giving place to an enterprise, which though greater, is less earnest, because Providence and nature more materially aid man's ambitions. They were the grizzled grenadiers in the army of pioneers, who never, in any sudden storm or rally, desperate melee, or sorrowful encounter, forgot to dofi" their plumed hats to an adversary and cry out through their gray mustaches, as they shortened their sword arm, "^n garde." It may be anything or nothing, but the one thing certain about it all is, they were the enterprising spirits who laid the foundation for this teeming wealth and sunny prosperity. Though dead, they live again. Not alone in the promised land beyond the swift Borysthems, but in the land they prepared for after generations.

Many of the prominent actors in the prelude are dead, but the drama goes on, and will last until the human race has run its course and the wide firmament is rolled up like a scroll.

The present should profit by the past, and take examples from the views of these, which shall make heart and home happy, better men, citizens and Americans. The present should be admonished bv the past, to labor with equal diligence for the personal blessings of health of body, vigor of mind", and success in life, as also for the blessings promised in the life to come.

But the hard hands which prepared the way f9r the fruitful fields which grew from the wilds of the county ; for filling its cities and towns with the habitations of men, seminaries of learning, public edifices, and other evidences of a pronounced prosperity, are quietly folded in their mother earth, and it must be of interest to those who enjoy their possessions, to know when, where and by whom civilization was commenced, and to learn some of the incidents connected with the first settlement, as also with the steps by which Fond du Lac County has attained the importance claimed by its inhabitants and conceded by its neighbors.

City Of Fond Du Lao

Past aot) Present - Aborigines - Eablt Settlement - Village of Fond du Lac - City of . Fond du Lac Incorporated- City Officers, 1852-1879 - City of Fond du Lac A Quarter OF A Century Ago - Pond du Lac Post Office - Fire Department- City Lock-Up - Artesian Wells - Gas Works - Schools - Bonded Indebtedness - Public Halls - Hotels - Benevolent Institutions and Societies - Literary and other Societies - Public Library - Secret Societies - Churches - Banks - Manufacturing Interests- Yacht Clubs - Conflagrations- KiENzi Cemetery - Floods and Preshets - Incidents and First Things - Early Times in Fond du Lac.

No city in Wisconsin without water-power, mines, or adjacent lumber tracts, ever arrived at a greater degree of importance, in the same time, than Fond du Lac. This is owing to the richness of the surrounding country, cheap transportation, and the indefatiguable industry and perseverence of its citizens.

The city, which existed only on paper in January, 1836, contained 15,308 inhabitants in 1875 ; an elegant high school building, a free public library, Merrill Institute, a school for young ladies, Mann's Commercial College, a German and English academy, nineteen public schools and several parochial and private schools ; eighteen church edifices, six banks, one monthly, five weekly and two daily newspapers, a dozen hotels, four distinct railroads leading in six directions, a blast furnace, four foundries and machine shops, four sash, door and blind factories, one of them the largest in the world ; two flouring mills, an extensive thrashing-machine factory, the second largest wagon factory in the State, a seeder factory, ten saw-mills and various other institutions and manufacturing interests.

Who can grasp in a single thought the magnitude of this wondrous change ? Gray hairs ought not now to appear on the heads of those who were born when Fond du Lac was born ; yet, in the few years which have sped rapidly since that time, there have been wrought great changes. Large saw-mills, with their noisy, insatiable machinery and hurrying attendants, have been erected on the homes of the beaver and muskrat. Paved streets, heavy blocks of stores and bursting warehouses have crushed out the myriads of wild flowers that made the face of the prairie a vast and variegated bouquet, and the black smoke from scores of factory chimneys has taken the place of their delicious fragrance ; hedges and lawns, fountains and miniature lakes, arbors and conservatories, have supplanted the long prairie grass, in which quail, grouse and wild birds nested and reared their young undisturbed ; the river, whose clear waters flowed unruffled into Winnebago Lake, is now turbid, and crowded with rafts of logs and lumber ; the solitude of the wilderness has been violated by the rush and scream of the locomotive ; the delicious and soothing hum of birds and insects at eventide has been drowned by the tumultuous din of ringing bells, rattling mills, screeching whistles, and the noisy tread of eager, hurrying throngs, who have never a thought of what incomparable changes have taken place under their feet, over their heads, and on every hand, or of the possible changes, no less complete and astonishing, in store for the future, in process of development through their every move and act. The panorama of history is an interesting one, but its pictures can be fully appreciated by only those who have seen them all. In fact, no one else can even comprehend them. No description of tongue or pen can fully impress upon the minds of the gay, richly dressed throngs at a party to-day, that under the very floors where the figures of the " German " or the " Newport " are being followed, packs of hungry wolves fought with hideous snarl and howl over the carcass of one of their own number ; or that it was the place where the scarred and stoical savages gathered around the embers of the camp-fire in solemn discussion of the fate of a captive - debating how many moons should elapse before the prisoner in their midst, frotn some hostile tribe, should be burned at the stake ; or that it was the burial place for unnumbered generations of tribes now unnamed and extinct, or that instead of the lively strains from a well-trained band, years before the brave captive, with unrufiled brow and steady, cheerful voice, stoically chanted a battle-song amidst the yell of the warriors, and the hiss of the flames about him, appearing as though the boiling pitch poured upon his head, and the burning splinters thrust into his searing flesh, gave him the utmost pleasure. Yet all this may be true, for up to within less than a half-century the spot on which Fond du Lac now stands had been for many centuries, perhaps, the favorite meeting-place of both friendly and hostile tribes. Along where Forest, West Division, Doty, Cherry and Sophia streets are now located, once stood a fine grove of thrifty sugar-maples, some of which were " tapped " (incisions made for the sap) by the early settlers. This grove contained, in season, thousands of pigeons, grouse and squirrels, many of which found their way to the tables of the settlers in. the form of delicious stews. Some of these maples are standing tp-day, being most numerous in W. C. Hamilton's yard, on the corner of Sophia and Forest streets. Wild plants and flowers were also abundant beyond description, and every sprang red and white " baths," " adder-tongue," leeks, " Indian peppers " and other wild plants are plucked by the youngsters in A. B. Taylor's ample yard, on the corner of Forest and Hickory streets, and some may be seen in J. V. Jewell's yard on Doty street. There is probably no other city of equal size, in the Northwest, where wild flowers grow in its most thickly settled parts.

Where Meyer's factory and dry-house now stand, was one of the most beautiful crab-apple groves, which was not removed until the village began to have young people to enjoy its rich fragrance in spring, its cool shade in summer, and hurl away bushels of its hard, bitter fruit in the fall, while engaged in lively but good-natured battles.

The city of Fond du Lac is situated on a level prairie, at the south end of Lake Winnebago, and is particularly free from epidemic and malarial diseases, because of its pure atmosphere and abundance of fresh spring water, from its scores of artesian wells, called fountains, whence the place derives the popular name of "Fountain City." What Fond du Lac now is may be seen of all ; history requires that what she has been be more particularly dealt with.

The Site

The location of Fond du Lac was, as previously explained, made by the Fond du Lac Company, who purchased a large number of acres of land in this vicinity in 1835. The village plat was made in that year, and covered what is now " lower " and " middle " town. The site was chosen by James Duane Doty, who built a house in Empire, in 1838.

One reason which induced Doty to select this as a site for a city, was the well-established fact that nearly all the largest cities of the West are built upon the ruins of important Indian villages, and such were known to have existed here at no very distant day.

