Iowa County, Wisconsin - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 18 of those read), 1881 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter with an unread heading (no. 18 of those read)

Town of Linden - Village of Linden - Town of Mifflin - Village of Dallas - Village OF Mifflin- Village of Kewey - Town of Moscow - Village of Moscow - Adamsville - Town of Pulaski - Village of Avoca - Town of Kidgeway - West Blue Mounds- Town Wyoming - Helena - Town of Waldwick.

The town of Linden - now, in point of valuation, the leadinof agricultural and minin^ section in the county - was among the first to attract immigration. The different elevations of its varied surface suggested to the early fortune-hunters an abundance of rich and accessible mineral deposits ; and, indeed, the entire country seemed to be only awaiting the labors of the hardy pioneer to enable it to produce bounteously. As the good fortune of one in any branch of industry proves an incentive for others to engage in the same, so the success attending the discovery of mineral in Linden was followed by a population as numerous as it was cosmopolitan.

The town is located in the southwestern part of the county, and comprises fifty-six sections in Townships 4 and 5, Kange 2 east of the Fourth Principal Meridian. It is bounded on the north by Dodgevdle, on the east by Mineral Point, on the south by La Fayette County, and on the west by Mifflin.

The general surface of the town is varied ; parts of the northern, eastern and western portions are rolling prairie, and well adapted for grain-raising, being the better portion of the town for farming purposes. The southern part is much broken, though there is but little land that cannot be made available, either for grain or stock raising. This portion of the town is well calculated for the latter branch of industry, and much attention is being paid there to the raising of cattle and hogs. There are in Linden many large and nicely improved farms, ornamented with attractive and commodious residences. The town is well watered by Spensley's Branch, 'Peddler's Creek and the East Pecatonica River. It is populated by Welsh, Germans, Norwegians and English - the latter predominating. The Welsh settlement is located in the southern part of the town, and extends into Mifflin on the west, and La Fayette County on the south.

First Miners and Smelters. - The mining district embraces that portion of territory which is in the immediate vicinity of the village of Linden. To the Irish is due the honor of the first settlement of this now prosperous town, though in the race for supremacy they have been eclipsed by the English and Welsh. As the pioneers of Southwestern Wisconsin were miners and seekers of wealth among the hidden treasures of the earth, they naturally sought only the mining districts.

In the month of October, when the autumn leaves were falling, proclaiming to the world the near approach of the winter of 1827, then it was that Patrick O'Meara, while on his way to Galena from Dodgeville, was overtaken by night on the creek, east of the present village, and where, after preparing a brush couch, he lay down to enjoy "tired nature's sweet restorer." He was an Irishman by birth and a peddler by occupation, hence the name Peddler's Creek. While gathering material for his camp-fire, he accidentally stumbled upon the first lead ever discovered in this town. He pursued his journey to Galena the next day. and, as soon thereafter as possible, returned with his bosom friend, Morgan Keogh, to whom he had confided the secret of his find. These enterprising Celts erected a rude sod cabin in the grove, since dignified by the appellation of " Keogh's Grove," and, ere the first snows came to announce the arrival of the month of November, they had commenced their diggings, determined to wrest from nature's grasp her buried treasures. These diggings were prosecuted with energy, on the west side of the creek, near the place where the road leading from Uodgeville to Galena crossed it. During the winter of 1827, which was noted for its severity, these pioneers continued their mining operations with flattering success.

Early in 1828, one Browning strayed into the future Linden, and went into partnership with Keogh and O'Meara. In March of this year, they struck what was subsequently^ termed the "Browning Diggings," which were worked with considerable success before the mines were e.xhausted. Some time later, in 1828, two Indian traders made their appearance in this new El Dorado, one of whom was named Halliday. They began working on the east side of the creyk, and eventually developed the " Big Range," which was operated for several years with abundant success. During that j^ear, a Mr. Young and R. Carver became part and parcel of the present Linden, and discovered lead ore and " drybone" (calamine) on the west side of the creek.

The year 1828 is especially interesting in the annals pertaining to the development of the mineral resources of Linden, as, among many others of minor importance, what has since been known as the Heathcock Range was discovered. This valuable lead was struck in the fall of this year by Bird Millsap and Frederick Dixon, of Missouri. Millsap had been a drover, engaged in driving cattle from Lower Missouri to the Selkirk settlement, in the British Possessions. His path was through the county, along what is termed the "dividing ridge." These diggings were operated with rather discouraging results, until 1832, when the first practical miners found their way to Linden, and successfully opened up the valuable treasures of this since distinguished mine. So abundant was the yield of this mine, that, at one time, a million of mineral stood on the location, and was disposed of at one sale, to Goldthorpe & Comstock, who had a smelting furnace on the Mifflin road, five miles from Mineral Point, in the town of Linden.

Subsequent to the Black Hawk war, in 1832, Millsap & Dixon disposed of the range to James Huse and James Andrews, who continued to operate the diggings with success until 1835. At that date, Tom Parish, a smelter, at Wingville, purchased the lead and worked it one year. He then sold one-third interest to William and John Heathcock and Michael Poad, the consideration being $700. When the Government land came into market, the Heathcock brothers and Mr. Poad entered the whole 120 acres of the range, and became the sole owners. Eventually, the entire range was disposed of to the Pittsburgh Mining Company for a consideration of $18,000. This firm, after working the mine to pecuniary advantage for a number of years, finally disposed of it to William T. Henry and John J. Ross, of Mineral Point, who are now -operating this extensive range.

The "Old Sam Charles Diggings" were struck in 1833, and proved very valuable, and were worked with little expense. The lead was located on land owned by Paschal Bequette, son-in-law of Gov. Dodge, two and one-half miles west of the village of Mifflin. Subsequent to 1833, Andrew Huse worked these diggings with varying success ; 600,000 pounds of mineral was taken out of this mine before it was exhausted.

During the succeeding years, lodes and ranges were discovered in different parts of the town ; in fact, in nearly every section of land diggings could be found, some of which proved profitable, while others were unproductive.

The persons who first worked the " diggings" of Linden were men of little knowledge of the science of mining, consequently their ventures in that direction often proved unsuccessful. The population was composed principally of miners from Illinois and Missouri, who came here and operated during the summer season, returning to their homes in the winter, and thus acquiring the title of "suckers," and their diggings were known as "sucker holes," from being near the surface. Everything connected with their operations was of the most primitive character. As exemplification of this, their idea of blasting was to burrow a hole in the ground and place therein a quantity of powder, "and last, though not least," to effect an explosion. To accomplish this difficult operation, tiie bravest of the party would approach with a shovel filled with burning coals, and emptying them into the receptacle containing the loose powder, would make tracks for a convenient shelter to escape the flying missiles. But this was al} changed by the year 1832, which brought to the town the practical miners who have since developed these valuable mines, and enriched themselves and the country.

The leading smelters in the vicinity in early times, were Thomas Parish, at Wingville^ Grant County ; Capt. J. B. Terry and Henry Gratiot, who, prior to the Black Hawk war, had a furnace in Diamond Grove, on the Linden road, five miles from Mineral Point ; and Mr. Larramie, who had a furnace ia Diamond Grove, on the Mifflin road. There were also other smelting works in Dodgeville, Ridgeway and Highland.

Early Settlement. - In 1830, Morgan Keogh broke the first land for farming purposes. This was done on his claim in Keogh's Grove. It consisted of three acres of ground, which was devoted to the raising of corn and potatoes. Prior to this date, little attention was paid to this industry, everybody concentrating their efforts toward the development of the mines. Aside from this, it was supposed by the inhabitants that soil containing so much lead as was found to exist in Linden, would be unproductive, and that labor employed in farming would therefore be in vain. But the high prices of produce, which had to be brought from Galena by ox teams, and the success rewarding the efforts of Morgan Keogh, induced some of the succeeding settlers to engage in the industry of agriculture, without which nations would decline, cities decay and mankind perish.

To continue ; among the settlers who came here about this time (1830) was a widow lady named Andrews, with a family of four sons, who, in company with James Huse, worked for a time on the Heathcock Range. In 1830, William Young and brother came also, and commenced digging on the eastern portion of the Heathcock Range. An Irishman named Mc- Mahon, with his wife and family, built a cabin on the East Creek, and mined on the upper end of Peddler's Creek. A Frenchman, named Gaines, who had married a squaw, settled here, and engaged in mining ; and Joseph Wooley, Joseph Reno, the Meyer brothers, and Mr. Higgings also found their way to the future town at that time, and commenced mining operationsnear the village, some on Peddler's Creek and others on the Heathcock Range.

The years 1831 and 1832 brought a number of miners from Illinois and Missouri, who' were the first to take the initiatory steps toward the proper development of the mineral discoveries. Among the number were Andrew Huse, Daniel Webb and Capt. J. B. Terry. The last mentioned erected smelting works (mentioned), in company with Henry Gratiot. At that time there were but three women in the town, the wives of Mr. McMahon and Andrew Huseand the Widow Andrews.

The claim is not presented that the list of those who settled here during the years mentioned is complete ; far from it. There were others who strayed to the wilderness now embraced by the town lines of Linden, and after fretting a brief existence on the stage of life, long ago> crossed the mystic river of death, leaving their deeds and the hardships and trials they endured for future generations to enfold and elaborate.

The population of Linden continued to increase during the early part of 1832, up to the date of the outbreak of the Black Hawk war in May of that year. This brought on a re-action, and for a time the town was deserted. The pick and gad were left idle by the miners, and the plow was abandoned in the furrow by the husbandmen ; and, for some months, the prospects of this section looked gloomy indeed. The future seemed hid behind clouds which bore no " silverylining," and the hardy pioneers were filled with hopes and fears regarding the dawning of a brighter day. They were not long held in suspense, however ; for as Old Father Time recorded the advent of the month of August of the same year, it was announced that the war was over,, and that the settlers might return in peace.and safety to their deserted homes. But Linden did not, as might be supposed, immediately recover from the severe check received ; but was some time in regaining the prosperity of 1831, and the early part of 1832.

