Fort Benning, Infantry Hall, North side of Karker Street between Chesney and Holtz Streets, Fort Benning Military Reservation

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS GA-2392-F. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Infantry Hall, Building No. 4, is located on the north side of Karker Street, north west of the intersection of Edwards Street and Eckle Street within the Fort Benning Military Reservation, Chattahoochee County, Georgia. (revised USGS 7.5 Fort Benning Georgia- Alabama topographic quadrangle Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: (NAD83) E691119

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS GA-2392-F. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Infantry Hall, Building No. 4; the entry landscape that includes the 100 flagpole, Facility No. the statue The Infantryman/Follow Me; the semicircle of flagpoles used to display state flags; as well as York Field are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion Consideration G and Criteria A and C. PART 1. HISTORICAL INFORMATION A. Physical History: FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 2) 1.

Date of erection: Fort Benning Real Property Records (Directorate of Public Works indicate this date as well as the installation newspaper, The Bayonet, the local Columbus, Georgia, newspaper, The Columbus Enquirer, and numerous military publications such as Infantry Magazine (September-October 35) which covered the story of the building s opening. Construction was begun in and the building, then simply called the Academic or School Building, was accepted in April (The Bayonet May 1, 2. Architect: Abreu [Francis Louis Abreu & Robeson [James Lee Robeson Architects and Engineers Brunswick and Atlanta, Georgia. Francis Louis Abreu, the son of Diego and Marie Jova Abreu, was born December 3, at Dannskammer his maternal grandparents estate on the Hudson River near Newburgh, New York.

His grandparents, Mr. and Juan Jacinto Jova, were wealthy Spanish nationals who owned Jova Brickworks in Newburgh. His father, a Cuban educated in Spain, owned a Cuban sugar plantation as well as property in Newburgh. Francis divided his childhood between Dannskammer and his father s plantation in Cuba (Rathbun Piland et al. Abreu attended the Newburg Free Academy and in enrolled in Cornell. He interrupted his education to serve in the U.S. Navy during World War I returning to Cornell in and graduating in (American Institute of Architects [AIA] January 7, 1942A; Piland et al. During his youth, Abreu traveled extensively to such places as Cuba, South America, England, and several other European countries (AIA January 7, 1942A).

Immediately upon graduation and until Abreu began working for Arnold W. Brunner, Quartermaster Corps, United States Military Academy, West Point, which is located immediately south of Newburgh on the Hudson River. The was a period of expansion for FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 3) West Point, and Brunner was involved in the creation of Washington Hall (HABS No. and probably Michie Stadium, both signature buildings at the school (Nolte and Cinquino After this initial work, Abreu began a successful career creating Mediterranean and Spanish Colonial Revival style residences and buildings in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where his parents and grandparents had recently moved.

Because of Abreu s early, expansive, and extensive work in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, there has been much speculation as to his earliest work experience in that state. Family tradition holds that initially he worked for the legendary Florida real estate developer Joseph Young at Hollywood-by-the-Sea, a residential community developed by Young s company Hollywood Land and Water Company that employed its own engineers, architects, and other technicians (Piland et al. It has also been theorized that Abreu worked with another Florida legend, Addison Mizner, south Florida s most famous boom time architect (Rathbun While many are quick to associate Abreu with Young and Mizner, he did work with two less well known but very influential architectural groups.

Abreu s American Institute of Architects (AIA) records indicate that he was a Draftsman in the office of Harvey & Clarke, West Palm Beach, in and in the office of William Manley King, West Palm Beach, in Then in he began his own practice without a partner (AIA January 7, 1942A; AIA May 7, Henry Stephen Harvey and L.

Phillip Clarke of West Palm Beach are considered the most sought after Florida commercial architects of the They designed 35 depots for the Seaboard Air Line railroad company in Florida (Palm Beach Preservation Foundation State of Florida William Manley King worked in Palm Beach from to originally designing high-end residences primarily in Mediterranean, Moorish, and Spanish Colonial Revival styles (Florida Historic Homes Abreu worked with these individuals gaining experience in the FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 4) Florida market and in received a commission from his grandfather, Juan Jacinto Jova, to design a beach house at Alhambra Street, now Highway A1A (Rathbun This house in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was the first of many residences he would design in the area. He next began designing residences for his mother s friends who needed winter homes and as his reputation grew he no longer needed his family connections.

Abreu also began to expand into commercial and public buildings such as cafes, hotels, schools, pools, post offices, and office buildings (The Abreu Charitable Trust Genealogy Society of Broward County Florida Unfortunately, as Abreu s star began to rise, the Florida building boom began to burst as a result of a series of hurricanes and bad economic decisions. He would have to expand his practice out of the state. Far less information is known about James Lee Robeson. Robeson was born January 9, in Willington, North Carolina where he attended New Hanover High School. He attended the Georgia School of Technology (Georgia Tech) and graduated in From he was a Draftsman with & Ford, Wilmington, North Carolina, presumably during the summer months; from he was a Draftsman for L.

Hicks, Florence South Carolina, and from he was a Draftsman for Edwards and Sayward, Atlanta, Georgia (AIA January 7, AIA May 7, William A. Edwards and William J. Sayward, the partners of Edwards and Sayward, formed one of the leading Atlanta architectural firms between and The firm specialized in educational buildings although it undertook a wide variety of projects including University Homes Atlanta s second great slum clearing project in the Edwards and Sayward also designed a number of commercial buildings, especially banks (Atlanta.Org Robeson was with this firm when he met Abreu. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 5) In Abreu was hired to design parts of the famous Cloister Hotel on Sea Island, Georgia, where he had also designed numerous houses including that of playwright Eugene O Neil. While on Sea Island, he met James Robeson who was still a Draftsman with the influential firm of Edwards and Sayward, and they formed the partnership of Abreu & Robeson in working out of Atlanta and Brunswick, Georgia (The Abreu Charitable Trust Once again, Abreu, now with a partner, was faced with another economic down- turn, the great Depression. However, the two weathered the storm, and stayed in the partnership until their deaths.

In Abreu & Robeson completed a questionnaire for the architect s roster of firms and individuals qualified for Federal Public Works that provides a small glimpse into the type of public work the partners had been doing (AIA May 7, When asked to list their single largest job competed between the years they listed, low cost housing - USHA [United States Housing Authority] Brunswick, Ga. All jobs completed during that ten year period were valued at with an annual average of The partners were doing quite well in spite of the Depression.

Between the years during World War II, the single largest job they completed was, War Housing Brunswick- All jobs completed during that period were valued at and the annual average was When asked for current jobs under construction in or in authorized working drawings, the largest single job was listed as, St. Joseph s Infirmary, Atlanta, Ga. - $1, and total jobs were valued at (AIA May 7, The partners were also asked to break projects into designated cost categories and list the owners. Abreu and Robeson s owner list was composed primarily of public agencies, as befitted the questionnaire that included: the Federal Public Housing Authority (FPHA), the Public Buildings Administration (PBA), FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 6) Federal Works Agency (FWA), the USHA, and one private agency, the Goldsmith D. and Mary B. Johnes Home for Aged Couples, Newburgh, New York. The Mediterranean, Moorish and Spanish Colonial Revival style grand houses of the past no longer played a role in the partnership. Public buildings in contemporary styles, especially the International style, became the firm s staple.

Nevertheless, in they designed the Dura Apartments, public housing in Plains, Georgia, where Jimmy Carter, later President Jimmy Carter, and his young family resided when Carter left the United States Navy to take over the family peanut business (Historic American Building Survey [HABS] Abreu & Robeson are best known for the design of the Trust Company of Georgia Tower, Atlanta, which DOCOMOMO (DOcumentation and COnservation of buildings, sites and neighborhoods of the MOdern MOvement), Georgia Chapter, highlighted as one of the landmarks of modern Georgia architecture in their Modern Architecture Timeline (DOCOMOMO The Trust Company building, which was empty for a number of years, has recently been converted into a restaurant.

Abreu & Robeson are also known to have designed: the Northside Parkway, Buckhead and West End Branches of the Trust Company of Georgia, the Farmers Market, Atlanta, Fulton Federal Savings and Loan, Atlanta, Chatham Memorial Hospital, Savannah, Hamilton Memorial Hospital, Dalton, Henrietta Egleston Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Glynn-Brunswick Memorial Hospital, Brunswick, Whitfield County Court House, Dalton, Frank M. Scarlett Federal Building, Brunswick, Meriwether Memorial Hospital, Warm Springs, and the B building of the Orr Doctor s Building Complex, Atlanta (AIA May 7, City of Atlanta Emporis.com McLean FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 7) 3. Original and subsequent owners: Fort Benning Military Reservation, U.S.

Army, was the original owner and has been the sole owner of this property. 4. Builder, contractor, suppliers: Infantry Hall took two years to build under the auspices of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District. Charles B. Kneller, Savannah Corps, served as the construction engineer; he had also served as the construction engineer for the Martin Army Hospital at Fort Benning (Battle The Small Business Administration was successful in convincing the Savannah Corps to divide the prime contractor s job into smaller contracts.

Therefore there were actually five prime contractors, apparently an unusual situation in the early-1960s (Battle They were: The Jordan Co., Columbus, Georgia, construction; Deep South Construction Co., Montgomery, Alabama, site preparation and outside utilities; McClure Co., Inc., electrical distribution system, transformer stations, and street lighting; J.

Young Construction Co., Jacksonville, Florida, all paving; and Micah Jenkins Nursery, Charleston, South Carolina, landscape planting (Battle There were then a host of subcontractors for all other aspects of the construction (The Bayonet April 27, Battle There were more than 30 subcontractors including: Acousti Engineering Company, Atlanta, installation of acoustical tile; American Tile and Marble Company, Columbus, placing ceramic, quarry and terrazzo tile and marble; Fred Carpenter Plumbing Company, Columbus, mechanical, plumbing, heating, steam, water and sanitary sewer; Dixie Construction Company, Birmingham, Alabama, masonry; Georgia Southern Electric Company, Columbus, interior electrical (Battle Also, A.M.

Masters and Sons, Incorporated, Pen Argyll, Pennsylvania, install stage equipment; The McGregor Company, Athens, furnish and install auditorium chairs; Columbus Glass Company, glass glazing and FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 8) mirrors; Elevator Service Company, Columbus, elevator work; Herndon Company, Columbus, sheet metal work for Carpenter Pluming Company: North Brothers Incorporated, Atlanta, insulation of ductwork and piping (Battle Additionally, Johnson Service Company, Atlanta, heating and air conditioning controls; Carrier Corporation, Atlanta, installing and furnishing air conditioning units; Frank M.

Collins Company and Alabama Roofing Company, Montgomery, Alabama, roofing and sheet metal; The Guess Company, College Park, erecting vertical lift doors; Southern Stage Equipment Company, San Antonio, Texas, furnish and install stage draperies and stage equipment (Battle Also, White Partitions Company, Atlanta, installing dry wall; Grinnell Company, Incorporated, Atlanta, sprinkler and fire protection system; The Broadwell Company, Incorporated, Albany, furnish and install food service equipment; Maple Floors Incorporated, Charlotte, North Carolina, furnish and install floors (Battle And finally, Brown Concrete Company, furnish all ready-mix concrete; McKenney Company, Talladega, Alabama, painting and protective coating; and Marley Company, Kansas City, Missouri, erection of cooling tower (Battle Kneller, the resident Corps engineer, kept a staff of 22 people at Fort Benning during the two year construction process.

His construction team included soil, bridge, electrical and mechanical engineers and general construction inspectors. Kneller s team had worked on other construction projects with him, but none as large as this project (Battle The major part of the construction was contracted to The Jordan Company, a Columbus, Georgia, firm that had been in business since (The Bayonet April 27, The Jordan Company had had a long and FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 9) profitable relationship with both Fort Benning and the military when it won the contract for the Infantry School.

In John Betjeman, the Secretary of The Jordan Company, was released from his job to work for the Columbus Chamber of Commerce in order to lobby for the location of then Camp Benning in Columbus. His powers of persuasion worked; the camp was located in Columbus in forever changing the economy of Columbus and The Jordan Company. During the the company built 200 housing units in Battle Park and later 600 Wherry housing units at Custer Terrace and Capehart units at other locations. In the The Jordan Company worked at Kelley Hill Cantonment and was the primary construction contractor for Martin Army Hospital. During this time, the firm was also completing contracts for the Mobile Corps of Engineers at Camp Rucker, Alabama, and Tyndall Field, Florida.

But by far, the largest project undertaken to date was Infantry Hall. The Jordan Company was a fortunate choice since the firm had already worked with Kneller, the Corps engineer for Infantry Hall, and with Abreu and Robeson during the construction of Memorial Hospital, Atlanta (Crawford Nolte and Griffin Only basic information, such as street address and in some cases company officials, were found in traditional sources such as city directories or local library clippings files for the other four principle contractors (Barton et al. Charleston City Directory Leland Montgomery City Directory Neal Summers 5.

Original plans and construction: Although Infantry Hall is now 44 years old (the building is eligible for the through Criterion Consideration G); it still looks very much the way it did on its Grand Opening in as is evidenced by the numerous line drawings and photographs that appeared in various publications such FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 10) as the opening day program, The Bayonet, Infantry Magazine, and The Columbus Enquirer. Infantry Hall s design is mid-century modern, a style that takes advantage of air conditioning and fluorescent lighting in its design components. The square foot building is roughly H-shaped with the George C. Marshall auditorium extending from the rear side of the center of the H.

The six-story, central portion of the building, which holds offices, is covered in yellow brick and is notable for its concrete hooded, paired window groupings. The legs of the H hold the actual classrooms of The Infantry School and are notable for their folded plate roofs. The design of the building was not well received by everyone since it was in a style unlike anything else on Fort Benning.

A local newspaper article describes it as, Starkly functional, and built for maximum practicality and efficiency rather than aesthetic appeal, the new academic building is a far cry from the mellowed, old, faintly Spanish style Infantry School (Coombes Some people complained that the building looked, drastically modern and a waggish ex-major eyeing the narrow slit-window apertures implied the designers must have figured that the next war would be fought with bows and arrows there was pride however in the jest. The overall reaction to the new center has been one of considerable pride accentuated with a note of urgency (Coombes The design and planning concepts of Infantry Hall were mid-century modern inspired although some appear to be directly related to nuclear defense.

