Augusta, Georgia - History (part 16 of 17)

Central system by a lease to the Port Royal and Augusta Railway for ninetynine years. From Greenwood it was extended to Greenville and is now known as the Port Royal and Western Carolina. From McCormick's to Anderson extends a branch known as the Savannah Valley road. The Augusta and Knoxville was opened in 1882.

By an act of 1864 the Legislature of Georgia incorporated the Columbia and Hamburg Railroad Company as the Columbia and Augusta Railroad, and empowered it to enter the city of Augusta. In 1869 another act authorized the consolidation of the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad and Columbia and Augusta Railroad Companies as the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad. This road extends from Augusta via Columbia, to Charlotte, a distance of 191 miles. It has been absorbed by, and is now a part of the Clyde syndicate, or Piedmont Air Line system. A brief account of this system will be of interest.

One of the first great enterprises in the country to strike down into Southern fields for fresh business domain was the Richmond and Danville Railroad. Years ago this line was well known as an excellent passenger route, then bidding for the travel to the North and East from this section over the " Central Short Line." It was a most popular way to the North, and in open competition distanced all competitors in Augusta. As time progressed the commanding importance of this railroad was recognized by a syndicate of Eastern capitalists, who bought liberally of its capital stock and identified it with the powerful Pennsylvania Central Railroad, in which they were also interested. Such a combination threw a superb trunk route from the Virginia boundary line, through Richmond, Washington, Baltimore and New York, whose influence was irresistable and whose enterprise was insatiable. They controlled all the rich section of the Virginia Valley, and that fair country - onced evastated by civil war - began to build up and blossom under the inspiration of railroad industry. All formidable rivalry was retired, for the principal routes were closed up and all branches and connections of any possible value or importance were absorbed into a compact system. Nor did this movement stop at Danville. The North Carolina Railroad, extending from Danville to Charlotte, was soon controlled, when a giant stride into Augusta over the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, which they also secured, was not a difficult matter. Practically owning the line then from Charlotte to Augusta, this spreading system turned their attention down the Piedmont belt of the Carolinas and Georgia, and finally effected a lease of the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad, a route of 270 miles in length. What a system to contemplate. The terminus in New York ; the main line solid and unbroken ; perforating the South Atlantic States; the mountains of the AUeghanies and Blue Ridge, rimmed with stone and steel - one foot of a great angle planted in Atlanta and one in Augusta, Ga. Compared to the seven leagued tactics of modern railroads, how feeble seem the engineering of Caesar in Gaul, or the forced marches of Napoleon into Italy. Such a system as the Richmond and Danville, or the Clyde Syndicate, as it is commonly called, cannot easily be conceived. Spanning the richest section of the American Union, it stretches from the gray coasts of Jersey to the flowing Savannah -

Once in control of these main lines the small roads and branches were rapidly assimilated. Convinced that this great corporation, was potent for the development of the South, and also that its means and facilities for operating roads and building unfinished lines were unparalleled, the people of Georgia and Carolina, in many sections, surrendered their stock in such enterprises upon guarantees from this company.

This system then, is composed of the following roads: The Richmond and Danville Railroad proper, 141 miles; the North Carolina Division to Ciiarlotte, 141 miles; the Goldsboro Branch from Greensboro, N. C, 130 miles; the Salem Branch, from Greensboro, 28 miles ; the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, 191 miles; the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad, 269 miles; the Elberton, Ga., Air Line Railroad, from Toccoa City to Elberton, 5 i miles ; the Hartwell, Ga., Railroad, connecting with the Elberton Air Line at Bowersville, 10 miles; the Lawrenceville Georgia branch, from Suwanee on the A. and C. A. L. branch, 10 miles; the Northeastern Railroad of Georgia, from Lula to Athens, 40 miles; the Columbia and Greenville, S. C, Railroad, 143 miles; the Abbeville, S. C. Branch, from Hodges, on the Columbia and Greenville Railroad, 12 miles; the Laurens, S. C. Railroad, from Newberry, S. C, on the Columbia and Greenville Railroad to Laurens, S. C, 30 miles ; the Spartanburg, Union and Columbia Railroad, 69 miles ; the Blue Ridge Railroad, from Belton, S. C, to Walhalla, S. C, 42 miles. Besides the actual Southern lines of lease given above, and which aggregate 1,287 m'les, south of Richmond, the Richmond and Danville Railroad management operate a number of roads in the well-known "Atlantic Coast Line System," under the name of " The Associated Railways of Virginia and the Carolinas." Among these maybe noted the Wilmington and Weldon, and Wilmington, Columbia und Augusta Railroads ; the Northeastern Railroad of South Carolina ; the Cheraw and Darlington, and Cheraw and Salisbury Railroads ; the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad ; the Petersburg Railroad, and Virginia Midland. This system has opened a vast territory to Augusta.

The Augusta and Port Royal Railroad is 1 12 miles long, and connects Augusta with the magnificent harbor of Port Royal. It was chartered in 1856 and opened in 1873. The importance of this line to the Georgia Railroad was not at first seen. In 1872 the president reported that ever since the chartering of the Port Royal frequent applications had been made to the Georgia road for material aid to that enterprise, but upon a full consideration of the subject the board of directors had come to the conclusion not to identify the Port Royal with the Georgia. The reasons were, first, lack of surplus money to invest in other enterprises; secondly that it would be an act of injustice to other roads terminating in Augusta, and lastly, and the most weighty reason of all, that the board desired to avoid any appearance of hostility to the interests of Charleston and Savannah or the railroads connecting those cities.

Early in 1872, however, reports reached the directory that an unfriendly combination was engaged in purchasing a controlling interest in the South Carolina Railroad with a view of restricting the eastern connections of the Georgia road to other points. At first the directory was incredulous, but investigation disclosed the truth of the rumor, and yielding to the force of circumstances it accepted a proposition which had been previously declined, namely to indorse the first mortgage bonds of the Port Royal for $1,000,000, and secure a controlling interest in its stock. In 1877 the Georgia road was empowered to lease or buy the Port Royal, and in 1878 it was reported that the indorsed bonds of the latter had been practically all paid. In the same year on June 6, the Port Royal road was brought to sale and was bought in by the Union Trust Company, of New York, trustee for the benefit of all bondholders. On June 22d a meeting of the bondholders was held in New York, and a reorganization of the company effected under the name of the Port Royal and Augusta Railway Company. The new corporation was to create a new stock of $750,000, and to issue $1,750,000 of bonds, so as to make the aggregate amount of stock and bonds $2,500,000, or an amount equal to the entire bonded indebtedness of the old company The stock was to be pro- rated among the holders of the old bonds in exchange for thirty per cent, of the principal thereof. The bonds were to re twenty-year six per cents, secured by mortgage, and to be of two classes, one of $250,000, to be called the Port Royal and Augusta Railway Company's first mortgage sinking fund bonds, and to constitute a preferred lien upon the property of the new company. The proceeds of this class of bonds were to be used to defray the expenses of foreclosure, etc., in discharging such liens as might be adjudged liens prior to the mortgage, and in providing new outfit. These bonds were redeemable in five years at not exceeding 105. The second class of bonds was to be $1,500,- 000 in amount, to be called the Port Royal and Augusta Railway Company's general first mortgage bonds, and were to be a lien upon the property second to the first class. The bonds were to be distributed pro rata among the original bond holders in exchange for seventy per cent, of the old bonds and all accrued interest thereon. A sinking fund of $10,000 per year was provided for. Under this arrangement the Georgia road received $150,000 of stock, and

$300,000 of the second class of bonds. By the terms of the agreement the holders of the new bonds were entitled to cast one vote for each $ioo in bonds. In a litigation growing out of these bonds in 1886 it appeared that the Central Railroad was owner of a majority of these bonds, and consequently controlled the Port Royal and Augusta, and that the Port Royal and Augusta had leased the Augusta and Knoxville, thereby securing control of that road also to the Central system.

The Augusta and Summerville Railroad Company, or the Street Railroad of Augusta, is not to be forgotten. This company was chartered on March 20, 1866, with a capital of $100,000, increasable to $200,000, and was empowered to lay a horse railroad from the lower market-house in Augusta, or such other point as the directors might determine on, to the United States arsenal in the village of Summerville, or to any other point three miles from the city limits. It was further authorized to convey passengers or freight at reasonable rates, subject to the approval of the city council.

By act of December 28, 1866, this charter was amended so as to allow the company to run dummy cars or engines on that portion of its track outside the corporate limits, and on such streets in the city as the cit}' council might allow. The same act exempted the capital stock and earnings of the road from all State or county taxation during the continuance of its charter, and provided that the taxes on its real and personal property should never exceed the rate imposed on the property of individuals.

On September 24, 1866, the city council of Augusta and the Augusta and Summerville Railroad Company entered into a contract whereby the city granted the company, for the term of its charter, the exclusive right of way over all the streets of the city except Monument street, and empowered it to construct its main line on Broad street with such branches as it might sec fit, and to operate the branches witii horse-power, with the option of using dummy engines on the main track. The right of way over all vehicles, except the city's fire apparatus, was given the company's cars. The track was to be of uniform guage with the other railroads of Georgia, and the rates were not to exceed fifteen cents per passenger in the city limits and seven cents per hundred weight on freight. The capital stock, real estate, and personal property of the company were exempted from municipal taxation during the term of its charter. No tax on earnings was to be exacted until the company paid a seven per cent, dividend and then not to exceed two per cent, on the excess.