During the spring of 1833 (as mentioned), John and William Heathcock, Michael Poad and John Price, immigrated to this town, and engaged in mining near the village. About this time, another influence, which worked disastrously to the rapid settlement of the town, was the opening of the Dubuque mines. This proved irresistibly attractive lo the miners in this vicinity, and the consequence was the emigration of the entire mining population, with the exception of perhaps a half a dozen, who were content with the success already achieved. During this year, but few settlers located in the town.

The year 1834 was rendered memorable, however, by a great influx of miners, prospectors, fortune-hunters and visitors. Among the number were David Morrison, Mr. Prior, R. Goldsworthy, James and Johnson Glanville, William and James Rablin, William Goldsworthy, Mark Smith and N. Stevens.

After the Black Hawk war, Andrew Huse and Daniel Webb opened farms, the latter cultivating forty acres of the land now owned by George Varcoe. At that time, Mark and John Smith located farms a mile north of the village. A Mr. Powell also made a claim during this year, and cultivated a part of the farm now owned and occupied by Robert and Nathan Jacobs. Robert Vial also became a resident of Linden in 1834. Among the number who settled here in 1835, were Samuel Treloar, John and Richard Cox, Thomas Thomas and fomily, William Thomas and wife and William Barrett and family.

In 1836. Linden being then a comparatively old and well-settled town, a generous immigration was attracted hither. Many of those who came during that year are still residents of the town. Much attention was then being paid to agriculture, owing, perhaps, to the high prices of produce. Corn was $1 a bushel ; flour, $12 per barrel, and teams $5 a day with board. At the same time, mineral was sold for $12 a thousand. John and William Heathcock broke a farm of 160 acres on Section 20, in 1836, and shortly after, the Rule family were cultivating a farm on Section 6. From these small beginnings in agriculture, and from the possession of some of the most valuable farming lands in the county, which necessarily render this industry prosperous, the town of Linden has gradually, through the growth of years, obtained a most desirable and enviable position.

In 1834, the first store in the town was established by Capt. J. B. Terry, at his smelting works in " Diamond Grove." His merchandise, in the language of a pioneer, consisted of "a little of everything and not much of anything." In the same year Paschal Bequette started a store about a mile south of Terry, at Diamond Grove, where he had a furnace and a blacksmithshop. This blacksmith-shop was the only one for many miles around, and was therefore overcrowded with work, principally the mending and sharpening of miners' tools. The site of his furnace and shop is now a part of the farm owned by Francis Little.

The first school in the town was established in 1837, in a log cabin that stood near the village, on Section 16, which was erected the year previous by the Methodist Episcopal Congregation for a church. A Mr. Seebury was the teacher, and was paid by subscription or pro rata. His scholars numbered twenty. Eventually this log cabin was removed to the vicinity of the present rock building, and a school was taught here for some years after. A few years subsequent to the establishment of the first school, others were started in diff"erent parts of the town, as the increase of the population demanded. There are now in the town eleven schoolhouses, with accommodations for 550 children. The school property is valued at $4,130.49. The children of school age in the town aggregate 830 - 403 males and 427 females. These require the services of twelve teachers, who are paid an average salary of $31.33 to males, and $19.63 to females. During the year ending August 31, 1880, there was received for school purposes $2,660.01 ; paid out, $2,417.51.

In September of 1834, the first marriage in the town was solemnized. The contracting parties were William Heathcock and Mary Thomas," who were married by Thomas Parish, of Wingville, Grant County, he being then a Justice of the Peace.

Official Record. - The town of Linden was organized in 1849. The town adopted the name Peddler's Creek, and was known as such until 1855, when the Government refused to accept the name for a post-office, so, during that year, at the suggestion of John Wasley, the town

Teceiveil the title of Linden. The first meeting of the town was held in April, 1849, at the old log schoolhouse in the lower part of the village. At that meeting the following officers were elected : David Morrison, Chairman ; Col. Austin Hamilton and Mr. Smith, Supervisors ; Clerk, John Weston; Treasurer, John Heathcock; Assessor, Armand Paddock.

The following is a complete list of the town officers from 1858, the records prior to this date having been accidentally destroyed by fire :

1864 - James Toay, Chairman ; James Brewer, F. Baker, Supervisors ; Clerk, J. H. Weston ; Treasurer, James Glanville ; Assessor, Kerton Coates. During this year the town paid $26.25 for war bounties.

Village Of Linden

Pleasantly situated si.x miles from Mineral Point, and twelve from Dodgeville, on an elevated ridge, commanding a magnificent view of the surrounding country, is the village of Linden, ornamented with beautiful residences, cultivated gardens and shaded streets. True to the progressive spirit of the age, the people of this locality have devoted their efforts to the decoration of their homes, thereby rendering them very attractive and agreeable.

This village originally consisted of eighty acres of land, laid out by John Wasley, assisted by A. W. Comfort, Surveyor, on July 11, 1855, and recorded February 7, 1856. It was surveyed into rather irregular blocks, streets and alleys. Subsequently, other additions were made to the original plat, termed -' Battons " and " Dinsdales " Additions to the village of Linden. At first, lots were sold at prices ranging from $5 to §25 each.

The first building erected within the precincts of the village of Linden, was a log structure built in 1855. This building was erected by Michael Poad, and by him used for a store, he being thus recorded as the first to oflFer proposals for the patronage of the citizens of Linden. This building, which was located in the lower part of the town, on the site now occupied by the residence of Elijah Poad, was burned in the spring of 1856.

In 1855, Michael Poad erected a log dwelling-house, the first for that purpose in the limits of the village. Shortly after, in the summer of this year, Simon Lanyon erected near the creek, two frame buildings : one for a dwelling-house, and the other for a blacksmith-shop, which industry he first founded here, and followed for a number of years.

During the year 1856, John VVasley and Curtis Beech established a store in the buihling erected by Mr. Lanyon, a dwelling, and did a flourishing business. Mr. Lanyon next built a frame dwelling up town, now occupied by Thomas Wicks.

Subsequent to 1856, the mines being worked vigorously, Linden attracted a number of business men, representing all classes of trade, and the population also gradually increased as its importance became more determined, until now it is a thriving little village of 275 souls.

The business interests of Linden are now represented in general merchandise by Hopper k Hicks, R. S. Smith & Bro.. Lewis Bros., Mrs. Grace Richards & Son ; groceries, T. M. Goldsworthy ; hardware and drugs, William Treloar ; bank, Taylor & Osborne; attorney at law, J. W. Taylor ; furniture and carpenter, John Vivian ; wagon-maker, John Harris ; blacksmiths, Bartle, Evans and George Tonkin ; butchers, Jacob Rolling and Thomas James ; tailor, John Callow : painter, Abe Vial ; harness-maker, Thomas Batton, Jr. ; shoe-maker, F. Shaflfer: physician, R. D. Gill; photographer, John Wearne ; mason, William Hammel ; hotels, William Pollard, Mrs. E. G. Ingraham ; milliners and dress-makers. Miss Dalia Vivian, Miss Mary Cox, Misses Ching, Edith Wasley, Misses Baker & Coats.

Post Office. - The first post oflSce in the town was established here in 1855. John Wasley being appointed Postmaster. He was succeeded by Thomas Ansley, now of Mineral Point, then a merchant in the village of Linden. The others who have been the recipients of Executive favor, and acted as Postmasters here, are Messrs. Tonkin, Weston, John W. Heathcock, Thomas Goldsworthy, and Richard Smith, the incumbent.

Secret Societies. - Linden Lodge, No. 206, A., F. A. M., was organized under dispensation February 13, 1877. and received its charter June 13, 1877. The following are the charter members: J. F. Heathcock, who was elected W. M.; Fred Shaffer, S. W.; Alfred Treglown, J. W.; R. S. Smith, Treasurer; J. W. Heathcock, Secretary; R. H. Wearing, S. D.; William Rolling, J. D.; George Weaver and H. J. Hicks. Stewards; James James, Tiler; John. Patterson, John Wicks, R. F. Richards, Thomas Wicks, David Morrison, William Varcoe, James Rule and John Cowling. This lodge now numbers thirty-five members in good standing, with the following officers: R. S. Smith, VV. M.; James Hicks, S. W.; John Patterson, J. W.; J. J. Heathcock, Secretary; Gabriel Mills, Treasurer. The lodge meets weekly in a neat and commodious room ; the membership has been continually increasing from year to year since the beginning.

Highland Lodge, No. 22, I. 0. O. F., was originally organized in Highland in 1848, but a few years after the lodge run down and the charter was removed to Linden, and a new society organized here November 16, 1875. The charter members in Linden were J. S. Comfort, J. Hopper, L. H. Fredricks, William Harris and John Kislingbury. The first officers were L. A. Fredricks, N. G.; John Hopper, V. G.; J. S. Comfort, Secretary; William Harris, Treasurer. The society meet weekly in the Masonic Hall, and have now a membership of twenty-four. The present officers are John Hopper, P. G.; R. S. Jacobs, N. G.; J. Kislingbury, V. G.; J. Kitto. R. S.; G. Tonkin, P. S.; S. Poad, Treasurer.