In many cases it is difficult to determine which was the over-riding principle, mid-century modern or nuclear defense since nuclear preparation could so easily slide into the International Style concept of architecture as an enclosed space independent of site. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 11) 6. Alterations and additions: The front, south, landscape has been slightly changed and has matured, but the entry fa ade would be clearly recognizable to anyone who had not seen the building since the mid-1960s. The north, rear, fa ade has also stayed the same.

The east and west facades of the classroom wings have some doorways that have been changed (by bricking in or permanently closing) at various dates, but they are not significant changes. The building interior has undergone a number of changes within classroom spaces on the first floor, the entry hall of the building has a room addition for a Duty Officer, and some changes have been made to the ceilings to accommodate new HVAC and electrical systems. However, the basic layout of the school floor has not changed and the original building materials and furnishings are clearly discernable. The office areas in the central office tower have not changed either. The office floors, with the exception of floor 6, the Commandant s floor, are typical, drab unexceptional office areas.

The office spaces on these floors have been changed, but the central hallway with offices opening on either side has not changed in 44 years. The 6th floor is highlighted by the use of book matched, tree matched walnut paneling at the elevators and immediately surrounding the area into the Commandant s office. Nevertheless, the walnut paneling was original to the building, and the 6th floor itself has not changed. Because of the building s significance and the high ranking officers who occupy it, Infantry Hall has been well maintained. The exterior has had no significant alterations. B. Historical Context: Cold War. The U.S.

Army played an important role in containing the spread of communism during the Cold War During this period, the primary mission of FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 12) the Army was to deter or defeat communist growth in conjunction with other services or allied nations, preferably without using nuclear weapons.

A secondary mission was to support the defense of the United States through antiaircraft missiles and antiballistic missiles (Army Environmental Center [AEC] In an effort to accomplish these missions, the military services, in general, and the Army, in particular, underwent significant reorganization that included the National Security Act and the reorganization of the Army s technical services into the Army Materiel Command (AMC).

Underpinning the Army s ability to carry out its mission was a growing reliance on increasingly sophisticated technology, that involved communications, surveillance, logistics, guidance, and early warning systems, as well as research, development, and testing in institutions both public and private (Gaither Aside from the two hot wars in Korea and Vietnam that were spawned largely as a consequence of the Cold War, the Army was primarily concerned with waging war on a nuclear battlefield during the In the first five years after WWII, Soviet Russia and the United States developed atomic weapons, made great advances in the means of delivering these weapons, and established basic technology that would develop into enormous communications and surveillance infrastructures (Gaither During this period, the atmosphere of distrust, confrontation, and a shaky balance of power was established.

In President Dwight David Eisenhower s administration adopted a strategy of massive nuclear retaliation replacing President Harry S. Truman s strategy of limited war. The massive retaliation policy resulted in an effort to redefine the roles of services and a shifting of their importance (Gaither The Air Force became the preeminent service since it was seen as the key to retaliating with nuclear weapons and, as a result, funding began to shift away from the Army. As all the other services began to take cuts, the Air Force began increasing on an impressive scale. Among the three services, the Army was receiving the smallest share of the defense budget and was thought by some to be obsolete. To FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 13) counter the accusation of obsolescence the Army began to place emphasis on missile development, space programs, and the controversial dual capacity theory the Army could fight both conventional and nuclear battles (Gaither The Army s dual capacity theory led to the creation of the Pentomic Army using the newly reactivated Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky. This new division consisted of five, hence the Pent, battle groups that were relatively self-contained and semi-independent units. The basic component of the division was the infantry battle group; with each battle group containing five rifle companies, combat support (including mortar battery), and a headquarters and service company.

A division included an armor battalion of five tank companies, a cavalry squadron of three troops, five direct support artillery battalions, and one general support artillery battalion. One unit was equipped with

Honest John

Rockets, a nuclear weapon. The Pentomic concept called for unprecedented strategic mobility. With the exception of tanks, each division s equipment was supposed to be transportable by long-range aircraft. Such mobility was essential to the emerging concept of rapid deployment of ground forces in limited engagements throughout the world. According to the Army s new concept, the combat zone in an atomic war would be vast in size and depth requiring more ground troops than a conventional battle. These large massed troop concentrations could not remain long on the field without becoming a lucrative target of opportunity for the enemy. This meant combat units needed to organize in checkerboard fashion with large gaps in-between units creating a cellular battlefield.

These units would have to be quickly and efficiently shifted around to achieve maximum effect therefore creating the need for high levels of tactical mobility. The units were designed to converge rapidly from dispersed formations in order to make an attack, exploit the effects of atomic weapons, or destroy enemy forces. Then they were to disperse rapidly to minimize their vulnerability to enemy counteraction. Being able to concentrate or disperse quickly was the key to success and survival on the atomic battle field (Keener FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 14) Army Chief of Staff, General Maxwell Taylor initially proposed a five-year test period for the Pentomic concept.

Despite the incorporation of the Honest John rocket, criticism over the capability of the Pentomic division was heard. Opponents of the new division contended that the versatility of the Honest John was limited in comparison to conventional artillery (Taylor Other complaints were directed at the lack of promotion the new structure offered. The chief criticisms about the Pentomic concept included manpower and firepower, service support, and command and control. As early as the Army began planning reorganization. In a new divisional concept known as ROAD (Reorganization Objective Army Division) was announced. The new structure increased firepower, improved air mobility, and enhanced command and control by the addition of brigade and battalion headquarters.

Basic components of the new organization were nine infantry battalions, a cavalry squadron, and three artillery battalions (Hart It still used the HONEST JOHN in one of its artillery battalions thereby making the Army nuclear ready. In the U.S. Air Force began construction on the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. This spectacular school was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and was intended to be a metaphor for military training itself (Rifkind The school, which was completed in is now on the National Register of Historic Places. It was against this contentious and shifting background that the Infantry decided to build a state of the art Infantry School. It would take 13 years of skill and patient maneuvering, but the Army would win out.

History of Infantry Training. The year anniversary of The Infantry School was April 1, On that date in the School of Musketry in Monterey, California, opened for courses in rifle and machine gun marksmanship. By it moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where it stayed until The School of Musketry was then sent to Camp FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 15) Benning, as the newly named United States Army Infantry School.

In Camp Benning became Fort Benning and the Model Bayonet on the school s shoulder patch rotated from point down to point up (Stieghan In addition to instructors, Camp Benning included demonstration units to support training, an Army Air Corps detachment and Balloon Observation Company at Lawson Field, and the Infantry Tank School. After the installation became Fort Benning it still carried on a wide variety of activities related to its role as The Infantry School.

The post not only trained leaders it also served as an important center for testing weapons and tactics, publishing professional journals and manuals, and developing maneuver doctrine which it continues today (Stieghan In the the Airborne Test Platoon initiated the Airborne School that still graduates thousands of parachutists for the United States Army each year. The Officer Candidate School (OCS) also began graduating Infantry lieutenants and still operates as the only Federal OCS program in the Army. By the end of WWII, Fort Benning was conducting Ranger training (Stieghan From to Fort Benning transformed to its standard role as an education, testing, and doctrine development center. The school expanded during both the Korean and Vietnam wars.

From to the greatly expanded OCS and Noncommissioned Officers Candidate Course trained thousands of Infantry sergeants forming the basis of the current Noncommissioned Officer Education System. In the United States Congress approved a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) recommendation to move the Armor School from Fort Knox to Fort Benning to join The Infantry School becoming the Maneuver Center of Excellence by Today, the United States Infantry School and Fort Benning have more troops assigned as cadre or in-training than any other facility in the United States military (Stieghan FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 16) Infantry School Buildings.

The establishment of the School of Musketry in at the Presidio in Monterey, California, included training in the use of a rifle in battle as well as the testing of the rifle itself. Soon it grew to encompass all small arms and all subjects connected with small arms, ammunition, and tactics. When the school outgrew the limited firing range at the Presidio, it moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma into a simple board and batten building where it stayed for the next five years. When the newly named United States Army Infantry School of Arms came to Camp Benning in it was housed in a WWI cantonment-type building (Fort Benning June 5, Over the years at Fort Benning, The Infantry School had spread to occupy eight buildings (The Bayonet June 5, That was about to dramatically change.

After WWI, Fort Benning was one of 13 posts targeted for new construction, and this new construction involved the complete redesign of the installation using the planning and design principals of the City Beautiful and Garden City Movements. This new design plan was carried out under the watchful eye of George B. Ford, a prominent city planner hired by the War Department. Ford, using an older installation plan as a guide, created an installation based on usage patterns, color, form, and open space. Anchoring the center of this new plan was a signature building, a new Infantry School building (Fisher and Johnson The centerpiece Infantry School, Building was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White in the Second Renaissance Revival style for which they were famous.

The Infantry School was set in a visual axis with Riverside, quarters No. 1, and the removal of officers quarter s was recommended but never completed. If the quarters had been removed this would have provided striking visual connection between quarters No. 1 and the then new Infantry School building (Fisher and Johnson An axis to the rear of the old Infantry School Building is formed with the Officers Club, Building No. Regardless, it is one, if not the most, imposing building on the installation. The original Infantry School building, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 17) now known as the Old Infantry School or the Big House , is eligible for the (Fisher and Johnson By the late the signature Infantry School building had grown too small. Building was originally designed to accommodate a student body of 458 and a faculty of but by the late the student body had grown to over and the faculty to more than The role of the Infantry had changed significantly since the school s construction. In order to accommodate that change, the school had scattered instructional buildings all over the post. Instructors and students were chronically frustrated by the travel distances between areas of instruction, which cut deeply into training time (The Bayonet January 10, It was time for a new school. Creation of the New Infantry School.

As early as MJG John H. Church, installation commander, began talking about a new Infantry School, and in the first proposal for inclusion in a Military Construction, Army (MCA) budget occurred at the cost of million. It is not clear what happened to this proposal (Holland In GEN Carl F. Fritzsche had the Savannah Corps of Engineers draw a plan for a new Infantry School. The instructions to the Corps are not known, but GEN Fritzsche s comments are noted on a surviving copy in the Donovan Technical Library (Nowell The Corp s school is located in an unidentified area facing Ingersoll Street. The shape of the building is quite unusual, a plus sign with U shapes on each horizontal end.

The building was three stories tall and the interior was quite basic narrow hallways with offices, large and small classrooms, restrooms, and an auditorium - opening on either side. Gen Fritzsche s comments however deal with the specifics of the plan there should be elevators not escalators, special classroom requirements, walk-in safes, parking areas, toilet locations, and addition entrances (Nowell No elevations seem to have been created, and it is not clear why the school was placed in this particular location. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 18) In MJG George E. managed to get the project listed as No. 35 for the entire Third U.S.

Army area, but it was deleted from the FY MCA program in early Even though this deletion was appealed, the school was deferred for other more essential projects. However, it wasn t until the tour of GEN Paul L. Freemen Jr. in that the budget won final approval at a cost of approximately $10 million (The Columbus Enquirer December 9, Holland GEN Freeman went about gaining approval for the school in methodical military fashion determined to win each skirmish and battle and therefore, untimely, the war. Although there had been some Army briefings concerning the need for a new infantry school building (Tate no one approached it as carefully as GEN Freeman. He prepared Discussion Points for any and all people involved in selling the school.

The Discussion Points, in outline form, covered the history of the Infantry School, the reasons a new school was needed, what the new school would accomplish, what the facilities of other service schools were like, the proposed plan of attack and a recommendation (Academic Building Vertical File GEN Freeman also created a large report that justified every request made for the proposed building all the way down to the extra storage space. This Justification for the Proposed Academic Building, MCA Program, FY featured graphs, mind numbing statics, and the effects to the continued training of the Infantry if not provided (United States Infantry School It was a report tour de force. Knowing that reports alone were not enough, GEN Freeman sent a hand- picked Infantry soldier, COL Cecil M.

Sanders, to keep the heat on in Washington COL Sanders job was to meet with everyone and anyone who would listen and to justify the need for a new infantry school at a time when the Army s future was not particularly bright. COL Sanders was a highly decorated soldier and had an impressive resume, and most importantly he made an excellent spokesman for The Infantry School Infantry Public Information Office [PIO] March 17, He met more than thirty two different times with high FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 19) ranking government officials including members of the Department of the Army, Construction Requirements Review Committee, Budget Advisory Committee, Program Advisory Committee, Chief of Engineers, Chief of Staff, Secretary General Staff, and other officials at the Secretary level. He impressed them all with his intelligence, analytical ability, forceful and convincing manner as well as his cooperative and friendly manner. His initiative and enthusiasm tempered with a tactful and diplomatic approach won many converts.

Until he arrived in Washington, many ranking Department of the Army officials did not even know of the needs of The Infantry School (Holland Tate For his key role in performance of meritorious service as special officer of the United Sates Army Infantry School during the period January 20, to March 12, COL Sanders was awarded the Army Commendation Medal (First Oak Leaf Cluster) Infantry PIO March 31, The Infantry got the money for its new Infantry School building. As early as even while the Colonels and Generals were still pushing paper and making budgets for the new school, an architectural firm was chosen to create the school, Abreu & Robeson, Atlanta and Brunswick, Georgia. They were confronted with a number of issues in creating the new Infantry School.

The building needed to be large enough to accommodate The Infantry School and all those organizations and activities associated with the school including the United States Army Infantry Board, the United States Army Combat Developments Command Infantry Agency, the United States Army Infantry Human Research Unit, and United States Army Infantry Library (Evans March 27, The building needed to serve an ever changing pool of students and instructors in both large and small classrooms that were flexible enough to meet a variety of changing classroom needs. The building had to serve as school, HQ, offices, mess hall, fallout shelter, and the new center of installation activities.