This contract embodied the terms of an ordinance of the city council of September 7, 1866. On January 19, 1867, another ordinance was adopted which authorized the South Carolina Railroad Company to connect its tracks with that of the Augusta and Summerville, and abrogated that part of the contract of August 10, 1852, between the city council and the South Carolina road which prohibited the latter from connecting its track with any other in the city.

By another ordinance adopted November 9, 1867, the Augusta and Summerville was empowered to use locomotive power for the transportation of passengers, baggage, and freight during the term of their charter, along Walker street from the Georgia Railroad passenger depot to Washington street; along Washington from South Boundary to Reynolds street, along Reynolds to Kollock, along Kollock to the Georgia Railroad track, along Mcintosh street, between Fenwickand Walker, and along their track crossing Fenwick near Washington, connecting said passenger depot with the depot of Augusta and Savannah Railroad. The speed of engines was not to exceed five miles per hour, and all freight for the city government was to be transported free of charge.

By ordinance of March 13, 1868, the Augusta and Summerville was authorized to contract with the South Carolina Railroad Company for the use of its tracks from Reynolds street to the Georgia Railroad depot.

By act of October 26, 1870, the Legislature ratified and confirmed the above mentioned contract of September 24, 1866, and ordinances of September 7, 1866, January 19, 1867, and March 13, 1868, and empowered the city council to grant the company the right to use steam power on any other street in the city besides those named in the ordinances at its discretion.

It will be thus seen that the Augusta and Summerville Railroad Company was to fulfill two functions, first to operate a horse railroad in the city and to the village of Summerville, and secondly to be the connecting line between the various railroads entering the city. In pursuance of this latter function the company contracted on March 2, 1868, with the Central Railroad; on March 16, 1868, with the South Carolina Railroad ; on July 5, 1869, with the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, and on June 4, 1873, with the Georgia road. In these contracts the following rates were established for services rendered by the Augusta and Summerville : Ten cents for each passenger, fifteen cents for each bale of cotton, and three cents per hundred weight on all other freight. By subsequent relinquishments the Augusta and Summerville brought its charges down to one and one-half cents per hundred weight on through freight, and the same charge on local freight transported from the depot of the company receiving it to any other depot, or warehouse, foundry, etc. The passenger tariff" and all other rates were abandoned. In 1874 an effort was made in the Legislature to abrogate or modify the charter and franchises of this company, but failed. The charter expires in 1896. This road is one of the best in the county as regards celerjty and regularity of trips, and is unsurpassed for the excellent condition of the animals employed.

Some of the railway enterprises to reach Augusta in contemplation or under way may be briefly mentioned. The Carolina, Knojfville and Western is intended to connect Augusta and Knoxville by a line starting from Augusta midway between the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta, and the Port Royal and Western Carolina, and thence in almost an air line to Knoxville. That city has voted $100,000 to the scheme,. and Greenville has also subscribed.

The Augusta and Chattanooga Air Line is contemplated to run, 7>ia Gainesville from Augusta to Chattanooga. This will open up the mineral regions of Georgia to those cities and shorten Augusta's western connections about one hundred miles. Chattanooga has subscribed $I00,000, and many miles have been graded.

Another projected route is the Augusta, Thomasville and Gulf, a line of some three hundred miles in length, intended to give Augusta a direct communication with the Gulf, and open up rich portions of Florida and Georgia.

A continuation of the Augusta, Gibson and Sanderville from the latter point to Thomasville is also in contemplation, with a prolongation to St. Thomas' bay in the Gulf

The Charleston, Cincinnati and Chicago route is intended to form a direct communication between those points, striking Black's, in South Carolina, whence a branch is to reach Augusta. This line will be 650 miles in length. Still another project is the Augusta, Elberton and Chicago.

A direct e.xtension of the Augusta and Port Royal Railroad, northwest would carry us to Elberton, connecting with the Elberton and Toccoa Railroad already built. The same line continued from Toccoa to Knoxville, and joining the road from Knoxville to Cincinnati, would give us an air line railway to Cincinnati from Port Royal, 125 miles nearer than at present.

From Augusta to Elberton is 75 miles, from Elberton to Toccoa is 51 miles, and from Toccoa to Maysville, this side of Knoxville, and connected with that city, is 130 miles, making a total of 256 miles from Augusta to Maysville, of which 80 miles are built and in operation.

The Augusta, Elberton and Chicago line of 75 miles has fully 10 miles graded, and the whole route surveyed. Work on this road has been temporarily suspended, but will no doubt be ultimately completed.

Part Ii Biographical

ESTES, Hon. CHARLES. There is no safer index to the character of a man than his face. Here we have a face in which is clearly written will power, force of character, indomitable energy and courage of conviction.

Hon. Charles Estes was born at Cape Vincent, Jefferson county, N. Y., February 2, 1819. The Estes family is of Prussian extract, and the name appears prominent among the early settlers of the celebrated Mohawk Valley in New York State. Andrew Estes, father of the subject of this sketch, was one of the active business men of his day, albeit he died without estate.

At the time his beloved father was called hence, Charles was in his thirteenth year. Left to his own resources, with such equipment as he had received in the common schools of his native town, he turned to fight for himself the battle of life. With an energy which has characterized every act of a most successful and useful life, Charles addressed himself to the first work that offered - mastering the trade of watchmaker and jeweler. This soon proved too narrpw a field for his active and aggressive spirit, and, next, we find him superintending the construction of a section of the Genesee Valley canal.

From Lockport Mr. Estes went to New York city, where he engaged as salesman in the wholesale dry goods house of Doremus, Suydam & Nixon. Devotion to every detail of business in his department was a feature in Mr. Estes's career in this position. In 1844 he resolved to make Augusta his home. Carrying this resolution into effect, Mr. Estes embarked at once in the dry goods business as a member of the firm of Dow & Estes. He continued in this branch of trade until 1850, when he disposed of his interest in the business, and straightway entered the wholesale grocery trade, in which, with unvarying success, he remained till 1866, when he retired from active business. Here, as in every department in which he has figured, Mr. Estes strictly observed one rule: " Never leave till to-morrow that which you can do to-day." He was instant in season and out of season, pursuing his work with unfaltering assiduity. Had he a note due at bank, on a given day, at or before two o'clock, he invariably paid it not later than 12 o'clock M. Upon his withdrawal from business pursuits, Mr. Estes was chosen a member of the city council, and honored with the chairmanship of the finance committee.

In 1870 Mr. Estes was elected to the chief magistracy of the city, and was annually re-elected until 1876. It was during his occupancy of the mayor's chair that the enlargement of the Augusta canal was determined upon. As mayor, he was charged with a general supervision of the great work alluded to. He looked after the work generally, and after the ways and means especially. The knowledge gained while employed as construction master on the Genesee Valley canal, stood him admirably in hand at this time. To Mr. Estes, more than to any other man, are the citizens of Augusta indebted for that which has made their beautiful city the acknowledged " Lowell of the South."

In prosecuting the canal enlargement Mr. Estes encountered the most strenuous opposition of many well-meaning citizens - gentlemen who honestly apprehended that the " experiment" would result in nothing but a burden of debt to the people. Mr.. Estes was imperturbable and irrepressible. He pegged away energetically, and he now has the satisfaction of knowing that his fellowcitizens regard the canal, as enlarged, the chief pride of Augusta. Instead of proving a burden to the taxpayers, the canal (1888) is paying the city annually, in water rents and in taxes on mills and manufactories, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars in addition to the taxes paid by property, which is practically a creation of the canal itself

Mr. Estes has always figured conspicuously as a skilful financier. The cost of the great work mentioned is but another tribute to his careful management. Think of a canal, quite nine miles in length, raised from 700 horsepower to 14,000 horse-power, when used at thirty-three feet fall, at a total cost of $968,000, $751,000 in the face value of city bonds, and $217,000 in cash, derived from the sale of certain shares of Macon and Augusta Railroad stock owned by the city. The sale of that stock was, as the sequel showed, an absolute gain to the city.

Mr. Estes was one of the most earnest and active friends of the enterprise known as the Augusta and Knoxville Railroad. He it was who suggested the line now threaded by that road, following the bank of the canal and skirting the sites of Augusta's great cotton factories. He it was who inaugurated the plan by which the company's bonds were floated to the perfect satisfaction of all concerned.

In 1 88 1, at the solicitation of leading citizens, Mr. Estes took the initiative in organizing the John P. King Manufacturing Company, with a capital of one million dollars. He is, at this writing (1888) president of the company, president of the National Bank of Augusta, and also president of the Augusta Land Company, which latter company was organized for the purchase and improve-

It may be said, without exaggeration, that among the many energetic and influential citizens of Augusta, not one stands higher or has a more enviable record for well-deserved success and for devotion to the welfare and upbuilding of the city and its varied interests than the Honorable Charles Estes.

BAKER, ALFRED, was born in Warren county, Ga., and is the son of Edwin Baker, who for a number of years represented his county in the Legislature as State senator. Young Baker was educated in the common schools of Warren county, such as had an existence in the earlier history of the State. In October, 1829, he came to Augusta and took a position in the large mercantile house of Bridges & Gibson. He afterwards became associated with W. P. Rathbone in the wholesale grocery business, under the firm name of Rathbone & Baker. They did a large and successful business for many years, but finally retired in i860. In the meantime Mr. Baker engaged in the manufacture of flour, and was proprietor of the Paragon Mills until they were destroyed by fire in 1863. During this period he was also a leading director in the Mechanic's Bank.