Churches. - The Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized in 1834. The class consisted of John Prior, R. Vial, William Webster, Samuel Treloar, John Heathcock and William Barrett. Prayer meetings were first held in the dwellings of the different members of the flock for two years. In 1836, this small but enterprising congregation erected, on Section 16, near the village, the log cabin subsequently used for a schoolhouse. In 1840, the society numbered fifty members, and, requiring more commodious quarters, they that year erected the rock building now used for school purposes. In 1851, the congregation numbered one hundred and fifty members in good standing, and during that year the present new rock church, 50x40 feet, was erected at a cost of $2,000. T. M. Fullerton was the first circuit rider. The first pastor of the present church was Rev. W. L. Williams. Since then the following ministers have guided the spiritual destinies of the Methodist Episcopal congregation: Revs. Enoch Tasker, James Lawson, Thomas Lawson, Rev. Searles, John Murrish, William Thomas, Rev. Irish, and the incumbent, Rev. John Harris. The society now numbers one hundred and twenty-five members.

Town Of Mifflin

Prior to permanent settlements, temporary residences had been established in different parts of the town by lead prospectors and fortune-hunters. These were composed mostly of miners from Illinois and Missouri, who worked in the mines during the summer, returning to their homes in the winter, thus acquiring the title of ''suckers."

The beginning made at Dodgeville, Mineral Point and thereabouts, attracted a generous immigration to Iowa County and the towns belonging to it. These incluiled the pioneers who built up Mifflin and rendered the same famous, as also the settlers who wended their way to other pastures, since dignified by the historic appellations of Linden, Highland, Ridgeway, etc. Small ranges and lodes of mineral have been worked on nearly every section of the town, but no large bodies, except the " Black Jack Range," have been operated to any great extent. These " diggings" are located in the immediate vicinity of the present village. They were discovered in 1831 by Thomas Simpson and "Little General" Atkinson, so called from his diminutive size, and in honor of the Black Hawk War General of the same name. This mine was formerly immensely productive, and is now worked with flattering success, hundreds of tons of " black jack" being taken out annually, and shipped over the narrow-gauge railroad from Rewey Station to the La Salle, 111., Smelting Works. The land of this mine is now owned by John J. Ross, of Mineral Point, and Mrs. Mitchell, of Galena. The range is worked by Bainbridge, Spensley & Co., Robert Young & Co., Jenkins, Miller & Co., and Peter Moore & Co., employing altogether thirty men.

First Settlers. - The first settlers who joined their destinies with the savage inhabitants of the town of Mifflin, gravitated here from Kentucky, Missouri and Illinois as early as 1827. The earliest known white man who located in the present territory of Mifllin, according to authentic sources of information, accessible to the seeker after facts in that connection, was a man named John G. Parish, a Kentuckian. In the fall of 1827 he, with his wife and family, settled on Section 16. Here he erected a log cabin, the first in the town, and engaged in mining and teaming. He continued his mining and teaming operations here until five years later, then he moved to Galena, where he finally succumbed to the cholera epidemic of 1834.

In the summer of 1828, Abel Clapp, a miner from Missouri, came to Mifilin, attracted thither by the discoveries of Mr. Parish, and engaged in mining, which he followed until " bigger" leads were heard from in difi"erent parts of the county, when he shouldered his pick, and, with a heart filled with sanguine expectations, went forth to fresher fields.

In the month of October, 1828, Joseph B. Hunter and Thomas Simpson, with their families, immigrated to this section of the county, from Missouri, and located claims near the old Indian camping-ground, subsequently the site of the village of Dallas, now decayed. At this point these pioneers erected sod cabins and began mining. Mr. Hunter for some years operated the first smelting furnace in the town ; his associate, Mr. Simpson, died in the spring of 1832, and he himself, after experiencing many of the ups and downs of a miner's life, passed quietly away from this world of trouble in April, 1863. His wife, Mrs. Rebecca Hunter, died in Mifflin January 7, 1880.

The next persons to locate permanently in the town of Mifflin were "Little General" Atkinson and Francis C. Kirkpatrick, who settled here in tlie fall of 1829.

During the year 1830, the first land was broken for farming purposes. The enterprising husbandmen were Mr. Parish, who cultivated a few acres on the " 16th Section," Joseph Hunter, who broke four acres on his claim, and Bird Millsap and Fredrick Dixon, who cultivated ten acres on Section 25. These latter gentlemen followed farming in connection with their mining operations until 1833, when their incipient farm was disposed of to James Andrews.

In 1884, Andrew Huse purchased this claim and continued to improve and add thereto until the original property has developed into a beautiful farm of 246 acres.

The pioneers of Mifflin being miners, and inexperienced in the pursuits of agriculture, erroneously supposed the valuable prairie lands were unproductive, and they therefore cut down the trees of the forests to find suitable territory for the cultivation of the first farms. R. Terry and Col. DeLong came in 1830, the latter locating on the land now occupied by the Welsh settlement in the southern part of the town. Here he dug for mineral, and his boys, with four ox teams, engaged in hauling for the miners in the vicinity.

The advent of the years 1831 and 1832 brought to this town a number of settlers subsequently distinguished for their courage, integrity and pioneer perseverance. Among this number may be mentioned John Newman, Enoch Enloe, H. Mundane and Mr. Luddman. There undoubtedly were others who came here during the period mentioned, but they have either crossed the dark river or gone to parts unknown, leaving no "footprints on the sands of time " to guide the historian in search of their names and deeds.

In 1833, the inducements attending the opening of the Dubuque mines, prevented many from coming to Mifflin, and taking advantage of the attractions of its then numerous and valuable diggings. During this year, however, William and John Kennedy and James Sprinston became part and parcel of the territory afterward laid out into Mifflin town proper.

It was not until the year 1834 dawned upon the world that settlers came to Mifflin in other than small parties. Prior to this year agriculture had been in its incipiency, there being but about forty acres of cultivated land in the entire town ; but at that time, Andrew Huse, now the oldest living pioneer in the town, crossed what is now the town line from Linden, where he had located in the spring of 1832, and settled on Section 25, engaging in agriculture and mining. From this time dates the rise and progress of the farming population of Mifflin ; before this date, this great industry, which has enriched its promoters and rendered the town property valuable, was but a secondary consideration. Then the abundant yields of corn and small cereals obtained from the first farms began to attract the attention of later comers, and acted as an incentive to engage in this profitable enterprise. This year was characterized by the return of nearly all who left in the previous year for the Dubuque discoveries ; they left with self-congratulations and sanguine expectations, but on arriving at the new El Dorado they found their hopes were raised only to be crushed to the ground. Many of these have either lived life's brief span and

183.5 and 1836 are especially historic in the annals pertaining to the settlement of the town. These were distinguislied by the influx of numerous settlers who came to stay. Caleb Sylvester, Sr., Richard Pratt, Simon Tyer, Joseph Whaley and William H. Griffith, Sr., who was afterwar<l frozen to death, were among the number. The first representative of Wales settled here during this period and laid ihe foundation of the present influential and prosperous Welsh settlement. Among the latter number were William Owens, John W. Jones, Mr. Williams, Thomas Thomas, John Hughes, Edward Folks and William Thomas. Some of these engaged in mining, while others commenced farming. After the year 1836, settlers flocked into Mifilin in large numbers, attracted iiither by the beautiful country, healthful climate, valuable farming lands, and rich mineral deposits. Prominent among the number who came here late in the thirties or early in 1840, were the Davis brothers, Lorenzo Stevens, John Clayton, Col. Henry, C. S. Millard, Mark Finnicum. M. Stevens, Joseph Anderson, Mr. Estabrook, Alonzo Cushman and John Sparks. In the Welsh settlement there located John J. Davis, Thomas R. Jones, Edward Williams, Robert J. Hughes, Robert W. Hughes. William H. Jones and Daniel Davis.

Succeeding 1840, the population of Mifllin continued to increase rapidly for several years, but it was destined to receive a check, when its mining population caught the California fever in 1849, and departed for the Golden Gate. The mines at this time were temporarily suspended, as nearly the entire mining population left the town. The year 1850, however, brought back many of those who so suddenly departed the year before. The mines were again opened, agriculture was pursued with increased energy, and business in this territory was once more prosperous. Since the organization of the town, tlie population has increased steadily, until now it is one of the most populous towns in the county, aggregating 1,253 persons, inclusive of the village census, embracing 275 souls.

The first marriage in the limits of the present town of Mifllin was consummated in 1829, the contracting parties being Daniel Moore and America Parish. Mrs. Moore (nee Parish), is now living in the village of Mifflin, and is known as Mrs. Goodrich.

As the first rays of light streaked the horizon, announcing the arrival of the month of February, 1831, the first child born in the town of Mifflin was ushered into the world. He has since been known as Levi Moore, and lived in Mifflin for some years after, or until he caught the Oregon fever, and with a few others took his departure for that land of promise, and has not since returned.

In 1848, the Mifflin Mill was established in the present village of Mifflin by Joel Clayton. This mill is located on the water-power of the West Pecatonica River, and was constructed at a cost of $6,000. At that time two runs of stone were put in, and have been operated ever since. In 1849, William Bainbridge became a partner in the firm. Joel Clayton mortgaged his share of the mill to Francis Cholvin in 1850, and left for California. In the interregnum between 1850 and 1854, John Clayton rented the mill, and continued to run the same until the latter date, then Messrs. Cholvin and Bainbridge took charge. Mr. Cholvin went to Dubuque in 1857, and sold his share to William Bainbridge, who has continued the mill alone since. When the mill was first established, grists were brought from a distance of twenty-five miles around. This mill has always born an excellent reputation, the quality of flour manufactured being excellent in every respect.

The Star Mill, located two miles south of the village, was originally built for a woolen mill in 1865, by Oldhan Jones, and was operated as a woolen-mill until 1875, when, that industry proving a failure, the building was refitted and two runs of stone put in. It has been continued as a flouring-mill under the management of George Gruber. This mill has usually been crowdeil to its utmost capacity with custom work, its trade extending for many miles around.