Above all, it had to be secure; the threat of Soviet spy satellites and mutually assured destruction (MAD) made real by both American and Soviet FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 20) procession of the atomic bomb called for nuclear hardened rooms and other special construction concerns. To top this all off, literally, the building was designed so that helicopters could land on the roof; and it was anticipated that a heliport would be established there (Fort Benning ca. This appears, however, to have never happened. As can be expected, the design process went through a number of iterations. It is not known if the Savannah Corps blueprint was consulted.

As early as Abreu and Robeson drew their first plan, a basic H shape from which the building would not deviate. Although the shape more closely resembles an E, the building shape is always referenced as H-shaped. The design the firm had chosen, or perhaps had chosen for them, was a rather nondescript, blocky, modern style that would accommodate the many requirements for the building. The over-all plan featured a central six-story office tower flanked on each side by one-story classroom wings with a large auditorium extending from the north, rear, of the first floor of the office tower.

The plan had three entry points on the front, south, fa ade, one on each wing with a flat roof portico and one at the main entry with a triple arched portico roof, flat roofs on both the tower and the classroom wings, as well as ribbon rows of windows on both the front and rear facades. The east and west facades, essentially the rears of classrooms, had no windows only access doors. A later model of the building shows the slightly modified plan still with three major entry points, but all with flat portico roofs. On the side of each classroom wing miniature tanks moved in and out of the building, indicating that the floors were rated at 2.5 tons so that vehicles could be brought into and out of specific classrooms for training purposes.

Sometime between and the exterior of the building changed dramatically. The three primary changes were the fenestration, the roofs on the wings, and the landscape. To date, no formal documents have been found that account for these changes. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 21) Arguably the biggest change was to the fenestration. Gone are the ribbon rows in favor of strategically place paired windows. The new building had air conditioning and with the advent of air conditioning the need for windows grew less. The new windows measure one by five feet and are surrounded on the top and sides by concrete extensions that seem almost Gothic in style.

According to press accounts the surrounds baffle direct sunlight eliminating the use of Venetian Blinds as well as cutting down on the cost of air conditioning. What is not mentioned here is that the surrounds might also serve to block spy satellite eavesdropping, a problem that will become of greater concern as the wear on. The windows themselves also provide comfort to claustrophobics who can see outside (Fort Benning ca. Moore In addition smaller windows meant that the building was more prepared for a nuclear event. The second great change is to the roof structure of the education wings. The original roof was a flat expanse now turned into what is termed folded plate.

This technique, which was new in the mid-twentieth century, consists of connecting thin, flat elements of concrete, steel, timber or other materials to each other rigidly at angles, like accordion folds, forming a stiff cross section which is capable of carrying a load over a long span (Harris A folded plate section serves as a window monitor allowing light into both of the long education wing hallways. It is unclear why the roof type changed. The scale elevation drawings by Abreu & Robeson clearly illustrates the fenestration and wing roof changes. These same elevations also show the education wing hall light monitors. The third major change was to the landscape. The models and drawings in the early phases of planning showed a looped drive and separate front drives to each of the wings.

A 100 flagpole was the single decorative landscape element. By the time of construction, the landscape had been completely changed. The large flagpole Facility No. was moved from the Old Infantry School, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 22) in part to save money and to make a connection between the two schools, to the New Infantry School. The statue The Infantryman/Follow Me was moved from Eubanks Field to the front of the building and an outward-facing semicircle of state flags was placed behind the statue. Immediately in front of the statue an outward-facing, semicircular concrete knee-wall featured cast aluminum letters baked in Infantry Blue enamel that spelled out The U.S.

Army Infantry School (Moore A series of sidewalks connected all these elements. A person could no longer drive up to the front door of the school or to the front of its wings. The road in front of the building separated it from the Parade Ground later named Alvin York Field. This new Parade Ground took the place of the Field of Four Chaplains which had been the primary parade field associated with the Big House , the old Infantry School building, Building No. 35. In all likelihood, the landscape changes to Infantry Hall occurred as a result of security concerns. All of the current elements could have been arranged around vehicular drives, but are actually much more powerful when viewed as a pedestrian.

The success of this security is evident from the fact that the front of this building is not ringed with Jersey Barriers as most other older military complexes are in the post-9/11 military. Even before the hardscape surrounding Infantry Hall included a series of movable bollards at strategic points that could be used to block or force traffic flow during special events, parades, graduations, or heightened security. As a result, the Infantry Hall landscape looks much as it did originally because of its great flexibility in dealing with numerous scenarios. While the architects labored, The Infantry School staff was called upon to assist in the creation of the new school facilities.

Brainstorming sessions were called, duly attended by all Infantry School departments, recorded and passed on to commanding officers. It s interesting to note that these were real brainstorming sessions in which all ideas were recorded no matter how exotic and even more FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 23) interesting to note how many were incorporated into the new building (Academic Building Vertical File May 15, White papers were prepared on the organization of The Infantry School and its future role within the Army Clair et al. The Infantry School was not just constructing a new building; it was creating the Infantry of the future.

Infantry Hall took two years to build under the auspices of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District. Charles B. Kneller, Savannah Corps, served as the construction engineer. There were five prime contractors: The Jordan Co., Columbus, Georgia, construction; Deep South Construction Co., Montgomery, Alabama, site preparation and outside utilities; McClure Co., Inc., electrical distribution system; J. Young Construction Co., all paving, Jacksonville, Florida; and Micah Jenkins Nursery, Charleston, South Carolina, landscape planting (Battle A number of subcontractors were used for all other aspects of the construction. The Infantry School.

The United States Army Infantry School Building was officially dedicated and opened on June 5, However, since May 2, staff and more than 400 tons of things had already begun moving into the building (Black For the first time in the history of the Infantry all command and control elements were under one roof (Marmon Stieghan Aspects of training, doctrine, testing, tactics, operations, and command were and still are in one location making for the successful integration of all these elements. This one-stop operation and its success was especially important during the Cold War when military tensions were heightened and the possibility of a nuclear ground war meant that the Infantry had to be ever ready to repel Soviet aggression.

While the exterior may show signs of heightened security with smaller, less numerous windows and landscaping that separates vehicular traffic from the building, the interior of Infantry Hall really shows its Cold War origins. Fallout shelters were an integral part of the interior FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 24) placed in various secure areas within the building. The building also had a number of nuclear hardened secure vault rooms. On the first floor, the building had a SEC COM (SECured COMmunications) vault room that was also nuclear hardened, and which appears to have had a separate ventilating system.

The room, which is located in the archival section of the Donovan Technical Library, had a large vault door, now gone, and a smaller communications secure vault window. Paperwork on the vault combinations indicates that the locks were maintained through the mid- The building also had its own electrical power plants. The Infantry was ready. Infantry Hall was above all else The Infantry School. When the building opened there were thirteen general purpose classrooms and a night vision classroom in the two wings each with a 200-man capacity. In addition, there were four 150-man communications classrooms and four 55-man radio maintenance laboratories also in the wings.

Each of the 200-man classrooms had a tiered floor, rear and front view projection screens, chalk boards, and steel doors large enough to allow vehicles to be brought on stage for demonstrations. Each room featured centralized control of lights, sound and audio and visual equipment from the stage or project booth. The building had its own television and recording studios. Best of all, the building was air conditioned. It was completely state-of-the-art, and there was no other like it on any military installation in the United States (Moore The interior of Infantry Hall was not lacking esthetically. The first floor corridors and lobby have terrazzo flooring. Centered on the lobby floor is the Follow Me insignia of The Infantry School and the Infantry Center.

The lobby s walls are lined with Carthage marble and hallways leading from the lobby are paneled in walnut. The Commandant s office and the office of the Assistant Commandant are lined in book-matched, tree-matched walnut panel (Moore On the day the school was dedicated, Commandant MJG C. W. G. Rich declared the, completion of this educational and training facility a most important milestone in The FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 25) Infantry School s history (Fort Benning June 5, The building was dedicated to the, Infantryman himself the true American Doughboy, by GEN Hugh P. Harris, Acting Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (The Bayonet June 5, 1964A).

The $10 million building with its classrooms, Carthage marble, fallout shelters, and television studio truly marked a new era for the Infantry. In November the Parade Ground in front of the new Academic Building was named the York Field in honor of SGT Alvin C. York, the most decorated soldier of World War I who had died on September 2, In December the Academic Building was officially named Infantry Hall by MJG Robert H.

York, Fort Benning Commanding General, after a review of several recommended names (Rush The Columbus Enquirer Infantry Hall won the United States Army Corps of Engineers Chief of Engineer s Architecture Award in 1970(The Bayonet July 31, The Chief of Engineers design awards program began in as a way to recognize and promote excellence in design achievement by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and its professional contractors. Impartial panels of design professionals from the private sector choose winners within three categories: architecture, engineering and landscape architecture.

To achieve equity in the selection of projects, each entry is judged on the basis of fulfillment of its own requirements and solution to its own requirements and the solutions to its own particular problems (Chief of Engineers The award has evolved since its initial creation. It is unclear exactly what the awards were called when they were first initiated. By the mid-1970s the awards were the U.S. Army Chief of Engineers Distinguished Design Awards and by the late they were the Chief of Engineers Design and Environmental Awards Program (Ballard Chief of Engineers Regardless of the name, the program has presented a total of 400 awards in the 27 years of its existence (Headquarters United States Army Corps of Engineers Infantry Hall was one the program s early award winners.

FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 26) PART II. ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION A. General Statement: 1. Architectural character: Infantry Hall Building No. 4, the site of The United Sates Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, designed in the mid-century modern style was built as a state-of- the-art military training facility unlike any other academic building on any military installation in the United States. 2. Condition of the fabric: The overall condition of the exterior of the building is generally good.

As can be expected in a building that is now more than forty years old, there are spalling issues with the concrete panels on the east and west classroom wings and rust associated with that spalling as well as minor condition issues with some exterior doors. The overall condition of the interior of the building is generally good with some condition issues related primarily to upgrades and changes made throughout the building in various attempts to modernize the interior. Although attempts have been made to modernize the interior public spaces, on the whole, the building s interior retains much of the look and feel of an early interior design. B. Description of Exterior: 1.

Overall dimensions: The overall shape of the building has traditionally been described as an H and is in a south, front fa ade, north, rear, fa ade orientation. On the building, the cross bar of the H is represented by the six-story office tower that is flaked on either side by the single-story class room wings. The seat George C. Marshall Auditorium is appended to the rear, north, of the lower floor of the office tower. The total floor area of the building is square feet with of outside wall perimeter (Black FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 27) The front, south, fa ade and rear, north, fa ade measure approximately and the east and west facades measure approximately . 2.

Foundation: The foundation is structural and reinforced concrete. Although there is no basement, the building is designed with some classroom elements such as restrooms and weapon s safes and with portions of the auditorium well below grade thereby using differing concrete configurations. The foundation is exposed as a set-back from the brick fa ade and serves as a decorative element for the building. 3. Walls: The office tower of Infantry Hall is covered in buff-yellow brick laid in a running course. The brick wall is topped by a large, precast, segmented, ogee-shaped, smooth concrete coping. This is the same for all facades. The George C. Marshall Auditorium that extends from the rear of the building into the area termed the Court Yard, is also covered in buff-yellow, running bond brick.

However, because the auditorium walls are not broken by windows, the architects found it necessary to relieve the vast blank wall spaces by recessing vertical lines in the three exposed walls. The recessed lines are one brick deep and one brick wide and are dispersed at regular intervals on the three walls. Unlike the top of the walls on the office tower, the walls on the auditorium are topped with a precast, segmented, undecorated, square edged, smooth coping. The wings of Infantry Hall are covered in buff-yellow brick and topped off the roof line with pre-cast pebble-exposed (sometimes called sand blasted concrete [Moore concrete panels the top edge of which is faced with a metal strip.

The concrete panels are on the upper portion of the wall separated from the brick by a continuous pebble-exposed concrete frieze and a flexible metal strip all of which appear to form a type of entablature around the wings. Below FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 28) this modern entablature the buff-yellow brick is laid in a running course. This is the same for both the east and west wings including the Court Yard side. The brick walls which are composed of face bricks stop short of the ground by about 8 thus exposing the concrete foundation which becomes a decorative element of the wall (Black 4.

Structural system, framing: The building is framed with 210 tons of structural steel and used cubic yards of structural concrete reinforced with pounds of reinforcing steel and square feet of embedded wire mesh (Black The roof framing over the classroom wings is folded plate. This technique, which was new in the mid- twentieth century, consists of connecting thin, flat elements of concrete, steel, timber or other materials to each other rigidly at angles, like accordion folds, forming a stiff cross section which is capable of carrying a load over a long span (Harris In the west classroom wing the theater-style classrooms have a special flooring system which is rated to hold 2.5 tons.

The floors are reinforced for this weight so that vehicles can be brought on to the lecture stage and actually used in demonstrations. This innovation was one that Commandants, professors, and lecturers had been seeking early on in the planning stages. The building is equipped with fallout shelters on every floor, but the fallout Protection Factor is not known. During the early numerous public buildings were retro-fitted or constructed with fallout shelters offering some level of protection in the event of a nuclear attack. In general, a public shelter should offer a fallout PF of at least 40 for fifty people at 10 square feet per person with adequate ventilation. A fallout PF of 40 indicates that a person outside the shelter is exposed to forty FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 29) times the amount of radiation than those within the shelter (Civil Defense Museum In the Office of Civil Defense, under the auspices of the Department of Defense, began a training program taught by the Army Corps of Engineers for architects and engineers on the design and construction of fallout shelters called the Fallout Shelter Analysis Course. This course was originally created in preparation for the National Fallout Shelter Survey which identified potential public fallout shelter space in existing structures. However, the program was also used by architects and engineers to create fallout protection within a new design.

To demonstrate the feasibility of designing low-cost fallout shelter space in new buildings and to develop new ideas on how this can be done, the Office of Civil Defense sponsored a National School Fallout Shelter Design Competition in in cooperation with the AIA. This was followed by a similar design completion for shopping centers and by an industrial shelter design conference at Rice University, Texas (Office of Civil Defense It is not known if Abreu, Robeson or someone in the firm attended one of the classes or helped in the National Fallout Shelter Analysis. Nevertheless, it is certain that the Army wanted fallout shelters and expected the architects to understand the relevant construction technology.