Some have pronounced the choice of location a wise one, and others have expressed themselves to the contrary. The only drawbacks of any importance are the low marshy shores of the lake, rendering them undesirable for building-sites, and the shallowness of the river and harbor, rendering such commerce as was at one time anticipated, partially impracticable, although a large amount of trafficking has been carried on by water since the earliest settlement of the place.

These drawbacks are entirely lost sight of, however, when the city's many advantages are brought into comparison. On one side is Lake Winnebago, which furnishes fish, pure cool breezes and unlimited rafting and lumbering facilities ; on every block are perpetual fountains of pure cold water, sufficient for private use and fire purposes ; on the one side are lime-kilns and extensive stone quarries ; on another, forests of hard wood ; on another, pits of sand ; on another, clay for the manufacture of bricks, and, stretching for miles back to the east, west,

«outh, northwest and northeast, is a larger section of rich, thickly settled farming country than is tributary to any other city in the State. On the whole, therefore, it would seem that the -choice of location was the best that could have been made, for no other city possesses so many Taluable advantages.

The place where Fond du Lac stands was a favorite camping-ground for the Indians, owing "to its beautiful location. It attracted all comers at once, and was the site of several Indian villages of greater or less pretensions.

When the whites first came to Fond du Lac, ancient corn fields could be traced on either side of the river, and a short distance below where the La Belle Wagon Works now stand, on Forest street, was an Indian burial ground, from which bones have been taken in making exca- -vations for building.

An Indian skull has been for some years in use as an emblem in the Knights of Honor Lodge, which was taken from another burial place on the high sandy point about equidistant from the foot of Harney street and Lake Winnebago. As the Indians never bury their dead except in the land of their fathers, and as the latest tribes occupying Fond du Lac came mostly for purposes of trading, rather than permanent occupation, these burial places must have been in use a great many years ago. A more beautiful place for the eternal rest of the dead could not have been chosen - the blue lake upon one side, the thickly wooded " Ledge " on the other ; the rich, green prairie, decked with nearly a hundred varieties of bright and fragrant wild flowers, stretching far away to the west and south on the other, with a river flowing between - made picture excelled nowhere in nature.

The latest Indian occupants of the land on which Fond du Lac stands were the Menomonees. They occupied the locality and the prairies in the vicinity as soon as the Winnebagoes left. The most harm these Indians ever did to the settlers was to steal a few pigs, a horse and a cow, and set fire to the prairies for the purpose of driving up game. They did not claim to have any right to the country, but took possession simply because the Winnebagoes were gone, and the locality was a pleasing one. In 1839, the settlers had a meeting at Fond du Lac, at which the matter of setting fires by the Menomonees was discussed, and their leaders were told "that the practice, which had become a costly annoyance by destroying fences, crops and timber, must be stopped, or the Government would be called upon to remove them. They set no more fires, and were soon after removed.

Early Settlement

We have seen how, in June, 1836, Colwert Pier and family became the first settlers ; how they were followed in March, 1837, by Edward Pier and his family; how, soon after, other members of the Pier family arrived in the infant settlement ; and how, on the 1st day of March, 1838, the relatives were called to mourn the death of Fanny, wife of Colwert Pier, the pioneer woman of Fond du Lac County, and of what is now the city of Fond du Lac. On the 3d day of that month, while the few mourners were at the grave of the departed, John Bannister, a surveyor, -came from Green Bay to Fond du Lac with his family. He lived a short time (about a year) in the Company's log house, and then moved to a place south and outside of the present city limits.

About the 12th of April, 1838, Dr. Mason C. Darling arrived from Sheboygan, having been in the settlement a few weeks before. As Dr. Darling was very prominent in the early history of Fond du Lac, it will be interesting to know how and why he came here. He was, previous to 1838, a poor man, with a small practice as a physician at Sheboygan. The Fond -du Lac Company was anxious to have people settle where the village had been platted, as rapidly as possible, in order to get the tide of immigration turned in this direction. Gov. Doty, as Trustee for the Company, therefore, thinking a physician and surgeon necessary, on May 21, 1838, consummated a contract with Dr. Darling, which agreed to exchange Lots 22, 37, 42, 43,

44 and 45, situated near the river, in what is now " Lower Town; " eighty acres of land in what is now the heart of the city, and a large tract in the town of Fond du Lac, for his office in She^ hoygan ; ^provided, that he. should build a house on the large tract, now within the confines of the city, cultivate it as a farm, and build and put in motion the Clark saw-mill in the town of Fond du Lac, then commenced. The tract, which the contract required should be made a place of residence and cultivated as a farm, embraced all the land lying within a line drawn from the corner of Forest and Union street* south to Western Avenue, thence east on Western Avenue and between Fourth and Fifth streets to Ellis street ; thence north on EUis to Gillet and west through R. A. Baker's bank and on Forest to. the corner of Forest and Union streets, and containing eighty acres. The proviso contained in the contract that Dr. Darling should live on this eighty and " cultivate it as a farm" was to prevent its being cut up into village lots and sold in competition with the Fond du Lac Company's land adjoining. This contract seems to have been satisfactorily fulfilled at the beginning, for, soon after, the mill spoken of was in operation and Dr. Darling had a warranty deed of all the land promised him by the company.

In a short time, however. Dr. Darling, having a few shares in the stock of the Fond du Lac Company, sued in chancery for a division of property. This suit, which tied up all the land the title of which lay in the Company, was brought before Judge A. G. Miller at Green Bay, February 19, 1844. The suit was not decided until the first Monday in October, 1845, during which time Dr. Darling was buying land in what is now the south part of the city, dividing it into smaller parcels and selling or giving it away to those who would agree to build thereon, thus advancing the value of the eighty given him by the Company, while the value of the Company's village plat in what is now " lower " and " middle " Fond du Lac, remained stationary. The Master in Chancery decided February 28, 1844, that, pending the suit, no more land belonging to the Fond du Lac Company should be sold or deeded, which was no sooner done than Dr. Darling gave to the county the tract of land on which the Court House now stands, with the proviso that a county building should be erected thereon at once. This, together with the suit in chancery and the gifts to attract settlers, of several village lots, turned immigration to the vicinity of Dr. Darling's property, and secured the location of the county seat and village where the city now is.

But to return to the matter of Dr. Darling's first settlement in Fond du Lac : On the 14th of June his wife arrived with her three children - Keyes A., Helen M. and Louie Darling. They were brought from Calumet, where they had just arrived from Sheboygan, by Gustavo de Neveu and A. D. Clark, on the lake in a large yawl made by Mr. Clark - the first one ever built in Fond du Lac, which Mr. de Neveu had purchased for $40. The boat also contained A. T. Denniston and his family of a wife and two children (whom Mr. de Neveu had hired at Oshkosh to manage his farm), and Mrs. May (whose husband was found dead in the town of Calumet a few days later), and her son, a child two years of age. A heavy storm drove the boat to Taycheedah, from which place all had to walk to Fond du Lac, a distance of three miles. Mr. de Neveu lost his hat in the storm, and it was a matter of wonder afterward that the boat, which contained twelve persons, was not swamped and its precious burden lost. Dr. Darling lived in the Company's log house but a short time before he had erected another house where Darling's Block now stands, corner of First and Main streets, and opened it as a temperance hotel. The next year, learning the date at which John Bannister's lease of the Fond du Lac House - as the Company's house was then called - would expire, he went on horseback to Green Bay and rented it. He thereupon became John Bannister's successor as Postmast*, and as soon as Mr. Bannister's time was out, moved the post office to his own building and msed up and locked the Company's house. He also gave at that time, to his own hotel and residence, the name of the " Fond du'Lac House." This has caused confusion as to where the Fond du Lac House was located - some maintaining it was at the corner of Brooke and Rees streets and others that it was on the corner of Main and First streets. Both are right, as there were two public houses by that name. The old Fond du Lac House was not kept closed very long ; but Dr. Darling gained his point and got the post office moved to his portion of the settlement.