The mines of this town, although at one time a prominent factor in the interests of Mifflin. are now worked with but comparatively little energy. The '' Dry Bone Diggings," struck in 1848 by a Mr. Amsden, and subsequently by R. and William Wilson, have been worked with varying success up to the present time. This mine is now owned by John J. Ross, of Mineral Point, and the heirs of Mr. Dean, of Madison. The " Cocer and Jeffrey Diggings," located three miles northwest of the village of Mifflin, was discovered a number of years ago, but were never worked until 1877. At that time, a pump with an engine for propelling power, was established here, and has since been worked with a force of ten men, with some success. " Black jack " and zinc ore are the principal mineral products of this mine.

What the future of this town may be, can scarcely be suggested, but it would seem, considering the character of the people, and the various natural advantages inherent in soil and climate, that nothing but prosperity can follow in the train of unknown events which time will usher in. To say the least, the prospect is highly gratifying, and if only a part of what may be properly anticipated be realized, the inhabitants will have no cause for anything but rejoicing.

Schools. - The cause of education has always been uppermost in the minds of the citizens of Mifflin, who seem to have determined, from an early day, to give to succeeding generations such educational privileges and advantages as are denied to many. To this end, during the summer and fall of 1842, a schoolhouse was erected in the southwest corner of the town, and, during the winter of the same year, the first school was taught. H. L. Liscom was the teacher, he being paid by subscription or pro rata. Owing to the prevalence of small-pox in Platteville and vicinity, this school was suspended for several weeks in the latter part of 1842 and early in 1843. The school was attended by about twenty scholars, many of whom were obliged to walk five and six miles daily. The following summer, Mr. Liscom taught the first school in the village of Dallas, now defunct. During the winter of 1843-44, Miss Sarah Jacobs, subsequently Mrs. H. L. Liscom, taught the school in the village with very flattering success. Antedating the establishment of the school on Section 18, in the southwest corner of the town, the children of Mifllin were taught at the schools along the line, in Grant County. Those crude educational beginnings have finally culminated in the adoption of a system of education which, from being kindly fostered by the inhabitants, renders Mifllin, in educational matters, one of the leading towns in the county.

There are now in the town 600 children of school age - 308 male and "292 female: nine schoolhouses, with accommodations for 500 children, and requiring the services of ten teacliers. The avenige wages per month of nmle teachers is $30.90 ; female, $24.66. During the year ending August 31, 1880, there was received for school purposes in the town, $2,616.41 : paid out for school purposes, $2,412. 81 - $1,944.50 being for teachers' wages. The school property in the town, as taken from the Town Clerk's report, is valued at $9,765.

In this connection, the occasion is availed of to record the achievements of two of Mifflin's brightest scholars - David B. and Thomas D. Jones. These brothers were born in the Welsh settlement, in town of Mifflin, where they spent their childhood and attended the public schools of the town. At the ages of sixteen and fourteen respectively, they entered the Platteville Normal School, being recorded as members of the same class. From this seat of learning they graduated with honors in 1870. The subsequent two years they spent in teaching - David at Viroqua, Wis., and Thomas at Fort Howard, Wis. In 1872, they entered Princeton College, New Jersey, and from this famous institution graduated, with the highest honors of their class, in the summer of 1876, being equal in percentage. During the fall of this year, Thomas was chosen to represent Princeton College at the Inter- Collegiate Contest held in New York City. There he entered into competition with representatives of the best colleges in tfie East, and was the honored recipient of the first prize in mental science. Immediately after his achievements in New York City, Thomas, with his brother David, sailed for Germany and entered the Leipsic University. They received diplomas from this institution in 1877, then returned to the United States, and are now practicing law in Chicago, where, by their fine accomplishments and strict integrity, they are winning laurels for themselves and reflecting credit on their friends and native town.

Churches. - It would be difiicult indeed to state, with any degree of accuracy, the exact date of the first religious services held in the town of Mifflin. As was customary in nearly all pioneer settlements of Southwestern Wisconsin, the " circuit rider " was the first divine to make his appearance among the hardy miners and husbandmen. Here, at an early day, services were held at the settlement in the western part of the town, in the dwellings of the residents, and for some years, or until congregations were organized and churches established in the Welsh settlement and in the village, did the ''circuit rider " continue to supply the spiritual requirements of the pioneers.

The town now has within its confines five congregations, each of which owns a church building ; two are in the village of Mifflin, and three in the Welsh settlement. Of the latter is the Penial Church (Welsh Calvinistic Methodist). This congregation was organized by the Rev. John Davis, in 1847 ; there were at that date but seven families in the Welsh settlement, all of whom joined faith in the new church. The services of this congregation were held at private residences until late in 1847 or early in 1848, when, the society's number aggregating fifty members, they erected a small chapel on Section 11. This was a frame structure, and was built at a cost of $300. In 1869, it was removed to the vicinity of the new church, and has since been used for hall purposes. In 1868, this congregation numbered seventy-five members, and, requiring more commodious quarters for their religious meetings, they erected, at a cost of $5,000, the fine frame structure which now adorns Section 11. Tlie Penial congregation now numbers 129 in good standing, all of whom are of Welsh nationality or descent. Rev. John Davis, the first, and for thirty years the Pastor of this congregation, was born in September, 1814. in North Wales, where he passed his boyhood and received a common-school education. In 18-39. he came to America and settled in Pennsylvania, where he lived until 1846 ; then he immigrated to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Mifflin. In 1847, he organized his Penial congregation, and continued as Pastor until he died, April 23, 1877. At an early age, he evinced the desire to join the ministry of his people, and, though his early educational advantages were limited, he, being a close student, eventually acquired an excellent education, which he put to the most commendable of uses. He was a man of more than ordinary intelligence and morality, and to him is due the credit for laying the foundation of the high moral standing of his people in this town. As a token of esteem and veneration, his numerous friends and favorite congregation have erected to his memory in the churchyard a beautiful Scotch-granite monument, at a cost of $1,100.

The Rock Church congregation (Welsh Calvinistic Methodist) was organized in 1855, when the rock building now used by them was erected. This society was formed by the withdrawal of twenty-five members from the Penial congregation, who seceded on account of the distance of the new church from a portion of the congregation who were located in different parts of the town. Rev. John Davis, of the Penial church, officiated as the first Pastor. He was succeeded by the present Pastor, John T. Morris. The congregation now numbers thirty-five; the church and cemetery are located on Section 15.

The Welsh Congregationalist Church was built in 1871, and is located on Section 10. This society was organized in 1870, and for some time meetings were held in the schoolhouse of District No. 3. It originally consisted of about tenor twelve members, and now numbers thirty in good standing. The first preacher was John Davis, of Dodgeville, who was followed by Revs. Breese, Powell and Benjamin Hughes.

Official Record. - The town of Mifflin was organized April 3, 1849, the first town meeting being held at the house of John T. Phillips, on Section 12. Town 4, Range 1. At this meeting, the following officers were chosen : William Tate, Oliver W. Phelps and John Newman, Judges of Election ; R. M. Miller and Joshua King, Clerks of Election. Having organized the meeting, the following town officers were elected : Joel Clayton, Chairman ; Caleb Sylvester, Francis Kirkpatrick, Supervisors ; Clerk, R. M. Miller ; Treasurer, Levi Welden ; Assessor, W. J. Hammonds; Town School Superintendent, George W. Strong; Justices, John Newman, John Davis, Richard Pratt, R. M. Miller ; Constables, Levi Welden, John Holland, 0. W. Phelps: Overseers of Highwavs. Panmcl Carr. O. W. Phelps.

At a special meeting held May 26, 1849, a tax of $100 was levied on all taxable property of the town to defray the expenses of the fiscal year. The first taxes of the town were levied in 1849 as follows: State tax four mills on $68,487.82, the assessed valuation of the town during this year amounting to $273.95 ; county tax, 1 per cent, $684.87 ; school tax, 2J per cent, $171.11; total, $1,129.93. For town purposes : Road tax, three mills, $205.46 ; expense tax, $136.97, making a total of $342.53. The assessed valuation of the town for 1880 was $812,- 931. April 5. 1870, the town purchased the stone building in the village previously used as a schoolhouse, for a town hall, from William Bainbridge, the consideration being $400. The following is a complete roster of the town officers from its organization :

Village Of Dallas

As early as 1845, the citizens of Mifflin conceived the idea of forming a town center, and forthwith William Waddell and James Morrison purchased ten acres of land and proceeded to survey and lay out the village subsequently known as Dallas. This village was so called in honor of ex-Vice President of the United States, George Mifflin Dallas. The site of Dallas is located about half a mile to the southwest of the present village of Mifflin. This was considered a desirable location, being in close proximity to the smelting furnace operated by Francis Cholvin, and contiguous to the "Black Jack " Range.

There were no streets in those days, and improvements then projected or completed were of the most primitive character ; the main thoroughfare was the present highway leading out of the village of Mifflin to Belmont and Rewey Station. This village is said to have been at one time a thriving municipality with a comparatively numerous and industrious population.

Prior to or about the time of laying out the village, Joel Clayton established himself in business here, being recorded as the first merchant to solicit the patronage of the inhabitants of the village and vicinity. Here he continued to dispose of his wares until 1848. In the year 1846, Charles Cox started a store in the village with a stock of merchandise distinguished for its variety. In subsequent years, the growing population of the town became so numerous that additional stores and the various mechanic shops necessary to a prosperous village were established, and succeeded beyond the expectations of their promoters.

James Sprinston started the first blacksmith-shop and continued to thrive for some years. Dr. Ripley, one of the leading physicians of the county, located here in 1846 and remained until 1850, when he took his departure for other fields of labor. Joel Clayton was the first to establish a tavern and cater to the public taste ; he erected a comfortable frame structure and conducted the hotel business in connection with his store. Joshua King was among the first school-teachers. John Lee, the "famous shoemaker of Dallas," established himself here, and, for a number of years, did a successful business caring for the soles of the mining population of the thriving town.