In 1870 he organized the National Exchange Bank of Augusta, of which he has since been president. This financial institution has a paid up capital of $250,000, and is recognized as one of the most substantial and solid banking houses in this part of the country. In 1875 he established the Augusta Savings Bank for the benefit of small depositors, to encourage saving, of which he has also been president since its organization. This is the only savings bank in the city, and it has enjoyed a remarkable career of prosperity. Besides his interest and connection with the corporations named, Mr. Baker is a director in the Enterprise Manufacturing Company, and a director and large stockholder in the Georgia Chemical Works.

In all of his business ventures Mr. Baker has achieved well deserved success. He possesses excellent business judgment, is careful and judicious in the management of his aflairs, and is prompt and straightforward in all things. He enjoys the full confidence of the business community both as to business ability and integrity of character. Few of the business men of Augusta have been longer in business life, and throughout his long career he has maintained an unblemished record. For several years he has been a member of the First Presbyterian Church, and in religious and charitable work has been an active spirit.

Mr. Baker was married in 1844 to Miss Sarah E. Thayer, daughter of Joel Thayer, of Boston, Mass. They have one child, Lizzie F., wife of Dr. John F. Bransford, surgeon in the United States Navy.

CAMPBELL, HENRY ERASER. No history of Augusta would be complete that failed to give prominent place to a sketch of the renowned physician and surgeon whose name heads this article. Eor many years he has been a conspicuous figure in the medical fraternity of Georgia, and a sketch of his career cannot fail to be of interest, not only to the members of the profession he so worthily adorns, but to the people of his home, where he is honored and loved, it will possess a double value.

Henry Eraser Campbell was born in the city of Savannah, Ga., Eebruary ID, 1824. His father, James Colgan Campbell, at the time a merchant in that port, was a native of County Antrim, Ireland, and belonged to a family of the Presbyterian Scotch-Irish Campbells. Dr. Campbell has adhered to the same faith - being an elder in the P^irst Presbyterian Church of Augusta. The father died in early manhood, during the infancy of the subject of this sketch. His mother, Mary R. (Eve) Campbell, a lady of fine intellectual endowments and high culture, was the only daughter of Joseph Eve, a name once familiar as connected with the early history of the cotton-gin, and as the inventor of the "brush and roller gin," now used, with but slight modification, for the ginning of Sea Island, or long-staple cotton. Like many a child of genius, this maternal ancestor of Dr. Campbell - inventor, poet, philanthropist and doctor - after many heroic struggles with adverse fortune, as the world would sum it up, " failed of success in life !" His epitaph, written on his death-bed by himself, is a simple and touching epitome »f his life. It is copied from the slab over his grave, in the "Cottage Grave Yard" near Augusta:

This gentleman was the father of the late Professor Joseph A. Eve, of Augusta, and of the late Dr. I^dward A. P"ve, of Georgia. He was the uncle of the late distinguished Professor Paul F. Kve, of Nashville, Tenn.

In intimate association with these near relatives and active laborers in the profession, all three of them are claimed by Dr. Campbell as his preceptors and trainers in medicine and surgery, in the earlier periods of his life. His education and moral culture, with that of his only brother. Dr. Robert Campbell, were carefully superintended by his mother, generously aided by his uncle, the late Robert Campbell, of Augusta.

classical course under a private tutor, and having begun the study of medicine at the age of fifteen, Dr. Campbell entered the Medical College of Georgia (now the Medical Department of the University of Georgia), in November, 1840, and was graduated thence in March, 1842, at the age of eighteen. The same year he established himself in the general practice of medicine in Augusta, where, except during the late war and during the winters of 1866-67 and 1867-78, he has since remained.

Though engaged in a consulting practice, in all the branches, over a widely extended region of his own and the adjoining States, Dr. Campbell has, for many years past, made specialties of surgery and gynecology. Of his more notable operations may be here mentioned forty-seven cases of lithotomy, forty- five of which were successful. His operation on the male has been invariably that of Dupuytren. In this special class of operations, the profession is indebted to Dr. Campbell for the invention of the grooved tampon en chemise - an instrument which vastly lessens the danger of fatal hemorrliage, the great source of mortality in adult lithotomy. We find also recorded by him, sixteen cases of gangrenous inflammation from gun-shot wounds, arrested by ligation of the main trunk. The first of these " curative ligations " (which were all, except one, done in rapid succession during the war), was made June 5, 1862, in the Military Hospitals at Richmond. These ligations, together with the cases of urinary calculus, above referred to, will be more fully considered in connection with his literary contributions. In gynaecic practice, the sliding-hook forceps, for the operation in vesico- vaginal fistula, the soft- rubber spring-stem pessary for uterine flexions, the cushioned protean pessary for uterine versions, and the pneumatic repositor for the " self- replacement " of uterine dislocations, are all well known inventions of Dr. Campbell.

As a teacher, the labors of Dr. Campbell have been quite varied - he having occupied chairs relating to some five or six different branches of medicine, thus accounting, perhaps, in some measure, for the distinct variety marking the subjects which have engaged his earnest investigation, as will be shown in the discussion of his published contributions. They may be thus briefly summarized : From the date of his graduation in 1842, to 1854, he was Demonstrator and Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy ; from 185410 1857, he was Professor of Comparative, Surgical and Microscopical Anatomy; from 1857 to 1866, he was Professor of Anatomy ; and from 1868 to the present time, he has been Professor of Operative Surgery and Gynecology, in the Medical Department of the University of Georgia. During this period he was clinical lecturer in Jackson Street Hospital, the City Hospital, and in the Freedman's Hospital of Augusta. In the winter of 1866-67 lie was Professor of Anatomy ; and in the winter of 1867-68, Professor of Surgery in the New Orleans School of Medicine, and Clinical Lecturer in Charity Hospital. In the winter of 1868- 69, he was Professor of Operative Surgery in the Medical College of Georgia.

As a lecturer he is ready, facile and comprehensive - always extemporaneous, without even a note either to systematize or to prompt the course of his discussion. Attention of the students is fixed more by the interest he himself takes in, and gives to the subject, than by any particular grace of manner or oratory in the speaker.

In 1852, in connection with his brother, Dr. Robert Campbell, long and intimately associated with him in practice, he established in Augusta, Ga., the Jackson Street Hospital, an institution at that time needed for the treatment of chronic and surgical cases among the negro population of the Southern States. This institution was founded upon the most liberal principles; it had fifty beds and an ample hall for clinical lectures. It was provided with every comfort - equal to those of the best hospitals for white patients - and while its establishment did credit to the benevolence, as well as good judgment of its founders, its ample patronage and support well vindicated the kindness and humanity of the Southern people, in the care and attention they were willing to secure, at liberal cost, for the sick and afflicted among their dependents. Jackson Street Hospital continued in active operation until after the war, when it was superseded by the establishment of" Freedmen's Hospitals" in every community, and which are supported out of the public funds.

During the Confederate war, immediately after the first battle of Manassas, Dr. Campbell repaired to Virginia and attached himself, as a volunteer surgeon to the extensive hospitals for the wounded at Culpeper Court House, Virginia. He was commissioned regularly as a surgeon of the Confederate Army, September 2, 1861, and immediately^assigned to duty as medical director of, and consulting surgeon of the Georgia Military Hospitals in Richmond, Va. At the same time he was a member of the army examining board for medical officers. In these two capacities he continued to serve until the end of the war. During this service, among the large number of ligations and other operations he performed, those for " the radical cure of inflammation " were most important. Immediately after the surrender, he accepted a call to the chair of Anatomy, in the New Orleans School of Medicine, from which chair, in the winter of 1867-68, he was transferred to that of surgery. During his connection with this college, besides his regular clinical lectures in Charity Hospital, he delivered a special course on the Anatomy,. Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System, in that institution.

On his acceptance of the second call to New Orleans, his colleagues of the Augusta faculty, in filling his chair of Anatomy, until then temporarily supplied, created an eighth chair, to which no duties were assigned. Having to resign in New Orleans on account of impaired health, this new chair was offered Dr. Campbell - operative surgery and gynecology being given as the departments of his own selection. In these two kindred branches he has continued, after occupying such a variety of positions, to serve his alma mater as professor and clinical lecturer, from the winter of 1869 to the present time.

Rather perversely determining, at the early age of fifteen, while still far short in the completion of his academic course, to begin the study of medicine, Dr. Campbell disappointed the generous intention of his friends in regard to a thorough college curriculum. He made, however, good progress in the classics under an able private tutor, but yet entered the Medical College of Georgia to take his first course of lectures at sixteen. Having become prominent as an anatomical student, he was at once appointed, on his graduation, two years after, as assistant demonstrator ; from this he rose to demonstrator, and finally to professor of anatomy in the same college. In the exercise of these several functions of teacher and lecturer, but especially in the more difficult and widely scanned performances of essayist and journalist, it may be well supposed that the youthful doctor had reason to miss the systematic training and stored up erudition of the college course he had put aside ; and to regret the impulse which had projected him so prematurely into the profession. Laborious private study, a wide scope of systematic reading and unremitting self- culture in everything subsidary to the attainment of facility, as well as profundity in both speaking and writing, soon accomplished for him, we think, far more than any perfunctory attendance at even the best of literary- colleges could have done. He acquired knowledge as it was wanted, and the kind he had need for - as it were, making for himself the tools he required for his work.