From this time on, settlers began to arrive, in too large numbers to make it practicable to follow out particularly the hardships and success of each. Properly, their history would not belong to the village or city of Fond du Lac ; for, although most of them came directly to the settlement and remained at the hotels or with some private family for a few weeks or months, many of them pushed out upon the prairies beyond the present city limits, to establish homes as soon as they could.

Villasb Of Fond Du Lac

On Monday, March 1, 1847, agreeably to previous notice, the inhabitants of the settlement of Fond du Lac held a meeting for the purpose of adopting or rejecting the charter for a village corporation previously prepared and passed by the Legislature. At 11 o'clock A. M., the meeting was called to order by the election of Mason C. Darling, Moderator, and J. J. Driggs, Clerk. The vote was taken by ballot, and resulted in 49 votes for the adoption of the charter, and 11 for rejection. The charter was declared adopted, and an election immediately ordered for the choice of village officers. This resulted in the election of Mason C. Darling, President ; John A. Eastman, Moses S. Gibson, T. L. Gillett, Isaac Brown, S. S. N. Fuller and J. J. Driggs, Trustees ; E. W. Drury, Treasurer ; W. A. Dewey, Clerk, and 0. S. Wright, Constable. On the 7th of April, these officers had a meeting, took the oath of office, and appointed M. C. Darling, Isaac Brown and S. S. N. Fuller a committee to prepare " a code of by-laws for the village," and T. L. Gillet, S. S. N. Fuller, J. A. Eastman, J. J. Driggs and M. S. Gibson were made a committee to draft and report ordinances for the village of Fond du Lac.

The second election of village officers was held at the Cottage Inn, where the American House now stands, corner Main and Court streets, March 6, 1848, and had to be adjourned to the next day on account of a tie vote between M. S. Gibson, A. D. Bonesteel and Cornelius Davis, for Trustees. The number of votes cast the second day was 97, and A. D. Bonesteel and Edgar Conklin were elected. After that, for a few months, the Board of Trustees had regular and special meetings in rapid succession to wrestle with the question of whether Western avenue should be opened and sidewalks built. Finally, in March, 1848, it was resolved to have " cross walks." This resolution was hailed with delight by the muddy-booted burghers, but the walks were slow in being built. Some idea of the progress made may be had from a paragraph in one of the local papers of May, 1848, which said : " Only think of it ! Scarce three months have passed since the ordinance was passed to construct sidewalks, and full one-tenth of the work is now completed. At this rate, this grand, extensive improvement will be finished in the unparalleled short space of two and one-half years from the date of its commencement ! "

The third election for village officers was held at the Court House, March 5, 1849. The manner of conducting these elections, of which a record was made by Samuel Ryan, would be entirely novel, if not beneficial, at the present day. E. W. Davis was chosen Moderator, and Samuel Ryan, Clerk, both of whom were solemnly sworn to do their duty, fear God, and support the Constitution of the State and the United States. In March, 1851, the village fathers had grown so thrifty that an ordinance was passed compelling every lecturer to pay a license of $1 to the City Clerk, no matter on what subject the lecture might be. This was considered an outrage by itinerant orators, and was frequently evaded by declaring that the matter to be delivered was a sermon and not a lecture. Concerts, shows and exhibitions were granted licenses upon payment of from $3 to $20.

A writer, in the spring of 1847, thus speaks o^ the village : " Within three years has sprung up, as if by magic, our thriving village of 400 inhabitants, where three years ago stood sfSolitary log house. We have two taverns, four stores, two groceries, three blacksmith-shops, three tailor-shops, one cooper-shop, one wagon-shop, one harness-shop, one fanning-mill shop, two tinshops, two cabinet-shops, three shoe-shops, one jeweler's-shop, etc., etc. As yet we have no public buildings, but the Court House and Jail are in process of erection. A grist-mill is now in course of building. Heretofore, a'great inconvenience has been felt on account of a lack of lumbei* and building materials, but there will be less difficulty this season, as we have one steam and one water saw-mill in operation^ - but the demand is very great. There are now in course of building, or to be commenced in the course of a few weeks, some thirty dwelling-houses, and to these there are to be added several stores and offices.

" The legal profession is well supplied. We have seven practicing lawyers. We have but *wo practicing physicians. We have also three resideat clergymen. As yet there are no churches ; it is contemplated, however, to build two or three during the season.

" The village is built on land heretofore owned by Dr. Darling, and has been confined to his j)urchase, owing to the unwillingness or inability of the Fond du Lac Company to make sales. During the last season, however, the lands adjoining the town [village] were thrown into the market, and were purchased by different individuals. Lots can be purchased to suit. settlers, at reasonable prices, either for places of business or private dwellings. The country round about is of the most fertile soil, and the land generally taken.

" Our population is chiefly from New England and Western New York, and of such a character as to invite the stranger to come and dwell among us.'" . -

, Says another writer the same year: " We were not aware, until the last week, of the number of buildings which are now in a state of forwardness, or under contract to be erected in this place this season. Upon inquiring, we find that arrangements have already been made for erecting nearly one hundred buildings, among which will be two, if not three, churches ; a large and commodious court house, one or more public schoolhouses, besides stores, mechanics' shops and dwellings. Measures are being taken to form a company for the purpose of supplying the village with pure and wholesome water, from the beautiful spring on the farm of Col. Conklin, by means of a water-line pipe and reservoir. The distance is about three miles. The annals of Wisconsin cannot show a village which has sprung up with greater rapidity, or that exhibits a greater degree of prosperity and enterprise than Fond du Lac."

A writer, on the 22d of September of the following year, says : " The prosperity of Fond du Lac is steadily advancing, and it promises soon to become one of the most thriving inland towns [villages] of the Territory. Several commodious buildings are being erected. Mr. Hebert's new hotel [the building now called the City Hotel] will be a splendid structure when finished - it is 50 feet long by 40 wide, three stories high, and will be surmounted by a commodious observatory. * * * The frame of the new Court House was raised last week. It is a magnificent structure, and will be finished in a becoming style by Mr. Isaac Brown, the enterprising contractor. It is three stories high - the basement of stone to be used as a jail. This is the -only building in the place which should remain tenantless. May the owls and bats, cats and rats, forever revel in the halls of its basement."

A Vermonter, who afterward became a prominent citizen of the city of Fond du Lac, sent the following doggerel to the Burlington, Vt., Free, Press, in August, 1847, which was freely .used by the Green Mountain newspaper publishers to prevent emigration to Wisconsin :

" Great western waste of bottom land, Flat as pancake, rich as grease ! Where gnats are full as big as toads, And skeeters are as big as geese !

"Oh, lonesome, windy, grassy place, . Where buffaloes »nd snakes prevail ; The first with ^readful-looking face. The last with dreadful-sounding tail.