The population of the village of Dallas, as suggested, was composed principally of miners, whose permanency was defeated by the decadence of the mines, consequently, when the gold fever of 1849 struck the village, it swept the population, like an avalanche, from the attractive vicinity of Dallas to the more promising shores of the Pacific. It must not be inferred that the village ceased to exist at that time, for such was not the case. It lived a number of years lon<'er, and proved a formidable rival to its successful competitor, the village of Mifflin. Its business, however, could not withstand the severe check received, and finally succumbed to the dull times necessarily succeeding the departure of its inhabitants.

Village Of Mifflin

On Section 3-1, near the central part of the town, in the valley between the hills overlooking the waters of the Pecatonica River, is located the attractive village of Mifflin. After the completion of the Mifflin Mills, erected in 1848, Joel Clayton purchased thirteen acres of land from James Waddel, and proceeded to plat and survey the present village of Mifflin. This having been accomplished he erected a comfortable log cabin, a story and a half high, which was occupied by his parents for a dwelling a number of years, and subsequently, in 1865, was razed by Mr. Bainbridge. The first store-keepers in Mifflin came principally from Dallas, previously the leading village in the town. Among this number were Messrs. Miller, Hammond, Vance, Benjamin Ferris, and Waller, a Hebrew, who kept a store in the building now occupied by John Slack as a dwelling. The honor of being the first store-keeper in the village is generally conceded to John Miller, who established himself here early in 1850 ; during the same year, Thomas Iverson started the first blacksmith-shop. Early in the fifties, a hotel was opened by Thomas Richardson. Benjamin Ferris built the brick store on the corner opposite the Mifflin House, and now owned by John Kennedy. During the years 1851, 1852, 1853 and 1854, the village prospered and, in spite of the contending influence of its rival, Dallas increased in population, influence and importance more rapidly than its competitor, and, within the decade in which it was projected, it entirely outstripped its rival and made for itself a place among the leading villages of the county.

The first schoolhouse built in the village was a stone building erected in 1855. This was a one-story house with one room, which was used for school purposes until 1867, when the present frame schoolhouse was built. This stone building was subsequently purchased by the town, the consideration being $400, and is now used for a town hall. The present school building was constructed at a cost of $2,500, by District No. 2, which includes the village and parts of Section 27, 28 and 34. This structure has accommodations for 200 children, requiring the services of three teachers.

The Mifllin Post Office was established in the village in 1849, Mr. Vance being appointed Postmaster. The mail was received and distributed at his store, he being then a merchant in the village. This office was subsequently removed to Lower Town, or Dallas, and Charley Cox appointed Postmaster. The office continued there awhile, then was removed to Mifflin, where it has since remained. The following persons have been recipients of Executive favor and acted as Postmasters : Joel Clayton, John T. Jones, John Kennedy, William Welden, J. W. Rewey and Joseph Harker. the present official. ,

The first church in the village was the Primitive Methodist, which society was organized in 1854, Thomas Jarvis being the first preacher. Immediately after the organization of the congregation, the church was erected and services have been held regularly therein up to the present time. This society has flourished with gratifying success, although for the past two years the attendance has not been quite so large as in former times. In the fall of 1880, the congregation commenced the erection of a new church, which will be completed early in the spring of 1881.

In the summer of 1878, the Advent Revivalists wended their way to the village and erected a canvas tent, wherein numerous and protracted revival meetings were held, until sufficient converts were made to organize a society, which was accomplished in the fall of the same year. This denomination has erected a church, and have now a resident Pastor, Rev. Philo Hitchcock, and a congregation aggregating thirty families.

A., F. & A. M., Mifflin Lodge, No. 153, was organized June 13, 1866, with J. W. Rewey as Master; William Hopper, Senior Warden, and Charles S. Millard, Junior Warden. The Lodge now numbers fifty-two with the following officers: J. W. Rewey, Master ; J. Harker, Senior Warden; J. D. Huse, Junior Warden.

The business interests of Mifflin are now represented in general merchandise by Harker, Bainbridge & Son, and Thomas Alton, Jr.; wagon-makers, Robert Graham and Cyrus Renyolds; blacksmiths, John Blackney and James Stacey & Bro.; physician, H. R. Bird; lawyer, Thomas Patefield ; shoemaker, Joseph Gillis ; hotels, Cyrus Renyolds and Thomas Warne ; photographer, Cyrus Renyolds ; Mifflin Mills, William Bainbridge.

Village Of Rewey

The village of Rewey is situated on the line of the Chicago and Tomah Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on the beautiful prairie ridge dividing the waters of the Pecatonica from those of the Platte River. It is located about equidistant from the village of Mifflin, in Iowa County, and the village of Washburn in Grant County, on the southeast quarter of Section 5, Township 4, Range 1 east of the Fourth Meridian. It was platted in August, 1880, by J. W. Rewey, the present proprietor, from whom it derives its name.

The first settler was Hiram A. Rundell and wife, and their daughter, Mabel S., was the first child born in the hamlet. Jefferson Smith located the pioneer blacksmith-shop, in a cornfield, on July 28, 1880. E. J. Bennett is entitled to the credit of the initial mercantile transaction, which consisted of the purchase of one hundred bushels of oats from Warren C. Cushman, on September 17, 1880. In November of the above year, J. B. Huse, of Mifllin, came here and opened a branch department of his business. Thus far he has not had occasion to regret the step, as the undertaking, being established on a satisfactory financial basis, has proved a profitable investment of time and means. A second store, containing general merchandise, is conducted by H. W. McReynolds. A fine hotel, 18x28 feet, flanked by a wing of the same proportions, is progressing toward completion under the supervision of the proprietor, M. F. Rewey. When finished, the hotel will afford a convenience long needed by the travelers who frequent this section of the country. The railroad company has also signified its intention to make the modest station of Rewey into a dining point, where passenger trains will stop twenty minutes for dinner.

The Chicago & Tomah Railroad opened their office for business at this point on October 5, 1880, by appointing J. W. Rewey agent ; and on the same day the first shipment, embracing thirty-six tons of zinc ore, was transported to Galena, and consigned to William Bainbridge. Messrs. Barrows, Taylor & Co., have established a lumber-yard at this point, and arrangements are already being consummated for the erection of church and school buildings next season. A telegraph operator, B. D. Tuttle, is stationed here; and, surmising from present indications, the village is destined eventually to eclipse many of the older and more pretentious settlements.

Town Of Moscow

This town was originally settled by Americans, Irish and English, though now the Norwegian element is largely predominant. The first settlement within the present limits of Moscow was made by Asa Bennett, a professional hunter, who, with his family, located on Section 28, ami there erected a log cabin, the first in the town. Here he and his family lived in peace and quietude, disturbed only by the howling of wolves and the frequent quarreling of other predatory animals, until the gold fever of 1849, beguiled him and his family to California.

In 1846, Francis McKenna settled in the town, and built a cabin on Section 3, Township 4, Range 3. He emigrated to America from Ireland in 1841, and located in Mineral Point, where he remained until he removed to Moscow. Pleasant Fields settled here early in the year 1847, a little northeast of Moscow Village. Here Mr. Fields remained for several years, and cultivated a small farm. In the year 1843, previous to locating in the town of Moscow, he discovered the mineral at the " Young Diggings " in the town of Waldwick.

During the summer of 1847, Chauncy Smith, Messrs. Kline and Cole entered land in this town, erected comfortable log cabins, and began the cultivation of small farms. Richard Ivey came in 1848, as did Isaac Meinke and Milo and Charles Smith. During the years 1849-50, and for several years following, the town was settled very rapidly.

The first roads in Moscow were cut by Bennett, McKenna and Ivey, on their way in from Mineral Point. These roads were the first legalized, and are now public highways through the town.

As in its neighboring towns, the people of Moscow were sensible to the benefits conferred by education upon the rising generation, for almost as soon as there was .a settlement in the town, a school was established, and a teacher engaged to train the crude ideas of the few children then in the town. The first schoolhouse erected in the town was built of logs, and was located near the site of the present frame structure, in District No. 1, better known as the "' Leonard District." There were about ten scholars from the families of Asa Bennett, Richard Freeman, Benjamin Stip and some others. There are now seven schoolhouses in the town, requiring the services of seven teachers. The " McWilliams District" Schoolhouse has been used for town meetings, etc., since its erection in 1863.

Official Record. - The territory aow constituting the town of Moscow was first brought under town government, as a part of the town of Waldwick, iu 1848. By vote of the people, in 1860, forty-two sections of the eastern part of Waldwick were organized into a separate town, and, after the ancient capital of Muscovy, was named Moscow. The first town meeting was called at the house of Francis McKenna, April 10, 1860, and adjourned to the Moscow Schoolhouse, where the ne-xt two town meetings were held. At the first election, the following town oflBcers were elected.

1860 - Francis McKenna, Chairman ; Cyrus Clark, John Green, Supervisors ; J. H. Moorman, Clerk ; Robert McWilliams, Treasurer ; David Powers, Assessor ; E. B. Crowell, School Superintendent ; William Skinner, H. Moorman and John Green, Constables. Since 1863, the town meetings have been held at the McWilliams Schoolhouse, on Section 34. The following js a complete list of the town ofiBcers, dating from the organization of the town :

1874 - Ole Steensland, Chairman; John McKenna, John Hanson, Supervisors; Robert McWilliams, Clerk ; at his death during August, 1874, John Leonard was appointed Town Clerk ; A. E. Steensland, Treasurer ; Richard Ivey, Assessor.

Village Of Moscow

This thriving village is nicely located in the southeastern part of the town on Section 11, and was named after the town in which it is located. Early in 1847, Chauncey Smith located on the site of the present village and built a log hut, and here his family lived while the East Branch of the Pecatonica was being dammed and a grist-mdl erected. Early in 1850, Mr. Smith surveyed and platted the village. This plat was recorded July 26, 1850. It appears that Smith was a man of more than the average ambition and enterprise, for he caused the old log schoolhouse to be moved from where it formerly stood, in the grove half a mile west of the village, and placed on the site of the present edifice, which was erected in 1860.