Dr. Campbell must have begun very early to make contributions by his pen to the literature of the profession - certainly as early as 1845. From this time, we find frequent papers sent by him to the medical press - his favorite medium at that time being the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, published at Augusta. Of this journal he finally, in conjunction with his brother, Dr. Robert Campbell, became the senior editor, five volumes of which are the creditable result of their joint labors - fi-om 1857 to 1861.

Of the literary labors of Dr. Campbell, it is difficult to give any consistent or systematic presentation, on account of their variety and of the unkind red and diverse nature of the subjects discussed. Few medical writers in this country have worked in so wide a field, or presented themselves with a personality recognizable in so many distinct departments. As physiologist and pathologist, as surgeon, as gynecologist, and finally as sanitarian, we find copious contributions from his pen - each interesting, to a certain extent, a distinct class of readers, to whom his name and contributions are quite familiar; while by the others, he is scarcely recognized as the same man. In order, therefore, to give a resume of that which is to remain as the life-work of our subject, we must endeavor to condense, under these several distinct heads, some of his more important contributions to the literature of the profession. Some of these papers involve a historic discussion not long since quite familiar.

From a very early period of his professional life Dr. Campbell has devoted much attention to the study of the nervous system as the controlling influence in all normal and pathological action. On May 2d, 1850, he read before the Medical Society of Augusta, Ga., an essay on "The Influence of Dentition in Producing Disease." The article was published in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. VI , June, 1850. This paper was prepared in answer to the question then before the society : " Has the Process of Dentition any Influence in the Production of the Diarrhea and other Disturbances in the System of the Infant, Commonly Attributed to 'Teething,' and in What Manner is such Influence Exerted?" Always a student and most ardent admirer of the great English physiologist, Marshall Hall, and thoroughly imbued with his investigations relating to the discovery and establishment of the function of reflex motory action, our essayist, in the adoption and explanation of the affirmative side of this question, presented a clear analogy between the excitomotory system and the function he was about to propose in explanation of the perverted secretory and nutritive action characterizing the disturbances of dentition.

In this paper Dr. Cam[)bell clearly defined the original doctrine of reflex vaso-motor action, referring to experiments and observations - old and new - from those of Pourfour du Petit on the dog in 1732, and of Dupuy on the horse; to those of John Reid, as well as to the writings of Xavier Bichat and of J. F. Lobstein, down to the time of Todd and Bowman ; all showing, most clearly, that wherever the processes of nutrition and secretion are effected, it is alone by the entire control over, and agency of the ganglionic filaments upon the viovenients of the blood-vessels.

But the object of Dr. Campbell was not so much to establish the instrumentality of the ganglia and filaments of the sympathetic system in the modification of vascular movement, and thereby in the control of nutrient and secretory action, as to demonstrate the, until then, unrecognized reflex relation subsisting between the sensory branches of the cerebro-spinal system, and these same vaso-motor nerves whose function in controlling the blood-vessels had long been conceded. To this modifying and controlling influence of the one over the other, he gave the appropriate name, afterwards adopted by Dr. Marshall Hall, of London, and others, of The Excito Secretory Function of the Nervous System.

Three years after the publication of these views, M. Claude Bernard, of France, alike distinguished for his profound knowledge of all that pertains to the history of discovery in the nervous system, as well as for the ingenuity and variety of his own experimental investigations, published in the Gazette Medicale, volume for 1853, some remarks on "The Reflex Actions of the Nervous System," in which he claimed that his observation and presentation of the existence of such a reflex relation between the two systems was "a suggestion entirely new."

of Dr. Campbell on the same subject, published just three years before, was fully answered by Dr. Campbell in a brief paper read before the American Medical Association at its sixth annual meeting, held in New York, May 3d, 1853. The title oi this paper, as found in volume VI. of the Transactions of American Medical Association, is, ''On the Sympathetic Nerve in Reflex Phenomena.'" In their reviews of the volume of that year, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, January, 1854, and The New York Journal of Medicine, March, 1854. both decide that "priority in publication of the views in question is fully demonstrated to be with Dr. Campbell."

The courteous and friendly correspondence on the subject of priority of annountementin regard to the reflex excito-secretory function between Dr. Marshall Hall, of London, and the subject of the present sketch will be remembered by many not old yet in the profession. In the American reprint of The London Lancet for March, 1857, will be found Dr. Marshall Hall's announcement of a system of excito secretory nerves.

On the reading of this communication from Dr. Hall, Dr. Campbell presented to him a full catalogue and resume of his own frequent publications on the subject, and in a letter which, for exemplary courtesy, and for profound and affectionate respect, has seldom been equalled in any reclamation made by one author upon another, for the recognition of his labors in a common field, he called attention to the priority of his claim.

As might well have been expected, it was soon clearly revealed that the revered and noble English philosopher and philanthropist had never been cognizant of the contributions of his American co- laborer in a portion of the splendid field his own genius had had opened to mankind. Without hesitation - even while the shadow of death was beginning to darken the path of life before him, he made haste to indite, in manly and cordial terms, but with a decision equally poised and doing justice to the last degree to all, a letter to the London Lancet of May 2d, 1857 - Dr. Campbell first, to Claude Bernard second, and last of all to himself Here is his unselfish and impartial adjudication of the tripartite claim :

" It would be unjust to deny that Dr. Campbell has the merit of having first called attention to the excito-secretory sub-system in the year 1850, and that he imposed this v^ery designation* in 1853. So far Dr. Campbell's claims are undeniable, and I would say, ' palmam qui meruit ferat.

" I arrive at this conckision : the ut^a and the designation of the excito-secretory action belong to Dr. Campbell, but his details are limited to pathology and observation. The elaborate experiinentat demonstration of reflex excito-secretory action is the result of the experimental labors of M. Claude Bernard. And nozu I say, ' steum cuiqtie.'

" My own claim is of a very different character, and I renounce every other. It consists in the VAS\. generalization of the excito-secretory action throughout the system.

'* There is, perhaps, not a point in the general cutaneous surface, in which tetanus - an excito-motor effect - may not originate ; there is scarcely a point in which internal inflammation an excito-secretory effect may not be excited. Every point of the animal economy is in solidarite by reflex excito-secretory action with every other ! b

'- I trust Dr. Campbell will Ije satisfied with my adjudication. Tiiere is in the excito-secretory function, as applied to pathology, an ample held of inquiry fur his life's career, and it is indtspitlably his aivn. He first detected it, gave it its designation, and saw its vast importance.

The above fair and wise adjudication, respectively recognizing the exact right of each claimant in the important achievement, must have been most satisfactory to Dr. Campbell. During the same year, we find, in the volume of his collected essays on the Nervous System, the following dedication: "To Marshall Hall, M. D., F. R. S., Member of the Institute of France, and author of that grand induction of modern physiology. The Principle of Reflex Nervous Action, this collection of Essays on the Secretory and Fxcito- Secretory System is respectfully inscribed, in high admiration of his genius, and in heartfelt acknowledgment of his liberality By the Author."

The printed letter addressed to Dr. Marshall Hall had also been sent to several prominent physiologists. With the pamphlet sent to Sir Benjamin Brodie, vice-president of the Royal Society, a private note had been added. Sir Benjamin's reply being brief and pertinent to the claim of originality in the investigation, we here transfer the exact words.

" 14 Saville Row, May 20th, 1857. " My Dear Sir, - I am much gratified by learning that you have found something to interest you in my little volume.' The writing it has been the amusement of my leisure hours when at my house in the country, where, during the last few years, I have passed several months annually.

" I have read your paper on the Excito-Secretory System of Nerves, which certainly fully establishes your claim to originality in the investigation.

" I have had no opportunity of seeing Dr. Marshall Hall since I received your communication. I believe he is staying at the seaside and, I am sorry to add that he is laboring under very serious disease. I am, dear sir, your faithful servant, B. C. Brodie.

A copy of the collected Essays on the Nervous System were sent through the American minister, Hon. F. W. Pickens, to the Imperial Academy of Medicine at St. Petersburg. The following extracts from the letter of Mr. Doubouvitsky, the president, officially reports the opinion of the academy, and their endorsement of Dr. Marshall Hall's adjudication.

" St. Petersbourg, March 28, 1859. " Then, as to this last opus (Dr. Campbell's treatise on the e.xcito-secretory system of nerves), the Academy of St. Petersbourg is quite of the opinion of the celebrated physiologist, Marshall Hall, as to the discovery of the intimate ' nexus' [relation] between the peripheric nerves and the ganglionar system, which connexion explains the frequent occurrence'of secretory phenomena from external stimuli ; and though \.\\t facts designated by Dr. Campbell are true and long since known, the explication of them, and the very proper designation of the united forces from different energies, by 'excito-secretory system ' belongs to Dr. Campbell as a most useful and honorable discovery."

This formally expressed contemporaneous opinion of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, one of the oldest and most authoritative scientific bodies in Europe was the strongest kind of endorsement, and to the medical world was convincing proof of the validity of Dr. Campbell's claim.

We have dwelt at some length upon the records relating to these two papers of Dr. Campbell, as upon this clear presentation must rest hereafter, to a considerable extent, the permanent recognition of his claim as the first promulgator of knowledge in regard to a most important function of the nervous system, never before recognized clearly, and only foreshadowed in the vague doctrines of sympathetic action.