There are two factors to be considered in a fallout shelter: blast protection and radiation protection. More than three-quarters of all shelters in the U.S. were located on upper floors in high rise buildings, and did not, therefore, protect against blast (Civil Defense Museum Infantry Hall has a number of fallout shelters on each floor, therefore, it can be assumed that they do not protect against blast. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 30) In order to incorporate a fallout shelter into a building design several items need to be considered. They include: a. Location and quantity of window area reducing window area or raised sills could reduce radiation exposure; b.

Site conditions use retaining walls, planters, overhangs or grading slopes away from structures to minimize effects of radiation on the ground. Other buildings can be used to maximum advantage as a shield; c. Basement depressing the ground floor either partially or complete below grade can reduce the effect of fallout on the ground; d. Entrances and exits locating these so there is no direct entry of ground radiation. Placing stairwells at the ends of corridors and hallways so as to maximize protection; e. Partitions using interior partitions to block radiation; f. Wall width using dense, solid walls to prevent radiation penetration; g. Floors and roofs using the best system for preventing radiation penetration. A few extra inches of concrete or a floor slab system enhance protection; h.

Architectural arrangement creating an internal protected central core area that can hold a shelter. Abreu & Robeson incorporated design criteria a, c, d, e, f and h when creating their structural systems. Certainly, the design and location of the shelters was considered during the development of the building. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 31) Using these design criteria probably meant special framing techniques and materials must be used. In addition to fallout shelters, the structural system of Infantry Hall included nuclear hardened rooms. Hardening protected a target against blast, heat, and radiation effects of nuclear weapons of specific yields.

Hardening is usually measured by the numbers of pounds per square inch (psi) of blast over-pressure which a target can withstand (Atomic Archive At least one room, the SEC COM (SECured COMmunications) Room associated with the Donovan Technical Library located on the first floor, is believed to be nuclear hardened.

Beginning with the Cold War and extending to the present, Army materiel [sic] supporting a critical mission must meet a nuclear survivability requirement (Army Regulation This requirement generally stipulates that the materiel must be operation for a specified time after exposure and must be maintained throughout the materiel s life cycle, that the materiel must not be permanently damaged after exposure, or that an allowable time after exposure the materiel must be useable within a set time limit (Department of the Army [DOA] Pfeffer In Defense Secretary Charles Wilson cracked down on security violations particularly those dealing with classified information and important policy documents.

Wilson sent memorandums reminding the military that unauthorized disclosure of classified security information was punishable, in the case of military personnel, by trial by court martial, or in the case of civilians, prosecution by the Department of Defense (The Bayonet April 30, It would seem that these two elements came together to secure a nuclear hardened communications room in Infantry Hall. The psi of the SEC COM room is not known. The room does however appear to have its own ventilation system, and is accessible only through a pedestrian FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 32) vault door or a smaller vault door through which only papers or books can be passed.

Although exact nuclear hardening specifications for the late to the early have not yet been found, general guidelines do exist for high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) explosions (high altitude nuclear explosions) and TEMPEST, a termed used for any compromising emanation, disruption. These guidelines can be used to better understand the earlier requirements for nuclear hardening. HEMP hardening requirements include: a. Shielding involves the use of a barrier or series of barriers to reduce the magnitude of energy incident upon the thing being protected.

There are a number of shielding techniques that can be used including: an overall shield that encompass the whole facility (global shielding), shielding and constructed according to specific protection requirements for the equipment involved (tailored shielding), and zonal shielding in which a facility is divided into zones with shielding barriers creating a shielding system of varying strengths. b. Shield penetration is required for access. This can involve large access doors, personnel doors, and air-expandable doors. In the case of Infantry Hall, a large access door provides personnel access as well as access for equipment and supplies. This large, thick steel door, now gone, could also provided blast overpressure protection. c.

Other systems may be required such as ventilation, voice and communications lines, security systems, control systems, electromagnetic isolation and other kinds of system isolation (DOA FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 33) The SEC COM room would have to be engineered as a special part of the building. 5. Porches, stoops, balconies, porticoes, bulkheads: The primary portico is located on the front, south fa ade in the middle of the office tower. The portico which projects forward has a flat roof and is supported by four square concrete piers, two grouped on each side of the portico, all of which are painted white. The portico roof itself covers about 20 of space.

From the front door to three concrete steps is approximately 10 , and from the steps to the outside edge of the roof is approximately 10 . The outside edge of the roof drops down at a ninety degree angle forming a type of modern entablature that does not extend around the sides of the portico. Traditionally this entablature has featured Infantry Blue letters spelling out United States Army Infantry School. In preparation for the building s new use, the entablature reads, Future Maneuver Center of Excellence. On either side of the portico steps, concrete plinths, painted white, delineate its edges.

On either side of the portico, the extended roof of the portico with the dropped entablature is mimicked in a smaller form as window protection and as a way of tying the portico to the rest of the building. On both classroom wings including the Court Yard facades, incised porches cover exterior pedestrian access to classrooms. In general, the incised porches offer access to two different classrooms, and the porches themselves are completely unadorned. 6. Chimneys: Infantry Hall has no chimneys. 7. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: The primary doorway of Infantry Hall is located on the south, front, fa ade in the middle of the office tower. The primary doorway is composed of three sets of FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 34) double doors are then flanked on each side by a pair of glass doors. The three, paired aluminum framed glass doors are flanked the length of the office tower by plate glass windows. This is a typical office space door arrangement. Each of the classroom wings has a doorway that opens to both the front, south, and north, rear, fa ades, using three aluminum framed glass doors. However, these doors are in no way highlighted on the classroom wings, and are, at best, merely secondary entrances. The classroom wings also have two sets of paired aluminum framed glass doors at equal intervals on the east and west facades of the classroom wings. The east and west classroom wings have doors that open into classrooms on both the primary and Court Yard sides.

These doors, which are covered by incised porches, are plain metal. The west wing has twenty-four original metal classroom doors that open onto incised porches on the primary fa ade. The west wing Court Yard side has fifteen original metal doors that open onto incised porches. The east wing primary fa ade has seven original metal classroom doors that open onto incised porches. The east Court Yard side has four original metal doors that open onto incised porches. The east Court Yard side also has a pair of metal doors with four lights in the upper quadrant, now painted over, and associated with the power plant. All metal doors are painted to blend with the building.

In addition, the east and west wings, on the primary side, also have rolling metal doors so that vehicles can be brought into classrooms. On the west wing there are four, original, operable, rolling doors and there are five that have been enclosed. On the east wing there are two FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 35) original, operable, rolling doors, three that have been taken and made into pedestrian doors, and two that have been infilled. All of the original rolling doors and infilled doorways are painted to blend with the building material. The doors on the north, rear, fa ade, are a combination of metal and aluminum framed glass doors. These doors provide rear access to the dining hall, kitchen, and the auditorium.

The metal doors are painted to blend with the building material. b. Windows and shutters: Infantry Hall has a variety of windows and no shutters. The windows on the office tower measure 1 by 5 and are surrounded on the top and the sides by concrete extensions that seem almost Gothic in style. According to press accounts the surrounds baffle direct sunlight eliminating the use of Venetian blinds as well as cutting down on the cost of air conditioning. The windows have a simple, narrow concrete sill. The narrow aluminum awning windows are staggered in pairs across the front, south, and rear, north, facades of the office tower. There are no windows on the east and west sides of the tower.

On the rear fa ade, the fenestration is not as orderly as the front, but it tries as much as possible to keep with the staggered pairs of windows. The first floor entry hall is flooded with natural light from the plate glass windows that run the length of the office tower. These windows are now partially blocked with historical displays, but originally, they would have tied The Infantryman/Follow Me statue, the state and national flags and the landscaping, the exterior, to the interior. The north cafeteria wall is also plate glass allowing in natural light. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 36) However, the light is blocked by the George C.

Marshall auditorium and various temporary structures such as wooden smoking gazebos and tentage making the quality and quantity of light not as great as that in the entry hall. On both the east and west classroom wings, a folded plate roof section forms a light monitor which sends natural light into the classroom hallways. The windows in the monitor are fixed, aluminum framed, divided light. These monitors can be seen from the Court Yard. The classroom wings themselves have no windows aside from the roof monitor windows. 8. Roof: a. Shape, covering: The roof on the office tower section of Infantry Hall is flat. The covering is built-up layers of gravel and tar. The folded plate roof on the classroom wings is a membrane. Both roofs have an internal draining system (Fort Benning ca.

The folded plate roof is actually divided into two parts on each wing. The large folds on the roof run east and west and are located over the larger classrooms. In the section of the classroom wings immediately adjacent to the Court Yard, the roof is stepped down and the folds which are smaller and more tightly arranged run north and south. This section of roof covers the smaller classrooms. b. Cornice, eaves: Infantry Hall does not have a cornice or eaves. c. Dormers, cupolas, towers: Infantry Hall does not have dormers, cupolas or towers. While the central office core of the building is called a tower, the tower is not the type referenced in this section. The building does have two small penthouses on the roof. One shelters the FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 37) stairway onto the roof as well as the elevator equipment; the larger one is a mechanical equipment cover (Moore Both are in buff- yellow brick with flat, built up roofs and were constructed to be as unobtrusive as possible. C. Description of Interior: 1. Floor plans: The building is laid out in an H shape with the side legs of the letter forming the one-story classroom space of Infantry Hall. The cross section of the letter is formed by the six-story office tower that contains a formal entry and the Gorge C. Marshall Auditorium on the first level, a mezzanine, and office spaces for the school and its ancillary support activities on the remaining floors.

The entry hall is lined with exposed wooden beam (walnut) accents that are highlighted by the Carthage Marble surrounding the four elevators and the entry into the George C. Marshall Auditorium. The Donovan Technical Library is located in the west section of the first floor office tower, and the cafeteria is located in the east section. The Library originally contained volumes and featured open stacks (Fort Benning ca. 1964A). The original cafeteria could handle 480 diners hourly (Fort Benning ca. 1964A). The location of these services has not changed. Two additions have been made to the entry hall a desk sergeant s office and a space that is now used for displays of various types.

The entire entry hall can be closed-off from the classroom wings by a set of glass and aluminum doors at both the east and west ends of the entry hall. The George C. Marshall Auditorium which is located on the north, rear, of the entry hall has tiered seating, a balcony and seats people (Fort Benning ca. 1964A). The auditorium has a full stage, theatrical curtains, stage lights, and internal sound system. The fabric seats which appear to be original are padded and in good condition. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 38) Two hallways run from each wing s main corridors giving students exit routes that do not pass through classrooms.

The west wing originally contained communications classrooms various radio classrooms, special communications-electronics, and television including a television station. The east wing contained general purpose classrooms including those with rollup doors and floors rated at 2.5 tons for the use of vehicles during a class. In total there were originally thirty-nine classrooms and two rooms set aside for Infantry Hall s television station. The west wing contained ten large person) classrooms, nine with floors rated at 2.5 tons, and 12 small (50 person) classrooms. Nine of the ten large classrooms line the west side of the west wing and the twelve small classrooms and one large classroom lined the east side of the west wing.

The large rooms originally featured a tiered floor, teaching and observation stage, rear and front view projection screens (10 x 20 ) motor-operated and vertically hung from the roof on a steel framework, rolling chalk and cork boards the back of which can serve as projection screens, closed circuit television, and a rear observation/projection booth. The lights, sound, and all audio visuals could be controlled from the speaker s podium or the rear observation/projection booth. The stage featured a full set of theatrical curtains and the room itself was lined with acoustical material as were all classrooms so that classes could be happening in all rooms simultaneously without noise pollution (The Bayonet January 10, Fort Benning ca.

1964A; Moore The east wing originally contained all the specialized classrooms which dealt primarily with communications, especially radio. This included a special night vision testing laboratory, four radio maintenance laboratories, four special communications-electronics classrooms, and the television and recording studio (Fort Benning ca. 1964A). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 39) Although numerous classrooms have been changed and reconfigured, the basic floor plan of the wings has not changed. The second through fifth floors of the office tower are virtually identical. While the classroom spaces and main entry are airy and open, the office spaces are by comparison small and cramped.

There are 135 offices spaces within the tower. A space by definition is a 32 x 20 foot area designed to accommodate eight people (The Bayonet January 10, The tower s floor plan for its top five floors features a single small hallway which is flanked on each side by office spaces. The hallway seems dark and close although the office spaces, while cramped, are much brighter. The sixth floor of the tower was originally occupied by The Infantry School Commandant and the Infantry Center Staff. Upon exiting the elevator on the sixth floor it is immediately apparent that this floor is important.

The area immediately surrounding the elevators is covered in book-matched, tree-matched walnut paneling (Moore At the west end of the hall, the area leading into the Commandant s office and the office area itself are also paneled in walnut. On the west end of the fifth floor, an attempt has been made to make those offices look like the Commandant s office area, however, the attempts have fallen short of the goal since inexpensive, ready-made paneling was used. Although the sixth floor s elevator area and the Commandant s area are paneled in walnut, the rest of the office spaces and the hallway are indistinguishable from the other floors. The office spaces themselves have been reconfigured numerous times. However, their basic arrangement off a long, narrow hall has not changed. 2.

Stairways: Infantry Hall has four interior staircases. One staircase is located at both ends of each hallway (all five levels) within the office FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 40) tower. These staircases emerge on the ground floor - one on the Court Yard side of the east wing and one on the Court Yard side of the west wing. They both then immediately exit into the Court Yard. The second set of staircases are located mid-way down both sides of each of the five hallways within the office tower and emerge on the ground floor - one between the female restroom and the rear, west side of the Donovan Technical Library and one between the male restroom and the rear, east side of the cafeteria.