In 1848, Smith was joined by several permanent settlers, among them his brothers Charles and Milo. Charles Smith started the first store in the village in 1850, and his brother Milo erected a large carding-mill in the same year. In 1858, both brothers sold out their interests to William Speers, who moved the carding-mill to where the store stood, and re-arranged both buildings into a hotel. This was burned down in 1875. In February, 1855, a shade of gloom and sorrow was cast over the little hamlet, occasioned by the death of its founder, Chauncy Smith. At that date passed away an excellent and kind-hearted man, generous to a fault, and charitable to the last degree.

Charles Smith was the builder of the stone store, now the only one in the town. The old flouring-mill, after the death of Chauncy Smith, was sold to Munson & Evenson, who continued the business for several years. They disposed of the property to Holland Bros., who now own and manage both the milling and mercantile business of Moscow.

In 1849 and 1850, there was quite an influx of immigrants, but most of them proved to be only transient settlers. Jesse Bryant is well remembered, however, as the first blacksmith.

About 1851, the first post office in the town was established at the village. Myron Burnett was the first Postmaster. He served in this capacity until 1858, when he was succeeded by John Green. In 1862, Mr. Green was dispossessed of his office by the present holder, J. H. Dudley.

Drs. Fayette, Stetson, Smith, Chase and Johnson have practiced here at different times for short periods. In early times the people were in almost as great danger of incurring accidental death on the rough, hilly roads hereabouts as they were of meeting a natural death, but in no case did deatii occur very often.

This village is I ca ed in the e.xtreme northern part of the tQwn, bordering on the town line between Ridgeway and Moscow, on the West Pecatonica Ri/er. It was named in honor of John Adams, who, with David Hollister, erected the large gristmill here in 1854 and 1855. William Renshaw was originally a partner, but withdrew before the dam for the mill was completed. The firm subsequently became heavily involved in debt, and Mr. Hollister retired in 1857. The property then reverted through mortgage to John Bonner, who continued to run the mill with varying success until 1865. He then sold the mill to A. Spensley, who disposed of it to George Orr, who failed of success, and the property reverted to Mr. Spensley, who disposed of it January 1, 1875, to R. I. Wade, the present owner. This mill has always borne an excellent reputation, the flour manufactured being equal in quality to any in the county.

The first store in the village was built by John Adams in 1855, who opened with a general stock of goods. In the summer of the same year, William Skinner built a hotel, the only one in the village. About this time a post office was established in Adamsville, and William Skinner appointed Postmaster. He was succeeded by David Powers. At the inception of the rebellion, this office was discontinued, and for several years during and after the war, the Adamsville people received their mail from the Middlebury Post Office. Several years after the war, the post office here was re-established, with R. Marks as Postmaster. His successors were Alexander McKinzie, R. P. Jones and Mrs. Mary A. Skinner, who retains charge of the office.

Prior to the erection of the present schoolhouse in the village, a small number of scholars were taught the rudiments of education in the house of William Skinner, by Miss Emma Mc- Donald. The schoolhouse, which was built in 1855, is also used for prayer-meetings.

There are here two religious societies, the Primitive Methodist and Congregational, and two secret organizations. Harmony Lodge, Good Templars, No. 102, was instituted March 10, 1869. Miner's Lodge, No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., was organized January 21, 1869, in Mineral Point, with the following charter members : John Millen, Edward Goad, J. H. Vivian, Samuel Thomas, James James, -Tohn James and Thomas Prisk. By a dispensation of the Grand Lodge, Miners' No. 4, was removed to Adamsville, where the first regular communication was held April 17, 1873. The present officers are R. J. Pierce, N. G. ; 0. F. Grimstredt, R. S. : A. Pierce, Treasurer ; G. F. Pierce, R. S. The lodge meets Thursday evenings, in their hall over the village store.

Town Of Pulaski

The town of Pulaski is well watered by the Wisconsin River and its numerous tributaries, the principal of which are the Underwood and Marsh Creeks. The Underwood, into which flow Leech, Harris, and Booth Branches, runs for some distance parallel with the Wisconsin River, and finally empties into it. Owing to its sluggish current, this stream is by some called the " lake." Booth's Creek formerly occasionally disappeared, or was absorbed by the sand at its mouth, before reaching the lake. As a result of this condition, during the winter, when the ground was frozen and refused to swallow the water, it would spread over the entire surrounding country. One season it was so bad that the railroad track, and even the streets and cellars in Avoca, were partially inundated. Therefore, in order to obviate this unpleasant state of affairs, a ditch was dug to the lake, which has since been the channel of the creek, and now only in the case of heavy spring freshets is there any indications of an overflow.

Early Settlement. - The first settlement in this town was effected by John Booth, a native of Kentucky, who immigrated here from Illinois in 1835, and located on Section 23, the district which has since been known as Booth's Hollow. Here Mr. Booth erected a log cabin with a shake roof, and cultivated a small strip of land and raised some cattle, but not with flattering success. For the ne.xt few years Mr. Booth might truthfully have said, " I am monarch of all I survey," as he was alone in this wilderness of Pulaski until 1838 or 1839, when Vincent Dziewanouski, an exiled army ofScer from Poland, made his appearance in the town. On arriving at Booth's Hollow, he purchased Mr. Booth's claim and began the work of improving the wilderness, in the pursuit of what was henceforth to be his life vocation. This farm he has continued to improve and cultivate ever since, and he is now living and operating where he first worked forty years ago. He was followed, in 1841, by William S. Booth, son of John Booth. He was familiarly known as Capt. Booth, in consideration of his participancy in the Black Hawk War, of '1832, and the Indian troubles of 1846. His f\ither had previously left this locality, probably at the time he sold his claim, having been somewhat discouraged, owing to the loss he sustained by his cattle dying during the severe winter of 1838-39.

William S. Booth first came to this part of the country in the spring of 1834, and located at Muscoda with his wife and fiimily at the time that William S. Hamilton and others were engaged in erecting the first cupola furnace in Grant County. Mrs. Booth was the first female resident in that place, and is still living with her son-in-law, Samuel Swinehart, of Pulaski, who is one of the pioneer lumbermen of this section and very first settlers in Richland County as well as Pulaski. Mr. Booth and P. N. Underwood are now the oldest settlers of this section of the country.

Isaac Alexander and family, who were natives of Pennsylvania, came here from Muscoda, Grant County, in 1840, and settled on Section 23, and lived with the Polander Dziewanouski. Here he opened up a small farm, and for several years pursued farming with varying success, until he died in 1843, making the first death in the town. He was buried in the old burialground located on a side-hill in Booth Hollow.

In 1841, Mrs. Vedder and sons settled in Pulaski, and proceeded to develop the agricultural resources of their location. During this year Mrs. Vedder was probably the only settler, but the lands in the town were now bringing forth abundant yields, proving the territory of Pulaski to be a mine of agricultural wealth that attracted the attention of the pioneers. Neheraiah, Daniel, and Oliver Leech arrived here in 1842.

The years 1843 and 1844 recorded the advent of Charles and Solon Walbridge, James Carver, and Richard Gage and family, the latter locating on the land now occupied by Samuel Swinehart. These broke small farms in different parts of the town, and were rewarded with profitable yields.

The years 1845, 1846 and 1847 are distinguished in the annals of this town as being the dates of a large influx of settlers, who afterward became noted for their agricultural skill, industry and perseverance. Among the number were Thomas Morey, Howard Harris, Asa Patton, Robert Ricke, Hiram Iletli, Dr. John Heth, Miner Bennett, Henry Husk, W. Mellon, J. Hagan, Amos Kendall, Henry Mears, Henry Atkinson, Rufus Bennett, and 0. P. and P. N. Underwood. There undoubtedly were others who came here during the years mentioned, but it is impossible to procure the names of all.

Among those who came here very early (the dates of their arrival not being exactly known) were Thomas Moore, James McDuff, 0. E. Barber, Richard Bennett, Elijah Bennett, W. Garland, J. Beard, Hiram Parmer, T. Churchill, H. B. Carver, William Asbury, Richard Asbury, J. Brewester and Frank Marks. These located claims and entered land on almost every section of the town, along the Wisconsin River and Marsh and Booth Creeks. Pulaski then gave promise of a prosperous future. To say that it has fully met the expectations of the most sanguine can scarcely be considered an exaggeration. The woods and hills are now interspersed with nicely improved and well-tilled farms, possessing all the necessary appointments to make the husbandmen and their families happy and contented. Broad fields, teeming with abund- ance, and bright gardens, ornamented with attractive and commodious residences, greet the eye on every side. These, together with the call of domestic animals, the plow-boy's whistle and the hum of varying industry, proclaim the fact of prosperity and a high degree of pastoral civilization as the present condition of the people of this region.

Very many of those mentioned are still living here in the enjoyment of a peaceful old age. Having ripened with the maturity of the country, they can fully realize the great and beneficial changes which have been wrought since they reared their first cabins and roused the virgin soil from its slumbers of centuries. Since that time, forty years ago, the great West, for hundreds, nay thousands, of miles beyond what were then the extreme limits of civilization, has been invaded and subdued by the adventurous and hardy pioneers; and still the great work goes on, and thus may it ever go on until civilization shall reach from pole to pole through every zone Among the first of those who came here before 1846, who are now living, not especially noted, are Charles and Solon Walbridge, Mr. Morey and wife, and some of the Leech family; however, these are not all by any means. The first mill in the town was erected b^^ H. Mears and H. Atkins, in 1847, on Booth's Creek. They first proceeded to construct a dam on Government land, near the claim of Vincent Dziewanouski. This dam caused the water of the creek to rise and overflow a portion of the land owned by this Polander, to the injury of a valuable spring. Not being able to settle the consequent trouble amicably, Dziewanouski entered the land selected for the mill site. This proceeding upon the part of Mr. Dziewanouski caused a great deal of feeling among the early claimants, as according to claim usages this was considered a violation of their rights. As a consequence, a meeting of the County Claim League was held for the purpose of abrogating, if possible, the purchase made. But Mr. Dziewanouski being satisfied that he was justified in doing as he had, persisted, in spite of all the threats of his opponents, in maintaining his position, and went armed for the purpose. As in most cases of the kind, the owner of the land, or the one who had entered it, carried the day, so the projectors of the mill enterprise were dislodged. Nothing daunted, they at once purchased a small piece of land and soon after built a dam on the same stream, at its present location on Section 14, and erected a mill. They continued the milling business here with considerable success for ten or twelve years. The mill has since passed through diff'erent hands, and is now the property of Abraham Yacka. A standard article of flour was always manufactured here, comparing favorably with other mills in the county.