Besides the three papers heretofore discussed, Dr. Campbell has written several other communications upon the reflex excito-secretory function. At the tenth annual meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Nashville, May, 1857, he obtained the prize offered by the association - the title of this paper being " The Excito-Secretory System of Nerves: Its Relations to Physiology and Pathology." ( See Transactions, Vo\. X., 1857). Among other papers on this same subject are " Classification of Febrile Diseases by the Nervous System." Transactio7is American Medical Association, Vol. X., 1857). "Remarks on Meckel's Ganglion - Its Influence on the Circulation of the Eyeball." {Southern Medical Surgical Journal, Y&hxvidixy, 1858). The Nervous System in Febrile Diseases, and the Classification of Fevers by the Nervous System." {Transactions American Medical Association, Vol. XL, May, 1858).

In this last discussion of the nervous system, as it plays its role in febrile affections, will be found a wider application of the excito-secretory or reflex vaso- motor function, than has ever before or since been made, either by our author or by any other writer. A reprint of this paper was also sent to the Imperial Academy of Medicine ; and the careful review given it by that body will be found in the following official letter of the president to Hon. Mr. Pickens, the American minister. It appears that this paper secured to Dr. Campbell his corresponding membership :

" Mr. Doubouvitzky, President of the Imperial Academy of Medicine at St. Petersbourgh, has the honor to present his best respects to Mr. Pickens, minister of the United States, and entreats him to express to the Professor, Dr. Campbell, in his own name as well as from the members of the Imperial Academy, the best thanks for his interesting treatise or paper on the ' Nervous System in Febrile Diseases ;' which proving the high controlling influence of the nervous system overall the organic processes or acfs of human organism, not only serves as a proper basis for a new classification of febrile diseases, but also being a contemporaneous doctrine of Neuropathology, counteracts in a proper way, the too material tendency which threatens to prevade the study of medicine. Though it cannot be totally denied that some processes of nutrition are completed with a certain degree of self-government, in the system of organic cells, which, since Schleiden and Swan, have acquired a more important signification in the physiological and pathological changes of human tissues. Nevertheless, the Academy thinks that the most rational analysis of the influence of the excito-secretory functions on nutrition, secretion, thermal and chemical changes, and the different alterations of the blood - is worthy of her full approbation and of every encouragement," and adds. "Dr. Campl)ell has been elected as a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, and we are waiting for the approbation of the Minister."

His more recent publication on the subject of the excito-secretory action, as apphed to pathology, is referred to in connection with one of his surgical essays. Part n. of this paper is published in Volume XXX of the Transactioiis of the American Medical Association, 1879, " Etiology and Pathology of Urinary Calculus." This part comprehends the " neuro dynamic origin of calculus" - "Morbid Excito-Secretory Action, the True Origin of the Calculous Diathesis." " The Relations of the First and Second Periods of Dentition to the Origination of Calculus." In this paper he proves by statistical research that by far the largest proportion of the subjects of vesical calculus are infants having uric acid nuclei, and in a series of seven propositions he indicates the neiiro-dynamic origin of calculus.

In addition to the above eight papers in one of the earlier volumes of the American Trajtsactions, May, 1853, and also in the collected essays on the nervous system, ^ is found an elaborate essay of over sixty pages, entitled "An Inquiry into the Nature of Typhoidal Fevers, Illustrating the Ganglionic Pathology of all Continued Fevers," which title sufficiently signifies the subject matter of the discussion.

By the foregoing revievi^ of Dr. Campbell's contributions it will be seen that in a period of about forty years, whatever else may have been his pursuits, or in whatever other field of labor he may have been engaged, the ganglionic or vaso-motor system, and especially its reflex relations, as applied to pathology, has never ceased to engage his most earnest and active attention. He has, indeed, made good the prophetic words of the illustrious Marshall Hall, "There is in the excito-secretory function, as applied to pathology, an ample field of inquiry for his life's career."

Dr. Campbell, it is said, has been heard to express himself as practicing surgery " as a necessity of benevolence and bread," while his study of physiology has been for " love and happiness." Such an announcement, if seriously made, would not certainly give any very good augury for either activity or success in the practical departments. And yet, for over forty years he has been known to labor day and night ; to traverse weary distances, and to forego comfort and even security of life, in peace and in war, to labor in a field which was not his choice. From his earliest youth he has occupied lectureships and chairs either directly or secondarily connected with the teaching of surgery. Not only his time and labor, but his moderate resources, with those of his brother and colleague, were early taxed to found an institution, which, as we have seen, was principally devoted to surgical practice. What a man may think of his own impulses, or whatever others may saj^ of him, is ever evanescent, and passes away with the decadence of .a single generation. As the writer has intimated in the outset of the present sketch, a man's life is to be looked for hereafter in the written records of his service. There only can it be said of him, " he rests from his labors, and his works do follow him."

Among a considerable number of contributions on surgery and allied subjects, the three following papers may be mentioned as perhaps the best known: "Traumatic Hemorrhage and the Arteries." This paper constitutes chapter III. of T/ie Manual of Military Surgery, prepared by the order of the surgeon-general for the use of the Confederate army. It presents a most careful and particular consideration of every arterial lesion liable to result from gunshot wounds. It gives in terse, but comprehensive language, accurate and available directions by which the military surgeon, in the field or hospital, may be guided in cutting down upon, and ligating every accessible artery. The first announcement of the principle of ligating the main arterial trunk of a limb for the radicalcure of inflammation, and for the prevention of gangrene, is made in this chapter. Here, also, brief notes are recorded of most of the ligations performed by him for this object. The chapter on Hemorrhage occupies over one hundred and twenty pages of the Manual. "The Ilunterian Ligation of Arteries in Destructive Inflammation," a paper published since the war,' contains a fuller description of the fifteen cases of ligation, with considerations as to the applications and rationale of this important measure of treatment.

Another surgical paper is found in volume XXX. of The Transactions of the American Medical Association for 1879 on " Urinary Calculus." This is a report of some forty seven cases, and is a study of the disease in its surgical, therapeutic and hygienic relations, ending as before stated in part II. with an investigation of the etiology and pathology of calculus.

In the Transactions of the American Gynecologlical Society and elsewhere, are to be found various contributions by Dr. Campbell to this important branch of medicine: " Pneumatic Self-Replacement of the Gravid and Non-Gravid Uterus ;" " Calculi found in the Bladder after the Cure of Vesico- Vaginal Fistula;" "Rectal Alimentation in the Nausea and Inanition of Pregnancy." This last paper might be termed more a contribution to physiology than to gynecic medicine. By observation and by actual experiment the conclusion is arrived at that the physiology of rectal nutrition is to be found in the reversal of normal peristaltic action. " Position, Pneumatic Pressure and Mechanical Appliance in the Uterine Displacements," read at the Medical Association of Geor- .gia. Savannah, April, 1875 ; Blood-letting in Puerperal Eclampsia - Pathological Therapeutics - The Old and the New," American Journal of Obstetrics, vol. IX. August, 1876, " The Widespread Influence of the Cerebro-Spinal Cen-

' See Southern Journal of t lie Medical Sciences, N. C. August, 1866, also, article " Inflama.\\ox\," Cooper s Surgical Dictionary. London. 1872. P. 18.

tres over the Ganglionic Plexuses," Virginia Medical Monthly, i88o; "The Genu- Pectoral Posture -; - its value in Impeded Reduction and in the Prolonged Nausea and Vomitingof Pregnancy," 1885; "Uterine Febroids and Other Pelvic Tumors," 1887; "The Infertility of Woman," 1888, are the titles of other papers of merit contributed to medical science by Dr. Campbell.

The history of the remarkable and widespread epidemic, dengue fever, as it prevailed in Augusta, Ga., was prepared by Dr. Campbell ( Sonthern Medical and Surgical Journal, 185 ij. In regard to the inland prevalence of yellow fever, he was at an early date firmly convinced of the baleful instrumentality of railroads in transporting the disease. At the seventh annual meeting of the Medical Society of the State of Georgia, held at Macon, April 9th, 1856, he was chairman of the committee to investigate the question, as to " the means by which the extension of the yellow fever into the interior may be prevented." In the second annual report of the board of health of the State of Georgia will be found a report on " The Railroad Transportation of Disease- Germs." At the annual meeting of tlie Medical Association, of Georgia, held at Rome, April, 1879, "The Yellow Fever Germ, on Coast and Inland, with a consideration of Ship and Railroad Quarantine," was the title of a paper rtad by Dr. Campbell. " The Yellow Fever Quarantine of the Future," a paper advocating strictest quarantine of railroad trains, trunks, clothing, and all porous goods, but claiming " free passport and refuge ^or persons - even subjects of yellow fever - on the acknowledged ground that the disease is not contagious," was read by him at the meeting of the American Public Health Association, held in Nashville November, 1879.

One of the strongest endorsements of Dr. Campbell's skill as a physician, and one he prizes above all others, came from that great surgeon, the evangelist of healing, the late Dr. J. Marion Sims. In 1883 an invalid in South Carolina wrote to Dr. Sims asking if he could not secure better medical attendance by coming to New York. Dr. Sims in answering him wrote the following letter:

Afy Dear Sir: - Dr. Henry F. Campbell of Augusta is one of the ablest physicians in this country. You need not come to New York, Fhiladeljihia or Baltimore in search ofhealth. If Dr. Campbell can't unravel your case and put you on the ri_t;ht road to getting well, you will not have much to hope for amongst us here. Hoping that you may soon get well.

Other letters written by distinguished members of the medical profession equally strong as the above might be reprinted, were it necessary, to prove the high professional standing of Dr. Campbell.