In August, 1849, the inhabitants were startled with the passage and posting of an ordinance declaring that after that time chimneys of brick or stone must be built in all houses. This was regarded by many of the villagers as an unwarranted usurpation of power, and they put forth the opinion that they could build fires under their beds if they wished, or burn down their

«hanties without the consent of an upstart village council. But the war on the resolution of the " upstart council," as the village board of trustees was sarcastically named, soon came to an end, *nd all new houses were built with chimneys.

No election was held for village officers in the spring of 1850. The necessity for one had been entirely overlooked. This omission was the butt of numberless gibes by the press of the Northwest.

Trustees. - John C. Lewis, John Bannister, Isaac Brown and J. J. Driggs, 1848 ; A. D. Bonesteel, M. L. Noble, Isaac Brown and George Williams, 1849 ; Quartus M. Olcott, C. J. Ooss, M. L. Noble, E. Perkins, M. C. Darling and David R. Curran, 1851 ; W. A. Dewey, F. D. McCarty, E. H. Galloway, G. F. Brownson, J. B. Wilbor and J. Q. Griffith, 1852.

Treasurers. - Isaac Brown, 1848, resigned March 11, and Selim Newton, appointed his successor ; William Farnsworth, 1849 ; John Bonnell, 1851 ; Horace W. Newton, 1852.

City Of Fond Dtj Lac Incorporated

The village of Fond du Lac was incorporated as a city in April, 1852. The charter, previously passed by the Legislature, established the boundaries and divided the territory into two wards, as it had been before. In 1869, a strip of land forty rods wide was added on the west and south sides of the city, and eighty rods on the east side, except on the northeast corner, which left Luco outside of the city.

The description of the city now is as follows: All that district of country included in the west half of Section 2 and the west half of the east half of Section 2 ; all of Section 3 ; the half of the east half and the east half of the west half of the east half of Section 4 ; the east half of the east half and the east half of the west half of the east half of Section 9 ; all of Section 10 ; the west half of Section 11 ; the west half of the east half of Section 11 ; the fioutheast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 11 ; all of Sections 14 and 15 ; the east half of the east half and the east half of the west half of the east half of Section 16 ; the north half of the north half of the northeast quarter and the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 21 ; the north half of the north half of the north half of Section 22 ; and the north half of the north half of the north half of Section 23, in Town 15 north, of Range 17 east, in the Menasha land district.

When first incorporated as a city, there were two wards, called the North and South Wards, as the village had been divided when incorporated, which form continued for a year, when the two wards were made three. In 1854, the city was re-districted, and five wards were erected. These five wards remained intact until the spring of 1875, when they were erected into eight wards, the present number. The city is governed by a Common Council, consisting of the Mayor and three Aldermen from each ward, only two of whom can vote in Council meetings. Aldermen are elected one at a time in each ward, and hold office three years, but they are entitled to no vote the first year after election. The other officers are a Comptroller, whose salary is $300 per year ; a City Attorney, whose salary is $550 per year, both elected by the Council ; a City Treasurer, whose salary is $800, who is elected by popular ballot every spring ; a City Clerk, elected annually by the Council, whose salary is now $600 per annum, though it has been higher; a Superintendent of Schools, elected by the Board of Education, whose salary is $500 per annum ; a Chief of Police, elected by the Council, whose salary is $600 per annum ; a Chief Fire Marshal, elected by the Council, whose salary is $250 per annum ; a

City Surveyor, elected by the Council, whose salary is $2 per day for actual service ; a Sidewalk Superintendent, who is appointed by the Council, whose salary is $450 per year, and a Board of Education, consisting of one Commissioner from each ward, elected annually by the Council. By an amendment of February 9, 1880, the Board of Health was abolished, and one Health Officer is now appointed by the Council for one year, in its place. The same amendment gave the City Council power to appoint a Poor Commissioner, a Purchasing Agent and a Sealer of Weights and Measures.

The city has Constables and Justices of the Peace the sameas any town, but no municipal or Police Judge. There have been, since 1877, three Justices of the Peace elected at large. They have jurisdiction over all the minor criminal cases brought before them by the police, and hold office two years.

All policemen are appointed by the Council. Their pay is $35 per month, with no fees for serving papers of any kind. The city now has only five policemen besides the Chief, but there is an agitation in favor of increasing this number.

The Board of Public Works was abolished by an amendment to the charter, and, by another amendment, which took eflfect in 1879, three Assessors are now elected at large, instead of one from each ward.

In 1879, the entire city charter was revised by a committee appointed by the Council, but,, when it had been passed by the Legislature, it was discovered that the city had no Second Ward^ - at least none in the charter. This was rectified by the Legislature of 1880.

At the beginning of 1880, each Alderman was made a Poor Commissioner, but the experiment proved so disastrously burdensome in a financial sense, that a special act was passed, as before noted, to provide for the election of a Poor Commissioner and a Purchasing Agent.

Supervisors. - E. H. Galloway and W. H. Hiner, 1852 ; John Nichols and Jared Chapel, 1853; Isaac Brown, J. M. Taylor and John Peacock, 1854; Henry Conklin, D. E. Hoskins J. M. Taylor, G. W. Sexmith and E. Delany, 1855; Henry Conklin, A. Carswell, J. M. Taylor, T. S. Henry and Edmund Delany, 1856 ; Keyes A. Darlmg, W. D. Conklin, C. A. Rider, George Williams and E. Delany, 1857 ; E. A. Brown, E. S. Bragg, J. M. Taylor, -John Maginnis, and C. N. Parker, 1858; J. H. Hayford, E. S. Bragg, T. W. Dee, George Williams and C. R. Harrison, 1859 ; B. Beeson, E. S. Bragg, G. W. Sawyer, R. A. Baker and C. R. Harrison, 1860; W. D. Sherwood, E. S. Bragg, B. F. Moore, R. A. Baker and M. Lockwood, 1861 ; John Potter, J. Mathews, John Bonnell, R. A. Baker and James Sawyer, 1862; K. A. Darling, J. Mathews, H. A. Francis, W. M. Phelan and I. Sawyer, 1863; C. McLean, L. Rupp, P. L. Morse, James Conneughty and C. R. Harrison, 1864 ; A. B. Taylor, L. Rupp, A. C. Everest, C. B. Crane and James Sawyer, 1865; J. W. Valentine, E. W. Davis, W. C. Hamilton, S. A. Chase and Charles Lucia, 1866; E. R. Ferris, John Mathews, A. B. Taylor, S. A. Chase and John Killups, 1867; W. Koehne, B. W. Davis, A. P. Merriman, L.