The first public highway was laid out through the town in 1845 through the efi"orts of William S. Booth. This road ran from the Wisconsin river on the line between Sections 2 and 3, through Booth Hollow to Highland and thence to Mineral Point.

In 1848, the laying-out a road, to begin at the north bank of the Wisconsin and run to Ash Creek, in Richland County, as a continuation of the Booth Hollow road, was projected, as it was suggested that it would cut off the roundabout way by Muscoda, and would, therefore, be of inestimable value to travelers in this section. Major Charles F. Legate, Samuel Swinehart and others, carried the project to a successful issue, the road being laid out as desired, by them. After the road was laid out, the next thing to be done was to establish a ferry. This took the form of a flat-boat, which was operated at first with poles by the proprietor. This ferry was continued ten or fifteen years, during which time it proved itself a profitable enterprise and well adapted to the object for which it was intended. Eventually a road was laid out to Richland City and the old ferry was abandoned, and a new one was established near the northeast corner of Section 1. This institution was chartered by a man named Wallace, of Richland City, and denominated the "Richland City Ferry." The flat-boat of the old ferry was used here for some time. Richland City, on the opposite shore of the Wisconsin River, was at that time one of the leading municipalities in Southern Wisconsin, and gave promise of a brilliant and successful future. But its career was as short lived as it was bright. For since the railroad passed through the country, it has waned, year after year, until it is now but a relic of its former self

In 1845, Samuel Swinehart started a lumber-yard on the Wisconsin River, near the road mentioned, from which a great portion of the lumber used in Mineral Point was obtained. This lumber was received from Rockbridge, on the Pine River, in Richland County. Subsequently, it was run down the Wisconsin River. At that time, Mr. Swinehart was also engaged in making extensive improvements in Richland County.

Pulaski, by 1850 (as seen), was settled by agriculturists in different parts of the town, who were eagerly engaged in opening up the hidden treasures of this fertile soil. The mechanic, the tradesman, the physician, the professor, the minister, the lawyer, also came at that time, and cast their destinies among the inhabitants of the promising town.

C. C. Jenkins was the first carpenter in the town. He was followed by A. H. Hampton. These two tradesmen did all the work in their line in the town for a number of years.

In 1835, Charles Coyle started the first blacksmith-shop in Pulaski. It was located on Section 10, on the road running from Richland City to Mineral Point. In 1856, he removed to the village of Avoca and continued a successful blacksmithing business in the village.

The first post ofBce in the town was established in 1846, with Charles Walbridge as Postmaster. The office was named Wallis, and was kept at the house of Mr. Walbridge, on Section 14. It was discontinued in 1852.

Religious services were held in the town at a very early day. The inevitable ''circuit rider " was the first to administer to the spiritual wants of the people of this section. The first regular services were held at the residence of Vincent Dziewanouski. It is an historical fact that the first local preacher here was a horse-thief in disguise. He so worked upon the feelings of the people, by his apparent earnestness of purpose, that they reposed the utmost confidence in "his reverence." Eventually, however, he selected the best specimen of horse-flesh in the neighborhood, and between two days, left his longing congregation for parts unknown. There are now three churches of different denominations in the town - Catholics, German Presbyterian and Lutheran. Each of these have large and respectable congregations and resident Pastors.

The important subject of education has been fostered to a commendable degree by the citizens of Pulaski. The first school from which the settlers here derived any benefit was established in the house of Thomas Morey, in 1846, with Miss Susan Leech as teacher. There was but one room in the house, and this was used by the family, as well as for school purposes. Mrs. Morey continued her household duties, while the children were engaged in studying or reciting, and, occasionally, aflTorded diversion for the children by her remarks on different subjects. The number attending this school aggregated ten scholars. This school was kept for the purpose of securing State school money, with which to help erect a schoolhouse. During the following year, the first schoolhouse was erected on six acres of land bought from Mr. Morey, located on the northwest quarter of Section 14. This building was a log structure, and was the scene of many varying events, doing duty as a town hall and church. Political harangues and religious exhortations nearly as often found voice within its walls as the utterances of sages and philosophers. It saw much of festivity and mourning, and has itself long since come to grief The first teacher in the new schoolhouse was Permelia Brewster. After her came 0. P. Underwood, the intelligent and popular veteran teacher of this locality. That small beginning has finally culminated in the adoption of fiicilities for, and a system of, education of inestimable value, and surpassed by few towns in the county. There are now in the town si.x whole and one joint district, with seven substantial and well-equipped schoolhouses, requiring the services of seven teachers.

The first child born in Pulaski was a son of Mr. and Mrs. Alexander. He died in infancy. The next birth was that of R. Logan Booth, who was born August 11, 1842, and still lives.

In November, 1844, occurred the double wedding of William Brown and Nancy Booth and Amaziah Parish and Amanda Key. The affair took place at the residence of William S. Booth, H. M. Billings, of Highland, performing the ceremony. In the language of one of the guests, "they had a big wedding, and a charivari of grand proportions."

Official Town Record. - The territory now known by the historic appellation of Pulaski, originally the voting precinct of " Wisconsin," was erected into a town government by the Board of County Commissioners, March 7, 1849. Pursuant to notice the first town meeting was held at the schoolhouse, April -3, 1849, and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year : Henry Atkinson, Chairman ; Solon R. Walbridge, Isaac Alexander, Supervisors ; Clerk, Richard V. Alexander ; Treasurer, Asa Patten ; Assessor, Henry V. Carver. At a special town meeting held June 9, 1849, it was voted to raise $85.50 for the support of the common schools in the town ; and .^75 was voted to defray the town expenses for the fiscal year. The first election for State oflBcers was held November 6, 1844, with the following result: Governor. Nelson Dewey, six votes, Alexander Collins, twelve; Lieut. Governor, Samuel W. Beale, six votes, T. 0. Howe, twelve; Secretary of State, William A.Barstow, five votes, Levi Alden, thirteen : Attorney General, S. Park Coon, six votes, Moses Butterfield, twelve ; State Treasurer, J. C. Fairchild, six votes, John B. Terry, twelve ; State Superintendent, A. Constantino Berry, sixteen votes, E. Root, one ; Assemblyman, T. M. Fullerton, seven votes, John S. Walker, eleven ; County Treasurer, William Terrill, one vote, Stephen Thomas, fifteen, Richard S. Vivian, one ; County Surveyor, Francis A. Hill, seventeen ; Clerk County Board Supervisors, Thomas Allen, fourteen votes. October 15, 1849, Oliver P. Underwood became Town Clerk in lieu of Richard V. Alexander. The following is a complete list of the ofiicers from the organization of the town :

F. Underwood ; Treasurer. F. Z. Hicks ; Assessor, R. V. Alexander. F. Z. Hicks, resigned December 21, 1861, and R. V. Alexander was appointed to fill the vacancy.

G. D. Coyle; Treasurer, B. F. Underwood; Assessor, Samuel Swinehart. In August 29, 1864, G. D. Coyle resigned, and Samuel Parks was appointed to fill the vacancy. October 11, 1864, George Parr was appointed to succeed Samuel Parks, who had removed from the town.

1865 - At a special meeting of the Electors of the town, held January 7, 1865, four thousand dollars was voted for war purposes. H. C. Snow, Chairman ; Peter Kramer, Louis Trenner, Supervisors ; Clerk, Joseph Smith ; Treasurer, Samuel Aldrich ; Assessor, W. S. Dimock.

1867 - A. Grote, Chairman ; A. E. Briggs, V. Dziewanouski, Supervisors ; Clerk, George Parr ; Treasurer, Ira 0. Ingraham ; Assessor, W. S. Dimock.

One of the very promising and flourishing villages of Iowa County is located on parts of Sections 11, 12 and 14, of the town of Pulaski, twenty-six miles from Dodgeville, thirty-two miles from Mineral Point and fifty-five miles from Madison. This place is situated on the Prairie du Chien Branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and is built on a beautiful plateau, nearly surrounded on three sides by hills, and is two miles from the Wisconsin River. The town is handsomely built, particularly the residence portion, and is the business point for farmers for many miles around. Marsh's Creek, a comparatively sluggish stream, courses through the northern part of the village, and empties into the Wisconsin River.

It was not until about 1857, that this village began to make itself known, though cabins had been in existence near its site for several years. Richland City, on the opposite side of the Wisconsin River, commanded public patronage, and, with Muscoda, five miles west, and Highland ten miles south, contended for the public patronage. The completion of the railroad through the town of Pulaski, and the location of the station, attracted the first settlers hither, and laid the foundation for the present village.

The site of the village of Avoca was originally the property of Mr. Broadhead, who sold it to Mr. Chapman. He platted it for F. C. Hicks and J. W. Vial. The site was surveyed into blocks, alleys, streets and avenues, which intersect each other in regular method, making one of the handsomest laid out villages in the county.