In noting the literary contributions of Dr. Campbell, more care has been given to his earlier records than to those of recent date, and consequently more familiar to our readers. As the natural result and well-earned reward of a life of assiduous labor and patient toil, for the advancement of science be has met with many gratifying recognitions at the hands of his brethren. Some of these have been but kind endorsements of his faithfulness, while some of the others have been coupled with the imposition of higher responsibility, and sometimes with the incentive to, if not the exaction of an increased amount of labor.

He is a member of the American Medical Association, of which he was vicepresident in 1858 ; honorary member of the American Academy of Medicine, and a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, of which he was vicepresident in 1852, and president in 1871. He was elected a correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1858 ; a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Medicine of St. Petersburg, Russia, in May, i860; a fellow and one of the founders of the American Gynecological Society in 1876; a member of the Georgia State Board of Health, elected in 1875 ; a member of the Abingdon Academy of Medicine, elected in 1879; of the Augusta Medical Society, president in 1877; of the American Public Health Association, on the Advisory Council in 1879, vice president in 1880, and foreign corresponding member of the Medical Society of Sweden, elected at Stockholm, December 13, 1878.

In 1884 he was elected to the presidency of the American Medical Association, the very highest honor which can be accorded an American physician. He worthily and ably filled the duties of this position, and during his term inaugurated the bureau or section known as the Medical Jurisprudence Department of the work of the association.

In the preceding pages we have attempted to give only the more notable events and achievements in the life of one of Augusta's oldest and surely most prominent physicians - one who has an international as well as national reputation in the diverse fields of physiology, gynecology, surgery and sanitation. Of late years he has withdrawn as far as possible from the general practice of medicine, and endeavored to confine his practice to surgery and gynecology. In these two fields he has the largest and most extended practice of any physician in this section of the country.' His practice is largely a consultation one in all the branches, he being frequently called to all sections of Georgia ai.d South Carolina. As a physician he is tender and gentle as a woman, inspiring the sick and afflicted with kind and cheering words. No physician possesses the confidence and love of his patients to a greater degree than he.

Gifted with smoothness of speech, charming manners replete with personal magnetism, in the social sphere he is one of the most entertaining of men. A great reader, he keeps fully abreast of the day on all the great movements in literature, science and politics, which he is ever ready to ably and originally discuss. He is warm-hearted, genial, proverbially good natured, and one of whom it may in truth be said:

Dr. Campbell iiuirricd, at the a^e of twenty, two years after his graduation, Sarah Bosvvorth, the eldest daughter of Amory Sibley, esq., of Augusta, Ga. l^y her e.xalted Christian worth, rare intellectual endowments, and refined taste and culture, she is now, and has been through life, his gentle guide, wise counsellor and best friend. Their only daughter, Mrs Caroline Campbell Doughty, and her two children, complete the household, giving additional companionshi[) and solace to the " hours at home."

CALVIN, Hon. MARTIN V. The Hon. Martin V. Calvin is the son of James B. and Elizabeth Calvin, and was born in Augusta, Ga., September 23, 1842. He had early and liberal educational advantages in the free school of Augusta, under Mr. Thomas Snowden, the classical school of William Ernenputch, and was finally prepared for college by Rev. James T. Lin. Entering Emory College, at Oxford, Ga., he rose to the grade of senior when the civil war broke out, and he left the halls of learning to take up arms in defense of the South. He entered the Confederate service in 1861, and served throughout the war in the western army. He was dangerously wounded at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., in November, 1864, and was ca[)tured at Columbia, Tenn., after the fall of Nashville.

Mr. Calvin early showed an aptitude and liking for newspaper work. At the age of eighteen, he became a newspaper correspondent, writing to the Augusta Constitutionalist over the noin dc phime of " I^iuke." During the war, while serving as a soldier, he corresponded regularly with the Constitutionalist, for a time as " Mignonne " and as "Isaac Allington " ; later with the Chronicle and Sentinel as " Loraine." He used the last novi dc plume for three or four years after the war; then he adopted the plan of writing over his own signature, but of late years he has most frequently used simply his initials.

Returning home after the war, Mr. Calvin entered journalistic pursuits and was successively editor of the Augusta Gazette, associate news '^^ditor of the Constitutionalist, and news editor of the Augusta Chrotiielc. Newspaper work was a field in which his natural tastes and ability as a writer found congenial occupation, and the young editor soon arrested public attention by his clear and practical ideas upon the new questions which then confronted the people of the South. He was among the first to urge the establishment of the public school system, and so well recognized were his labors in behalf of edu cation that in 1867 he was elected principal of the Augusta Free School, then of the Houghton Institute, and a similar position in the Peabody Institute. In November, 1872, by [popular vote, he was elected for a term of three years, with Hon. George R, Sibley and Mr. James G. Bailie, a member of the county board of education from the first ward of Augusta, where he then resided. Under this board the present admirable system of pubHc schools was inaugurated in Richmond county. Mr. Calvin was chosen superintendent, a position at the time novel in its duties and of great responsibility. He accepted conditionally, organized the system, and at the end of three months resigned, thus giving up a handsome salary to return to his place on the board, where he received practically no compensation. Mr. Calvin served for three terms, or nine years, on the board, and during all this time the public school system had no more devoted or helpful friend.

Since 1871 Mr. Calvin has had charge of the introduction of J. B. Lippincott Company's works in the South, a most important position, requiring judgment and executive ability. His long continuance in this position shows his value and the esteem in which he is held. He has large discretion, being without limit or instructions in the management of the great business intrusted to his care.

It is as a legislator that Mr. Calvin is most widely known. In 1882 he was elected as one of the representatives in the General Assembly of Georgia from Richmond county; re-elected in 1884 and in 1886, and for a fourth consecutive term in 1888, and is the only member in the present house, serving a fourth consecutive term. He was made chairman of the Committee on Education upon his entrance to the house, continuing in that position till the present session (1888-89), when, upon being unanimously chosen Speaker pro tcvi , he went to Speaker Clay and waived all claims he might seem to have on the chairmanship of the committee on education, in view of long service, and asked if he was to be accorded a chairmanship to be given the most modest one in the house - one long regarded as a dead letter - the Committee on Immigration.

Mr. Calvin has developed a high order of talent as a legislator, and is justly regarded as one of the most useful of our public men. He has rendered particularly valuable service to the cause of education, while the general welfare of the State in many directions has been promoted by his well directed efforts. In the house of 1884-85 Mr. Calvin introduced a resolution suggesting the propriety of employing ladies as clerks in the department of enrolled and engrossed bills. He supported the resolution in an earnest speech and it was adopted and put into execution with the most satisfactory results. This movement had in the State at large the effect Mr. Calvin purposed it should have, namely, of directing public attention to the necessity and desirability of opening to women new avenues to honorable living. During the same session Mr. Calvin induced the house to order printed daily an abstract of the journal which enabled members present or absent quietly to inform themselves as to the condition of the work before them. He has been a prominent member of the Committee on Agriculture since 1882, and has taken a very active part in the work of that committee in the house. He has been particularly alive to the ay;ricultural interests of the State, and few have given the subject more intelligent study. At the fall session of 1888 Mr. Calvin drafted the bill, which, becoming a law, gives to tlie farmers of Georgia, through their representatives on the board of directors, the privilege of locating and controlling the agricultural experiment station, which will be supported by government funds under the Hatch act. As member of the committees on military affairs and internal improvement Mr. Calvin has also rendered valuable aid. He is a practical worker; gives earnest, thoughtful study to every subject which comes before the house, and always has plain, practical ideas to advance concerning them. He is able to clearly and forcibly present his views upon the floor. He does not pretend to oratorical effect, but what he does say bristles with facts and is to the point. His fellow members regard him as one of the most thoroughly equipped workers in the house, and testified their confidence in him by unanimously electing him Speaker pro tern., a distinction and an honor he richly merited for his able and conscientious discharge of his duties. While not arrogant in expressing them, Mr. Calvin has, in an eminent degree, " the courage of his convictions." He is exceedingly fond of politics, and is a close student of everything pertaining to State-craft. Few, if any, men in Georgia, or in the country at large, have a more thorough knowledge of public men and public measures than Mr. Calvin is acknowledged to possess.

Since the close of the war Mr. Calvin has been active in every movement which has tended to the upbuilding of Richmond county .or city of Augusta, contributing his time without limit and means according to his pecuniary ability to all such enterprises. While still on his crutches, suffering from a wound he received in fighting for the cause of the South, Mr. Calvin addressed the St. James Sunday-school of Augusta upon the subject of raising a monument to those who had gone out from the school and died in the defense of the South. The movement he inaugurated resulted in the handsome cenotaph which now adorns Greene street in front of St. James Church. This was in October, 1865, and it is a query whether Mr. Calvin was not the first man in tUe South to lift his voice in favor of inaugurating memorials to her dead l%eroes.

To Mr. Calvin belongs the right to claim a full share of the credit which is now so freely given the promoters of the New South. He prefers to call it "the Old South " - rehabilitated. With an active mind, quick comprehension and extensive knowledge, he has ever been fertile in devising means whereby the material interest of the community could be advanced. All of the public improvements which have been accomplished in Richmond county during the last two decades, and more, have been warmly advocated by him with voice and pen. The columns of the city press of Augusta within this period bears the strongest testimony to this fact. The people have learned to value his suggestions on any question of public policy. His numerous contributions to the press not only show him to be easy and agreeable in composition, but one of the most practical writers in the State. He writes because he has something to convey to the people. He never indulges in the flowers of rhetoric, but in facts and figures. His mind is practical and utilitarian. Since 1879 he has been especially interested in farming, and from practical experience upon his farm, a few miles from the city, where he has resided since the date named, and by careful study he has been enabled to demonstrate better methods in the cultivation of the land and the advantages of a diversity of crops. Among his more recent efforts to advance the interests of his native State was his advocacy of the State Technological School at Atlanta, an institution recently put into operation. He -was conspicuous among the supporters and promoters of this admirable system of instruction which some of the ablest and most practical educators in the country have predicted will be far-reaching in its power for good upon the industrial development of the State.