'Canfield and E. M. McGraw, 1868; N. 0. Giffiri, C. C. L. Webster, D. W. C. Prest, J. Fitzgerald and L. Graves, 1869 ; H. Shattuck, C. L. Ailing, H. P. Brown, W. Reuping and U. D. Mihills, 1870; William Koehne, John Boyd, H. P. Brown, S. A. Chase and 0. C. Bissell, 1871 (November 13, C. L. Ailing elected to fill vacancy occasioned by the absence of John Boyd); William Koehne, 0. F. Kalk, S. W. Edson, C. L. Encking and Nathan Parker, 1872 ; L. R. Lewis, C. F. Kalk, M. W. Simmons, C. A. Galloway and Nathan Parker, 1873 ; T. F. Mayham, C, L. Ailing, M. W. Simmons, S. A. Chase and John W. Gill, 1874; J. F. M. Gaertner, C. L. Ailing, John Spence, C. L. Encking, 0. C. Bissell, Leroy Graves, A. Haberman and Orin Hatch, 1875; S. S. Bowers, Byron- Town, J. C. Lowell, S. A. Chase, 0. C. Bissell, Leroy Graves, David Chamberlain and A. G. Little, 1876 ; John Musgat, C. Serwe,

B. F. Moore, C. H. De Groat, J. T. Fontana, J. M. Crippen, John Gallagher and A. T. Little, 1877 ; F. B. Hoskins, of the First, Joseph Radford, of the Second, B. F. Moore, of the Third, A. H. Bruett, of the Fourth, 0. C. Bissell of the Fifth, George Hunter, of the Sixth, William Ladewig, of the Seventh, and Martin Kaeding, of the Eighth Ward, 1878 ; T. F. Mayham, of the First, C. L. Ailing, of the Second, A. B. Taylor, of the Third, A. H. Bruett, of the Fourth, 0. C. Bissell, of the Fifth, B. F. Sweet, of the Sixth, D. Shaefer, of the Seventh, and Martin Kaeding, of the Eighth Ward, 1879.

Assessors. - C. J. Goos and John H. Worden, 1852 ; J. M. Taylor and John Case, 1853 ; Leonard Arnold, J. M. Taylor and J. L. Henry, 1854; Charles Chandler, A. S. Gregory, John Bonnell, C. J. Goss and W. C. Little, 1855 ; Charles Chandler, W. T. Gibson and William Little, 1856 ; Isaac Brown, Q. M. Olcott, G. W. Sawyer, George Williams and W. C. Little, 1857 ; Charles Chandler, John B. Wilbor, Isaac Tompkins, Jolm L. Henry and E. Delaney, 1858 ; E. R. Ferris, J. B. Wilbor, C. C. P. Gould, John L. Henry and W. C. Little, 1859 ; Isaac Brown, John Mathews, C. M. Tompkins, C. D. Gromme and E. Delany, 1860 ; Isaac Brown, John Mathews. William T. Gibson, William M. Phelan and W. A. Foster, 1861 ; Isaac Brown, J. B. Wilbor, W. T. Gibson, W. M. Phelan and W. A. Foster, 1862 ; Isaac Brown, E. W. Davis, C. C. P. Gould, C. Serwe and James Sawyer, 1863 ; E. Delany, C. D. Gromme,

C. A. Rider, E. W. Davis, and E. Beeson, 1864 ; Edward Beeson, E. W. Davis, Stephen Hawkins, George Williams and Edward Beaver, 1865 ; David Babcock, E. W. Davis, A. C. Everest, George Williams and T. T. Miner, 1866 ; D. W. Smith, John Mathews, 0. A. Rider, George Williams and E. Beaver, 1867 ; W. M. Phalen, 1868-69 ; Harvey Durand, John Mathews, D. Chamberlain, W. M. Phelan and E. L. Maloney, 1870 ; Harvey Durand, E. W. Davis, D. Chamberlain, E. Delany and E. L. Maloney, 1871 ; H. Durand, C. L. Ailing, D. Chamber-

Aldermen. - 1852 - E. H. Galloway, W. H. Hiner, G. F. Brownson, Isaac Tompkins and -John C. Lewis. 1853 - John Nichols, Kasson Freeman, Josiah Tryon, Jared Chapel, Morgan L. Noble and R. A. Baker. 1854 - Isaac Brown, John Nichols, Isaac Tompkins, J. M. Taylor, William B. Brand and A. G. Butler. 1855 - Henry Conklin, Z. Rice and A. Raymond, of the First Ward ; D. E. Hoskins, James Ewen and Peter Rupp, of the Second ; J. M. Taylor, Jason Wilkins and Josiah Tryon, of the Third ; G. W. Sexmith, John Case and A. White, ot the Fourth, and E. Delany, L. Canfield and William M. Phelan, of the Fifth. 1856 - Henry Conklin, J. W. Valentine and D. W. Smith, of the First Ward ; John B. Wilbor, Allen Carswell and Peter Rupp, of the Second ; J. M. Taylor, Carlos A. Rider and Isaac Tompkins, of the Third ; Thomas S. Henry, B. H. Jones and Hiram Pitcher, of the Fourth, and Edmund

D. McCarty and Thomas H. Green, of the. First; William D. Conklin, Lewis Rupp and Joseph Lawler, of the Second ; C. A. Rider, Thomas W. Dee and R. N. Purdy, of the Third ; G. Williams, C. N. Snell and D. Pitcher, of the Fourth, and Edmund Delany, C. N. Parker and T. T. Miner, of the Fifth. 1858 - E. A. Brown, F. D. McCarty and A. W. Rider, of the First ; E. S. Bragg, John Petit and A. J. Reed, of the Second ; J. M. Taylor, E. W, Drury and G. W. Sawyer, of the Third ; John Maginnis, Riley Shepard, of the Fourth, and C. N. Parker, C. R. Harrison and James Sawyer, of the Fifth. -1859 - J. H. Hayford, J. W. Valentine and Lathrop Ellis, of the First; E. S. Bragg, S. E. Lefferts and John Mathews, of the Second ; Thomas W. Dee, A. C. Everest and R. L. Morris, of the Third ; George Williams, John Case and C. D. Gromme, of the Fourth, and C. R. Harrison, W. C. Little and S. G. Ogden, of the Fifth. 1860 - Edward Beeson, Joseph Olmsted and T. Roach, of the First Ward ;

A. Raymond, of the Third ; R. A. Baker, James Whitton and Martin Curran, of the Fourth, and C. R. Harrison, J. B. Johnson and L. Canfield, of the Fifth. 1861 - W. D. Sherwood, H. P. Olds and A. D. Ward, of the First Ward ; E. S. Bragg, A. Carswell and Peter Rupp, of the Second ; B. F. Moore, John McKibben and D. C. Lepper, of the Third ; R. A. Baker, James Conneughty and Christopher Serwe, of the Fourth, and Monson Lockwood, James Sawyer, and H. S. Gilbert, of the Fifth. 1862 - John Potter, A. B. Taylor arid James W. Valentine^ of the First Ward ; John Mathews, W. D. Conklin and John Peacock, of the Second ; John Bonnell, Caspar Buechner and Ira McChain, of the Third ; R. A. Baker, James Conneughty and William Dougherty, of the Fourth, and James Sawyer, Daniel Roberts and George Hunter, of the Fifth. 1863 - K. A. Darling, L. F. Stowe and Thomas Gibson, of the First Ward; John Mathews, S. A. Dudley and A. L. Crocker, of the Second ; H. A. Francis, P. L. Morse and J. R. Cole, of the Third ; William M. Phelan, I. S. Tallmadge and W. Dougherty, of the Fourth, and James Sawyer, George Hunter and M. Lockwood, of the Fifth. 1864 - Campbell McLean, E. B. Ingram and H. Courtney, of the First Ward ; Louis Rupp, Robert Flint and S. B. Amory, of the Second; P. L. Morse, A. C. Ev-erest and G. W. Sawyer, of the Third ; J. Conneughty, Anthony Grisi and John Sewell, of the Fourth, and C. R. Harrison, John Sawyer and Daniel Roberts, of the Fifth. 1865 - A. B. Taylor, James W. Valentine and Charles

F. Kalk, of the First Ward ; Louis Rupp, Samuel B. Amory and I. S. Sherwood, of the Second ; A. C. Everest, W. C. Hamilton and J. R. Deland, of the Third ; C. E. Crane, G. F. Brownson and Peter Servatius, of the Fourth, and John Sawyer, W. H. Hiner and L. Beaudreau, of the Fifth. 1866 - James W. Valentine, Henry Shattuck and A. D- Ward, of the First Ward ; E. W. Davis, C. Serwe and J. W. Cunny, of the Second ; W. C. Hamilton, A.