To Messrs. Cole & Gaylor is due the honor of being the first business men in the town. They arrived early in 1857, and erected a small frame building on the north side of the track, placed therein a stock of merchandise of various kinds, and were the first to offer proposals for the public patronage. Here they did a flourishing business for a number of years, when they retired. The building having been moved to the south side of the track, is now used for the post oSice.

In the spring of 1857, the brick hotel, since known as the Avoca House, was erected by F. C. Hicks. J. B. Clark opened a store in the hotel building the same season. Eventually, the hotel passed into the hands of Snow & Billings, who subsequently sold it to Mr. Sanford. Early in 1857, David Dudgeon opened a general store on the north side of the track, in the building now occupied as a drug store, by B. F. Underwood, M. D. Later in the season, Walter and John Garland and Mr. Davenport built the stone warehouse.

The old Schnee House was erected also in 1857, by George Schnee, who was for many years its popular proprietor. It eventually passed into the hands of George Zimmerman, and was known as the American House, until it burned down in 1879.

The precedents having become established, other improvements followed in the wake of each other, and settlers came in quite rapidly. Among the latter, were C. C. Jenkins, B. F. Underwood, Ralph Flint, William R. Spencer, Cliarles Coyle, J. F. Williams and J. Bartlett. These engaged in different kinds of business, erected dwelling-houses, and paved the way for those who followed in their footprints. So rapid was the growth of the place, that the population between 1860 - 65, increased, it is said, to not less than 300.

The first birth in the village was a child of Ralph Flint, which was born in 1857. The death of this child was the first to cast a gloom of sorrow over the quiet little village.

During the war, the village, as the metropolis of the town, equaled expectations in the quotas, both of men and money contributed to the "maintenance of the constitution," and lefc no demand in that behalf without respomling. Troops were raised in the vicinity, and money, supplies, and other auxiliaries to the support of the Government and comfort of the soldiers were furnished most liberally.

Post Office. - The Avoca Post Office was established in the spring of 1857, Mr. Gayiord being appointed Postmaster. The office was first kept in the shop of Mr. Gayiord. He was succeeded in turn by W. L. Lincoln, David Dudgeon, Mr. Billings and W. L. Lincoln. In 1878, Samuel Parks, the present official, was appointed.

Mills. - Joseph Smith and C. C. Jenkins built a large steam mill in 1860, and put in three runs of stone. They did a very extensive business for several years. The mill was eventually blown up, again rebuilt, and finally burned down about 1870.

In 1867, John Post and William Richardson built a planing mill, which they continued with varied success until 1879. The machinery was then removed to Barron, in the northern part of the State. The building here is now unoccupied.

Schools. - The educational privileges of the village of Avoca are not excelled by any other town in the county. School District No. 1 includes the village and a part of the country in the immediate vicinity. The first school was taught here in the winter of 1857, in a small board schoolhouse erected for the purpose. During 1858, the south wing part of the present building was erected. In 1877, an addition of equal size to the original structure was built, which completed the school building. Each wing is 28x50 feet, and two stories high. The cost of the entire structure is estimated at $5,000.

The most important feature of the school history of Avoca is that embracing the free high school system. On the 5th of March, 1875, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establishment of free high schools. The village availed itself of the privileges by adopting the free high school system, and established a curriculum, in addition to furnishing a thorough English education, which is designed as a preparatory course to the State institution. Graduates of this high school are entitled at any and all times to admission to any of the colleges of the State University. The Avoca High School now has three departments, with an attendance of one hundred and fifty scholars. The salaries of teachers aggregate $115 per month.

Churches. - Religious services were first held in the depot shortly after its completion. Rev. Blackhurst was the first preacher, a Methodist. Elder Overton, a Congregationalist, and David Jones were also among the first ministers in the village. Through the efforts of James W. Vial and others, the Congregational Society built the little brown church on the corner of Fourth and Wisconsin streets, in 185S.

The Methodist congregation, who had been holding meetings in the depot, schoolhouse, Wisconsin House and Congregational Church, erected their present church building in 1864. This edifice stands on the corner of Third and Wisconsin streets, is 28x40 feet, with a well-finished interior, and cost $1,000.

The Ciitholic Church, an attractive and commodious stone building, was completed in 1879, though its construction had been begun several years before. There is now no resident priest.

Societies. - In the fall of 1857, a Good Templar's Lodge was instituted, with a very creditable membership. Meetings were held regularly in a room in the upper story of the Avoca House. W. R. Spencer was the first Worthy Chief. The lodge flourished but a few years, when it was abandoned. Other lodges were organized at different times subsequently, but they all followed in the footsteps of their predecessors.

Franklin Lodge, No. 16, A. F. & A. M., was organized in Highland under dispensation granted August 3, 1847 ; charter dated January 15, 1848. The charter members were Adolphus Hollob, W. M. ; Isaac C. Bratton, S. W. ; H. M. Billings, J. W. This charter was transferred to Avoca in 1867. Officers now are : 0. P. Underwood as W. M. ; Samuel Parks, S. W. ; R. H. Kinzie, J. W. ; W. R. Spencer, Treasurer; H. A. Hampton, Secretary; B. F. Underwood, S. D. ; 0. Roberg, J. D. ; N. H. Snow, C. F. Hinman, Stewards ; A. D. Garfield, Tiler. This society has now a membership of thirty-four, and a well-fitted lodge-room where they meet regularly once a week.

Government. - By act of Legislature approved February 10, 1870, the portions of Sections 11, 12 and 14 in which were comprehended the limits of Avoca, were incorporated as a* village, with genera! powers and perpetual succession; since then, the body politic has been governed as a municipal corporation. The following officers have served the corporation :

1874 - A. Grote, President; A. P. Hampton. Ole Shager, John Post, George Williams, Trustees ; Clerk, H. P. Dietrich ; Treasurer, Ira Ingraham ; Marshal, Ira 0. Ingraham.

Directofs. - During the past twenty years, the village has grown not rapidly but steadily. At present it contains a population estimated at $1,000, composed of an intelligent and enterprising class of citizens, who represent a proportion of the wealth and character, for the possession of which the county occupies a prominent position in public estimation. Educationally and morally, the village occupies an enviable degree of repute, and in all the departments of life, Avoca is creditably represented. Among the old settlers of Avoca now living here are S. F. Mason, B. F. Underwood, W. R. Spencer, A. D. Garfield, H. A. Hampton, Jo Underwood. J. J. Adams, J. H. Franklin, Samuel Parks and N. H. Snow. Physicians, Dr. Brewly, Dr. Underwood ; Lawyer, P. F. Quinn ; Hotel and Saloon, Joseph Rudersdorf ; Lumber Yard, Weston, Miner & Co.; General Merchandise, S. F. Mason & Son, R. H. Kinzie. Frost Bros., J. P. McCallister; Drugs, B. F. Underwood, G. P. Cotheran ; Confectioner, S. Parks; Hardware, A. Grote; Furniture, Samuel Aldred ; Harness Shops, Conrad Schmelzer, Hans Simonson ; Shoe Shops, James Harvey, Solomon Bennett, J. H. Franklin ; Blacksmith, Wagonmakers and Carpenters, Philip Swingle, W. R. Spencer, H. A. Hampton, Fred Renter, J. J. Adams; Milliners, Mrs. L. P. Deitrich, Mrs. L. Andrews ; Stock and Grain Buyers, J. Ward. Frost Bros.; Ore Buyer and Depot Agent, N. H. Snow ; Saloon, H. Flannery.

Town Of Ridceway

Ridgeway as a town has two distinctive features that render it especially noticeable : It is the largest town in the county, and the populous portion of Wisconsin. And within its boundaries, near the eastern line, is located the highest point of land in the valley of the Mississippi, the West Blue Mound. This point, and its lesser congener of Dane County, are especially associated with the more prominent and important of the historic events connected with the early settlement of this portion of the State, and are frequently alluded to in our general history.

In dimensions, the town is ten miles wide from east to west, and eleven long from north to south, and includes within its limits 110 sections, or nearly the combined areas of three Government townships. It is really mammoth in size, and is correspondingly inconvenient in some respects, while being more advantageously conditioned in many things than smaller towns. In the matters of expenditures for local or town government, its size is especially advantageous ; but on the other hand, considering the interests of various sections, and the distance that very many of the people must go to cast their votes, it is certainly inconvenient. However, thus far, the people of the town have manifested but little disposition to alter this condition, thereby evidencing that they are satisfied and prefer to continue on in the old way without effecting any divisions or special alterations.

Perhaps the most striking feature in the surfiice contour of this part of the county is the dividing ridge, or ridge of the military road, as it is more familiarly called, which traverses the town from east to west, and which, from the time the United States sent the first troops into the territory, has been known as the great thoroughfare through this section of the country, between Fort Winnebago and Fort Crawford, now Prairie du Chien and Portage City.

Before the Black Hawk war, and even for some years after, a large amount of mining was done here, both by permanent residents and by transient "diggers;" the smelting furnaces were in operation, and, in point of fact, no productive industry was pursued other than delving for galena. As in other localities, the fruitfulness of the soil was entirely a matter of secondary consideration at that time: but now, since the lapse of a few decades, everything has been metamorphosed; instead of the desultory employment of mining, agriculture, that pursuit which is the life and stay of nations as well as small communities, is followed almost exclusively. Twenty years ago, wheat-raising was chiefly followed, but this drain upon the soil caused, or required, a modification, and therefore a varied system of farming had necessarily to be adopted. There is now a large amount of small grain being raised, but the attention of the husbandmen appears to be turned principally toward stock-raising, for the Eastern markets, and to dairying. In the latter respect Ridgeway takes the lead in the county, as there are now three first-class cheese and butter factories in the town. Sheep-raising, for wool, is one of the profitable industries, that the most enterprising farmers are going into more extensively each year, as from experience this section appears to be quite well adap,ted to that purpose.