Mr. Calvin is a man of high character. His private life is above reproach. His virtues are not assumed. They are real attributes that go to make up a rounded character. While practicing an exemplary life, he is full of toleration and charity for the foibles and frailties of others. While always striving to do good and to elevate the standard of education and morals, he is never intolerant or discouraged in his labors because of disappointments or partial failures. While he may or may not be a believer in the theory of human perfection, he so acts toward others as though he believed that human patience should never become fatigued in its efforts to improve the educational, moral and material condition of his fellow- citizens of every class - without regard to creed, race, or condition of life. His mind is stored with practical knowledge and his industry never flags in its dissemination. His personal integrity and his exemplary life, combined with his practical talents, render him among the most useful, progressive and honorable citizens of Georgia.

Personally, Mr. Calvin is a gentleman of winning addsess, with pleasant, intellectual face, and is social and popular. He has been a consistent member of the Methodist Church since he was fourteen years of age. He is thoroughly domestic and finds his chief delight in his home life, which has been one of singular congeniality and happiness.

JONES, CHARLES COLCOCK, Jr., L.L. D., was born in the city of Savannah, Ga., October 28, 1831. His paternal ancestors came from England and settled in Charleston, S C, nearly two hundred years ago. His great-grandfather, John Jones, was the first of the family to become an inhabitant of Georgia. He valiantly espoused the cause of the colonies during the Revolutionary War, and while serving as a major in the Continental army fell before the British hues during the siege of Savannah, on October 9, 1779.

Rev. Cliarles C. Jones, D.D., the father of Colonel Jones, a well-known and distinguished Presbyterian divine, was for several years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Savannah. In 1832 he gave up active pastoral work and removed to his plantation in Liberty county, Ga., where he principally devoted his energies to the religious instruction of the negroes. He was a man of high literary attainment, and a pulpit orator of acknowledged ability. At one time he was professor of ecclesiastical history in the seminary at Columbia, S. C, and for several years occupied the position of secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Domestic Missions at Philadelphia. He was the author of several works on the religious instruction of the negro, and of a " History of the Church of God."

The boyhood of Colonel Jones was passed at the paternal homes - Monte Video and Maybank plantations - the former being the winter residence, and the latter the summer retreat of the family. His early studies were pursued under private tutors, superintended by his father. In 1848 he entered the South Carolina College at Columbia, where he completed the course of study prescribed for the freshman and sophomore years. He then entered the junior class at Nassau Hall, in Princeton, N. J., graduating from this institution with high honors in June, 1852.

Determining to pursue the profession of law, he began a course of study to that end in the law office of Samuel H. Perkins, esq., of Philadelphia. After spending a year in his office, he matriculated at Dane Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., receiving the degree of L.L. B. in 1855. While at Cambridge, besides his regular law course, he attended the lectures of Professor Agassiz, Mr. Longfellow, Professor Lowell, and Dr. Holmes.

He was admitted to the bar in his native city. Savannah, Ga., on May 24, 1855, and in due time was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Georgia, the Sixth Circuit Court of the United States, in the District Court of the Confederate States, and subsequently in the Supreme Court of the United States

In 1857 he became the junior partner in the law firm of Ward, Owens & Jones. While Mr. Ward was absent as United States minister to China, Mr. Owens retired, and Hon. Henry R. Jackson, late minister of the United States to Austria, was admitted as a partner, the firm continuing as Ward, Jackson & Jones until Mr. Jackson was appointed judge of the District Court of the Confederate States of America for the District of Georgia.

Colonel Jones was married November 9, 1858, to Miss Ruth Berrien Whitehead, of Burke county, Ga. He was married the second time to Miss Eva Berrien Eve, of Augusta, Ga., both grand nieces of Hon. John McPherson Berrien, attorney-general during President Jackson's administration, and afterwards United States senator from Georgia.

In 1859 Colonel Jones was chosen an alderman of Savannah, and the following year was elected mayor of that city, a position rarely conferred on one so young by a corporation possessing such wealth, population, and commercial importance. During the term of his mayoralty the war between the States began, and to the usual duties incumbent upon him were thus added many abnormal questions, demanding for their solution serious consideration and prompt decision. Colonel Jones was a Secessionist, and during his term as mayor, delivered one of the earliest public addresses upon this subject.

When actual hostilities began, he declined a re-election as mayor, and joined the Chatham artillery - Captain Claghorn - of which Hglit battery he was senior first- lieutenant, having been mustered into service July 31, 1861. In the fall of 1862 he was promoted to the grade of lieutenant- colonel of Art illery P. A. C. S. and assigned to duty as chief of artillery for the military district of Georgia His command was subsequently enlarged so as to embrace the artillery in the Third District of South Carolina, his headquarters being at Savannah.

Colonel Jones was brought into intimate personal and military relations with General Beauregard, Lieutenint General Hardee, Major- Generals Mc- Laws, Gilmer, Taliaferro and Patton Anderson, Brigadier-Generals Mercer, Lawton, and others. He was particularly attached to the artillery branch of the service, and in 1864 declined a commission as brigadier-general of infantry. He was chief of artillery during the siege of Savannah, which he has graphically described in his work on that subject, and figured prominently in the defense of tiiat city. At one time he was in command of the field artillery on James Island during the siege of Charleston, and at another time was chief of artillery on the staff" of Major- General Anderson, in Florida. Upon the fall of Savannah he was sun^moned by General Hardee and assumed the position of chief of artillery upon his staff", and was included in the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston's army, which occurred in April, 1865.

In December, 1865, Colonel Jones removed with his family to New York City, and resumed the practice of his profession, which he continued with success until his return to Georgia in 1877. While in New York he enjoyed opportunities for study and literary research which elsewhere he could not have so conveniently commanded. Among his literary labors there performed were his " Historical Sketch of the Chatham Artillery during the Confederate Struggle for Independence," (1867); " Historical Sketch of Tomo chi-chi. Mice of the Yamacraws," (1868); " Reminiscences of the Last D.i}'s, Death, and Burial of General Henry Lee," (1870) ; " Casimir Pulaski," (1873) ; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, Particularly of the Georgia Tribes," (1873); "The Siege of Savannah in 1779," (1874); "The Siege of Savannah in December, 1864 " &c., (1874) ; Sergeant William Jasper," (1876); and a " Roster of General Officers, Heads of Departments, Senators, Representatives, Military Or-

On liis return to Georgia in 1877 Colonel Jones located at " Montrose," in Suinmerville, near Augusta, where he still resides, his law office being in the city of Augusta. Aside from his professional labors he has manifested continued activity in historical research and literary pursuits. Among the products of his pen are " Life and Services of Commodore Tattnall," (1878); "Dead Towns of Georgia," (1880);" De Soto's March through Georgia," (1880); "Memorial of Jean Pierre Purry," (1880); " The Georgia Historical Society, its Founders, Patrons and b^riends," (1881); "The Life and Services of ex Governor Charles Jones Jenkins," (1884); " Sepulture of Major-Gencral Nathanael Greene and Count Casimir Pulaski," (1885); "The Life, Literary Labors, and Neglected Grave of Richard Henry Wilde," (1885); " Biographical Sketch of Major John Habersham of Georgia," (1886); "Biography of General Robert Toombs," (1886); "The Life and Services of the Honorable Samuel Libert of Georgia," (1887); "The English Colonization of Georgia," (1887); " Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast," (1888); and more particularly his " History of Georgia," (1883); a work of which the historian Bancroft remarked that it was the finest State history he had ever read, and that its high qualities entitled its author to be called the Ma:aulay of the South. It consists of two volumes illustrated ; the first dealing with the aboriginal and colonial periods of Georgia, and the second being concerned with the Revolutionary epoch and a narrative of the events which culminated in the revolt of the colony and its erection into the dignity of an independent commonwealth. This work represents the best labors of Colonel Jones in the historical vein, while his " Antiquities of the Southern Indians " illustrates the chief fruits of his labors in the field of archreology.

Colonel Jones is a forcible and graceful speaker, and his numerous public addresses give abundant evidence of a very high order of literary excellence. Among his printed public speeches especially deserving mention are his " Oration upon the Unveiling and Dedication of the Confederate Monument in Augusta, Ga.," (1878); his "Funeral Oration Pronounced at the Capitol of Georgia over the Honorable Alexander H. Stephens," his address entitled " The Old South," (1887); and his series of addresses delivered before the Confederate Survivors' Association, of which he is president, and which is largely perpetuated through his endeavors. The latter are for the most part historical in their character, and constitute studies of military events connected with Georgia annals during the war between the States.