B. Taylor and Nathan Carroll, of the Third ; S. A. Chase, W. D. Davis and Charles Lucia, of the Fourth, and Daniel Roberts, John B. Killips and W. H. Hiner, of the Fifth. 1867 - E. R. Ferris, L. Holmes and Charles Chandler, of the First Ward ; John Boyd, John Mathews and C. Serwe, of the Second ; A. B. Taylor, C. J. L. Meyer and J. R. Smith, of.the Third ; S. A. Chase, D. Trotier and A. H. Bruett, of the Fourth, and John B. Killips, 0. C. Bissell and T. T. Miner, of the Fifth. 1868 - W. Koehne, L. Holmes and W. Shattuck, of the First- Ward ; E. W. Davis, J. Mathews and C. Serwe, of the Second ; A. P. Merriman, D. W. C. Priest and C. Branshaw, of the Third ; L. Canfield, P. Servatius and C. Lucia, of the Fourth, and E. M. McGraw, C. Pierron and GeOrge Hunter, of the Fifth. May 11, 1868, L. Canfield,. of the Fourth Ward, resigned, and A. J. McDonald was elected to fill the vacancy. 1869 - N.

C. Gifiin, W. Koehne and J. S. Youmans, of the First Ward ; 0. C. L. Webster, M. Curran and F. Sander, of the Second ; D. W. C. Priest, C. Buechner and W. Bensil, of the Third ; J. W. Fitzgerald, W. Graves and J. Hebert, of the Fourth, and L. Graves, L. Beaudreau and J. Gill, of the Fifth. 1870 - H. Shattuck, Byron Town and James G. Miller, of the First Ward; C. L. Ailing, Paul Hauser and B. N' Foster, of the Second; H. P. Brown, J. C. Wedge and George Kingsbury, of the Third ; W. Rueping, A. Stevely and Louis Pelletier, of the Fourth, and U. D. Mihills, A. J. Spear and Nathan Parker, of the Fifth. 1871 - William

Koehne, L. R. Lewis and E. B. Ingram, of the First Ward ; E. W. Davis, George C. Wright and John Waters, of the Second ; H. P. Brown, S. W. Edson and Thomas Bryant, of the- Third ; Seth A. Chase, Anthony Servatius and Demas Trotier, of the Fourth, and 0. C. Bissell, L. Coney and Judson Phelps, of the Fifth. E. B. Ingram failing to qualify. Dr. T. F. Mayham was elected his successor ; February 12, 1872, John Bullis elected from Third Ward vice Thomas Bryant, resigned. 1872 - William Koehne, L. R. Lewis and C B. Bartlett, of the First Ward ; C. F. Kalk, J. Waters and C. Serwe, of the Second ; S. W. Edson, C. W. Kaler and John Spence, of the Third ; C. L. Encking, J. E. Richardson and James Dillon, of the Fourth, and J. C. Pierron, L. Coney and J. Phelps, of the Fifth. 1873 - L. R. Lewis, J. C. Perry and E. H. Burnton, of the First Ward ; C. F. Kalk, Joseph Radford and Joseph Kaiser, of the Second ; S. W. Edson, Henry Hastings and C. W. Kaler, of the Third ; C. A. Galloway, James Dillon and Charles Wilson, of the Fourth, and Nathan Parker, W. H. Hiner and L. Coney, of the Fifth. January 12, 1874, W. H. Gilligan elected an Alderman from the Fifth Ward, vice W. H. Hiner, resigned. 1874 - T. F. Mayham, T. S. Nowell and Phillip Ehrhart, of the First Ward ; C. L. Ailing, James Harlan and Joseph Radford, of the Second; M. W. Simmons, Henry Hastings and J. B. Kennard", of the Third ; S. A. Chase, James McTayy and E. Panger, of the Fourth, and John W. Gill, J. C. Pierron and John Dana, of the Fifth. 1875 - Michael O'Connell and John Olmsted, of the First Ward ; C. L. Ailing, James Gaynor and S. Eudemiller, of the Second ; J. S. Burrows, Jacob Kunze and W. A. Griffith, of the Third ; C. L. Encking, M. Mangan and Lockwood Canfield, of the Fourth ; 0. C. Bissell, James Whitton and Connor Haley, of the Fifth ; Leroy Graves, Charles Wilsonand David Carrier, of the Sixth ; A. Haberman, C. Cahill and B. Mulloy, of the Seventh, and Orin Hatch, Joseph Wurzburger and Martin McDonough, of the Eighth. C. H. Benton elected from the Second Ward, vice C. L. Ailing, resigned. May 31, 1876. 1876 - S. S. Bowers, Jacob Hirsch and Martin Franey, of the First Ward ; Byron Town, John Heath and William Connell, of the Second ; J. C. Lowell, Jacob Kunze and D. Y. Sabin, of the Third ; Michael Mangan, John Crow and Henry Wallichs, of the Fourth ; 0. C. Bissell, Samuel [Totaling and Anthony Briester, of the Fifth ; Leroy Graves, J. C. Beaudreau and N. Davis, of the Sixth ; David Chamberlain, W. Ladewig and William Luling, of the Seventh, and A. T. Little, M. Kaeding and L. Bond, of the Eighth. May 1, 1876, C. E. Scales elected from th& Third Ward, vice C. Y. Sabin, resigned. 1877 - John Musgat, H. Courtney and John Hirsch, of the First Ward ; C. Serwe, Joseph Radford and T. S. Weeks, of the Second ; R. M. Lewis, S. P. Morse and E. F. Dodge, of the Third ; A. Servatius, James Dillon and Thomas J. Vaughn, of the Fourth ; William Evans, John Conway and P. Briester, of the Fifth ; N. Davis, F. Grill and M. Prefontaine, of the Sixth ; John Gallagher, William Ladewig and D. Schaffer, of the Seventh, and A. T. Little, M. Kaeding and L. Bond, of the Eighth. May 7, R. M. Lewis, of the Third Ward, resigned ; E. N. Korrer elected to the vacancy. 1878^ - F. B. Hoskins, of the First Ward ; John Heath, of the Second ; E. D. Harris, of the Third ; A» H. Bruett, of the Fourth ; 0. C. Bissell, of the Fifth ; F. H. Rondo, of the Sixth ; Nathan Carroll, of the Seventh, and H. W. Newton, of the Eighth. 1879 - T. F. Mayham, of the First Ward ; C. S. Henry, of the Second ; A. B. Taylor, of the Third ; William Schwinnen, of the Fourth ; I. Alexander, of the Fifth ; B. F. Sweet, of the Sixth ; John Gallagher, of the Seventh, and H. G. Desombre, of the Eighth.