Both staircases then immediately exit into the Court Yard on either side of the George C. Marshall Auditorium. The staircases are without ornamentation. They are plain, concrete stairs with metal edged treads and painted metal pipe hand rails. The walls are concrete block and floors are concrete. 3. Flooring: The original flooring in the entry hall and extending through the classroom wing hallways is terrazzo with light beige and brown markings. In the center of the lobby, immediately upon entering through the front, south, doors, The Infantry School and Infantry Center Follow Me Insignia is emblazoned in full color in the floor. Originally all the rest of the building floors were covered in soft tile (asbestos) in a beige color (asbestos) (Black Moore Originally sq. ft.

of terrazzo floors, sq. ft. of asbestos tile floors and linear feet of rubber base board were used on the floors (Black Carpet is now used in the library and in numerous office spaces. The cafeteria floor has been changed a number of times because that room has been frequently reconfigured, and is now polished concrete. Numerous classrooms have been changed and when changed, carpet is generally used for the new flooring although some flooring is simply polished concrete. 4. Wall and ceiling finish: The wall surfaces within the building change according to the area s use. The FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 41) entry way, lobby area, as noted earlier, is a combination of plate glass, on the south wall, walnut and class on the library and cafeteria walls, Carthage marble on the walls surrounding the elevators and walnut and marble in the area around the George C. Marshall Auditorium. The lobby area opens to the second story and shows a plastered ceiling. The mezzanine area that is visible immediately before and above the elevators is screened by a series of walnut beams that match those in the lobby. The ceiling immediately above the elevators and the auditorium is dropped, acoustical tiles. In both classroom hall wings, the walls are concrete block.

The concrete block is glazed a soft gray for approximately four feet and is then painted a soft yellow up to the ceiling which is concrete painted white. In some places the classroom hallway ceiling has been dropped to accommodate new heating, air- conditioning and ventilation systems, electrical systems, and other mechanical changes. However, since the whole ceiling has not been dropped, there is still a feeling of openness about the hallways and the light monitors still flood them with natural light. The walls in the library and the cafeteria are painted concrete block. The library has a number of smaller rooms that have been added and these are sheet rocked.

The kitchen area of the cafeteria was inaccessible, but it can be presumed that the walls are a combination of materials since that area has been changed multiple times throughout the building s history. The classrooms and the auditorium were originally lined with acoustical material to baffle noise. Their basic construction materials are painted concrete blocks and in some cases the acoustical material is no longer apparent. However, the auditorium has its original sound baffling materials intact. These include large padded panels with pierced walnut baffles attached on the east and west walls. In some FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 42) of the classrooms, fabric panels have been hung from the roof in an attempt to baffle interior sound. The walls in the reconfigured classrooms are still concrete block; however, these rooms are generally subdivided with a series of fabric panels creating cubicles of various sizes. The original ceilings in all the classrooms, the library, the cafeteria, and the auditorium appear to have been plaster. However, in various classrooms, the cafeteria, and the library, ceilings have been dropped and acoustical tile has been used. The auditorium and some classrooms still have plaster ceilings. Originally there were more than square feet of plaster ceiling (Black Some of the larger classrooms have ceilings that conform to the folded plate roof line.

The offices on the mezzanine and floors two through six have a combination of painted concrete block and sheet rock walls. As noted previously, the Commandant s suite of offices on the east end of the sixth floor and area surrounding the elevators on the sixth floor are paneled in walnut. Nevertheless, the rest of the sixth floor is like the other floors. On the east end of the fifth floor an attempt was made to make the office suite look like the Commandant s, however, inexpensive paneling was used and the suite misses the mark. All of the offices and the hallways have dropped acoustical tile ceilings. 5. Openings: a.

Doorways and doors: Aside from the aluminum framed glass doors in the entry hall that were previously discussed, the doors in Infantry Hall are all plain, painted metal with either round knobs or push bars. The door frames are simple, undecorated, and metal. b. Windows: The awning windows which open from the top do not have interior frames and are FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 43) instead slightly recessed into the wall. Although they were not intended to have Venetian Blinds, many now have blinds. It was intended that these windows never open except to be cleaned (Fort Benning ca. The classroom wing hall roof monitors have no special surrounds.

These monitors allow a great deal of light into the hallways even on the gloomiest of days. 6. Decorative features and trim: Infantry Hall has a number of decorative features that have previously been highlighted including Carthage marble in the entry lobby, walnut paneling and beams in the entry and on the sixth floor, and The Infantry School and Infantry Center insignia emblazoned on the entry floor. In addition, in the auditorium on either side of the stage, attached to acoustical padding, are company insignias of units stationed at Fort Benning. On the wall outside the auditorium are a bronze dedication plaque and two oil paintings of George C. Marshall for whom the auditorium is named.

The lobby itself has a number of bronze plaques honoring various warriors and is set up with a number of historical displays. Students can be seen reading this material on a daily basis. Throughout the classroom hallways there are a number of bulletin boards and glass-enclosed display boards that exhibit historical and inspirational material directed at the students. 7. Hardware: Infantry Hall has no notable hinges, knobs, locks, latches, window hardware or fireplace hardware. It does have a number of large walk-in safes for the storage of both documents and fire arms and ammunition. These safes, however, have typical in door combination locks on massive steel doors that open with a single handle that is turned in full FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 44) circles. The large safes are located on the first floor and are generally associated with a classroom. It is believed that some or all of these safes are nuclear hardened. 8. Mechanical equipment: a. Heating, air conditioning, ventilation: The original heating, air conditioning and ventilation (HVAC) system was installed during construction by the Carrier Corporation of Atlanta and was a Carrier system. The heating and air controls were provided by Johnson Service Company, Atlanta (Battle The building had tons of air conditioning equipment and feet of metal air conditioning duct work weighing 190 tons (Black The entire building was air conditioned; a distinct departure from the typical building on Fort Benning at the time.

In when the building opened, The Bayonet s Roving Reporter asked several people what they liked best about the new building, and an Infantry School instructor replied, I like the air conditioning (Smith At an unknown date the HAVC system was changed. When the system was changed, portions of the ceiling were dropped in the classroom wings to over the mechanicals. The Donovan Research Library has ceiling fans in the reading and computer area presumably because of the heat generated by the various computers and other equipment scattered throughout the area. b. Lighting: Originally there were over 150 miles of metal conduit that contained the wiring for over four-foot fluorescent lights and incandescent bulbs used to light the FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 45) offices and classrooms of Infantry Hall (Fort Benning ca. 1964A). The light fixtures were and are typical for an institutional and office setting. There are no special fixtures or chandeliers. In the large classrooms that have slopping floors, the banks of fluorescent lights are hanging on metal rods in order to bring the light closer to the student s desks. c. Plumbing: Plumbing work was originally contracted to Fred Carpenter Plumbing, Columbus, who was responsible for mechanical, plumbing, heating, steam and water.

Dixie Construction, Birmingham, Alabama, was responsible for sanitary sewer work (Battle The restroom facilities associated with the classroom wings are typical with porcelain urinals, commodes in metal panel stalls, and porcelain sinks with mirrors above. Tile floors and tile partially up the wall make this a typical institutional restroom. What is interesting to note here is the sheer number of restrooms and their dispersal in the classroom wings. In the east wing alone there are five restrooms all located on the hall below the ten 200 person classrooms. The location of these restrooms was originally ideal since 200 people would be breaking at the same time and the restroom at the foot of the classroom meant that the soldiers need not wander around the halls.

Additionally, an all male clientele meant that one bathroom could serve the whole class. Now the large number of restrooms means that they can be equally divided between male and female. The restrooms in the office tower have seen differing levels of renovation and upkeep. Like the classroom facilities, the office tower restrooms have porcelain fixtures, metal stalls and tile on both the floor and wall; however, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 46) these restrooms were designated as male and female.

One of the more interesting plumbing features of the new building was refrigerated water fountains (The Bayonet June 5 These fountains which are porcelain bowls attached to piping through the wall served icy cold water, a treat during Georgia summers. Unfortunately, while they work, they no longer serve cold water. d. Elevators: The elevators were installed by Elevator Service Company, Columbus. Four automatic elevators with a lift capacity of fifteen passengers each flank the center entrance to the George C. Marshall Auditorium. It is interesting to note that the control panel buttons for the elevator are located exceptionally high on the elevator s interior wall. Presumably, Infantry soldiers are all well over six feet tall. e.

SEC COM (Secured Communications) room: The actual structural components of the SEC COM room are discussed in Section B. Description of the Exterior, Number 4, Structural system, and framing. The SEC COM room is believed to be a nuclear hardened room. Hardening protected a target against blast, heat, and radiation effects of nuclear weapons of specific yields. It appears that this room held classified documents. The room is accessed only through a pedestrian steel vault door, now gone, and a barred, steel window vault opening. The room appears to have its own ventilation system. The actual operation of the pedestrian vault door and the window vault opening is not known.

The room has no bathroom facilities nor is it designated as a fallout shelter so it can be presumed that only documents were intended to last through a nuclear incident with people seeking protection in the numerous FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 47) fallout shelters found in the building. Nevertheless, it is possible that the fallout shelter sign has been lost. It is not clear if a separate electrical system or what type of communications system/s served the SEC COM room.

Infantry Hall had an internal communications system of some type, but the type is unknown; and it is not known how the SEC COM room fit into that system (The Bayonet June 5, The room now holds metal, flat storage cabinets for magazines and historic information. This is a space that is not discussed, for obvious reasons, in the period literature. f. Fallout shelters: The actual structural components of the fallout shelters are discussed in Section B. Description of the Exterior, Number 4, Structural system, and framing. There are two factors to be considered in a fallout shelter: blast protection and radiation protection. More than three-quarters of all shelters in the U.S.

were located on upper floors in high rise buildings, and did not, therefore, protect against blast (Civil Defense Museum Infantry Hall has a number of fallout shelters on each floor, therefore, it can be assumed that they do not protect against blast. The space allotted for refugees was a ten foot square per person; it was hoped that this minimal space would provide as many shelter spaces as possible. Nevertheless, without adequate ventilation, square footage could not be counted. Adequate ventilation was based on unaided air circulation throughout the shelter area (Civil Defense Museum Many public fallout shelters were partially if not fully stocked with supplies. Generally, if the shelter was marked with a sign it was at FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 48) least partially stocked. The supplies were usually in some out of the way area of the shelter. The Office of Civil Defense plan was to provide two weeks worth of supplies in the shelter. This was based on the fact that initial radiation fallout would be very intense, but the more intense the fallout the faster it decayed.

The shelter stay was merely to allow time for the radiation to drop to a level where it might be possible to leave for a short period of time to seek out more supplies or to move to areas outside the shelter permanently (Civil Defense Museum The fallout shelters in Infantry Hall do not seem to have been stocked, even though they were marked with official signage, since no storage places for food and other supplies could be found. Standard rationing could be reduced if the equivalent food is available and certain requirements pertaining to perishability and availability were met (Office of Civil Defense Perhaps there were areas set aside within the kitchen for supplies, or perhaps there were rationing areas set aside on each floor that are now no longer extant or long forgotten.

The fallout shelters in Infantry Hall are not discussed in period literature although Bayonet articles of the time discuss training at Fort Benning related to the DAVY CROCKETT weapons system, a nuclear armament. g. Computer room: On the second floor in room No. 224 one of the most important pieces of the modern Infantry School took up residence, the Univac Computer. The computer was leased by the school, but their plans included purchasing an even more sophisticated digital computer by the end of The Infantry School believed that, automation will play an increasingly important role [at the school], and FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 49) [that] will be a great year of progress in this arena (The Bayonet January 10, The room is approximately 30 x 30 and features a double floor system so that wiring for individual computers and equipment can be routed through a chase formed the two flooring levels. Panels within the top flooring level can be removed for servicing the machines. This eliminates a tangle of cables on the floor. The air conditioning for this room was also originally located within this chase. By the school was using the old punch card system for Resident and Nonresident Academic Records and Analysis.

This meant that lesson grades, examination scores, class rosters, transcripts of credit, question analysis data, posted grades, and coefficients of correlation between various sets of data could be analyzed and recorded. Students with weaknesses could be identified and the school s areas of instruction could be evaluated against student grades. The new digital computer was eagerly awaited since it could store data and would eventually handle scheduling of instruction and equipment, instruction and analysis, computer-based programmed instruction, and many other administrative functions (The Bayonet January 10, Black Computers were the wave of the future and The Infantry School was onboard.

The inclusion of Electronic Data Processing (EDP) systems, now known generically as computers, purpose built rooms was a new trend in the late early The early EDP systems were highly demanding of the architect and consultants. The machines refused to operate in high heat and humidity or in low temperatures. The machines were extremely heavy and placed concentrated loads on building floors. Large areas were required for the placement, servicing, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 50) and repair of large machines. Electronic power with low variations in voltage and frequency must be furnished to the machines. Sunlight, dust and vibrations all posed special problems for the systems.

Since the EDP systems were so finicky, the architectural community was beginning to publish books on the subject (Hunt The design of computer rooms had to consider a myriad of details. In addition to those mentioned previously, others included space planning, acoustical treatment, illumination, lightening protection and tape storage. Not only were these machines large, they vibrated and were exceptionally loud with card printers being the main culprit. EDP rooms had to be acoustically designed to prevent the noise and vibration from dispersing throughout the rest of the building. While the machines themselves vibrate, they were sensitive to extraneous vibrations so the room itself had to also prevent vibrations emanating from other sources.

While the machines themselves were not harmed by bright light, the console and signal lights were best seen in low light, and, therefore, computer rooms tended to be windowless like that in Infantry Hall. Lightening protection for the computer system was vital on all electrical systems, but especially on secondary, backup systems to prevent surges in electricity. Tape storage presented its own special problems related to storage and use (Hunt When Infantry Hall opened, The Infantry School was using a Univac manufactured by the Sperry Rand Corporation. It is not known if it was a Univac 1004II or a Univac 1004III and what type of support equipment it was using (i.e. a card reader, a card processor/reader, paper tape punch and/or backup Magnetic Tape System)(Sperry Rand Corporation ca.

Regardless, either model required a working area of 195 square feet FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 51) (including the computer [reader] and the card printer) and weighed pounds (Weik The system required air circulation for the processor of 250 cubic feet per minute and for the card printer of 600 cubic feet per minute (Weik A system, depending on performance characteristics and support equipment was leased for between and a year (Weik Although this was the Univac system was moved into Infantry Hall, The Infantry School knew it was going to have a new digital system within the year; therefore the computer room had to be designed with flexibility in mind.