During the past year (1888) in addition to the publications mentioned, Colonel Jones has written two memorial histories of the cities of Savannah and Augusta during the eighteenth century. He has been twice complimented with the degree of L.L.D., and is a member of various literary societies both in this country and in Europe. His " Antiquities of the Southern Indians " was the work which first brought him prominently before the attention of European scholars and introduced him to scientific circles abroad. Another contribution to the literature of his State in the department of archaeology is his " Monumental Remains of Georgia," (Savannah, 1861). Other works in the same field are his "Indian Remains in Southern Georgia," (Savannah, 1859); "Ancient Tumuli on the Savannah River," (New York, 1868); "Ancient Tumuli in Georgia," (Worcester, Mass., 1861); and "Aboriginal Structures in Georgia," (Washington, 1878).

In a recent publication by Mr. Alden appeared an extended biographical sketch of Cololel Jones, from which we have obtained the facts for the preparation of the foregoing sketch ; and in several instances we have used its exact language. The following pen picture of Colonel Jones, with a description of his manner and method of work and personal characteristics is taken from this admirably written article: " The truth is, while he has in no wise neglected his profession, or failed in the discharge of duties appurtenant to it, law has never been to him a very jealous mistress. For him history, biography, and archaeology have presented enticing attractions, and in that direction has he made most of his 'footprints in the sands of time.' Governor Stephens bore testimony to this fact when he said : ' He has not permitted the calls of his profession, however, to absorb all his time and energy. By a methodical economy in the arrangement of business, peculiar to himself, he has even under the greatest pressure of office duties found leisure to contribute largely to the literature, as well as the science of the country, by his pen.'

" Erect in carriage, six feet high, powerfully built, with broad shoulders, surmounted by a massive head covered with a wealth of ringlets sprinkled with grey, with genial countenance, handsome features, and a lofty brow overhanging a pair of penetrating blue eyes. Colonel Jones is at once a man of commanding presence and the soul of courtliness and grace. Eloquent in utterance, wise in counsel, decisive in action, public-spirited, liberal to the extent of his means, with a charity and sympathy as broad as the race, high toned in sentiment and act, and noble and generous in his impulses, he presents an attractive portrait of unselfishness and earnest devotion to duty, challenging the respect and confidence of all. To charming social qualities of a high order and an affable address he unites varied and comprehensive knowledge, a retentive memory, a mind open to all impressions, and an interest in everything savoring of intellectual development. His energy and activity are never more apparent than when engaged upon any literary composition. He then works with great rapidity, seldom revi^-ing or reading his manuscript until it is finished. In proof of this assertion we may instance his " Siege of Savannah in 1864," which was written in seven evenings ; the two volumes of his " History of Georgia," which, exclusive of the preliminary study involved, were prepared at odd intervals during seven months ; and his Memorial Histories of Augusta and Savannah, which were begun and completed within less than two months. While possessing the abiHty of rapid com|)osition, he also has that other desirable attribute of excellent chorography. His penmanship is faultless, and his bold liowiag hand is not only L-gible but very attractive.

-" It is not an exageration to affirm that Colonel Jones is the most prolific author Georgia has ever produced, and stands at the head of the historical writers of the South of the present generation."

Bjfore concluding this notice of Colonel Jones it is proper to add that he has been an extensive collector of prehistoric objects illustrative of the antiquities of the Southern Indians; that his authograph collections, which are in themselves a treasure-house, embrace two complete sets of the Signers of the Declaration oflndependence ; and that he possesses a large and valuable library containing many privately illustrated volumes.

McCOY, WILLIAM K , was born in Augusta, Ga., on November 14, 1840, and is the son of Charles and Frances A. (Tutt) McCoy. He was educated in the schools of Augusta, but early in life began a mercantile career as a clerk in one of the business houses of the city, and when the war between the States began was serving as bookkeeper.

He enlisted in the Confederate army on May 11, 1861, as a private in Company A, known as the Clinch Rifles, of the Fifth Georgia Regiment. He served throughout the war, and upon the return of peace returned to Augusta and began clerking for a living. His first experience in cotton manufacturing was as bookkeeper for the Graniteville Manufacturing Company ^t Graniteville, S. C, in January, 1868. The year following he was made cashier of that company and stationed in Augusta, in the office of the president, Mr. H, H. Hickman, where he remained until April, 1878, when, having resigned, he removed to New York and remained there until January, 1879. He then returned to Augusta, where he purchased the Augusta Waste Works, which he successfully operated until October, 1881, when a joint stock company was formed, the name of the new company being changed to the Riverside Mills. Mr. McCoy was elected president of the new company, a position which he has continued to fill until the present time. The growth of the mill under his able management has been rapid and most gratifying. At the present time about two hundred and twenty five hands' are employed in the manufacture of cotton batting, machinery waste and paper stock, being the only concern of its kintl in the Southern States. The success of the undertaking is largely due to the exertions of Mr. McCoy, who, from the beginning, has given it almost his undivided attention as well as watchful care.

board of directors of the following institutions : The John P. King Manufacturing Company, Augusta Land Company, Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, the Manufacturers' Insurance Mutual Aid Society, which is strictly an insurance company, and the Southern Manufacturers' Association.

Mr. McCoy is a member of St. Paul Church, and has taken an active part in the Masonic order, being a thirty-second degree Mason, and is a past grand captain-general of the Grand Commandery of the State of Georgia. He was married in 1878 to Mrs. Katharine Hammond Gregg, who died in 1882.

Leaving the Confederate ranks in the spring of 1865 a penniless soldier, Mr. McCoy has by his energy, his persistent and determined efforts gained a most creditable place among the successful business men of Augusta. He is thorough master of his line of business and feels a justified pride in its progress. He is a hard worker, methodical in his methods, and possesses executive and administrative ability to a marked degree. High minded and of the strictest integrity, his standing in this community, in all that constitutes good citizenship, is of the highest order.

PHINIZY, CHARLES H., of Augusta, was born January 15. 1835, on what is known as the Eve plantation, a few miles from the city of Augusta, and is a son of John and Martha (Cresswell) Phinizy. His early education was received at home until his preparation for a collegiate course, when he entered the State University of Georgia, graduating from that institution in 1853. He afterwards took a course of scientific study under D. H. Mahan, professor of engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point. For some two or three years thereafter he was employed as a civil engineer during the construction of the Blue Ridge Railroad.

At the beginning of the war between the States he entered the Confederate service as first lieutenant of Company B, of the Tenth Georgia Regiment. He was soon after transferred to the adjutant general's department and assigned to duty with Brigadier-General Alfred Cummings. In the consolidation of regiments in 1865 he was commissioned as colonel of the Thirty- ninth Georgia Regiment, which position he held until the final surrender of the Confederate army. He Served in Battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Malvern Hill, Sharpsburg. siege of Vicksburg, Hood's campaign in Tennessee, Missionary Ridge, Jonesboro, Powder Springs Road, Bennettsville, and in innumerable smaller engagements, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C.

After the close of the war Colonel Phinizy, in the fall of 1865, embarked in the cotton factorage business in Augusta, which he successfully conducted until 1879, when he retired from this line of business. In the meantime he had become largely interested in railroad operation and construction, and soon after his retirement from the cotton business, in 1879, he was elected president of the Georgia Railroad and the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company.

He remained as president of the Georgia Railroad until it was leased in May, 1 88 1, since which time he has been one of the six commissioners who have general charge of the road. He is still president of the banking company, a position he has filled most creditably to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the stockholders and directors. In 1882 he was elected president of the Augusta Factory, but after holding this position for five years he resigned in 1887. Since July, 1888, he has also been president of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. Besides his large interest in the corporation named he is a director in the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia, the Port Royal and Augusta Railroad, the Port Royal and Western Carolina Railroad, the Western Railroad of Alabama, and the Augusta Factory. During the late Augusta National Exposition Colonel Phinizy was first vice-president of this enterprise, and by his personal efforts largely contributed to its success.

As a business man Colonel Phinizy's course has been marked by rare success. He is conservative, possesses excellent judgment and a high degree of administrative ability. His business ventures have all been in the legitimate line of trade and commerce, and his success has been won by fair and honorable methods. He possesses in the highest degree the respect and confidence of the people of this community, where the entire years of his life have been passed, and where few names are better known than his own. While a thorough business man in the best sense of the term, he is social and affable in disposition, and in his home dispenses a hospitality typical of the true Southern gentleman. Colonel Phinizy was married in 1885, to the widow of F. B. Phinizy, and daughter of Colonel B. C. Yancey, of Georgia.

SIBLEY, JOSIAH, the eighth in lineal descent from John Sibley, who, in 1629, removing from St. Albans in Hertfordshire, England, settled first at Naumkeag (Salem), and afterwards at Charlestown, Mass., was born at Uxbridge, in that State on the ist of April, 1808. His father, Joel Sibley, was a farmer, and the subject of this sketch was the third of four sons. His mother, Lois, was the daughter of h^zekiel Wood, of Uxbridge, Mass. Until 1821 Josiah's life was passed at home, where he lent a helping hand to the agricultural employment and the domestic engagements incident to the conduct of his father's farm. His early education was acquired in the district school of his native town.

When only thirteen years of age he left the parental roof and came to Augusta, Ga., where his elder brothers - Amory and Royal - hsfci established themselves in business and were conducting a thriving trade. His first employment was as a clerk in their store. The compensation allowed was small, his brothers agreeing to furnish board and clothing, and permitting him to retain as a salary whatever profit was realized in the establishment from the sale of fishing tackle and pocket knives. This opportunity for personal emolument was subsequently enlarged when his brothers consented that he should deal in oranges, and appropriate to his own use whatever pecuniary benefits might accrue from the sale of this fruit. His first venture in this line was in association with Mr. Edward Padelford, of Savannah.