School Oommissioners. - George W. Weikert, J. W. Valentine, E. L. Griffin, James Sawyer, M. D. Moore, E. S. Bragg, D. A. Raymond, G. F. Brownson, U. D. Mihills and C. A. Gibson, 1867. The following Board of Education was appointed in 1868 : W. W. Clark and A. Raymond, of the First Ward ; Robert Flint and C. F, Kalk, of the Second ; T. S. Wright and John the Third ; William W. Phelan and G. F. Brownson, of the Fourth, and A. J. Spear and 0. Graves, of the Fifth, 1868. A. Raymond, of the First Ward ; S. Eudemiller, of the Second ; Dr. Lilly, of the Third ; W. Rueping, of the Fourth, and M. Rapp, of the Fifth, 1869. J. H. Sisson, of the First ; W. J. Hart, of the Second ; David Chamberlain, of the Third ; Alexander White, for term, and A. H. Bruett, to fill vacancy, in the Fourth, and John Killips, of the Fifth, 1870. V. W. Seeley, of the Fif-st; E. L. Griffin of the Second ; W. C. Hamilton, of the Third; 0. C. Steinberg, of the Fourth, and J. A. Rappe, of the Fifth, 1871. T. F. Mayham, of the First ; P. H. Gallagher, of the Second ; D. R. Curran, of the Third ; Alexander White, of the Fourth, and John W. Gill, of the Fifth, 1872. December 30, Thomas Riley elected from Second Ward, vice P. H. Gallagher, resigned. F. Dahlem, of the First ; Paul Hauser, of the Second; W. C. Hamilton, of the Third; 0. C. Steinberg, of the Fourth, and J. A. Rappe, of the Fifth, 1873. F. B. Hoskins, of the First ; G. W. Lusk, of the Second ; D. R. Curran, of the Third ; Rudolph Ebert, of the Fourth, and E. L. Maloney, of the Fifth, 1874. R. L. Morris, of the First; N. C. Giffin, of the Second; W. C. Hamilton, of the Third ; W. H. Hurley, of the Fourth ; G. N. Mihills, of the Fifth ; J. D. Coon, of the Sixth ; J. D. Pitcher, of the Sixth, one year ; Henry Bloedel, of the Seventh ; M. W. Simmons, of the Seventh, one year ; Henry Stoldt, of the Eighth, and E. B. Ingram, one year, also of the Eighth, 1875. W. McDermott, elected from the Second, vice Geo. W. Lusk, Mayor elect, who resigned May 3, 1875 ; C. B. Bartlett, elected from the Eighth, vice Ingram, who failed to qualify, May 24, 1875. F. B. Hoskins, of the First ; M. D. Moore, of the Second ; H. P. Brown, of the Third ; M. McKenna, of the Fourth ; E. L. Maloney, of the Fifth ; J. M. Crippen, of the Sixth ; M. W. Simmons, of the Seventh, and C. B. Bartlett, of the Eighth, 1876. May 7, 1877, M. McKenna, of the Fourth, resigned. John H. Gores appointed to the vacancy. April 19, 1878, on motion of Aid. Dodge, it was ordered that the members of the Board holding office from the odd-numbered wards continue to hold their positions for the ensuing year. T. F. Mayham, George P. Knowles, J. W. Hiner and James Nary, 1879.

Board of Publio Works. - W. C. Hamilton, E. W. Davis and L. Holmes, 1867 ; W. W. Clark, John Bonnell and W. Rueping, 1868 ; L. Graves, W. Koehne and C. C. L. Webster, 1869; C. J. Ailing, A. J. Spear and H. Shattuck, 1870; James Ewen, William Koehne and A. Servatius, 1871; William Koehne, William Bensil and Judson Phelps, 1872; W. Parker,

Alexander Hastings and L. R. Lewis, 1873 ; J. L. D. Eyclesheimer, Jacob Frey and F. D. Scott, 1874. May 4, Peter Rupp was elected a member of the Board of Public Works, viae Jacob Frey, resigned. None were appoipted in 1875, and the Board was abolished in 1876.

Board of Health. - k. Raymond, W. W. Clark and D. Babcock, of the First, W. Wiley, John Mathews and E. W. Davis, of the Second, H. M. Lilly, E. Perkins and S. W. Edson, of the Third, E. Delaney, W. M. Phelan and 0. Morley, of the Fourth, and C. A. Gibson, E. M. McGraw and G. Q. Campbell, of the Fifth Ward, in 1867 ; L. F. Stowe, of the First, J. Peacock, of the Second, G. W. Sawyer, of the Third, J. Scrwe, of the Fourth, and Dr. Gibson of the J'ifth Ward, 1868 ; D. W. Smith, of the First, E. L. Griffin, of the Second, H. Meibucher, of the Third, P. J. Wagner, of the Fourth, and H. Reeves, of the Fifth Ward, 1869 ; George W. Swift, of the First, Dr. W. Wiley, of the Second, Dr. H. M. Lilly, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, and Henry Reeves, of the Fifth Ward, 1870 ; Dr. L. West, of the First, Dr. W. Wiley, of the Second, Dr. E. F. Dodge, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, and E. Beaver, of the Fifth Ward, 1871. November 13, Dr. E. C. Gray elected vice Dr. L. West, resigned. Dr. T. F. Mayham, of the First, Dr. W. Wiley, of the Second, Dr. E. F. Dodge, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, and Dr. L. C. Fartier, of the Fifth Ward, 1872 ; Dr. E. C. Gray, of the First, Dr. W. Wiley, of the Second, Dr. E. F. Dodge, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, and H. D. Danks, of the Fifth Ward, 1873; Dr. T. F. Mayham, of the First, Dr. W. Wiley, of the Second, Dr. D. A. Raymond, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, and Dr. Anton Krembs, of the Fifth Ward, 1874; L. F. Stowe of the First, W. Wiley, of the Second, D. B. Wyatt, of the Third, E. Delany, of the Fourth, W. H. Gilligan, of the Fifth, C. Johnson, of the Sixth, 0. S. Leonard, of the Seventh, and John Kehl, of the Eighth Ward, 1875; Dr. T. F. Mayham, of the First, Dr. E. L. Griffin, of the Second, Dr. D. B. Wyatt, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, W. H. Hiner, of the Fifth, C. Lucia, of the Sixth, 0. S. Leonard, of the Seventh, and John Kehl, of the Eighth Ward, 1876. July 20, James Whitton, elected from the Fifth vice W. H. Hiner, resigned. Dr. T. F. Mayham, of the First, Dr. W. Wiley, of the Second, James Ewen of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, James Whitton of the Fifth, Camille Ltieia, of the Sixth, 0. S. Leon- .ard, of the Seventh, and F. Bussewitz, of the Eighth Ward, 1877 ; Dr. T. F. Mayham, of the First, Dr. J. H. McNeel, of the Second, Dr. D. B. Wyatt, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany of the Fourth, James Whitton, of the Fifth, Peter Wilbert, of the Sixth, H. Gundelach, of the Seventh, and F. Bussewitz, of the Eighth Ward, 1878 ; M. Mangan, of the First, Dr. E. L. -Griffin, of the Second, Dr. D. B. Wyatt, of the Third, Dr. E. Delany, of the Fourth, P. J. Breister, of the Fifth, A. Babedeau, of the Sixth, William Deheurt, of the Seventh, and F. Bussewitz, of the Eighth Ward, 1879.