One of the problems early-on that architects faced in designing EDP rooms was that computers became outmoded very quickly and once computers were introduced into a company s business, it was soon discovered that other operations lent themselves to automation (Hunt In general more computers, even larger in size, would be introduced into the space. IBM s RAMAC 750 III system took up square feet, and most computer systems required six times as much air conditioning as an office (Hunt Infantry Hall s computer room was designed with expansion in mind (approximately 900 square feet) but never to the level of an IBM RAMAC 750 III. Today Room No. 224 still functions as a computer room holding the servers for The Infantry School s Directorate of Training.

However the room has undergone some changes. The air conditioning which originally ran in the floor chase was no longer capable of keeping up with the demand of the machines and has since been moved to ceiling ducting. The Infantry School stayed loyal to Univac computer using various models up through the The last Univacs that were used in the were just recently moved out of the computer room. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 52) h. Substations: Perhaps as a hedge against nuclear war or simply the need to be operational at all times in an unforgiving world, Infantry Hall has its own electrical substations. Both are located in the rear, north, courtyard area of the building.

One is located behind a chain link fence on the west wing with an entry door into the west wing. The other is located behind a brick screen wall in the back of the George C. Marshall Auditorium and is associated with the air conditioning control room. The need for constant air conditioning and humidity control was not only for the comfort and convenience of the humans occupying the building but for the computers and other electronic equipment that were an integral part of Infantry Hall. 9. Original Furnishings: Infantry Hall has a number of original furnishings. The George C. Marshal Auditorium still has its original nubby textured fabric covered seats which are an orange color as well as its original stage curtains.

Many of the 200 person classrooms have their original Infantry blue stage curtains and much of the original stage equipment including the motor-operated, vertically hung 10 x 20 rear view projection screen, portable rolling chalkboard and screen combination panels on casters, and wooden podiums in an odd hour glass shape equipped with sound, light and other technical equipment controls. Outside the classrooms there are Class in Session light boxes above the door that can be illuminated when the room is in use. In addition, there are illuminated boxes to the side of each classroom door with grooved sliders so that the name of the teacher and class can be inserted.

There are also original built-in glass enclosed bulletin boards throughout the classroom wings where notices and posters can be displayed. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 53) D. Site: Historic Landscape design: The original landscape planting was by Micah M. Jenkins Nursery, Charleston, South Carolina (Battle It is not clear if Jenkins also designed the landscape. The front, south, of Infantry Hall is highly landscaped and includes: a monumental statue of an infantryman, The Infantryman/Follow Me, but often called Iron Mike, a 100 flag pole flying the U.S.

flag flanked on each side by a semicircle of flag poles flying state flags, a series of semicircular knee walls, another statue, The Doughboy, which originally stood in front of Building when it was the Infantry School building, a series of flower, tree and shrub beds, a semicircular walk trimmed in red brick, and a number of static vehicles and arms. In addition, across Karker Street immediately in front of Infantry Hall, is York Field, The Infantry School s parade ground. The building is flanked east and west by flat parking lots. The landscape in front of the building including the statue The Infantryman/Follow Me; the 100 flag pole Facility No.

the semicircle of state flags; the central portion of the low wall that visually divides the building from the street, the two parking lots and Alvin York Field are all original components of the Infantry Hall landscape. The monumental statue The Infantryman/Follow Me was created in by PVT Manfred Bass, who was only 23 years old, with assistance by PVT Karl H. Von Krog using Eugene J. Wyles, then an Officer Candidate School student as a model (Wyatt A note should be made here about the name of the monumental statue: it is and has been called by many names, sometimes within the same magazine/news article.

The statue is known variously as Infantry Statue, The Infantryman, Follow Me, Doughboy, The Ultimate Weapon, and Iron Mike (Army Times Grube Sellers Wilder Although the official name of the statue appears to be The Infantryman it is also commonly called Follow Me, and this double name calling can be found FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 54) in Army, Fort Benning, and National Infantry Museum publications when referencing the monumental statue in front of Infantry Hall (The Bayonet June 5, Grube Infantry Magazine May-June Moore United States Army Infantry Wyatt It is also colloquially called Iron Mike, as are numerous other military and tough guy statues in the United States.

In when the statue was rededicated, the plaque for that rededication actually names the statue as the Follow Me Statue. Since the name of the statue is in question, it is referenced here as its two most common names, The Infantryman/Follow Me. The Infantryman/Follow Me statue sits inside a blue outline of a Norman shield, like that on the Infantry School insignia, on a 10 concrete base. The bronze statue itself is 12 -4 tall and depicts a charging infantryman, arm in the air, head turned slightly back over his shoulder exhorting the assembled troops to, Follow Me!

The uniform and equipment are World War II and Korean War vintage, and the statue is equipped only with a helmet, canteen cartridge belt, first aid pack, entrenching tool, and an M-1 rifle (Sellers The statue was the brain child of MJG Paul L. Freeman Infantry Center Commander, who tasked COL John N. Woestenburg with its completion. COL Woestenburg in turn found Bass and Von Krog Bass had some experience working at Disneyland and using only available funds began the process of finding the best medium for the statue since the cost of a monumental bronze was out of the question.

The answer was a combination of polyester and glass fiber, much like the hulls of fiberglass boats and an outer coating of epoxy resin impregnated with bronze that would form a finishing substance all applied over a steel armature, framework (Sellers Many photographs of Wyles, the model, were taken and studied, and a number of clay models were made before the final pose was chosen by MJG Freeman. The entire process from research to model poses to final mounting on the base FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 55) occurred in strictest secrecy and was code named Project S (Sellers The Infantryman [Grube states that the official name of the statue as of June 15, was The Ultimate Weapon.

Nevertheless, it appears that it was called The Infantryman when it was unveiled in (Sellers was built at a cost of about for materials and weighed only pounds. It could withstand a 100-mile-per-hour wind and could support unusual weights. The riffle alone could hold up to 300 pounds. It was estimated that the epoxy and bronze finish would last for 100 years, as long as there is a Fort Benning (Sellers The original bronze plaque on the base is a quote from I am the Infantry by LTC Stephen H. White, COL Francis X. Bradley and SP4 Howard Webber, Wherever brave men fight and die for freedom, you will find me. I am always ready now and forever. I am the Infantry - - Queen of Battle! Follow Me! The statue was dedicated May 3, by Secretary of the Army, Wilber M.

Brucker, as the highlight of the massive demonstration called Project MAN (Modern Army Needs) (Sellers It originally stood on the edge of Eubanks Field, north, to the rear, of Infantry Hall. It was moved to the front of Infantry Hall as the new symbol of the Infantry. During its transfer from Eubanks Field to the front of the building, the statue was dropped chipping the infantryman s left elbow. Manfred Bass was flown in from New Jersey to oversee the repair work to the elbow (The Bayonet June 5, A second plaque was added to front of the statue. It reads, UNVEILED BY SECRETARY OF THE ARMY WILBER M. BRUCKER/3 MAY THIS TRIBUTE TO INFANTRYMAN WAS CONCEIVED/AND CONSTUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MAJOR GENERAL/PAUL L. FREEMAN, COMMANDANT, UNITED STATES ARMY/INFNATRY SCHOOL.

SUPERVISION OF THE PROJECT WAS EXERCISED BY/COLONEL JOHN W. WOESTENBURG, ORDNANCE CORPS, AND HIS/ASSISTANT, CHARLES O. CROWDER. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 56) ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY PFC/MANFRED BASS, SCULPTOR AND DESIGNER, AND PFC KARL H. VAN KROG, ASSISTANT SCULPTOR. THE MODEL WAS OFFICER CANDIDATE EUGENE J.WYLES. PLAQUES DONATED BY DUSA. A third plaque was added in during the Army s anniversary. The plaque in the shape of a Norman shield reads, THE ONE THING THAT BEST SUMS/ UP THE SPIRIT OF THIS DAY IS, / THE SIMPLE BUT DEEPLY MOVING STATUE HERE, AT FORT BENNING, /AN AMERIACN COMBAT INFANTRYMAN.

/THE STATUE, AS YOU WELL KNOW, BEARS THE INFANTRY MOTTO -/ONLY TWO SHORT WORDS/BUT IT SPEAKS VOUMES FOR THE COURAGE, FOR THE/SACRAFICE THAT THE AMERICAN FIGHTING MAN HAS ALWAYS DEMONSTRATED. /THE MOTTO IS FOLLOW ME. / STATEMENT BY PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD UPON HIS VISIT TO FORT BENNING ON THE ARMY S ANNIVERSARY, 14 JUNE In the statue was removed for cleaning and restoration. In The Infantryman/Follow Me was moved, and an exact copy was made in bronze and reinstalled July 1, to coincide with Independence Day festivities (Infantry Magazine May-June The original statue was retained by the National Infantry Museum, Ft. Benning. Georgia. For the statue s rededication, a plaque was added to rear of the base. It reads, THE HONORABLE JOHN O.

MARSH JR./REDEDICATED THE FOLLOW ME STATUE/ TO THE UNITED STATES INFANTRY SOLDIER ON JULY1 2004./THE CEREMONY INCLUDED/BG BENJAMIN C. FREAKLEY, COMMANDING GENERAL;/COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR MICHAEL A. KELSO;/MJR (R) EUGENE WYLES, THE STATUE S ORIGINAL MODEL;/ COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR (R) BASIL PLUNLEY;/ AND PRIVATE SILES EVANS./ THIS STATUE REPRESENTS THE INFANTRY IN ITS WELL- KNOW STANCE. LEANING FORWARD, ARM UPRAISED, AND COMMANDING, FOLLOW ME! TODAY S INFANTRY HONORS ITS HERITAGE BY CONTINUING TO LEAD THE WAY. Immediately behind, north of The Infantryman/Follow Me, is a 100 flag pole, Facility No. which was originally erected in in front of the Big House , Building the former Infantry School building. This pole was moved from Building No. 35 to Building No.

4 in in FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 57) part to save money and to make a connection between the two buildings. In early drawings and models of Infantry Hall, the 100 flag pole is a consistent landscape feature. On each side of the 100 flag pole in an outward, south, facing semicircle are fifty flag poles, twenty-five on each side, for the state flags (Moore Immediately in front, south, of Infantryman/Follow Me is a smooth textured, concrete knee wall painted white that originally had cast aluminum letters in baked Infantry blue enamel that spelled out, The U.S. Army Infantry School. This semicircular wall also faces outward, south.

A series of walkways and a large semicircular walk that could serve as a driveway connect all these elements together. The addition of The Doughboy statue, a commemorative statue of the WWII soldier which was originally created to stand at the Big House, some vehicles and arms, and some other knee walls by the original wall have not detracted from the overall formality or elegance of the landscape plan. While it is a pleasant to view from a vehicle, it was really planned as a pedestrian landscape and is most powerful when viewed from that perspective. On the other side of Karker Street, immediately south of Infantry Hall is the school s large parade ground. At the Big House, the Field of the Four Chaplains was used and had become too small.

Infantry Hall s huge parade ground also serves as an open space in front of the building providing a much need green space that matches the other large open spaces throughout the residential and administrative areas of Fort Benning. When the parade ground was first opened it had no name, but in November it received a memorial name. The field was named York Field in honor of the late SGT York, the most decorated World War I soldier, who had died September 2, When SGT York died his name was submitted to MJG John A. Heintges, Infantry Center Commander, for consideration as a name for the field in keeping with the post tradition of naming landmarks for famous military personnel (Aran A granite and FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 58) bronze commemoration marker on the northern edge of the field, immediately in front of Infantry Hall reads: YORK FIELD/NAMED IN HONOR OF/SARGEANT ALVIN C. YORK/325th INFANTRY REGIMENT/82d INFANTRY DIVISION/AWARDED MEDAL OF HONOR/8 OCTOBER In the east and west sides of Infantry Hall, 900 car parking lots were created to provide adequate parking for staff and students.

The building was considered a marvel of comfort all the way down to the parking lots, [Personnel] work in completely air-conditioned rooms; take water breaks at refrigerated water fountains; contact each other through inter-communications system [sic]and drive their cars home from a spacious parking lot (Fort Benning June 5, The west parking lot has been reduced in size since Building now takes up part of the lot. 1. Outbuildings: Infantry Hall has no outbuildings. Several small wooden smoking gazebos have been placed in the north, rear Court Yard, but they are not truly outbuildings. PART III. SOURCES OF INFORMATION A.

Architectural Drawings: A full set of architectural drawings, more than 100 of them, are available in Plans and Support, Master Planning Division of the Directorate of Public Works, Fort Benning, Georgia. These included elevations, floor plans, details, and other aspects of the construction of Infantry Hall. Part of the blueprints feature information blocks with Abreu & Robeson s names and others merely bear the Savannah Corps of Engineers name. B. Early Views: There are a significant number of early photographs of Infantry Hall since it was constructed in the middle of the century. These early views can be found in Fort Benning s newspaper, The Bayonet, the local Columbus Georgia newspaper, The Columbus Enquirer, and numerous military magazines such as Infantry Magazine.

In addition, Fort Benning itself has a number of archives, including the Donovan Research Library and the National Infantry Museum, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 59) which contain original Army photographs of various stages of the construction and completion of the building. C. Interviews: One interview was conducted for this report with Mr. David S. Stieghan, Installation Combat Historian, Fort Benning, Georgia. The interview was conducted at Infantry Hall on September 20, with the author, Ms. Kelly Nolte, Senior Architectural Historian, Director Architectural History Division, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama. D.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS GA-2392-F. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

1. Published sources: The Abreu Charitable Trust Family History, The Abreu Charitable Trust (Available on line American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) AT&T History Page, Former AT&T Site owners Discussion Group, Nuclear Hardening specifications (Available on line Aran, David J., PVT November 6, Infantry School Parade Field Named after Alvin York, The Bayonet, page 6, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Atlanta.Org Roosevelt High School (Girls High), Guide of Atlanta (Available online http://www.atlanta.org.) Atomic Archive Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Science of Nuclear Weapons. Available (Online) Army Environmental Center (AEC) Thematic Study and Guidelines: Identification and Evaluation of U.S.