Justices of the Peace. - George Williams, Morgan L. Noble, Isaac Brown and C. A. Rider, 1852 ; J. J. Driggs and G. W. Sexmith, 1853 ; J. J. Driggs, L. Hazen, W. J. Wallace and George Williams, 1854 ; J. J. Driggs, Joseph Stowe, Parley Giltner, C. A. Rider, A. F. Peabody, C. 0. Hurd and E. Delany, 1855 ; Josiah Barnett, J. Y. Westervelt, Royal Buck, George Williams and T. T. Miner, 1856 ; John J. Driggs, Louis Goldstucker, C. A. Rider, C. Hurd and Edmund Delany, 1857 ; George Williams, 1858 ; J. J. Driggs, W. C. Kellogg, E. Bissell, B. T. Midgley and E. Delany, 1859 ; J. J. Driggs, W. 0. Kellogg, Edward Bissell, B. T. Midgley and E. Delany, 1863 ; J. J. Driggs, L. Goldstucker, E. Bissell, George Williams and E. Beaver, 1867 ; J. J. Driggs, L. Goldstucker, E. Bissell, George Williams and E. Beaver, 1869 ; S. L. Brasted,~1870 ; V. W. Seeley, L. Goldstucker, John Bullis and Frank Rice, 1872; E. Delany and F. G. Rice, 1873: J. J. Driggs, W. D. Conklin, W. E. Angell, Richard Dix and B. S. Phelps, 1874 ; A. W. Reader, W. D. Conklin ; Edward Bissell, L. Goldstucker, H. D. Danks, Robert Potter, Martin Gill and J. V. De Vry, 1875 ; George Pier, H. E. Connitt and L. R. Lewis, 1876 ; L. Goldstucker, H. B. Eastman and S. L. Brasted, 1877-79.

Comtahles. - W. H. Yaw and N. C. King, 1852 ; Frank Gerland and C. 0. McCarty, 1853; George Croft, Z. L. Chapman and Robert Atkinson, 1854; Robert B. Holmes, D. Sickles, E. De Land, Samuel Fowler and John N. Curtis, 1855 ; Joseph Olmsted, David Sickles,

J. H. Fancher, Samuel Fowler and W. Allen, 1856 ; Hiram Lindsley, David Sickles, John Shannon, W. Alseaver and W. H. Bruce, 1857 ; Hiram Lindsley, David Sickles, H. M. Snow, John Dobyns and T. A. Johnson, 1858 ; H. Lindsley, D. Sickles, L. Shannon, John Dobyns and R. Rawlings, 1859 ; George Barnett, M. O'Halloran, Reuben Lindly, John Dobyns and P. A. Maloney, I860; William Sealey, M. O'Halloran, Reuben Lindly, John Dobyns and. Patrick A. Maloney, 1861; Wm. Sealey, M. O'Halloran, E. H. Harrington, E. T. Midgley and W. R. Allen, 1862 ; W. Sealey, M. O'Halloran, Eli De Land, Herman Walther and D. W. Wilson, 1863 ; William Sealey, David Sickles, Eli De Land, P. Hanchy and John Tate, 1864 ; L. S. Allen, Charles McKinney, Eli De Land, Thomas Dobyns and John Denny, 1865; Charles McKinney, Peter CofFee, Eli De Land, Thomas Dobyns and P. A. Maloney, 1866 ; C McKinney, W. W. Howe, Eli De Land, Thomas Dobyns and R. Jewson, 1867 ; C. McKinney, W. Howe, E. De Land, T. Dobyns and George Stevens, 1868 ; William Sealey, W. W. Howe, E. De Land, Thomas Dobyns and George Stevens, 1869 ; B. T. Miller, W. W. Howe, Eli De Land, Thomas Dobyns and George Stevens, 1870 ; Michael Roach, W. W. Howe, E. De Land, Thomas Dobyns and Fred Ellsworth, 1872 ; George A. Temple, 1873 ; B. T. Miller, W. W. Howe, Eli De Land, John Flood and Joseph Joubert, 1874 ; John G. Baizier, W. W. Howe, Warren Green, Anton Bach, A. G. Purdy, Edward Larow, Eli De Land and A. Raymond, 1876 ; John C. Kenealy, N. La Mouche and James Cofrin, 1877 ; none elected in 1878 ; J. C. Keneally, N. La Mouche and J. Hartnett, 1879.

Street Superintendents. - A. C. Everest, 1867 ; J. Bonnell, 1868-69 ; C. L. Ailing, 1870. No record for 1871 or subsequently. The revised charter, adopted in the spring of 1879, provides for a Sidewalk Superintendent, and S. A. Smith was the officer.

Municipal Judges. - E. Bissell, long term ; W. D. Conklin, short term, 1871. William D. Conklin, 1873. Office abolished at the expiration of William D. Conklin's term of office.

A writer in 1854 gives this description of the cityof Fond du Lac : " At the charter election, held at the Court House April 6, 1852, Mason C. Darling was elected to the office of Mayor ; J. M. Taylor, Treasurer ; W. A. Dewey, Clerk ; C. N. Snell, Marshal, and E. Hodges, Superintendent of Schools. In 1853, G. Mc Williams .was elected Mayor; E. H. Galloway, Treasurer ; G. W. Sawyer, Clerk ; F. P. Humiston, Marshal, and E. Hodges, Superintendent of Schools. In 1854, Isaac Brown was elected Mayor; E. H. Galloway, Treasurer; G. W. Sawyer, Clerk ; John Case, Marshal ; B. Hodges, Superintendent of Schools.

" The city is situated on the Fond du Lac River, the mouth of which furnishes a conven-. lent harbor for steamboats and other craft traversing the waters of Lake Winnebago. The principal business part of the city is upon the east side of the river, and more than a mile from the Lake. Upon the west side of the streaim, is a beautiful grove of sugar maple and other forest- trees, in which pleasant retreat are numerous private residences, splendid and tasteful gardens, and one elegant church edifice, erected by the Baptist denomination in 1853. The Rock River Valley Union Railroad, with its depots and machine-shops, is on the west side of the river.

" Surrounding the most populous part of the city are thousands of acres of unbroken prairie, over which freely roam vast herds of cattle and horses, luxuriating and fattening upon the rich prairie grass, and rank clover, which are sufficiently abundant to supply hundreds more of cattle and hqrses without inducing a scarcity of food. This wide expanse is occasionally dotted with the elegant mansion of the man at ease, but more frequently with the habitations of the humble toilers. Mechanics of small means, who labor in the city, prompted by the desire for a 'home of their own,' select locations where lots can be purchased at comparatively low prices, erect dwelling-houses, and thus add inducements to others, and to the value of the surrounding lands. Almost every week witnesses not only numerous buildings erecting upon the principal streets, but new settlements within the bounds of the city.

" This city, being surrounded by one of the most fertile and interesting farming countries in the State, with the peculiar advantages of its location, has required no forced efibrt to secure ita rapid growth. Its natural and easy connection with the ' pineries ' is, of itself; a mine of wealth.. Lumber and all kinds of timber for building can be obtained in the city almost with as little difficulty as in the forest where it grows. The limestone ledge stretches along the whole length of' the city, within three miles from which the best of stone may be easily quarried for building, flagging, and for burning lime, and in quantity sufficient to build a second Chinese wall. The great fountain of most delicious water which underlies the whole city, struggles for vent, and pours a grateful stream of health and comfort for as many as will approach it.