Army Cold War Era Military-Industrial FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 60) Historic Properties. U.S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Army Times October 22, This Major Looks Like a Statue, Has Big Following , Army Times (on file National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). Ballard, Joe N., LT GEN A Message from the Chief, LT GEN Joe N. Ballard, Chief of Engineers, Chief of Engineers Design and Environmental Awards Program. Available online Barton, William H., Bill Barton, William H. Buzz Barton, M. David Byers, Thomas L. Henegar, and Danny J. Summers The History of the Southern Nursery Association.

The Southern Nursery Association, Atlanta, GA (Available Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, Battle, Lisa June 5, Charles B. Kneller was the Man in Charge. The Bayonet, page 44, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). The Bayonet April 2, We re 46, Men, and Hale! Page 1, Vol. 11, No. 28, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). April 30, Wilson Tightens Security Page 4, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). January 2, Army Faces Three Fold Role in Long Range Look, Page 1, Vol. 16, No. 19, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 61) January 30, Construction Supervision Totals $26 Million at Benning in Housing Tops 51 Projects, Page 24, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). March 23, Statue to Arrive Here Next Week, Page 1, Vol. 16, No. 28, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). March 27, The Infantry School to Observe year, Page 1, Vol. 16, No. 30, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). April 3, 1958A Ceremonies Mark TIS [The Infantry School] Anniversary, Page 1, Vol. 16, No.

31, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). April 3, Doughboy Statue Unveiling Held; Stands as Infantryman Memorial, Page 1, Vol. 16, No. 31, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). April 3, Benning Inaugurates Special Cancellation: Marks Doughboy Statue, Page 3, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). October 8, Post Serves Free World 35 Years: Infantry School a Force for Peace, Pages 1, 6 and 16, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). December 4, Top Leaders Eye Role of Infantry in Future, Page 1, Vol. 17, No.

12, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). December 11, 1958A Leaders Draft Means to Power New Army, Page 1, Vol. 16, No. 11, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 62) in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). December 11, Over 150 Stars at Meeting, Page 1, Vol. 16, No. 11, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). April 27, Academic Building Low Bids, pages 1 and 2, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). January 4, Progress is Keyword in U.S. Army, Page 1, Vol. 21, No.

17, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). February 21, Confused? ROAD Concept Seen as Basically Simple, Page 11, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). March 1, What s Inside ROAD: The and Wherefores, page 14, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). March 29, World s Top Infantry Leaders Receive Their Training Here at TIS [The Infantry School], Pages 31 and 32, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). July 12, Infantry Instructor s Conference Scheduled July by TIS, Page 1, Vol. 21, No.

44, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). November 22, AUSA Provides Classified Forum, Page 1, Vol. 22, No. 11, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). December 6, Tactical Mobility Office Established, Page 1, Vol. 13, No. 28, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 63) Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). January 3, Army Inventory Will Boast Advanced Weaponry, Page 1, Vol. 22, No. 17, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

January 10, Giant Steps Forward Scheduled for at The Infantry School, Page 5, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). February 28, Military Education Called Best by College Study, Page 39, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). May 1, Big House Exodus Starts Tomorrow, Page 1, Vol. 22, No. 34, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, 1964A Each Infantry School Instructor Attends Instructor Training Class, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 26, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

June 5, Company Tactics Department Trains Small Unit Commanders, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 35, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, New Building Boasts Modern TV Facilities, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 35, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, Infantry School s Library Helps Teach Skills of War, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 18, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 64) Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

June 5, 1964E TIS Origin is Traced to Cable, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 7, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, New Academic Building Designed for Comfort, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 44, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

June 5, New Building Ninth Built for School Use, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 7, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia) June 5, Saga of a Broken Elbow, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 32, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia) June 12, Acting Vice Chief of Staff Dedicates New Building, Page 2, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). November 13, Infantry School to Open TV Classrooms, page 14, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

December 11, School Television Crew Takes Over; Mobile Team Returns to New York, pages 1 and 2, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). July 31, Builder of Infantry Hall Retires, Page 12, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 65) Black, Charles June 5, School and Center Occupy Building, Page 34, The Bayonet, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Catanese, Anthony J. and James C. Snyder (editors) Introduction to Urban Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Charleston City Directory Micah Jenkins Nursery, Charleston City Directory, Charleston, SC Available Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, Micah Jenkins Nursery, Charleston City Directory, Charleston, SC Available Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, Chief of Engineers U.S. Army Chief of Engineers Distinguished Design Awards, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, Design and Environmental Awards Program, U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, City of Atlanta Orr Doctor s Building, Atlanta, GA (Available on line at Civil Defense Museum Community Fallout Shelters, Community Fallout Shelter Tours, Civil Defense Museum (Available on line Columbus City Directory Jordan Company, The General Contractors, Columbus City Directory, Columbus, GA (Available Columbus Public Library, Columbus, GA). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 66) The Columbus Enquirer December 9, Academic Building Named Infantry Hall, The Columbus Enquirer, Columbus, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

Coombes, John April 21, University of War Rising Skyward, Fort Benning, The Columbus Enquirer, Columbus, Georgia (Fort Benning, Infantry School vertical file, Columbus Public Library, Genealogy Room, Columbus, Georgia). Crawford, Sara, Ed. G. Gunby Jordan II Remembers A History of the Jordan Company published by Janis Eberhart, Columbus Productions, Inc., Columbus, GA. Deats, Ken, Sp4 October 4, Infantry Hall Symbolizes Infantry, The Bayonet, page 23, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Department of the Army (DOA) December 31, Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP ) and TEMPEST Protection for Facilities. Pamphlet No. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. Washington, (Available on line phample/ep.htm).

May 2, Army Regulation Research, Development and Acquisition: Survivability of Army Personnel and Materiel. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, DC. Director of Operations and Training History Annual Supplement Headquarters, United States Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 67) DOCOMOMO State of Georgia Modern Architecture Timeline (Available on eb.htm Emporis.com Frank M. Scarlett Federal Building, Emporis.com (Available on line Evans, Ida C.

March 27, School s Birthday a Family Affair: 57-Years Old: From Tent City to Huge Campus, New Building The Bayonet, Pages 10 and 27, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, 1964A Infantry Students Take to the Hills for Realism in Communications-Electronics Dept s Lab Training, The Bayonet, Page 12, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, School Didn t Miss a Class During Great Move: Detailed Planning Makes Major Relocation Easy, The Bayonet, Page 22, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

June 5, Mobility Department Boasts Important Job, The Bayonet, Page 7, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Federation of American Scientists (FAS) U.S. Strategic Command Center, United States Nuclear Forces (Available on line at Fisher, W. Robinson and Christine Johnson January 14, Historic American Building Survey Fort Benning, Georgia. Prepared for United States Army Corps of FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 68) Engineers, Savannah District, Georgia, under contract to United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia by Robinson Fisher Associates, Inc, Athens, Georgia, and Southeastern Archeological Services, Inc., Athens, Georgia.

Florida Historic Homes History of West Palm Beach, Florida Historic Homes (Available on line Fort Benning History Supplement, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Fort Lauderdale Historical Society Nd Abreu building image file, Fort Lauderdale Historical Society, The Hoch Heritage Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL (Available Fort Lauderdale Historical Society, Gaither, Steve Looking Between Trinity and the Wall: Army Materiel Command Cold War Material Cultural within the Continental United States U.S, Army Materiel Command Historical Context Series, Report of Investigations, Number 11. Geo- Marine, Plano, TX. Prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth TX.

Gelke, Donald, MAJ June 5, Academic Building Will Train Infantrymen Better, The Bayonet, page 42, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Genealogy Society of Broward County Florida Notable Persons of Broward County Florida, (Available on line). Gillis, Susan and Daniel T. Hobby Fort Lauderdale. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 69) Harris, Cyril, Ed. Dictionary of Architecture & Construction. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. Hart, Kevin R. A History of Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Fort Campbell, Kentucky.

Headquarters United States Army Corps of Engineers (HQ USACE) Chief of Engineers Design and Environmental Awards, Headquarters United States Army Corps of Engineers (Available on line). Hine, Thomas Populuxe. Borzoi Book published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Holland, John June 5, Infantry School Building finally Becomes a Reality After Spending 13 Years in Planning and Construction, The Bayonet, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 40, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Hunt, William Dudley, Jr. Office Buildings: An Architectural Record Book. F. W. Dodge Corporation, A McGraw-Hill Company, New York. Infantry Magazine September-October New School Building, Infantry Magazine, Volume 54, No.

5, pages (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). May-June The Infantryman comes home, Infantry Magazine (Available online at 7) FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 70) The Jordan Company Development Overview, The Jordan Company, Columbus, Georgia (Available on line http://www.thejordanco.com) Keener, J. Kristopher The Helicopter Innovation in United States Army Aviation. Working Paper January. MIT Security Studies Program, Keller, J. Timothy, and Genevieve P. Keller How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes. National Register Bulletin No.18.

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, Leland, Jack July 14, Tree Cutting is Halted on Highway 17, Charleston News and Courier, Charleston, SC (Available Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, Loechl, Suzanne Keith, Samuel A. Batzli, Susan I. Enscore Army Guidelines for Identifying and Evaluating Historic Military Landscapes: An Integrated Landscape Approach. An AEC Technical Guideline prepared by United States Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL. Mallory, Tom May 29, School Brigade Serves Infantry School Students Yearly, The Bayonet, Page 34, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

Marmon, Jim, 1st LT June 5, Building is a Tribute to the Infantry , The Bayonet, Academic Building Commemorative Edition, Page 40, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). A. M. Masters & Son, Inc. June 5, We are Proud (Advertisement), The Bayonet, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 71) McClelland, Linda Flint, J. Timothy Keller, Genevieve P. Keller, and Robert Z. Melnick Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes. National Register Bulletin 30.

U.S., Department of Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, Washington, Montgomery City Directory Deep South Construction Company, Montgomery City Directory, Montgomery, AL (Available at the Juliette Hampton Morgan Library, Montgomery, AL). Deep South Construction Company, Montgomery City Directory, Montgomery, AL (Available at the Juliette Hampton Morgan Library, Montgomery, AL). Deep South Construction Company, Montgomery City Directory, Montgomery, AL (Available at the Juliette Hampton Morgan Library, Montgomery, AL). Carr & Rothschild, Montgomery City Directory, Montgomery, AL (Available at the Juliette Hampton Morgan Library, Montgomery, AL).

Carr Construction, Montgomery City Directory, Montgomery, AL (Available at the Juliette Hampton Morgan Library, Montgomery, AL). Moore, Joe, Sp4 June 5, New Academic Building Called Only One of Its Kind. The Bayonet, Academic Building Commemorative Edition. , pg. 8, Fort Benning, Georgia. Office of Civil Defense January New Buildings with Fallout Protection, Technical Report 27, Department of Defense, Office of Civil Defense, np. Palm Beach Preservation Foundation Community Map, Palm Beach Preservation Foundation (Available on line FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 72) Pfeffer, Robert A.

A Rationale for Establishing Survivability Requirements for Objective Force Unmanned Army Platforms and Systems (Available on line Piland, Sherry, Barbara Mattick, and Carl Shriver National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, St. Anthony School, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, completed by Bureau of Historic Preservation, Tallahassee, Florida. Rathbun, Marrilyn C. Spring Francis L. Abreu and Fort Lauderdale s Boomtime Architecture, New River News, Volume XX, Number 4, 3- 10, Fort Lauderdale Historical Society, Florida. Rifkind, Carole A Field Guide to Contemporary American Architecture. Dutton, New York, New York. Rush, Sam December 10, Building Four Now Infantry Hall , The Bayonet, Vol. 24, No.

14, pages 1 and 2, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Sellers, Tom May 8, Do-It-Yourself Statue, Ledger-Inquirer Magazine [newspaper], Columbus, Georgia (on filed National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). Sherfy, Marcella and W. Ray Luce Nd Guidelines for Evaluating and Nominating Properties that Have Achieved Significance within the Last Fifty Years. National Register Bulletin 22. United States Department of Interior, National Park Service and Interagency Resources division, Washington, Smith, G.E. Kidder Source Book of American Architecture. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 73) Smith, William, Captain June 5, New Building Draws Praise of Majority, Roving Reporter, The Bayonet, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). State of Florida Palm Beach County, Florida state Listings (Available on line ch/state.html) Stieghan, David S. March-April A Century of Excellence the U.S. Army infantry School Then and Now, Infantry, Vol. 96, No. 2, pages Stieghan, David S., Installation Combat Historian September 14, A Century of Excellence United States Army Infantry School then and now, The Bayonet, Infantry Warfighting Conference Edition, page Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

Summers, Karen SNA Awards for Honorary Lifetime Membership, Southern Nursery Association (SNA), Inc., Press Release, SNA, Atlanta, GA (Available Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, Taylor, Thomas H. From Southeast to Southwest Asia in Airborne Division Screaming Eagles, pp. Turner Publishing Co., Paducah, Kentucky. Tisdale, Tyron E., COL July Historical Report, United States Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 74) United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Fort Worth Cold War Property Identification, Evaluation and Management Guidelines.

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, Fort Worth, TX. United States Army Infantry National Infantry Museum Iron Mike, United States Army Infantry Homepage, National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available on line) e.htm United States Department of the Interior Guidelines to Complete the National Register Registration Form. National Register Bulletin 16A and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, Interagency Resources Division, National Register Branch, Washington, Wyatt, Jim, SP5 February The Man Behind the Statue, Soldiers, pages 35 36 (Available in the Vertical File, The Man Behind the Statue, in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Infantry Public Information Officer March 17, Lt.

Colonel Sanders Named as Deputy BG Commander, The Bayonet, Page 12, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). March 31, Col. Sanders Earns Medal for Service, The Bayonet, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). 2. Unpublished sources: Academic Building Vertical File May 15 Memo to Col Crouch re: Brainstorming session for new Academic Building, Academic Building Vertical File, Archival, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 75) nd Discussion Points New Academic Building, Academic Building Vertical File, Archival, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). The American Institute of Architects (AIA) January 7, 1942A Application for Membership, Francis Louis Abreu, AIA, Washington, (Available in AIA archives, Washington, January 7, Application for Membership, James Lee Robeson, AIA, Washington, (Available in AIA archives, Washington, May Questionnaire for Architect s Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works, Abreu and Robeson, AIA, Washington, (Available in AIA archives, Washington, Directorate of Public Works nd1 Real Property Records, Directorate of Public Works, Fort Benning, Georgia.

nd2 Blueprints, Directorate of Public Works, Fort Benning, Georgia. Fort Benning ca. 1964A United States Army Infantry School (Brochure), Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). ca, Infantry Hall [Sic] (hand-out), Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 5, Dedication United Sates Infantry School Building. Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Fort Benning and the United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL) FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 76) Draft Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan.

Fort Benning and USACERL, Fort Benning, Georgia. Grube, December 11, Information Paper, Subject: Statue at Infantry Hall [to Chief of Staff with opinions and facts upon which he may base a conclusion that the statue at Infantry Hall was in any way inspired by the commander of the Infantry Regiment on the beach at Leyte], Fort Benning, Georgia (on file, National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). June 23, Information Paper, Subject: The Infantryman Statue at Infantry Hall [to inform the Chief of Staff of facts concerning the statue located in front of Infantry Hall], Fort Benning, Georgia (on file, National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). Historic American Building Survey (HABS) nd Plains Public Housing 9A (Jimmy Carter, Dura Apartment), HABS No.

GA-2210, Historic American Building Survey, National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Washington, Little, Tom, President Georgia Chapter DOCOMOMO Email to Jeanette Knowles, Architectural Historian, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tampa, Florida, re: Abreu and Robeson s Atlanta buildings. McLean, Beth January 12, Personal correspondence via email with Kelly Nolte, Senior Architectural Historian, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama, re: Abreu & Robeson. Neal, Ray, Reference Librarian January 23, Telephone conversation with Jeanette Knowles, Architectural Historian Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tampa, Florida, re: J. Young Construction Company, Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, FL. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 77) Nolte, Kelly National Register of Historic Places Evaluation of Infantry Hall, Building Martin Army Community Hospital Complex, Building and and Building Fort Benning, Georgia. Prepared for Department of the Army, Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia, by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Nolte, Kelly and Mike Cinquino March Research and Review of the Historic American Building Survey (HABS) Inventory, United States Military Academy. West Point, Orange County, New York, prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District, New York, under contract to Barry A. Vittor & Associates, Mobile, Alabama, by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Depew, New York. Nolte, Kelly and Stacey L.

Griffin July 17, Historic Structures Survey and Cold War Evaluation of Kelley Hill Cantonment at Fort Benning, Georgia, prepared for Environmental Programs Branch, Directorate Facilities Engineering and Logistics, Fort Benning Military Reservation, Georgia, by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Nolte, Kelly and Christine M. Longiaru August Fort Benning Historic Properties/Survey Update Phased Task 1.B Intensive Survey of Historic Properties Including Wherry, Capehart and MCA Funded Family Housing and World War II Permanent and Temporary Buildings, Fort Benning Military Reservation, Georgia. Vol. 1. Prepared for Fort Benning Military Reservation, Georgia, by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Nowell March 15, Academic Building [blueprint] with notes and changes made by General [Carl F.] Fritzsche, Savannah Corps of Engineers, Savannah, Georgia, Academic Building Vertical File, Archival, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 78) Sperry Rand Corporation ca. Univac 1004II and Univac 1104III: Power You Grow With Not Into [brochure]. Sperry Rand Corporation, United States (Available online at: St. Clair, Howard B., COL, Chairman Ad Hoc Group, Harold S. Tate, Educational Advisor, and John M.

King, COL, Infantry Member November Analysis of the Organization of the United States Army Infantry School per instructions from Royal Reynolds, BG, Assistant Commandant, Fort Benning, History File, Vertical files, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). St. Clair, Howard B. COL Analysis of the Organization of the United States Army Infantry School (White paper). To BG Royal Reynolds, Assistant Commandant, United Sates Army Infantry School, Fort Benning Georgia, from COL Howard B. St. Clair, Editorial and Pictorial Office, United Sates Army Infantry School, Fort Benning Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

Stieghan, David S., Installation Combat Historian Interview with Kelly Nolte, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama, September 20, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Tate, Harold S., Educational Advisor November 20, Letter re: briefing by GEN Ruffner and GEN de Shazo concerning the critical points to help sell [the proposed academic building] to the proper authorities, Academic Building Vertical File, Archival, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). October 6, Letter to COL J. H. Martin re: LT COL Sanders work in Washington on behalf of the new Infantry School building, Academic Building Vertical File, FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 79) Archival, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). United States Army Infantry Board Only the Best for the Finest, United States Army Infantry Broad, Fort Benning, (pamphlet). United States Army Infantry Board, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). United States Infantry School Justification for the Proposed Academic Building, MCA Programs, FY Vertical File (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia).

July 13, Fourteen Months of Actions and Events in the Infantry School Instruction and Management, United States Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, Vertical File (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Weekly, Ruth May Memo re: Infantry School Library, Academic Building Vertical File, Archival, Fort Benning, Georgia (Available in Donovan Technical Library, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia). Weik, Martin H. January A fourth Survey of Domestic electronic Digital Computing Systems. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. (Supplement to BRL Report No. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. (Available online at: http://ed-thelen.org/comp- hist/BLR64.html#TOC).

Wilder, Samuel D., COL September 15, Letter to COL James Little, Post Engineer, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, Re: Infantryman statue at Fort Benning, Georgia (on file National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). E. Likely Sources Not Yet Investigated: All likely sources of information have been investigated. It should be noted FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 80) here that the bulk of Abreu & Robeson s blueprints are now located at the Public Library Brunswick, Georgia. The blueprints are rolled, in poor condition and have never been inventoried. Unfortunately, the library has no funds for the inventory and conservation of the documents. Until such time, they are not available for reference.

Nevertheless, Fort Benning has a full complement of blueprints for Infantry Hall. It would be interesting, however, to see if Abreu & Robeson kept elevations or older versions of the building s blueprints. F. Supplemental Material: The attached supplemental material consists of digitally reproduced copies of color 35 mm and color digital photographic prints that were taken over the course of several months in and The prints show details of Infantry Hall that the Large Format Camera is unable to capture. The prints are accompanied by captions explaining the view and significance. Also included are digitally reproduced copies of original Army photos that are on file in the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia. These photographs are identified as such. PART IV.

PROJECT INFORMATION Panamerican Consultants, Inc., was contracted by the Cultural Resources Office, Fort Benning, Georgia, under the direction of Dr. Christopher Hamilton to complete a HABS Level II on the Infantry Hall as a result of BRAC actions. Infantry Hall is scheduled for extensive renovation to accommodate both The Infantry School and the soon to arrive from Fort Knox, Kentucky, Armor School, thereby becoming the Maneuver Center of Excellence. The exterior and interior of the building will be changed significantly under the proposed renovations.

Although not yet fifty years old, Infantry Hall was identified in as, Likely [to be] eligible for the (Nolte and Longiaru In January a evaluation of Infantry Hall was performed and the building, the entry landscape that includes the 100 flag pole, The Infantryman/Follow Me statue, the fifty state flagpoles, the semicircular knee wall and York Field were identified FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 81) as eligible for the through Criterion Consideration G under Criteria A and C (Nolte Ms. Kelly Nolte, Senior Architectural Historian, Director of the Architectural History Division, Panamerican Consultants Inc., is the author of the HABS documentation and conducted most of the research.

She was assisted in research efforts by Jeanette Knowles, Architectural Historian, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. Mr. Mark Drumlevitch, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., was the large format photographer for the project. He was assisted by Ms. Stacey L. Griffin, Senior Architectural Historian/Principal Investigator, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., who also took color digital photographs and conducted research. Ms. Griffin also served as Panamerican staff liaison with Fort Benning. Ms. Nolte took color photographs. The report was edited by Ms. Kristen Reed and Ms. Griffin. While in the field at Fort Benning, Panamerican staff was assisted by: Dr. Christopher Hamilton, Cultural Resources Manager; Ms. Connie Barrett, Historic Preservation Specialist, Cultural Resources Office; Mr.

Jake Lowe, Plans and Support; Ms. Amber Fields, National Infantry Museum; the Desk Sergeants of Infantry Hall; LTC Ernest Coleman, Deputy Chief of Staff; Mr. Ken Horn, Infantry Hall; Mr. David Stieghan, Installation Combat Historian, Fort Benning; and the truly hardworking librarians of the Donovan Technical Library without whom this document could not have been completed. FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 82) PART V. GRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION A. Location Map Aerial view of the area surrounding Building No. 4, Fort Benning, Georgia (USGS photo revised Fort Benning, Georgia-Alabama Quadrangle 7.5 topo map). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 83) Location of Building No. 4, Fort Benning, Georgia (USGS photo revised Fort Benning, Georgia-Alabama Quadrangle 7.5 topo map). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 84) B. Historic Photographs Academic Building TIS [The Infantry School] Fort Benning Georgia/ Abreu & Robeson/ Incorporated/ Architects and Engineers, an early plan for The Infantry School. Although the building is in the more or less an H shape, the wings are flat roofed and have major entry points on the south, front ends. The entry to the school has a ripple arched cover, but, most importantly, the fenestration is in a typical ribbon row form on the center tower as it was termed.

(Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 85) Academic Building, The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. Scale: 1 10 / Corps of Engineers, United States Army, Abreu & Robeson Inc. Architects Engineers, Atlanta Brunswick, Georgia [model]. Note the tanks moving in and out of the classroom wings; the floor was rated at 2.5 tons in certain classrooms so that vehicles could be brought in as teaching tools. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page 86) Model of the final plan for The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 87) Rear view of model of the final plan for The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 88) Lt Colonel[James T.] Carter and Captain [Herman J.] Vanbebber check the progress of Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 89) LTC Carter and CPT Vanbebber in front of the west wing; note the officer tower behind, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 90) Floor finishing work inside Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 91) Newly opened Building No. 4, home of The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.

Note the completed landscaped in the front, south, of the building and the parking lots on the east and west. Eubanks Field, the location of the parachute jump towers, now a eligible historic district, can be seen in the rear, north of the building. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 92) View of the west wing of Infantry Hall across 900 vehicle parking lot, ca. Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 93) The Big House, the old Infantry School building, Building No.

35 designed by McKim Mead & White (Photograph by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 94) View of entry hall, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Note the Follow Me insignia in the terrazzo floors, the Carthage marble walls, the open walnut beams of the mezzanine and the elevator banks (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 95) View of east hallway wing, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 96) George C. Marshall Auditorium, seats people, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning. Note the sound baffling system on the west wall composed of acoustical pads with pierced walnut beams overlain, and the balcony that is accessed from the mezzanine. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 97) Interior of fifty-man classroom, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Note the hourglass-shaped podium from which the instructor could control lights, sound, and other classroom equipment. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 98) Interior of 200 man classroom, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Note the acoustical panels on the walls; hanging banks of fluorescent lights; stage curtains; hourglass- shaped podium from which the instructor could control lights, sound, and other classroom equipment; screen that rolled from under the curtain valance; and the tiered seating arrangement. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page 99) Interior of cafeteria that could seat 480 diners hourly, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia).

Interior of Book Store originally located beside, to the east, of the cafeteria, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Interior of Computer Center, second floor, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Note the large Univac computer that used punch cards. (United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Interior of Commandant of The Infantry School s office, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Note the walnut paneling and the narrow window without blinds.

(United States Army Photograph, Infantry Magazine Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Interior view of window, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. The windows did not originally have binds, but most now do. (Photograph by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Interior view of window showing no decorative surround, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page Exterior view of window vault door, SEC COM room, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. (Photograph by Kelly Nolte, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Interior view of window vault door, SEC COM room, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia. Note the additional barred door that must also be opened to access the SEC COM room. (Photograph by Kelly Nolte, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Original hourglass-shaped podium in the classrooms from which the instructor could control lights, sound and other mechanical features of the room, Infantry Hall, Fort Benning, Georgia.

(Photograph by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc., FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Officers Candidate [Eugene J.] Wyles poses as the model for the face, hands and position, of The Infantryman/Follow Me statue which has come to represent The Infantry School and Fort Benning. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page After a pose for the statue was selected, it was drawn on the floor and the armature of steel beams was laid out upon it. The primary sculptor, PVT Manfred Bass, smiles up at the camera.

(Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page PVT Bass, with dark hair, is assisted by PVT Karl Van Krog; here they pose with the armature. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page PVT Bass works on the armature. Note the tools of the trade, a large anvil, various hammers, and welding tanks. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page The head is shaped separately from the rest of the statue. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page The hand is first created in clay by PVT Bass. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page The hands and head as well as some special detailing are next fitted onto the armature. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No.

GA-2392-F (page The head, hands and certain details are covered and the armature is coated with an epoxy and polyester mixture. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Fibers are blown on epoxy mixture to form a hard finish much like fiberglass. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Model of proposed landscape for Eubanks Field featuring The Infantryman/Follow Me statue. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No.

4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page Until the unveiling, the statue had been kept a secret and was called Project S . It was unveiled on March 3, by Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker, who is assisted in the photograph by MJG Paul L. Freeman, Commandant of The Infantry School, who first initiated the plans for the statue. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page The men responsible for the creation of the statue pose with the Secretary of the Army, right to left, COL John W. Woestenburg, Ordnance Corps, who was responsible for finding the sculptors and getting the statue completed; Charles O.

Crowder, his civilian assistant; PFC Karl H. Van Krog, assistant sculptor; Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army; MJG Paul L. Freeman , Commandant of The Infantry School; PFC Manfred Bass; and Eugene L. Wyles, model, now a 2nd LT, in front of the base of the statue. (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia). FORT BENNING, Infantry Hall (Building No. 4, Academic Building, School Building) HABS No. GA-2392-F (page The Infantryman /Follow Me statue on Eubanks Field. Note the state flags that flank the statue; this concept will be brought with the statue to the front of Infantry Hall in (Photograph courtesy of the National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia).